TRANSFORMER-MCQ with Answers

TRANSFORMER-MCQ
.
.
1.Which of the following does not change in transformer ?
A. current
B. voltage
C. frequency
D. all the above
Ans: C
2. The efficiency of transformer is maximum when
A. copper loss=hysteresis loss
B. copper loss=eddy