Worktext in Advanced Mathematics

1
Unit 1
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

After completing this unit, you will be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
define Laplace transform.

illustrate the properties of Laplace transform.
evaluate the Laplace transforms for a variety of functions.
find the inverse Laplace transform.
solve differential equations using Laplace transforms.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The knowledge of Laplace transforms has in recent years become a
necessary an essential part of the mathematics background required for
engineering students taking Advanced Engineering Mathematics. This is
because the transform methods provide an easy and effective means for the
solution of many problems arising in different areas of engineering.
The Laplace transformation is a useful and powerful method for solving
linear differential equations arising in engineering mathematics. It consists
essentially of three steps. In the first step, the given differential equations is
transformed into an algebraic equation, which is called a subsidiary equation.
Then the latter is solved by purely algebraic manipulations or simplifications.
Finally, the solution of the subsidiary equation is transformed back so that it
becomes the required solution of the original differential equations.
In this way, the Laplace transformations reduces the problem of solving
a differential equation to an algebraic problem. Another advantage is that it
takes care of initial conditions so that in
initial value problems, the
determination of a general solution is avoided. Similarly, if we apply the
Laplace transformation to a non-homogeneous equation, we can obtain the
2
solution directly, that is without solving the corresponding homogeneous
equation.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In mathematics, the Laplace transform is a powerful technique for

analyzing linear time-invariant systems such as electrical circuits, harmonic
oscillators, optical devices, and mechanical systems, to name just as few.
Given a simple mathematical or functional description of an input or output to
a system, the Laplace transform provides an alternative functional
description that often simplifies the process of analyzing the behavior of the
system, or in synthesizing a new system based on a set of specifications.
The Laplace transform is an important concept from the branch of
mathematics called functional analysis.
In actual physical systems the Laplace transform is often interpreted as a
transformation from the time-domain point of view, in which inputs and
outputs are understood as functions of time, to the frequency-domain point of
view, where the same inputs and outputs are seen as functions of complex
angular frequency, or radians per unit time. This transformation not only
provides a fundamentally different way to understand the behavior of the
system, but it also drastically reduces the complexity of the mathematical
calculations required to analyze the system.
The Laplace transform has many important applications in physics, optics,
electrical engineering, control engineering, signal processing, and probability
theory.
The Laplace transform is named in honor of mathematician and astronomer
Pierre-Simon Laplace, who used the transform in his work on probability
theory. The transform was discovered originally by Leonhard Euler, the
prolific eighteenth-century Swiss mathematician.
1.2 DEFINITION
Let
f (t)
be a given function which is defined for all positive values of
We multiply
f (t)
by
est
and integrate with respect to
t .
from zero to
3
infinity.
Then, if the resulting integral exists, it is a function of
F( s) ; where
s , say
is a parameter which may be real or complex.
F ( s )= est f (t ) dt
0
F( s)
The function
is called the Laplace Transform of the original function
f (t ) ,
and will be denoted by L
f (t)
into
F( s)
[ f ( t)] .
The symbol
L , which transforms
is called the Laplace operator. Thus,
F ( s )=L [ f (t )] = est f ( t ) dt
0
The described operation of

the Laplace transform
some values of
f (t)
F( s)
is called the Laplace transformation. Also,
is said to exist if the integral converge for
s ; otherwise, it does not exist.
The parameter s is in general complex:
s=+i
Furthermore, the original function
TRANSFORM or INVERSE of
F(s)
f (t)
is called the INVERSE
and will be denoted by
L1 F ( s ) ; that is,
f ( t )=L1 F ( s ) .
The original function shall be denoted by a lower case letter and its
transform by the same letter in capital.
Example 1.1
0 .
Solution:
Find the Laplace transform of
f ( t )=1
when
>
L [ f ( t ) ]= est f ( t ) dt
0
Hence,
L(1)= est (1 ) dt
0
L(1)= est dt
0
u=st
let
d u=sdt
Then,
1
L ( 1 ) = e u du
s 0
L ( 1) =
1 u
[ e ]0
s
L ( 1) =
1 st
[ e ]0
s
L ( 1) =
1 1
s e st
[ ]
L ( 1) =
1 1 1
s e e0
L ( 1) =
1
[ 01 ]
s
Therefore,
5
L(1)=
Example 1.2
1
s
Solution:
L [ f ( t ) ]= est f ( t ) dt
0
Hence,
L ( e )= est ( e at ) dt
at
L ( eat )= e at st dt
0
L ( e )= e( s a ) t dt
at
let
u=( sa ) t
du=( sa ) dt
So that,
L ( eat )=
1
e(s a ) t(sa)dt
(sa) 0
L ( eat )=
1
[ e(s a) t ]o
(sa)
f ( t )=e
at
[ ]
1
1
L ( e )=
( s a ) t
(sa) e
at
L ( eat )=
1
1
1
0
(sa )
(sa) e
e
L ( eat )=
1 1 1
(sa) 1
L ( eat )=
1
[ 01 ]
(sa)
L ( eat )=
1
(sa)
Then,
Example 1.3
; sa>0
f ( t )=sin bt
Solution:
bt
sin = e
st
(sin bt )dt
L
Using integration by parts,
Let
st
u=e
du=sest dt
dv=sin bt dt
v=
1
cos bt
b
7
bt
bt
cos dt
st
e
1 st
s
sin =
e cos bt
b
b 0
0
L
Using integration by parts again,

Let
dv=cos bt dt
u=est
st
du=se
1
v = sin bt
b
dt
Hence,
bt
sin =
] {[
est sin bt
b
L
1 st
s
e cos bt
b
b
0
+
0
s
est sin bt dt
b0
bt
] [
1 st
sest sin bt
s2
sin =
e cos bt
est sin bt dt
2
2
b
b
b 0
0
0
L
bt
2
] [
s
1 st
sest sin bt
st
sin + 2 e sin bt dt=
e cos bt
b
b 0
b2
0
L
bt
where
sin = e
st
(sin bt ) dt
+ s2
best cos bts est sin bt
st
e
sin
bt
dt=
2
2
b 0
b
est ( sin bt) dt

0
(s +b ) est ( sin bt )dt [ best cos bts est sin bt ]0

2
b cos bts sin bt

(s +b ) e (sin bt) dt
e st
0
2
st
(s +b ) est (sin bt) dt

2
b cos +s sin b cos 0+s sin 0
0
e
e
b cos 0+s sin 0

0
e
( b+1 0 )
(s +b ) est (sin bt) dt b

2
Hence,
b
est (sin bt) dt (s 2 +b
2
)
0
bt
Therefore,
(s +b ) est (sin bt) dt

2
(s 2 +b2 ) est (sin bt) dt

0
b cos bt+ s sin bt

e st
(s 2 +b2 ) est (sin bt) dt

0
b
(s + b2)
L
sin =
Another Solution:
From
L ( eat )=
1
sa
, let
a=ib
so that ,
L ( eibt ) =
1
sib
1
s +ib
x
sib s +ib
s+ib
( sib ) (s +ib)
s+ib
s2 +b 2
s
b
+i 2 2
2
s +b
s +b
(1)
Considering the relation
e ix=cos x+i sin x
e ibt =cos bt +isin bt

Hence,
e
L( ibt )=L(cos bt +isin bt )
, then
10
e
bt
sinbt
cos +i L()
L( ibt )=L
(2)
Equating the real and imaginary parts of equations (1) and (2)
bt
cos
s
=L
s 2+b 2
Then,
bt
s
s +b 2
L
cos =
Also,
bt
sin
b
=L
s 2+b 2
Therefore,
bt
s
s +b 2
L
cos =
bt
and
b
s +b 2
L
sin =
11
Some Elementary Functions
f (t)
and their Laplace Transforms
F( s)
f (t)
F ( s )=L [ f (t) ]
1
s
1
s2
t2
2!
s3
t
( n
= 1,2,3, . . . )
ta
( a
is positive)
n!
s n+1
a+1
s a+1
e at
1
sa
sin bt
b
s +b 2
2
12
cos bt
s
s +b 2
2
sinh at
a
s a2
2
10
cosh at
s
s a2
2
Exercise No. 1
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS OF ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS
Find the Laplace transforms of each of the following functions:
1)
2)
13
3)
4)
( n
5)
( a
6)
= 1,2,3, . . . )
e at
is positive)
14
7)
sin bt
8)
cos bt
9)
sinh at
10
)
cosh at
15
1.3
PROPERTIES OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
1.3.1 Linearity Property
Theorem:
If
and
are constants while
f 1 (t )
and
f 2( t)
are
functions whose Laplace transforms exist, then
L [ a f 1 ( t ) +b f 2 (t) ]=aL f 1 (t ) +b f 2 (t)

Proof:
By definition,
L [ a f 1 ( t ) +b f 2 (t) ]= est [ a f 1 ( t ) +b f 2 (t) ]

0
a est f 1 ( t ) +b est f 2 ( t )
0
a L ( f 1 ) +bL( f 2 )
The result is easily extended to more than two functions.
Because of the above property, Laplace transform is also called a
linear operator and it has the linearity property.
Example 1.4
Solution:
f ( t )=2 t+3
16
L ( 2 t+ 3 )=L ( 2t ) + L(3)
2 L ( t )+3 L(1)
( s1 )+3( 1s )
2
L ( 2 t+ 3 )=
2+3 s
s2
1
(2+3 s)
s2
Example 1.5
linearity property.
Solution:
L [ f ( t ) ]= est f ( t ) dt
0
at
cosh
at
cosh
st
e
L
but
at
cosh
cosh at=
eat + eat
2
f ( t )=cosh at
using
the
17
at
cosh
L
at
cosh
where
L ( eat )=
Hence,
at
cosh
L
at
cosh
L
at
cosh
L
at
cosh
L
at
cosh
L
Therefore,
1
sa
and
L ( eat )=
1
s +a
18
at
cosh
Example 1.6
Solution:
2
L ( sin tcos t ) =L ( sin2 t2 sin t cos t+ cos2 t )

L ( 12sin t cos t )
L ( 1sin 2t )
L ( 1 ) L ( sin 2 t )
1
2
2 2
s s +2
s2 + 42 s
s ( s 2+ 4 )
2
L ( sin tcos t ) =
s22 s+ 4
s ( s 2+ 4 )
s >0
f ( t )=( sin tcos t )
19
Exercise No. 2
LINEARITY PROPERTY
1)
f ( t )=t 23 t+5
2)
f ( t )=2 cosh 2 3 t
20
3)
f ( t )=sinh 3 t+ cosh 3 t2 t 3
4)
f ( t )=tcos 5 t
5)
f ( t )=( t+ 2 )2
1.3.2 First Shifting Property
Theorem: The transform of
e at
times a function of
transform of the function with s replaced by ( sa ) ; that is
L [ eat f (t) ] =L [ f (t)] s (sa)
Proof:
L [ e f (t) ] = est [ eat f (t ) ] dt

at
is equal to the
21
e( sa )t f (t)dt
0
L [ f (t) ] s (sa)
Example 1.7
f ( t )=e at t n
Solution:
Since
t
L( n)=
then,
L(e at t n )=
Example 1.8
n!
s n+1
5t
s
s +5 2
L
cos =
5t
then,
s
s +52 s s+ 3
L
e3t cos =
e
L(3t cos 5 t)=
by
(s a)
n!
n+1
(sa)
Solution:
Since
, replace
s +3
( s+ 3)2 +52
f ( t )=e3 t cos 5 t
22
e
L(3t cos 5 t)=
s+ 3
s +6 s +34
2
Exercise No. 3
LINEARITY and FIRST SHIFTING PROPERTIES
1)
f ( t )=7 t 2t e4 t
2)
f ( t )=e 2 t cos 5 t3 t 3
3)
f ( t )=e3t sin 4 t + 3
4)
f ( t )=( t+ 2 )2 e t
23
5)
f ( t )=( 1+t et )
1.3.3 Second Shifting Property
Theorem. If
L [ f (t) ] =F ( s )
g ( t )=
and
f (ta) t >a
0
t <a
then,
L [ g( t) ] =eas F ( s )
L [ g( t) ] = est g ( t ) dt
Proof:
g ( t )=
f (ta) t >a
0
t <a
st
( 0 ) dt+ est f ( ta ) dt
a
est f ( ta ) dt
a
let
u=ta
t=u+a
when
t= ,u=
t=a , u=0
24
dt=du
L [ g(t) ] = es (u +a) f ( u ) du
0
esu eas f ( u ) du
0
as
esu f ( u ) du
0
eas Lf (u)
; where u is a dummy variable
eas Lf (ta)
L [ g(t) ] =eas F ( s)
Example 1.9
g ( t )=
Find
the
Laplace
(t1)2 t>a
0
t<a
Solution:
L [ g( t) ] =eas F (s)
Since,
2
L( t )=
Hence,
2
s3
and
a=1
transform
of
the
function
25
L [ g( t) ] =es
( s2 )
3
L [ g(t) ] =
Example 1.10
g ( t )=
Find
2 es
s3
the
Laplace
transform
of
the
function
transform
of
the
function
(t2)3 t >2
0
t <2
Solution:
L [ g( t) ] =eas F (s)
Since,
L ( t3 ) =
3!
4
s
and
a=2
Hence,
L [ g( t) ] =e2 s
( 3!s )
4
6 e2 s
L [ g( t) ] = 4
s
Example 1.11
( 3 )
sin t
g ( t )=
Solution:
Find
t<
3
t>
the
Laplace
26
L [ g( t) ] = est g ( t ) dt
0
st
( 3 ) dt
( 0 ) dt+ est sin t
L [ g( t ) ] = e
st
( 3 ) dt
sin t
u=t
let
t=u+
dt=du
Hence,
( 3 )
s u +
L [ g( t) ] = e
sinu du
su
s
3
sin u du
s
3
esu sin u du
0
u
sin
e
s
3
when
t=
t=
u=0
u=
27
s
3
( s +11 )
2
Therefore,
e 3
L [ g( t) ] = 2
s +1
Example 1. 12
f ( t )= 2t
t
Find the Laplace transform of the function
0 t 1
t >1
Solution:
L [ f (t) ] = est f ( t ) dt
0
L [ f (t) ] = e ( 2 t ) dt + est ( t ) dt
st
Using integration by parts,
let
u=t
dv=est dt
du=dt
v=
1 st
e
s
so that,
[ ]
2 t est
2
t est
1
L [ f (t) ] =
+ est dt+
+ est dt
s 0 s 0
s 1 s 1
28
] ( )
[ ] ( )
2 t est
2 1 [ st ] 1 t est
1 1 [ st ]
+
e 0
+
e 1
s 0 s s
s 1 s s
Simplifying further by substituting the limits we get,
s
2 e
e
L [ f (t) ] = 2 2
s
s
s
Exercise No. 4
SECOND SHIFTING PROPERTY
29
1) If
2) If
3) If
1.3.4
f ( t )=
( 4 )
5 sin3 t
0
4
t <a
t>
H (t )= 1 0<t <2
0
t>2
0 0<t <1
G ( t )= t 1<t< 2
0
t >2
Change of Scale Property
30
Theorem. If L [ f (t) ] =F ( s )
1
s
L [ f (at ) ] = F
a
a
()
then
L [ f (at ) ] = est f (at)dt
Proof:
u=at
let
t=
u
a
; when
dt=
L [ f (at ) ] = e
( ua )
du
a
f (u)
t=0 , u=0
; when
t= ,u=
( 1a ) du
su
( )
1
L [ f (at ) ] = e a f (u)du
a0
where u is a dummy variable.

Therefore,
1
s
L [ f (at ) ] = F
a a
()
Example 1.13
Solution:
1
s
L [ f ( at ) ] = F
a
a
()
f ( t )=cos 3 t
31
t
s
s +1
L
cos =
Since
and
a=3 , then
3t
cos =
1
3
[( ) ]
s
3
s 2
+1
3
L
Simplifying further gives,
3t
1 9s
cos =
9 s 2 +9
L
[ ]
Therefore,
3t
s
s +9
L
cos =
Example 1.14
Given that
( sint t )=tan ( 1s )
1
Solution:
1
s
L [ f ( at ) ] = F
a
a
()
] [
sin 2 t
sin 2t
=2 L
t
2t
a=2
, find
( sint 2t )
32
] ()
sin 2 t
1
1 1
=2
tan
t
2
s
2
()
Therefore,
sin 2 t
2
=tan 1
t
s
()
2
Example 1.15
L[f (t )]
If
s s+ 1
( 2 s +1 )2 (s1)
, find
Solution:
1
s
L [ f ( at ) ] = F
a
a
()
1
s
L[f (2 t)]= F
2
2
()
L[f (2 t)]=
1
2
a=2
s 2 s
+1
2
2
2
s
s
2 +1 ( 1)
2
2
()
Simplifying further gives,
L[f (2 t)]=
Example 1.16
Solution:
1 s 2 s +1
4 ( s+1 )2 (s2)
If
L [ f ( t ) ]=
1
s
, find
L[f (3 t)]
L[ f (2 t)]
33
1
s
L [ f ( at ) ] = F
a
a
()
1
s
L [ f (3 t) ] = F
3
3
()
L [ f (3 t) ] =
a=3
[]
1
s
3
1 e
3 s
3
hence,
L [ f (3 t) ] =
Example 1.17
3
s
If L [ f (t ) ] =
1
s
, find
Solution:
1
s
L [ f ( at ) ]= F
a
a
()
1 s+ 1
L [ et f (2 t) ]= F
2
2
( )
L [ et f (2 t) ]=
[]
1
s+1
2
1 e
2 s+ 1
2
Hence,
e s +1
L [ et f (2 t) ]=
s +1
L [ et f (2 t) ]
34
Exercise No. 5
CHANGE OF SCALE PROPERTY
1
1) If
2) If
es
L [ f ( t ) ]=
s
L [ f ( t ) ]=
, find
L[ f (4 t )]
, find
L[ f (4 t )]
1
s
e
s
35
1.3.5
Multiplication by Power of t:
Theorem: If
s
L[f (t )]=F ) , then
dn
f ( s)
n
ds
n
L [ t f ( t ) ]=(1 )
n
(1 )n f (n) (s)
where
n=1,2, 3
Proof:
F ( s )= est f (t) dt
0
Using the Leibnitz rule for differentiating under the integral

sign,
dF
d
=F ' ( s ) = est f (t)dt
ds
ds 0
36
st
d
e
ds
f (t )dt
te st f (t )dt
0
est tf (t)dt
0
L [ t f ( t ) ]
L [ t f ( t ) ]=
Thus,
dF
=F (s)
ds
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
which proves theorem for n = 1
To establish the theorem in general, use the mathematical induction.

Assume the theorem true for
n=k , i.e., assume
est [ t k f (t) ] dt=(1 )k f ( k) ( s )

0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(2)
Then,
d
est [ t k f (t )] dt= (1 )k f ( k+1 ) ( s )
ds 0
or by Leibnitz rule,
est [ t k+1 f (t) ] dt=(1 )k f (k+ 1) ( s )

0
i.e.,
est [ t k+1 f (t )] dt= (1 )k +1 f (k +1) ( s )

0
- - - - - - - - (3)
37
n=k +1 . But
It follows that if (2) is true, i.e. if the theorem holds for
n=1 . Hence it is true for
by (1) the theorem is true for
n=2+ 1=3 , etc., and thus for all positive integer values of
n=1+1=2
n .
est [ t n f (t)] dt=(1 )n
Therefore,
where
(n)
f (s)
n=1,2, 3,. . .
Example 1.18
f (t)=t sint
Solution:
L [ t n f ( t ) ]=(1 )
Since
L ( sin t )=
(n)
f ( s)
1
s +1
, then
d
1
ds s 2+ 1
( )
L ( t sin t )= (1 )1
L ( t sin t )= (1 )1
( s 2+1 ) ( 0 )1(2 s)
2
( s 2+1 )
(1)
Therefore,
Example 1.19
Solution :
L ( t sin t )=
(2 s)
2
( s2 +1 )
2s
2
( s +1 )
f (t)=t cos 3 t
and
38
L [ t n f ( t ) ]=(1 )
Since
f (n) ( s)
L ( cos 3t )=
s
,
s +9 then
2
d
s
2
ds s + 9
( )
L ( t cos 3 t ) =(1 )1
( s 2+ 9 ) ( 1 )s(2 s)
L ( t cos 3 t ) =(1 )
2
( s2 +9 )
1
[ ]
2
(1)
s +9
( s2 +9 )
s 29
(
)
L t cos 3 t = 2 2
( s +1 )
Therefore
Example 1. 20
Solution:
L [ t n f ( t ) ]=(1 )
Since
f (n) ( s)
L ( cos 4 t )=
s
,
s +16 then
2
L ( t cos 4 t ) =(1 )
d2
s
2
2
d s s +16
2
d ( s +16 ) ( 1 ) s (2 s)
2
ds
( s 2+ 16 )
Simplifying gives
f (t)=t cos 4 t
39
d 16s
ds ( s2 +16 )2
]
2
( s 2+16 ) (2 s )( 16s2 ) (2) ( s 2+ 16 ) (2 s )
4
( s 2+16 )
Simplifying further,
Therefore,
2 s 96 s
( s 2+ 16 )
L ( t cos 4 t ) =
]
2
2 s ( s 48 )
3
( s 2+ 16 )
Exercise No. 6
MULTIPLICATION BY POWERS OF t
1)
f (t)=4 t sin 2
2)
f (t)=4 t 3 sin t
40
3)
f (t)=t 3 cos t
1.3.6 Division by t:
Theorem.
L[f (t )]=F (s ) , then
If
[ ]
f (t)
= F (u ) du
t
s
provided Lim
[ ]
f (t)
t
exists.
t0
Proof:
f (t)
Let g ( t )= t
then
f (t)=t g (t)
Taking the Laplace transform of both sides,
L[f (t )]=L[t g(t )]
L [ f ( t ) ]=
Let
Hence , F ( s )=
dG
ds
(1 )1
d
L [ g (t)]
ds
L[ g (t )]=G(s)
41
dG=F (s )ds
s
G ( s )= F ( s ) ds
G ( s )=L [ g ( t ) ] ;
Since
then,
L [ g ( t ) ]= F ( u ) du
[ ]
f (t)
L
= F (u ) du
t
s
The positive sign is obtained by interchanging the limits

Example 1.21
Solution:
[ ]
f (t)
L
= F (u ) du
t
s
t
1
s +1
L
sin =
Since
Then,
[ ]
sin t
du
L
= 2
t
s u +1
[ arc tan u ]s
and
lim
t0
sin t
=1
t
f ( t )=
sin t
t
42
lim [ arc tan u ] s

a
lim [ arc tan aarc tan s ]

a
z=arc tan aarc tan s
let
x=arc tan a
and let
and let
y=arc tan s
so that,
z=x y
( x y)
tan z=tan
tan z=
tan z=
Hence,
z=arc tan
tan xtan y
1+tan x tan y
as
1+as
( 1+asas )
Hence,
[ ]
sin t
=lim z
t
a
lim arc tan

a
( 1+asas )] A= r
43
[ ( )]
1
lim arc tan

a
1
+s
a
arc tan
( )
arc tan
( 10
0+ s )
arc tan
( 1s )
s
a
1
+s
Therefore,
[ ]
sin t
1
=arc tan
t
s
()
at
Example 1.22
Find the Laplace transform of f ( t )=
Solution:
[ ]
f (t)
L
= F (u ) du
t
s
] ( ) ( )
eat ebt
eat
ebt
=L
L
t
t
t
at
Since
L( e
)= 1
bt
and
s +a
Then,
at
bt
e
t
du
du
=
s u+ a
s u+b
L( e
)= 1
s +b
bt
e e
t
44
[ ln(u+ a) ] s [ ln( u+b) ] s
[ ( )]
ln
u+ a
u+ b
Substituting the limits and simplifying gives,
ln ( s +b ) ln (s+ a)
Therefore,
] ( )
eat ebt
s+b
=ln
t
s+ a
Example 1.23
Solution:
[ ]
f (t)
L
= F (u ) du
t
s
2t
1cos
sin 2 t
L
=L
t
[ ]
1 1 1 cos 2t
L
L
2
t 2
t
()
f ( t )=
sin t
t
45
2t
Since
L(1)=
Then,
1
s
and
[ ]
s
s +4
L
cos =
sin 2 t 1 du 1 udu
= 2
t
2 s u 2 s u +4
1 1
[ lnu ] s
ln ( u2 + 4 ) ]s
[
2
2 2
()
Substituting the limits and simplifying gives,
Therefore,
1
ln ( s 2 +4 )ln s 2 ]
[
4
[ ] ( )
sin 2 t 1
s2 +4
= ln
t
4
s2
Exercise No. 7
DIVISION BY t
46
1)
2)
1.3.7
1e
f ( t )=
t
f ( t )=
sin 2t
t
Laplace Transforms of Derivatives
47
Theorem. The Laplace transform of the derivative
f ' (t)
s >a , and
L ( f ' )=sL ( f )f (0)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - (1)
Proof:
L ( f ' )= est f ' (t) dt

0
Integrating by parts,
dv=f ' ( t ) dt
st
u=e
let
st
d u=se
dt
so that,
L ( f ' )= [ est f (t) ]0 f (t) (s est ) dt

0
L ( f ' )= [ est f (t) ]0 + s est f (t)dt

0
[ ]
f (t)
L ( f )= st + s est f (t) dt
e 0
0
'
L ( f ' )=
f () f (0)
0 +sLf (t)
e
e
L ( f ' )=f (0)+sL (f )

Hence,
L ( f ' )=sL ( f )f (0)

By applying (1) to the second-order function f(t).
v =f (t )
exists when
48
L ( f ' )=sL ( f )f (0)
L ( f ' ' )=sL ( f ' )f ' (0)
s [ sL ( f ) f ( 0 ) ] f '( 0)
Hence,
L ( f ' ' )=s 2 L ( f ) s f ( 0 )f '(0)

Similarly,
L ( f ' ' ' )=s 3 L ( f ) s 2 f (0)s f ' ( 0 )f ' '(0)

Therefore, for any order n:
L ( f n ) =s n L ( f )sn1 f ( 0 ) s n2 f ' ( 0) f n1 (0)
Example 1.24
transform of derivatives.
Solution:
f ( t )=t 2
f (0)=0
f ' ( t )=2 t f ' (0)=0

f ' ' ( t )=2
Hence,
L ( f ' ' )=s 2 L ( f ) s f ( 0 )f '(0)

L ( 2 ) =s 2 L ( f )s (0)0
2 2
=s L( f )
s
where
L(2)=
2
s
f (t)=
using the
49
Therefore,
L ( f )=
2
s3
L( t )=
2
s3
Example 1.25 Find the Laplace transform of f (t)=
sin 2 t
using the
transform of derivatives.
Solution:
f ( t )=sin2 t f (0)=0
f ' ( t )=2 sin t cos t
f ' ( t )=sin 2 t f ' (0)=0
f
' ' (t )
=2 cos 2 t
'
L ( f ' )=s L ( f ) s f ( 0 )f '(0)
Hence,
L ( 2 cos 2 t )=s L ( f )s(0)0
L ( sin2 t )=
L ( cos 2t )=s2 L ( sin2 t )
[ ]
2s
s ( s 2 +4 )
2
Therefore,
s
=s2 L ( sin2 t )
s +4
2
since,
L ( cos 2t )=
s
s +4
2
50
L ( sin 2 t )=
2
s ( s +4 )
2
at
Example 1.26 Find the Laplace transform of f (t)=e

transform of derivative.
Solution:
f ( t )=e
at
f (0)=1
f ' ( t )=ae at
Hence,
L ( f ' )=sL ( f )f (0)

L ( aeat )=sL ( e at )1
aL ( e at )=sL ( e at ) 1
(s a) L ( eat )=1
Therefore,
at
L ( e )=
1
sa
using the
51
Exercise No. 8
LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF DERIVATIVES
Find the Laplace transforms of each of the following functions using the
transform of derivatives:
1)
f ( t )=t
2)
f ( t )=cos 2 2 t
3)
f ( t )=e 2 t cos 5 t
4)
t
sin tcos
f ( t ) =
52
1.3.8
Laplace Transforms of Integrals
Theorem. If
L [ f (t) ] =F ( s)
, then
f ( u ) du =
0
F (s)
s
Proof:
t
Let
then,
g(t)= f ( u ) du
0
g (t )=f (t)
and
g(0)=0
Taking the Laplace transform of both sides,
L [ g (t) ] =L [ f (t) ]
then,
s L [ g(t ) ] g ( 0 )=F ( s )
s L [ g(t ) ] 0=F ( s )
So that,
s L [ g(t ) ] =F ( s )
L [ g(t) ] =
F (s)
s
since
L [ f (t) ] =F (s)
53
Therefore,
f ( u ) du =
0
F (s)
s
t
Example 1.27 Find the Laplace transform of
( sint t )=tan
sinuu du
0
if
1
s .
[ ]
t
Solution:
f ( u ) du =
Since
F (s)
s
( sint t )=tan
1
s
Then,
t
sinu du
=
u
t
Therefore,
(
0
tan
1
s
sinu du 1 1 1
= tan
u
s
s
()
t
Example 1.28
Solution:
[ ]
t
f ( u ) du =
[
t
Then,
F ( s)
s
( u2u+ eu ) du= 1 L ( t2t +et )

s
( u 2u+e u ) du .
0
54
1 s s +s +2
s s3 (s+1)
s s + s+ 2
s 4 (s+1)
Therefore,
1 2! 1
1
+
s s 3 s2 s+1
s +1s ( s+1 ) + s3
] [
( u2u+ eu ) du=
0
s s + s+2
s 4 (s+1)
]
t
Example 1.29
1eu
u du .
0
Solution:
Then,
f ( u ) du =
0
1e
u
0
F (s)
s
1 1e
du= L
s
t
]
[] [ ]
t
1 1 1 e
L
L
s
t
s
t
1 du 1
du

s s u s s u+1
55
1
[ lnu ] s [ ln ( u+1 ) ]s
s
s
1
u
ln
s
(u+1)
s
ln
ln
s
+1
s+1
Therefore,
1e
L
u
0
du=
1
s
ln
s
s+1
1
[ ln ( s+ 1 )lns ]
s
1
[ ln ( s+1 ) lns ]
s
Exercise No. 9
LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF INTEGRALS
Evaluate the following definite integrals:
1)
4t
dt
cos 6 tcos
t
0
2)
sint 2 t dt
0
56
3)
e
0
e3 t
dt
t
4)
t e2 t cos t dt
0
1.4 INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

DEFINITION. If the Laplace transform of a function
L [ f ( t ) ]=F (s) , the value of

transform of
1
[ F (s) ]
F( s)
or
f (t)
f (t)
is
F( s) , i.e., if
is called an Inverse Laplace
and can be written symbolicalliy as
f ( t )=L1 (F) , where
L1
f (t)=
is called the inverse
Lapce transformation operator.

To find the inverse transforms, first express the given function of s into
partial function, which will, then, be recognizable as one of the
following standard forms:
57
F ( s)
f ( t )=L1 [ F ( s ) ]
1
1
s
1
sa
1
n
s
t n1
,n=1, 2,3,
( n1 ) !
1
(sa)n
e at t n1
( n1 ) !
a
s + a2
1
sin at
a
e at
s
s + a2
cos at
1
s a2
s
2
s a
1
sinh at
a
cosh at
1
(sa)2+b 2
1 at
e sin bt
b
10
sa
2
2
(sa) +b
e cos bt
11
s
2 2
( s 2+ a )
at
1
t sin at
2a
58
1
12
2
at
sin atat cos
1
2 a3
2 2
(s +a )
Example 1.30
s 23 s+ 4
.
s3
Solution:
L1
] ()
s 3 s+ 4
1
1
1
= L1
3 L1 2 +4 L1 3
3
s
s
s
s
( ) ( )
t
13 t+ 4 ( )
2!
2
Hence,
Example 1.31
s 3 s+ 4
2
=13 t +2 t
3
s
12
2s
2
s5 s + 49 .
Solution:
L1
12
2s
1
2s
2
=12 L1
2 L1 2
s5 s + 49
s5
s + 49
( )
12 L1
( s51 )2 L ( s 2+7s )
12 e5 t 2 cos 7 t
Hence,
L1
6e
( 5tcos 7 t)
12
2s
2
=2
s5 s + 49
1.4.1 Notes on Partial Fractions
59
Partial fractions is a name given to the algebraic technique of writing a
quotient of partial of polynomial in simpler form. This technique has
already been encountered in elementary calculus where it enables us to write
quotients in ways whose integrals are easier to recognize.
A fraction of the form
G0 +G1 s + .+Gm s
n
b0 +b 1 s+ .+ bn s
in which
and
are
positive integrals, is called a rational algebraic fraction. When the numerator

is of a lower degree than the denominator, it is called a proper rational
fraction. When the numerator is of a higher degree than the denominator, it
is called an improper rational fraction. An improper rational fraction can be
converted into a proper rational fraction by simple division.
To resolve given fraction into partial fraction, first factorize the denominator
into real factors. These will be either linear or quadratic, and some factors
repeated. From algebra, it is known that a proper rational fraction can be
resolved into a sum of partial fractions such that
1) to a non-repeated or distinct linear factor (s a) in the denominator,
corresponds a partial fraction of the form
A
(sa)
2) to a repeated linear factor
(sa)t
in the denominator, corresponds
the sum of t partial fractions of the form
A
B
C
D
+
+
+
2
3
t
(sa) ( sa) (sa)
( sa)
3) to a non-repeated quadratic factor
s +as+ b
in the denominator,
corresponds a partial fraction of the form
As+ B
s + as+b
2
4) to a repeated quadratic factor
( s2 +as+ b )
in the denominator,
corresponds the sum of r partial fractions in the form
60
As+ B
Cs+ D
Es+ F
+ 2
+ .+ 2
2
t
s + as+b ( s +as+ b )
( s + as+b )
2
Then, determine the unknown constants A, B, C, D, E, F, etc.

To obtain the partial fractions corresponding to the non-repeated linear
factor s a
in the denominator, put
sa
except in the form
s=a
everywhere in the given fraction
itself.
In all other cases, equate the given fraction to a sum of suitable partial
fractions in accordance with the given rules. The multiply both sides by the
denominator of the given fraction and equate the coefficients of like powers
of s or substitute convenient numerical values of s on both sides. Finally
solve the simplest of the resulting equations to find the unknown constants.
Note:
To determine the quadratic factor in the denominator of a proper

rational fraction, solve for the discriminant of
a24 b< 0
s 2 +as+ b
, it is not factorable and hence it is a quadratic factor.
Example 1.32
3
s +5 .
Solution:
L1
[ ]
3
1
=3 L1 2
2
s +5
s + ( 5 )
2
Hence,
Example 1.33
such that
( 15 ) sin 5
[ ]
3
3 5
=
sin 5 t
5
s +5
2
s+ 4
s s6 .
2
61
Solution:
s+4
s+ 4
=
(
s3
) (s+2)
s s6
2
so that, by partial fractions
s+4
A
B
=
+
( s3 ) (s+2) ( s3 ) (s +2)
, where A and B are
constants to be determined.
s +4= A (s +2)+ B(s 3)
Hence,
s=2
when
when
s=3
B=
7
5
2=B(5)7= A(5)
2
5
B=
Then,
7
2
s+ 4
5
5
=
( s3 ) ( s+2) ( s3 ) ( s+2)
Therefore,
L1
s+ 4
7
1
2
1
= L1
L1
5
s3
5
s+2
( s3 ) (s +2)
( )
( )
7
2
e 3 t e2 t
5
5
Example 1.34
Solution:
2 s 26 s +5
s 36 s 2 +11 s6 .
62
2 s 26 s +5
2 s26 s+ 5
=
s 36 s 2 +11 s6 ( s1 )( s2 ) (s3)
so that, by partial fractions
2 s 26 s +5
A
B
=
+
+
3
2
s 6 s +11 s6 ( s1 ) ( s2)
C
(s3)
, where A, B
and C are constants to be determined.
2 s 26 s +5= A ( s2 ) ( s3 ) + B ( s1 ) ( s3 ) +C ( s1 ) ( s2)
when
s=1
when
s=2
2(1)26(1)+5= A (1 )(2 ) 2 ( 2 )26(2)+ 5=B ( 1 )(1 )

1
2
A=
when
B=
s=3
2(3)26( 3)+5=C ( 2 ) (1)

5
2
C=
Hence,
1
2 s 6 s +5
2
1
=
+
3
2
s 6 s +11 s6 ( s1 ) (s2)
2
5
2
(s3)
Then,
1
Therefore,
2 s 6 s+5
1 1 1
1
5 1 1
1
= L
L
+ L
3
2
2
s1
s2
2
s3
s 6 s +11 s6
( ) ( )
( )
63
L1
2 s26 s+5
1
5
= e t e 2t + e 3t
3
2
2
s 6 s +11 s6 2
Example 1.35
3 (s 22)2
.
2 s5
Solution:
1
] [
4
2
3(s2 2)2
1 3 (s 4 s + 4)
=L
2 s5
2 s5
3
1
1
1
L1
6 L1 3 +6 L1 5
2
s
s
s
()
( )
( )
3
t2
t4
(1) 6
+6
2
2!
4!
( ) ( )
Therefore,
L1
Example 1.36
Solution:
L1
L1
L1
] [
s+2
s +2
=L1 2
s 4 s+13
s 4 s+ 4+ 9
2
s2+ 4
2
2
(s2) +3
s2
4
+ 4 L1
2
2
(s2) +3
( s2)2+3 2
3(s2 2)2 3
1
= 3 t2 + t 4
5
2
4
2s
s+ 2
s 4 s+13 .
2
64
Since
L1
sa
=eat cos bt
2
2
(sa) +b
and
L1
1
1
= e at sin bt
2
2
b
( sa) +b
Therefore,
L1
Example 1.37
s+2
4
=e2 t cos 3 t + e2 t sin 3 t
3
s 4 s+13
2
4 s+5
(s1)2 (s +2) .
Solution:
Since the denominator consists of a distinct linear factor and repeated
linear factors, then
4 s+5
A
B
C
=
+
+
2
2
(s1) (s +2) (s1) ( s1) ( s+2)
A ( s1 )( s+2 ) + B ( s+ 2 )+ C(s1)2
4 s+5
=
(s1)2 (s +2)
( s1)2 ( s+2)
4 s+ 5= A ( s1 )( s+2 ) + B ( s+ 2 )+ C( s1)2
When
s=1
when
s=2
Equating coefficients of
9=B ( 3 ) 3=C (3)

B=
A=
1
3
C=
1
1
0= A
3
3
0=A +C
65
L1
Hence,
[ ]
[ ]
1
1
4 s +5
3
3
3
=L1
+ L1
+ L1
2
2
(s1)
(s +2)
(s1) (s+ 2)
( s1)
[ ]
[ ]
1 1 1
1
1
1
L
+3 L1
L1
2
3
( s1 )
3
(
s+ 2 )
( s1 )
Since
at n1
1
e t
=
n
( sa )
( sa )n
Therefore,
and
L1
1
=e at
n
( sa )
4 s +5
1 t
1 2 t
t
=
e
+
3te
e
3
( s1)2( s+ 2) 3
Exercise No. 10
INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
Find the inverse Laplace transforms of the following:
1)
3
s+ 4
Ans.
4 t
3e
66
8s
s +16
2)
Ans.
3)
6
s +9
2
2 sin3 t
8 cos 4 t
Ans.
67
4)
2 s+1
s (s +1)
Ans.
5)
1+et
3 s14
2
s 4 s+8
2t
3 cos 2 t4 sin
e2 t
Ans.
68
6)
3 s+2
4 s +12 s+ 9
3
e
4
7)
Ans.
3
t
2
5
te
8
3
t
2
2 s1
3
s s
3
1
t et + e t
2
2
Ans.
69
8)
s
( 2+9)( s+ 4)
2712 s
4 t
3e
3 cos 3 t
Ans.
70
9)
s
( s +3 ) ( 2+2 s +2)
s1
Ans.
t
4 3 t
4 cos t3 sin e
5
t
1
e
5
10)
s
( s1 ) ( 2+2 s+5)
5 s+3
3
e tet cos 2t + e sin 2t
2
Ans.
71
1.5 APPLICATIONS OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS TO

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
The Laplace transform is useful
in solving ordinary differential
equations with constant coefficients.
Using the Laplace transform of derivatives, the Laplace operator can
transform a linear differential equation with constant coefficients into an
algebraic equation in the transformed function. Upon solving this algebraic
equation for the transformed function, the inverse transform can be obtained
and the solution of the original differential equation can be determined.
The Laplace transform of derivative can be readily applied if the
appropriate initial conditions are given along with the differential equations.
The Laplace transform is also applicable in solving simultaneous
ordinary linear differential equation.
The Laplace transform may also be applied to some problems in
mechanics.
Example 1.38
Solve the differential equation
y ' =e t
y ( 0 )=2 .
Solution:
Taking the Laplace transform of both sides of the equation,
y
L( ' )=L(et )
Using the Laplace transform of derivative,
sL ( y ) y ( 0 )=
1
s1
72
sL ( y )2=
sL ( y )=
sL ( y )=
L( y )=
L( y )=
So that ,
A
s
1
s1
1
+2
s1
1+2 s2
s1
12 s1
s(s1)
+ s1
Using partial fractions,
12 s1 A
=
s (s1) s
B
+ s1
12 s1 A ( s1 )+ Bs
=
s (s1)
s( s1)
12 s1= A ( s1 )+ Bs
when
s=0
when
2(0)1=A (01) 2(1)1=B(1)
1=A (1 ) 1=B
A=1 B=1
Hence,
1
1
L( y )= +
s s1
Taking the inverse Laplace transforms,
s=1
73
L1 L ( y )=L1
( 1s )
+ L1
( s11 )
y=1+e t
Example 1.39
y ' ' +a 2 y=0
y ( 0 )=2 , y ' ( 0 ) =a .
Solution:
L [ y ' ' + a2 y ] =0
s 2 L ( y )sy ( 0 ) y ' ( 0 ) +a2 L ( y ) =0

s 2 L ( y )s( 0)a+ a2 L ( y )=0
s 2 L ( y )0a+ a2 L ( y )=0
s
( 2+a )L ( y )=a
L( y )=
a
s + a2
2
L1 L ( y )=L1
y=a L1
( s +aa )
2
1
s +a2
2
74
y=a
( 1a ) sin at
y=sin at
Therefore,
Example 1.40
y ' ' + y=et
y ( 0 )= y ' ( 0 )=0 .
Solution:
y
L( ' ' + y )=L( et )
y
L( ' ')+ L( y )=L(et )

2
'
t
s L ( y )sy ( 0 ) y ( 0 ) + L( y )=L(e )
s 2 L ( y )sy ( 0 ) y ' ( 0 ) + L( y )=
s 2 L ( y )s ( 0 ) 0+L( y )=
s 2 L ( y )00+ L( y)=
(s 2 +1) L( y )=
1
s+ 1
1
s +1
1
s+1
1
s+ 1
L( y )=
1
( s +1 ) (s1)
2
75
L( y )=
Then ,
Bs+C
+ ( s 2+ 1 )
A
(s +1)
1
A
=
( s +1 ) (s1) (s +1)
Bs+C
( s 2+ 1 )
A ( s 2+1 ) + Bs ( s+1 ) +C (s +1)

1
=
( s 2+1 ) (s1)
(s +1) ( s2 +1 )
1= A ( s2 +1 ) + Bs ( s +1 ) +C(s+ 1)
s=1
When
when
s=1
when
s=1
0=B+C
1= A ( 1+1 ) 0= A+B
1
1
A= 0= + B
2
2
B=
1
2
C=
1
1
2 (s +1)
1
+C
2
1
2
1 1
s+
2
2
+
2
( s +1 )
1
2
L( y )=
(s +1)
Hence,
L( y )=
0=
[ ] [ ]
1
s
1
1
+
2
2
2 ( s +1 ) 2 ( s +1 )
1
1
L1 L ( y )= L1
2
(s+1)
1 t 1
1
y= e cos t+ sin t
2
2
2
[ ]
[ ]
1 1
s
1
1
L
+ L1 2
2
2
( s +1 ) 2
( s +1 )
76
Therefore,
1
y=
2
Example 1.41
Solve
the
differential
equation
y ' ' 3 y ' +2 y=4 t+12 et
'
y ( 0 )=6 , y ( 0 )=1 .
Solution:
''
'
y 3 y +2 y=4 t+12 e
y
L( ' ' 3 y +2 y )=L(4 t+12 et )
'
y
y
L( ' )+2 L( y)=4 L(t )+12 L(et )
L( ' ')3
[ s 2 L ( y )sy ( 0 ) y ' ( 0 ) ]3 [ sL ( y ) y ( 0 ) ] +2 L( y)=4 L(t )+12 L(et )
[ s 2 L ( y )s ( 6 )(1)]3 [ sL ( y )6 ] +2 L( y)=4 L(t)+12 L(et )

s 2 L ( y )s ( 6 ) +13 sL ( y ) +18+2 L( y)=4 L(t )+12 L(et )
s
( 23 s+2) L ( y )6 s+19=4
1
1
+12
2
s+
1
s
( )
77
s
( 23 s+2) L ( y )=
( 23 s+2) L ( y )=
4 12
+
+6 s19
s2 s+1
s
2
2
2
4 ( s +1 )+ 12 s +6 s ( s ) ( s +1 )19( s )(s+1)
2
s (s+ 1)
s
4 s +4 +12 s2 +6 s 4 +6 s 319 s319 s2
( 23 s+2)L ( y )=
s2 ( s+1)
s
( 23 s+2)(s2 )(s +1)
6 s 413 s37 s 2+ 4 s+ 4
L( y )=
L( y )=
6 s 413 s37 s 2+ 4 s+ 4
2
s ( s+1 )( s2 )(s1)
So that ,
L( y )=
A B
C
D
E
+ 2+
+
+
s s ( s +1 ) ( s2 ) ( s1 )
Considering the partial fractions,
6 s 413 s37 s 2+ 4 s+ 4 A B
C
D
E
= + 2+
+
+
2
s
(
)
(
)
(
s ( s+ 1 )( s2 ) (s1)
s s+1 s2 s1 )
4
3
2
2
2
6 s 13 s 7 s +4 s+ 4= A s ( s +1 )( s2 ) (s1)+B ( s+1 ) ( s2 )( s1 )+C s ( s2 )( s1 ) + D ( s ) ( s+
when
s=0
when
s=1
when
s=2
4=B ( 1 )(2 ) (1 )6=E (1)(2)(1)
B=2 E=3
D=2
24=D(4)(3)(1)
78
when
s=1
Equating the coefficients of when
12=C ( 1 ) (3 )(2 ) 6= A+ C+ D+ E
C=2
where
C=2, D=2, E=3
6=A +22+3
A=3
Hence,
3 2
2
2
3
L( y )= + 2 +
+
s s ( s +1 ) ( s2 ) ( s1 )
L1 L ( y )=3 L1
( 1s )+2 L ( s1 )+ 2 L ( s +11 )2 L ( s 1 2 )+ L ( s 3 1 )
1
2t
y=3 ( 1 ) +2 t+2 e 2 e +3 e
Therefore,
y=3+2 t +2 et 2 e2 t + 3 et
Exercise No. 11
APPLICATION OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS TO DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
Solve the following initial value problems using the transform method:
1)
y ' ' 4 y ' +3 y=0 , y ( 0 )=3 , y ' ( 0 )=7
3t
Ans . y=2 e + e
79
2)
y ' ' + y=3 cos 2t , y ( 0 ) =0 , y ' ( 0 ) =0

. y=cos tcos 2t
Ans
80
3)
y ' ' +2 y ' + 2 y=0 , y ( 0 ) =1 , y ' ( 0 )=3
t
cos
t
2
sin
Ans
. y=et
81
4)
y ' ' 3 y ' +2 y=4 t+ e3 t , y ( 0 )=1 , y ' ( 0 ) =1

1
1
. y=2 t+3+ e3 t 2 e2 t et
2
2
Ans
82
5)
''
'
y 4 y =t , y ( 0 )=1 , y ( 0 )=2
Ans.
y=
1 15 2 t 1 2 t
+ e + e
4 16
16
83
6)
x ' ' (t)2 x ' ( t ) +2 x (t )=0 , x ( 0 )=1 , x ' ( 0 )=1
Ans . x =e cos t
84
7)
y ' ' 4 y ' +5 y=12 5 t 2 , y ( 0 ) = y ' ( 0 )=0

t 11 cost
2 sin
Ans
. y=25 t 2 + 40 t+22+2 e 2t
85
8)
''
'
y + y=8 cos t , y ( 0 )=1 , y ( 0 ) =1
Ans . y=cos t4 sint+ 4 t cos t
86
9 y '' +2 y ' +5 y =et sint , y ( 0 )=0 , y ' ( 0 ) =1
87
t+ sin 2 t
sin
1
. y= et
3
Ans
88
10)
y ' ' ' ' +2 y ' ' + y =sin t , y ( 0 )= y ' ( 0 )= y ' ' ( 0 )= y ' ' ' (0)=0
1
. y= [ ( 3t 2) sin t3 t cos t ]
3
Ans
89
1.6 TRANSIENT ANALYSIS BY LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD

Laplace transform Analysis is a powerful mathematical tool in solving
simultaneous linear differential equations formulated using Kirchhoffs laws in
a given electric circuits. This method simply eliminates the effort of
determining the values of the constants for integration.
Steps used in circuits analysis using Laplace transform:
Formulate necessary equations using function of t.

Transform the formulated equations (function of t) to functions of s.
Simply the equations transformed and rewrite the simplified equation to
the standard formulated in inverse Laplace functions.
Obtain the inverse Laplace function of each term in the simplified
equation and solve the questions asked by the problem.
Laplace Transform Formulas Applicable to Electric Circuit Analysis

f(t)
k
kt
(constant)
n
(constant)
ke
at
F(s)
k
s
kn !
s n+1
k
sa
k t n e at
k
( s a )n+1
ksin t
s 2 +2
k
kcos t
s 2 +2
ks
t+
sin
s 2+ 2
s sin +cos
90
t +
cos
s2 + 2
s sincos
E R=Ri(t )
RI (s)
E L=
di
dt
L ( sI ( s)I (o) )
EC =
1
i dt
C (t)
1 I (s) Q(0)
C s
s
Example 1.42 In an RL circuit, Kirchhoffs law gives the following relation:
E=L
di
+ Ri
dt
where:
E = supply voltage (200 volts)
R = resistances (20 ohms)
L = inductance (1 henry)
t = time in seconds
i = current in amperes
If i = 0 when t = 0 , find (a) i when t = 0.02 second, (b) i after a long time.
Formulate necessary equations using function of t.
E=L
di
+ Ri
dt
L
di
+ Ri=E
dt
(1)
di
+20 i=200
dt
di
+20 i=200
dt
Transform the formulated equations (function of t) to functions of s.
91
Take the Laplace transform:
( didt )+ L ( 20 i )=L(200)
( sI (s )I (o) ) + 20 I (s)=
sI ( s )+20 I (s )=
200
s
where:
I (o)=0
200
s
Simplify the equations transformed and rewrite the simplified equation to

the standard formulas in inverse Laplace functions.
sI ( s )+20 I (s )=
I ( s )(s+ 20)=
I ( s )=
So that ,
I ( s )=
A
s
200
s
200
s
200
s(s+ 20)
B
+ s+ 20
200
A
=
s (s +20) s
+ s+ 20
A ( s+20 ) + Bs
200
=
s (s +20)
s( s+20)
200= A ( s+20 )+ Bs
when
s=0
200= A ( 0+ 20 ) 200= A ( 0 ) + B(20)
when
s=20
92
A=10 200=20 B
B=10
Hence,
I ( s )=
I ( s )=
10
s
10
s
+10
s+20
10
s+ 20
Obtain the inverse Laplace function of each term in the simplified

equation and solve the questions asked by the problem.
L1 I (s )=L1
( 10s )
L1
10
( s +20
)
20 t
I ( t )=1010 e
I ( t )=10 ( 1e20 t )
(a)
I ( t )=? w h en t=0.02 second
I ( t )=10 ( 1e20 x 0.02 )

I ( t )=3.3 A
(b)
I ( t )=? w h en t=
I ( t )=10 ( 1e20 x )
I ( t )=10 A
Note: After a long time means time t =
. It simply means also that
the circuit is already at steady state. And at steady state, the inductor is
equivalent to a short-circuited wire, thus leaving only the resistance R to
oppose the current flow.
93
E 200
i= =
=10 A
R 20
Example 1.43 The differential equation of a series RC circuit with DC

applied voltage is:
Ri+
1
idt =E
C
If R = 50 ohms, C = 0.0001 farad, E = 100 volts and i(0) = 2 amperes,

determine (a) the Laplace transform expression for I(s), (b) current when t
= 3 ms.
Solution:
Ri+
1
idt =E
C
RI (s) +
1 I (s) Q(0) E
=
C s
s
s
charging
[
sI (s) +200 I (s )=2
I (s) =
2
s+200
50 I (s) +
I (s )
1
100
0 =
0.0001 s
s
50 I (s) +
10,000 I (s) 100

=
s
s
50 I (s )+
10,000 I (s) 100 s

=
s
s 50
since the capacitor is
94
L1 I (s )=L1
( s+2200 )
I (t) =2 e200 t
I (t) =?
when
t=3 ms
I (t) =2 e200 x 3 x 1 0
I (t) =1.1 A
Exercise No. 12
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS BY LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD
Solve the following problems using the transform method:
1. A 6.0-H coil whose resistance is 12 ohms is connected in series with a 24ohm resistor and to a 144-V battery and a switch. The switch is closed at t
= 0. Determine the time constant of the coil.
95
2. A series RC circuit consists of R = 2 M and an uncharged capacitor C = 5

F. The circuit is connected across a 100 V DC source at t = 0. Determine
the voltage across the resistor 5 seconds later.
3.
A series RC circuit has R = 1 k and C = 100 F with an initial charge of

2000 C. the combination is connected across a 100-V DC source and the
switch is closed at t = 0. If the capacitor is connected in the circuit such
that it will be discharging, determine the Laplace transform expression of
the current drawn.
96
4. A series circuit has R = 10 ohms and L = 1 henry. The circuit is connected

across a voltage source
e ( t )=10 e10t
through which a switch is initially
open. The switch is closed at t = 0. Determine the current after 0.01

second. Assume initial current to be zero.
5. A series RLC circuit with R = 1 k, L = 1 H, and C = 6.25 F is suddenly

connected across a 24-V DC source. At t = 0, i = 0 and q = 0. Determine
the current after 0.01 sec.
97
6. A series RLC circuit has R = 200 , L = 0.1 H and capacitor C = 10 F. If a

100-V DC source is connected across the end terminals of the series circuit
at t = 0, determine the current after 1 millisecond. Assume zero initial
conditions.
Unit 2
MATRICES
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

After completing this unit, you will be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
define a matrix.
determine the order of a matrix.
describe a column and a row matrix.
recognize a null matrix.
find the transpose of a matrix.
recognize different types of matrix, e.g., square, diagonal, unit or
identity, symmetrical, and triangular matrices.
7. perform arithmetic of matrices.
8. define a determinant.
9. find the minor and cofactor of any element in a matrix.
10.find the value of a determinant using Laplace expansion.
11.discuss the different properties of a determinant.
12.determine the inverse of a matrix using various methods.
98
2.1 MATRIX
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers.
a11
a21
a 12
a 22
a1 j a1 n
a2 j a2 n
:
:
:
:
:
A= :
ai 1 ai 2 a ij a
:
:
:
:
:
:
am1 am 2 a mj amn
2.1.1 Order (or Size) of a Matrix

The order of a matrix is said to be m x n if it has m rows and n
columns.
Example 2.1
[ ]
1 2
A= 3 4
5 6
B=
[ ]
a b
c d
[]
1
C= 4
3
D=[ 2 1 8 ]
Matrix A is of order 3 x 2, matrix B is of order 2 x 2.
2.1.2 Column and Row Matrix

If the order of a matrix is m x 1, it is called a column matrix.
If the order of a matrix is 1 x n, it is called a row matrix.
Example 2.2
Matrix C is a column matrix while matrix D is a row matrix
2.1.3 Null Matrix
99
A null matrix is a matrix if all its elements are zero.
Example 2.3
[ ]
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
2.1.4
is a null matrix
Transpose of a Matrix (AT)
If the rows and columns of matrix A are interchanged , the result ifs the
transpose of matrix A denoted by AT.
Example 2.4
Let
A= 2 3 5
3 4 8
then
[ ]
2 3
AT= 3 4
5 8
2.1.5 Square Matrix
A matrix is a square if the number of rows is equal to the number of

columns, i.e., m = n.
2.1.6 Diagonal Matrix
A diagonal matrix is a square matrix which has zero

everywhere except the principal diagonal.
The following are examples of diagonal matrices:
[ ]
1 0 0
0 4 0
0 0 3
elements
[ ]
1
0
0
0
0 0
2 0
0 4
0 0
0
0
0
3
2.1.7 Unit or Identity Matrix [I]

A unit or identity is a special case of the diagonal matrix in which all
the elements lying on the principal diagonal are all equal to 1 and all the
other elements are zero.
The following are examples of identity matrices:
100
[ ]
1
0
0
0
[ ]
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
2.1.8 Symmetrical Matrix and Skew Symmetrical Matrix

A symmetrical
matrix is a square matrix whose elements are
symmetrical about its main diagonal. A symmetrical matrix follows
A= A T .
This means a symmetrical matrix remains unchanged if its rows and columns
[ ]
1 3 4
A= 3 8 7
4 7 5
are interchanged
[ ]
1 3 4
A =3 8 7
4 7 5
T
is a symmetrical matrix since
. On the
other hand, a matrix is skew symmetrical if
0 2 3
A= 2 0
8
3 8 0
matrix since
A=AT .
The matrix
is a skew symmetrical matrix is a skew symmetrical
0 2 3
A = 2 0
8
3 8 0
T
2.1.9 Triangular Matrix

A matrix is said to be upper triangular if it is a square matrix whose nonzero elements are confined with the upper triangle. If the non-zero elements
are confined within the lower triangle, it is said to be lower triangular matrix.
101
1
0
4
2
5 5
0
2 1
is upper triangular matrix and
0 3 14
0 0
[ ]
[ ]
1
2
1
3
0
2
2
3
0
0
6
1
0
0
0
4
is
lower traingular
2.2 ARITHMETIC OF MATRICES

2.2.1 Equality of Two Matrices
Two matrices are equal if their corresponding elements are equal.
Example 2.5
The matrices
1 2 1
2 4 5
3 3 0
x=1 , y =2, z =4 ,
and
1 2 x
y z 5
3 3 w
w=0
and
Note that two matrices could only be equal if their orders are the
same.
2.2.2
Matrix Addition
A= 1 3 4
2 1 0
Let
Then
A + B=
3 6 1
1 9 1
and
][
B= 2 3 5
1 8 1
][
1 3 4 2 3 5
1+2 3+3 45
+
=
2 1 0 1 8 1
2+1 1+ 8 0+1
102
Note that addition is defined only when A and B have the same order.
2.2.3 Scalar of Multiplication
][
1 2 2
3 6 6
3 2 1 4 = 6 3 12
2 1 3
6 3 9
[ ][ ][ ][
][
1 2 2 3 = 1 2 + 2 3 = 1 1
3 4
1 4
3 4 1 4
2
0
2.2.4 Matrix Multiplication

To multiply two matrices say
by
multiplying each element in the
A and
ith
]
B , add all the products obtained
row of A by the corresponding element
in the jth column of B. The product of two matrices is defined only when the
number of columns in A is equal to the number of rows in B. Matrices A and B
are said to be conformable iin the order AB.
Example 2.6
A=
Find AB and BA
[ ]
2 3
1 3 4
B= 3 1
2 1 3
0 5
AB=(2 x 3) x(3 x 2)=(2 x 2)
][
( ) ( )
AB= 1 2 +3 3 +4 (0) 1(3)+3(1)+4 (5) = 7 26
7 20
2(2)+1(3)+3( 0) 2(3)1(1)+ 3(5)
2 x 2 matrix].
[defined and result is a
][
2 (1 ) +3 ( 2 )
2 ( 3 ) +3(1) 2 ( 4 ) +3(3)
8
3
17
BA= 3 ( 1 ) +1(2) 3 ( 3 )+1(1) 3 ( 4 )+ 1(3) = 1 10 9
10 5 15
0 ( 1 ) +5(2)
0 ( 3 )+5 (1)
0 ( 4 ) +5(3)
Note that multiplication of matrices is not commutative, i.e.,

Exercise No. 13
MATRICES
A xBB x A
103
Perform the following operations. Use the space provided.
1.
][ ]
8 4 + 2 3
2 3
4 5
2.
1 2 3
1 3 7
+2
1 0 3
0 1 2
] [
3.
1
2 3
1 6 3
3
7 8
4.
2 3
1 2
x
1 2 3 4
][
104
5.
[]
6.
[ ][
7.
2 3 x 1
2 x 2
5 1
1 5 3
8.
a+b
cd
1
2 x [ 2 3 5 ]
3
1
1
0
2
1
2 1 2 1 4
x
3 4 8 9
1
3
] [
][]
][
c+ d = 4 6
ab
10 2
Solve for a, b, c, and d.
105
9.
Find the values of x and y.
[ ][ ][ ]
3 2
y
3 0 x
x
2 4
10.
3
3
y=
3y 3y
x
10 10
Find the values of x, y, z, and w.
][ ] [ ]
1 3 1 3 x
1
0 1 2 1 y
2
=
5
0 0 1 5 z
w
1
0 0
0 1
106
2.3 DETERMINANT
A determinant is a square array of numbers. The order of the
determinant is
order
if it has
rows and
The symbol
a11 a12 a1 j a1 n
a21 a22 a2 j a2 n
:
:
:
:
aij a
:
:
:
:
anj ann
jth
aij
1
6
A=
4
1
n 1
obtained by deleting the
column is known as minor of element
Example 2.7
ith
column.
The determinant of order
jth
aij denotes the element of the determinant lying in the
2.3.1 Minor of element
and
n columns. A determinant of
can be expressed as
:
A= :
ai 1 ai 2
:
:
an 1 an 2
row and
Given the determinant
2 4 4
7 3 2
2 4 5
2 3 4
a11 =1
aij denoted by
]
(element in the first row and first column)
ith
M ij .
row
107
a32=2
(element found in the 3rd row and 2nd column)
(delete the first row and first column)
(delete the third row and second column)
7 3 2
M 11= 2 4 5
2 3 4
1 4 4
M 32= 6 3 2
1 3 4
aij
2.3.2 Cofactor of element
aij
The cofactor of an element

element
aij
denoted by
Cij
Cij =(1 )i+ j
is
(1 )i + j
times the minor of
.
= (-1)i + j
M ij
Observe that the Cofactor of an element is equal to the minor of an

element if
i+ j
is even and negative if
i+ j
is odd.
2.3.3 Properties of Determinants

1.
Laplace Expansion
The value of the determinant may be computed by using Laplace
Expansion. If A is a square matrix, then:
| A|=ai 1 Ci 1 +ai 2 C i 2 +. ..+a C

j =n
aij C ij
i=1
This means that the value of a determinant can be computed by

multiplying each element of the
it h
row by its cofactor and taking the sum
of the products.
Example 2.8
Compute the value of
if
108
2 4 2
A= 3 5 1
2 4 2
Compute the cofactors of all the elements:
a11 =2 C11 =(1 )
1 +1
a12=4 C12= (1 )
1+2
a13=2 C 13 =(1 )
1+ 3
a21=3 C 21 =(1 )
2 +1
a22=5 C 22 =(1 )
2 +2
5 1
=14
4 2
3 1 =8
2 2
[ ]
3 5
=2
2 4
4 2 =16
4 2
2 2 =8
2 2
[ ]
2 +3
a23=1 C 23=(1 ) 2 4 = 0
2 4
a31=2 C31= (1 )
3+1
a32=4 C32 = (1 )
3+2
a33=2 C33=(1 )
[ ]
4 2 =6
5 1
[ ]
2 3 =4
2 1
3+3
[ ]
2 4
=2
3 5
To find the value using Laplace expansion
109
[ A ] =a 11 C 11 +a 12 C12 +a13 C13
(expanding in the elements of 1 st
row)
(2)(14)+( 4)(8)+(2)(2)
[ A ] =a 21 C21 +a22 C22 +a23 C23
(expanding in the elements of 2nd
row)
(3)(16)+(5)(8)+(1)(0)
8
[ A ] =a 31 C31 +a32 C 32+a33 C 33
(expanding in the elements of 3rd
row)
(2)(6)+( 4)(4 )+(2)(2)
[ A ] =a 11 C 11 +a 21 C21 +a31 C31
(expanding in the elements of 1st
column)
(2)(14)+(3)(16)+(2)(6)
8
[ A ] =a 12 C12 +a22 C 22+a32 C 32
column)
( 4)(8)+(5)(8)+( 4)( 4)
[ A ] =a 13 C13 +a 23 C23 +a 33 C33
column)
(2)(2)+(1)(0)+(2)(2)
8
Observe that the third order determinant can be computed using the diagonal
method.
110
2 4 2 :2 4
| A|= 3 5 1 : 3 5
2 4 2 : 2 4
[ ( 2 )( 5 ) (2 )+ ( 4 )( 1 ) ( 2 )+ ( 2 )( 3 ) ( 4 ) ][ ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 2 )+ ( 4 )( 1 ) ( 2 )+(2)(3)(4) ]
Note: The diagonal method can be applied only with the third order
determinant.
Example 2.9
| A| if:
Evaluate the
1
A= 4
2
1
2 3 1
1 3 2
3 4 2
2 3 4
Solution:
4
3 2
2 4 2 =122
1 3 4
1 3 2
a11 =1C 11 =(1 )1+ 1 3 4 2 =36
2 4 4
a12=2 C12= (1 )
1+2
1 +3
a13=3 C 13=(1 )
a14 =1 C14 =(1 )
4 1 2
2 3 2 =28
1 2 4
1 +4
4
1 3
2 3 4 =91
1 2 3
111
| A|=(1)(36)+(2)(122)+(3)(28)+(1)(91)=287
2.
For every matrix:
| AT|=| A|,
meaning the determinant of
is equal to the
determinant of its transpose.

Example 2.10
1 2 3
A= 0 1 3
0 2 5
, verify property 2
Solution:
| A|=( 1 )(1 )1+1 1 3 =11

2
(Expand in terms of the element of the first
column)
1 0 0
A T = 2 1 2
3 3 5
]
[
| AT|=( 1 ) (1 )1 +1 1
3
2 =11
5
(Expand in terms of the element of the first
row)
therefore,
3.
| A|=| AT |
If A is triangular matrix of order
n , (lower or upper triangular)
then
| A|=a11 a 22
Example 2.11
a33 a33
, i.e., the product of its diagonal.
112
1
A= 0
0
0
Let
4.
2 3 4
3 4 1
0 5 6
0 0 8
then
| A|=(1)(3)(5)(8)=120
If a square matrix has either zero row or zero column then
| A|=0 .
Example 2.12
Let
][ ]
1 2 3
0 9 8
A= 0 0 0 B= 0 7 2
8 7 1
0 2 4
then
| A|=|B|=0
5. If each element in one row (or column) is multiplied by a number

k, the value of the determinant is multiplied by k.
Example 2.13
Let
If
Let us multiply row 1 by k.
ka kb kc
1+1 e
f
1 +2 d
+ kb (1 )
d e f =ka (1 )
h i
g
g h i
k a (1 )
6.
[ ]
a b c
A= d e f
g h i
1+1
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
f
1+3 d
e
+kc (1 )
i
g h
[ ]]
1+2 d
1+3 d
e f
f
e
+b (1 )
+ c (1 )
h i
g i
g h
A=[v 1 .. . f j+ g j . .. v n ]
is a square matrix, then
| A|=[ v 1 .. . f j .. . v n ] +[ v 1 . . . g j . . . v n ][v 1. . . f j . .. v n]+[v 1. . . g j. . . v n ]

Example 2.14
Let
1 3
A= 3 4
3 6
4
6
7
A can be written as
113
1 4
][
2 4
| A|=11| A|= 3 3 6 + 3 1 6 =30+19=11

3
3 7
Note that
3 7
3 is broken into
4 into
6
into
1+2
3+1
3+3
Example 2.15
Find the value of
by taking advantage of property 6
][
][
1
2
3
1
2 3 1 2 3
=
k 1+3 k 3k
k 3 k k + 0 1
3 =36
0
6
5
0 6 5
0 6 5
1
2 3
k 1 3 1 + 23=36
0 6 5
k 1+23=36
k =13
7.
If
is a matrix obtained by interchanging any two rows (or
columns) of a square matrix A, then

Example 2.16
|B|=| A| .
114
1 2 3
A= 4 5 2
1 1 3
Let
interchange the 1st and the 2nd row and call this
B .
4 5 2
B= 1 2 3
1 1 3
then
| A|=30
8.
| A|=|B|
|B|=30
and
If two rows (or columns) of a square matrix A are equal or

proportional, the value of the determinant
0 , i.e.,
| A|=0 .
Example 2.17
1
2
A=
3
4
2 1 1
4 2 3
6 3 5
8 5 2
| A|=0
since col 1 and col 2 are
proportional.
[ ]
1 1 1
A= 4 5 6
1 1 1
9.
If a constant
matrix
|B|=0
since row 1 and row 3 are equal.
is multiplied to any row(or column) of a square
and added to another row (or column), the value of
determinant A
Example 2.18
is unchanged.
115
1 2 3
A= 3 4
1
2 3 1
| A|=14
Multiply row 1 by 3 and add to row 2
1 2 3
B= 0 10 8
2 3 1
10.
|B|=14=| A|
If A and B are square matrices of the same order, then
| A||B|=| AB|
Example 2.19
A=
If
1 2
2 3
and
B=
[ ]
2 1
3 4
verify property 10
Solution:
| A|=34=7
|B|=83=5
| AB|=35
A B=
][ ] [
1 2 2 1
8
9
=
2 3 3 4 5 10
| AB|=80+ 45=35
hence,
11.
| A||B|=| AB|
The Pivotal Element Method

Steps:
1. If the given determinant of order n has an element of 1, use this a
pivotal element. Otherwise choose some convenient element
aij .
116
Reduce this to 1 by dividing either the
i th row or the
j th
and then balancing by multiplying the determinant also by

2. Cross out each row and column through
3.
column,
aij .
aij .
From each element of the resulting determinant of order
n 1 ,
subtract the product of

the element in which the row and column containing a ij are met by the row
and column
containing that element.
3. The value of the determinant is
(1)i+ j
determinant.
Example 2.20
Solve for
3 2
4
2
1
3
A=
4 0 1
5 3
2
using the pivotal method.
2
5
2
4
Solution:
Choose
a22=1
3 2
4
1
3
A= 2
4 0 1
5 3
2
2
5
2
4
as a pivot
times the value of the new
117
[ 3 ( 1 ) 2 (1 ) ]
[4 ( 1 )(2 ) (3 ) ]
[2 ( 1 ) (2 ) ( 5 ) ]
[4 ( 1 ) 2 ( 0 ) ]
(
)
(
)(
)
(
)
[1 1 3 0 ] 2 0 (0)(5)
[5 ( 1 )2 ( 3 ) ]
[[2(1) 3(3)][4 (1) 3(5)]]

(1)2+2
7 2 12
4 1 2 =385
11 11 11
Exercise No. 14
DETERMINANTS
1.
Find the value of the given determinants using Laplace expansion.
118
(a)
2 4
4 5
(b)
1 4 1
4 2
0
2 1
0
(c)
4 2 4
3 4 5
7 2 1
119
2.
If
[ ]
a b c
d e f =5.
g h i
What is the value of the following?
[ ]
a d g
b e h
c f i
(a)
(b)
2a 2 b 2 c
d
e
f
g
h
i
(c)
3 a b c
3 d e f
3 g h i
(d)
a
b
d+ a e+b
g
h
]
c
f +c
i
120
(e)
3.
4.
[ ]
a b c
d e f
0 0 0
What is the value of
If
1
A= 2
5
2
2 2 3
1 2 3
6 1 2
1 1 3
a23=
2
0
0
0
3 4 5
3 1 2
0 4 5
0 0 3
121
M 23=
C23=
Exercise No. 15
DETERMINANTS
Solve the following problems.
1. If
1
A= 4
2
0
2 3 1
2 3 2
3 5 1
5 6 9
a. Compute A using Laplace Expansion.
b. Using Pivotal Expansion Method.
122
c. By applying property 9.
2.
Find the value of
k :
k
3+k 10
1k 2k
5 =48
2
4+ k k
123
3.
Multiply
[ ][ ]
a b c d
c d a b
4. Find the values of k which satisfies the following equation.
[
5.
1
0
0
0
0
k k +2
k k 2
0 k+2
0
0
0
0
k2
k+2
k 2
k 2
0
100
100
100
k +2
100
Prove that:
[ ]
a
b
b
b
b
a
b
b
b
b
a
b
b
b
3
=( ab) ( a+3 b)
b
a
124
6.
Prove that:
1
a1
1
a2
1 1
a3 a4
a12 a 22 a32 a42

a13 a 23 a33 a43
=(a1a2 )(a1 a3 )(a1a4 )(a2 a3 )(a2a4 )(a3 a5 )
125
2.4
THE INVERSE OF A MATRIX

Two square matrices A and B
of the same order are known as
the reciprocal or inverses of one another if their product in either order is an

identity matrix.
Thus matrices
B are inverses of each other if:
and
A B=B A=1
The adjoint method of Matrix Inversion
The inverse of a matrix can be computed using:
A1=
Adj ( A)
| A|
Based on this equation it is evident that the inverse of a matrix

exists only if:
a.
b.
| A|
is a square matrix.
is not zero.
The adjoint of a matrix can be computed by:
Adj ( A )=[ Cof ( A) ]

Example 2.21
126
A= 1 2
2 3
Let
Compute
A1
Solution:
[ A ] =3 (4)=7
Cof ( A )=
C11 =3
C12=2
C21=2
C22=1
3 2
2 1
T
Adj ( A )=[Cof ( A ) ] = 3 2
2 1
[ ]
3
7
2
7
1 3 2
A =
=
7 2 1
1
2
7
1
7
Example 2.22
3 2 1
A= 5 6
2
1 0 3
Let
A1
Compute
Solution:
C11 =(1 )
1+1
C21=(1 )
2+1
1 +2 5
6 2
2
=18 C 12=(1 )
=17
0 3
1 3
2 1 =6 C =(1 )2 +2 3 1 =10
22
0 3
1 3
C13= (1 )
1+3
C23= (1 )
[ ]
5 6
=6
1 0
2+3
3 2 =2
1 0
127
C31=(1 )
3+1
[ ]
2 1 =10 C =(1 )3 +2 3 1 =1
32
6 2
5 2
18 17 6
Cof (A )= 6 10 2
10 1 28
C33= (1 )
3+3
3 2 =28
5 6
18 6 10
Adj ( A)= 17 10 1
6 2
28
| A|=a11 C 11 +a12 C12 +a13 C 13 =3(18)+2(17)+ 1(6)=94
[ ][ ]
18
94
18 6 10
Adj
(
A)
1
17
A1=
=
17 10 1 =
94
[ A]
94
6 2
28
6
94
2.5
6
94
10
94
2
94
10
9
94
47
1 = 17
94
94
28
3
94
47
3
47
5
47
1
47
5
47
1
94
14
47
ELEMENTARY ROW OPERATIONS
Procedure
1. Form the
n x2n
matrix
[ A I n]
obtained by adjoining the identity
In .
matrix
2. Transform the matrix obtained in step 1 to reduced echelon form by

using elementary operations. Remember that whatever is done to the
row of A is also to be done to the corresponding row of
3. Suppose that step 1 has produced the matrix
[C D]
In .
in reduced row
echelon form.
a. If
C=I n then
b. If
C I n , then C has a row of zeros. In this case A is singular
D= A1
and A-1 does not exists.

Example 2.23
Find
A1 if:
128
3 2 1
A= 5 6
2
1 0 3
Write in the form [A In]
3 2 1 : 1 0 0
5 6
2 :0 1 0
1 0 3 : 0 0 1
Reduce into row echelon form
3 2 1 : 1 0 0 R1
5 6
2 :0 1 0 3
1 0 3 : 0 0 1
2 1 1
:
3
3 3
:
5 6
2 0
:
1 0 3 0
[
[
0 0
2
3
28
0
3
2
0
3
1
1
3
3
:
1 5
:
3
3
:
10 1
3
3
2
3
28
0
3
2
0
3
1
1
3
3
:
1 5
:
3
3
:
10 1
3
3
5 R1 + R2
1 0 R3 +R1
0 1
0 0
1 0
0 1
0 0
]
]
2 R 1+ R 2
R1 + R3
3
R
1 0 28 2
0 1
129
[
[
2
3
2
3
1 0
0 1
0 0
[
[
1
1
3
3
:
1 5
:
28 28
:
10 1
3
3
5
3
14 14
:
1 5
:
28 28
:
47 3
14 14
3
28
1
14
3
28
1
14
2
R +R
3 2 1
0
2
R2 + R3
3
1
0
0
1
14
R
47 2
3
5
14
14 :
5
1 :
28
28 :
3
1
47
1
14
3
28
1
47
5
R +R
14 3 1
0 1
R3 + R 2
14 28
47
9
47
1 0 0:
17
0 1 0:
94
0 0 1:
3
47
3
47
5
47
1
47
5
47
1
94
14
47
1 0
0 1
0 0
]
]
[ ]
9
47
A1= 17
94
3
47
3
47
5
47
1
47
5
47
1
94
14
47
2.6 SOLVING EQUATIONS INVOLVING MATRICES
130
Example 2.24
AB=C
If
where
[ ]
A= 2 3
4 5
and
B .
Compute
Solution:
AB=C
Premultiply both sides by A -1
A1 AB= A1 C
1 B=A1 C
and
[ ]
B= A1 C= 2 3
4 5
Thus,
To find
[ ]
3 4
6 7
5 4
5 3 | |
Adj ( A )=
A =2
3 2
4 2
[ ]
A1= 2 3
4 5
[ ][
3
2 = 2.5 1,5
2
2
1
2
5
= 2
4
2
[ ]
B= A C= 2 3
4 5
1
1 B=B
Cof ( A ) =
A1 A=1
but
[ ]
3 4
6 7
][ ]
2.5 1,5 x 3 4
2
1 6 7
1.5 0.5
0
1
[ ]
C= 3 4
6 7
131
Example 2.25
Solve for
B=
where
[ ]
2 3
4 5
A (B+C)=C
in
[ ]
C=
and
1 5
6 3
Solution:
(B+C)1
A (B+C)=C . Postmultiply both sides by
A (B+C)(B+C)1=C (B+C)1
A 1=C (B+ C)1
[ ]
B+ C= 2 3
4 5
Cof ( B+C )=
8 10
8
3
[ ][
+1 5= 3 8
6 3
10 8
Adj ( B+C )=
]
]
8 8 |
3 8
, B+ C|=
=56
10 3
10 8
[ ]
10
56
3
56
8
( B+ C )1= 56
8
56
A=C (B+C)1
[ ][ ]
8
1 5 56
A=
.
6 3
8
56
[ ]
10
56
3
56
4
7
3
7
5
56
39
56
2.7 SOLVING SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION USING MATRIX

INVERSION
Example 2.26
132
Solve the system
x+ 2 y =8
2 x +3 y=5
using Matrix Inversion.
Solution: The system can be written as:
][ ] [ ]
1 2 x =8
2 3 y
5
Pre-multiply both sides by
1 2
2 3
1 2
2 3
] [
][ ] [
1 2 x = 1 2
2 3 y 2 3
[][
x = 1 2
y 2 3
From Example 3.20
3 x2 y+ z =2
5 x+6 y +2 z=35
x3 z=8
Solution:
8
5
[ ]
[ ] [ ][ ] [ ]
1 2
2 3
2
7
1
7
2
7 8=2
1 5
3
7
x=2, y=3
Example 2.27
][]
3
7
2
7
3
x = 7
y
2
7
Therefore,
Solve the system
][]
8
5
133
Let
3 2 1
A= 5 6
2
1 0 3
X =
[]
x
y
z
B =
[]
2
35
8
The system can written as
AX =B
Pre-multiply both sides
by A1
A1 A X= A1 B
X =A1 B
3 2 1
A= 5 6
2
1 0 3
From example 3. 21
[ ]
9
47
x
17
y=
94
z
3
47
[]
3
47
5
47
1
47
[ ]
9
47
A1= 17
94
3
47
5
47
2
1
1
=
35
4
94
8
3
14
47
[ ][]
3
47
5
47
1
47
5
47
1
94
14
47
134
Exercise No. 16
INVERSE OF A MATRIX
1.
Find the inverse of the matrix of the following using the Adjoint Method.
(a)
[ ]
(b)
3 4
3 7
3 4 5
1 4 1
2 3 4
135
(c)
2.
2
0
1
2
3 1 3
4 5 5
2 1 1
3 4 1
Find the inverse of
3 4 5
1 4 1
2 3 4
using elementary row operations.
136
3.
[ ]
A1= 3 4
3 7
If
4.
If
Given
, what is
[ ]
A= 1 3
2 7
[ ]
A= 3 4
1 5
A ?
, what is
[ ]
B= 2 1
4 6
Solve the following matrix equations.

5.
AD =B
Solve for D
T
and ( A )
. Compare them.
[ ]
C= 3 4
1 6
137
6.
DE= A+C
7.
AXC =B
Solve for
Solve for
138
8.
X T A+ X T B=C
Solve for
9. Using matrix inversion, solve for the following system of linear equations.
a.
2 x y =7
139
x+ y=1
b.
3 x + y + z=4
2 x y 2 z=3
4 x +2 y +2 z =12
140
c.
x+ y+ 3 z + 4 w=10
3 x y3 z3 w=3
x+ y+ z+ 4 w=0
3 x y2 z5 w=4
141
2.8 RANK OF A MATRIX
The rank of a matrix is the greatest value of r for which there exists an
r x r submatrix of A with non-vanishing determinants. The determinant of any
square matrix with r + 1 or more rows equals zero.
The rank r of an m x n matrix can at most be equal to the smaller of
the numbers m and n but may be less.
An n x n matrix has a rank r < n if and only if A = 0. In this case A is
a singular matrix.
An n x n matrix has a rank r = n if and only if A 0. In this case A is
a non-singular matrix.
Example 2.28
Find the rank of
3 2
1 4
6 4 2 8
Solution:
The determinant of all the 2 x 2 submatrices are all equal to zero.
3 2
6 4
3
1
6 2
2 1
4 2
][
3
4 , 1
4 =0
6 8 2 8
The rank is at most the smaller value of 2 x 44 which is 2 but all the 2
x 2 submatrices have determinants = 0. Therefore rank = 1.
Example 2.29
142
Find the rank of
2 4 3 6
3 6 5 9
1 2 1 3
Solution:
At most, the rank is the smaller value of 3 x 4 which is 3. But all the 3
x 3 submatrices
2 4 3
3 6
5
1 2 1
] [
,
2 4 6
3 6 9
1 2 3
] [
,
4 3 6
6
5 9
2 1 3
] [
,
2 3 6
3 5 9
1 1 3
are all
Singular, i.e., (det = 0). Therefore rank < 3. But the 2 x 2 submatrix
4 3
6
5
(det = -2). Therefore rank = 2.

Theorem. The rank of a matrix is not altered by an sequence of elementary
operations. The sequence of elementary operations includes:
1. interchanging rows.
2. multiplying a column by a non-zero member.
3. adding a constant times the elements of one column to the
corresponding elements of another column.
From the 1st example
A=
3 2
1 4
6 4 2 8
row 1 multiplied by 2 then added to row 2
3 2 1 4
0 0 0 0
All the possible two by two matrices have zero determinants.

This rank = 1.
143
From example 2
2 4 3 6
3 6 5 9
1 2 1 3
1 2 1 3
3 6 5 9
2 4 3 6
1 2 1 3
0 0
2 0
0 0 1 0
1 2 1 3
0 0
0 0
0 0 1 0
interchange row 1 and row 3
row 1 times row 3 + row 2

row 1 times 2 + row 3
row 3 times row 2 + row 2
It is seen that all the possible 3 x 3 matrices have zero determinants.
1 3
1 0
has a non-zero determinant. Therefore rank = 2.
2.9 SOLUTION OF SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS.

2.9.1
Theorem 1: Cramers Rule
144
For a system of linear equations in n unknown
a11 x 1+ a12 x 2 +. .. . a1 n x n =b1

a21 x 1 +a 22 x2 +. . .. a 2n x n=b 2
a31 x 1 +a32 x2 +. . .. a 3n x n=b 3
..
an 1 x1 +a n 2 x 2+ .. . . ann x n=bn
a11 a12 .. .. a1 n
a 21 a22 .. .. a2 n
D= a 31 a32 .. .. a3 n
..
.. .. .. ..
an 1 a n 2 .. .. ann
] [
a11 b1 .. .. a1 n
a21 b2 .. .. a2 n
D (x 2)= a
b3 .. .. a3 n
31
.. .. .. .. ..
an 1 b n .. .. ann
b1
b2
a12 .. .. a1 n
a 22 .. .. a2 n
D(x 1)= b3 a32 .. .. a3 n

..
.. .. .. ..
bn am 2 .. .. ann
] [
a11 a 12 .. .. b1
a21 a 22 .. .. b2
D (x n)= a
a 32 .. .. b3
31
..
.. .. .. ..
an 1 an 2 .. .. bn
]
]
The solution set is given by:
x
( 1)
D
D
x1 =
x
( 2)
D
D
x2 =
. ......
x
( n)
D
D
x n=
D0
Example 2.30
Solve the following system of linear equations using Cramers Rule.
3 x + y + z=4
2 x y 2 z=3
145
4 x +2 y +2 z =12
Solution:
3 1
1
D= 2 1 2 =10
4
2
2
3 4 1
D ( y )= 2 3 2 =30
4 12 2
x=
D (x) 20
=
=2
D
10
y=
D( y ) 30
=
=3
D
10
z=
D(z) 50
=
=5
D
10
4 1
1
D ( x )= 3 1 2 =20
12 2
2
3 1 4
D ( z ) = 2 1 3 =50
4
2 12
2.9.2 Solution of Homogeneous System of Linear Equations

Consider the system of Linear Equations in m unknowns
a11 x 1+ a12 x 2 +. .. . a1 n x n =0
a21 x 1 +a 22 x2 +. . .. a 2n x n=0
a31 x 1 +a32 x2 +. . .. a 3n x n=0
..
an 1 x1 +a n 2 x 2+ .. . . an n x n =0
146
Let
a11
a21
a 12
a 22
.. .. a1 n
.. .. a2 n
A= a31 a 32 .. .. a3 n
..
.. .. .. ..
am 1 am 2 .. .. amn
Theorem 2: If m = n (meaning A is a square matrix) and A 0, then the

system has only the trivial solutions: x1 = x2 = . . . .xn = 0.
Example 2.31
Solve the system of linear equations
2 x 4 y =0
x y=0
Solution:
A= 2 4
1 1
| A|=6 0.
Therefore, the only solution is
x= y=0
Example 2.32
Solve the system of linear equations
x+ y+ z=0
2 x y5 z=0
x y5 z=0
Solution:
1 1
1
A= 2 1 5
1 1 5
| A|=4 0.
Therefore, the only solution is the trivial
one
( x= y=z =0)
147
Theorem 3: If in the system of linear equations in m unknowns rank (A) < m,
consider only r equations whose coefficients matrix has a rank r. Omit the
other m r equations. If m < n (meaning, there are more unknowns than
equations), consider only r (rank) equations by transferring the other
variables to the right. Note: There will be an infinite solutions to the system.
Example 2.33
Solve the system
x+ y+ z=0
2 x y7 z=0
x y5 z=0
Solution:
1 1
1
A= 2 1 5
1 1 5
| A|=0.
rank (A) = 2 m = 3
Consider only (r = 2) equations
x+ y=z
2 x y=7 z
Solving
x=2 z
and
y=3 z
(z = arbitrary)
Note that this solution must satisfy the omitted

Substituting:
2 z (3 z ) 5 z=0
0=0
Example 2.34
Solve the system
2 x + y + z=0
4 x +3 yz =0
Solution:
x y 5 z =0.
148
A=
2 1 1
4 3 1
rank (A) = 2
n=3
Transfer one variable (say z to the right)
2 x + y =z
4 x +3 y=z
Solving
x=2 z
and
y=3 z
z=
arbitrary
Example 2.35
Solve the system
x2 yz +3 w=0
2 x 4 y 3 z +6 w=0
3 x +6 y +5 z9 w=0
Solution:
1 2 1 3
A= 2 4 3 6
3 6 5 9
Rank (A) = 2 [all 3 x 3 submatrices have determinants = 0]

Consider only 2 equations , say the first 2
xz=2 y3 w
2 x 3 z =4 y 6 w
Solving
x=2 y 3 w ,
z=0 ,
Check by substituting in the last equation.
3 (2 y 3 w)+ 6 y+ 5(0)9 w=0
6 y + 9 w+6 y 9 w=0
and
are arbitrary.
149
0=0
2.9.3 Solution of Non Homogeneous Linear Systems of m
Linear Equations in n unknowns
Consider the system of linear equations:
a11 x 1+ a12 x 2 +. .. . a1 n x n =b1

a21 x 1 +a 22 x2 +. . .. a 2n x n=b 2
a31 x 1 +a32 x2 +. . .. a 3n x n=b 3
..
am 1 x 1+ am 2 x 2 +. .. . amn x n=bn
Let
a11
a21
a 12
a 22
.. .. a1 n
.. .. a2 n
A= a
a 32 .. .. a3 n
31
..
.. .. .. ..
am1 am 2 .. .. amn
and
a 11
a12
.. .. a 1n b1
a21
a22
.. .. a 2n b2
B= a
a32 .. .. a 3n b3
31
..
.. .. .. .. ..
am 1 a m 2 .. .. amn b n
1. Determine ranks of A and B. If rank(A) rank(B), the system has no

solution.
2. If rank A = rank B, there is a solution. Apply the following procedure.
a. If rank(A) < m, consider only r equations whose coefficient
matrix has rank r. Omit the other m r equations.
b. Transpose n r unknowns to the right member of each equation,
retaining the r unknowns in the left member whose coefficient
matrix has a rank r.
c. Solve the system in step 3 using Cramers rule.
Example 2.36
Solve the system
2 x 5 y +13 z=24
3 x+ y 6 z=2
150
Solution:
A=
2 5 13
3 1 6
B=
2 5 13 24
3 1 6 2
rank(A) = 2
rank(B) = 2. Thus, a solution exists.
n=3
Since the rank is 2, transpose 3 2 = 1 unknown to the right.
2 x y=13 z 24
3 x+ y =2+ 6 z
x=
x=
13 z24 1
2+6 z
1
[
[
2 1
3 1
2 13 z24
3 2+6 z
2 1
3 1
=z2
=3 z+ 4
Example 2.37
Solve the system
x y+ z=4
x+ y z=0
2 x 3 y +z=4
3 x+2 y 3 z=1
Solution:
151
x=
z=
[
[
[
[
4 1 1
0 1 1
4 3 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
2 3 1
1 1 4
1 1 0
2 3 4
]
]
1 1 1
1 1 1
2 3 1
=2
y=
[
[
1 4 1
1 0 1
2 4 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
2 3 1
=1
=3
Substitute in the last equation
3 x+2 y 3 z=1
3(2)+2(1) 3 (3)=1
1=1
2.9.4
The Gaussian Elimination

This method involves replacing equations by combinations of equations in
such a way that a triangular system is obtained.
u11 x 1+u 12 x 2+. . . .u1 n x n=c 1

u22 x 2 +. .. . u2 n x n=c2
.
.
umn x n =c n
After this, the components of x are easily found, one after the other by
back substitution.
Example 2.38
152
Solve the system
3 x+ 4 y +2 zw=22
4 x +2 y 3 z+ 2w=9
5 x +3 y4 z+ 3 w=4
3 x+ y + z +2 w=16
Solution:
Write the system in augmented matrix form
[
[
3
4
5
3
4 2 1
2 3 2
3 4 3
1 1 2
4
3
2
3
1
1
4
5
3
4
3
2
0
0
3
1
2 1
3 3
3 2
4 3
1 2
2 1
:
3
3
3 2 :
4 3 :
1 2 :
4
3
10
0
3
29
0
3
0
3
1
:
:
:
:
22
R1
9
3
4
16
22
3 4 R1 + R2
: 9 5 R1 + R2
: 4 3 R1 + R2
: 16
:
22
3 R2
9 3
4
16
2 1
22
:
3
3
3
17 10
61 3
:
10 3
3 10 R2
2 4 : 122
3
3 3
1 3 : 6
153
2 1
:
3
3
17
0 1
1 :
3
29 2 4 :
0
3
3
3
0
3 1 3 :
1
4
3
22
3
61 29
R 2+ R 3
10 3
122 3 R2 + R4
3
6
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
1
4
3
0 1
0 0
0 0
4
3
0
0
0
0
4
3
0
0
0
0
2
3
17
3
171
10
41
10
22
3
61
1 :
10
10
R2
183 171
:
11
10
0
123
:
10
1
:
3
2 1
22
:
3
3
3
17
61
1 :
3
10 41
R3 + R 4
61 10
1 110 :
57
41 171
123
10
0
:
10
2 1
3 3
17
1
3
110
1 171
0 451
171
22
3
61
:
10 171
R4
61 451
:
57
451
:
57
:
154
4
3
0 1
0 0
0 0
2 1
22
:
3 3
3
17
61
1 :
171
R
3
10
451 4
110 : 61
1
57
171
0
1
: 3
x+ 4 /3 y +2 /3 z1/3 w=22/3
y +17/10 zw=61/ 10
z110 /171 w=61/57
w=3
Using
substitution
back
w=3
z=3
y=4
x=1
Exercise No. 17
INVERSE OF A MATRIX
1.
Find the inverse of the matrix of the following using the Adjoint Method.
Solve the following system using Cramers Rule and Gaussian Elimination.
(a)
3 x+ 4 y=6
4 x +2 y=14
155
(b)
3 x+ 4 y +2 z=4
2 x 4 y+5 z=33
5 x+ y + z=12
156
(c)
3 x+ 4 y 3 z+ 2 w=13
x +2 y +4 z 3 w=0
9 x+ y+ z+2 w=28
2 x +3 y 2 z+ w=11
157
2. Determine the rank of the following matrices. Use elementary operations.
(a)
2 1 3
1 2 3
5 0 3
158
(b)
1 2
3 4
2 1
4 3
3 0 5 10
(c)
1
2
3
4
2 3 4 5
3 4 5 6
4 5 6 7
5 6 7 8
159
3. Determine the solution of the following system of homogeneous linear

equations.
(a)
2 x +5 y=0
3 x7.5 y=0
(b .3 x y =0
3 x+2 y=0
160
(c)
2 x y+ z=0
x+ 2 y z=0
(d)
3 x+ y +2 zw=0
2 x y3 z+ 2 w=0
2 x +3 y + z3 w=0
161
x2 z=0
(e)
2 y+3 w=0
y +5 z=0
4. Solve the following system of linear equations.

(a)
5 x+ y =17
3 x y=7
162
2 x + y =1
(b)
3 x+2 y=3
2 x y=5
5 x+7 y =6
(c)
3 x+ 4 y=0
163
2 x 5 y =23
4 x +2 y=10
x+ y=1
(d)
x+ 2 y + z=3
3 x y4 z=4
164
(e)
x+ 3 y + 4 z +3 w=1
3 x 4 y 5 z+ 6 w=7
x+2 y + z8 w=1
(f)
3 x y z w=1
4 x + y +2 z+ 2 w=0
3 x 2 y 2 z 3 w=5
x+ y+ z+ w=1
3 x 2 y z 2 w=3

Worktext in Advanced Mathematics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Worktext in Advanced Mathematics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

define Laplace transform.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In mathematics, the Laplace transform is a powerful technique for

be a given function which is defined for all positive values of

and integrate with respect to

Then, if the resulting integral exists, it is a function of

is a parameter which may be real or complex.

is called the Laplace Transform of the original function

and will be denoted by L

is called the Laplace operator. Thus,

The described operation of

is called the Laplace transformation. Also,

is said to exist if the integral converge for

s ; otherwise, it does not exist.

The parameter s is in general complex:

is called the INVERSE

and will be denoted by

Find the Laplace transform of

Find the Laplace transform of

Find the Laplace transform of

Using integration by parts again,

est ( sin bt) dt

(s +b ) est ( sin bt )dt [ best cos bts est sin bt ]0

b cos bts sin bt

(s +b ) est (sin bt) dt

b cos +s sin b cos 0+s sin 0

b cos 0+s sin 0

(s +b ) est (sin bt) dt b

(s +b ) est (sin bt) dt

(s 2 +b2 ) est (sin bt) dt

b cos bt+ s sin bt

(s 2 +b2 ) est (sin bt) dt

Considering the relation

e ix=cos x+i sin x

e ibt =cos bt +isin bt

Some Elementary Functions

and their Laplace Transforms

PROPERTIES OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

1.3.1 Linearity Property

are constants while

functions whose Laplace transforms exist, then

L [ a f 1 ( t ) +b f 2 (t) ]=aL f 1 (t ) +b f 2 (t)

L [ a f 1 ( t ) +b f 2 (t) ]= est [ a f 1 ( t ) +b f 2 (t) ]

Find the Laplace transform of

Find the Laplace transform of

Find the Laplace transform of

L ( sin tcos t ) =L ( sin2 t2 sin t cos t+ cos2 t )

f ( t )=( sin tcos t )

1.3.2 First Shifting Property

Theorem: The transform of

transform of the function with s replaced by ( sa ) ; that is

L [ eat f (t) ] =L [ f (t)] s (sa)

L [ e f (t) ] = est [ eat f (t ) ] dt

Find the Laplace transform of

Find the Laplace transform of

1.3.3 Second Shifting Property

; where u is a dummy variable

( 0 ) dt+ est sin t

Find the Laplace transform of the function

Using integration by parts,

Find the Laplace transforms of each of the following functions:

Change of Scale Property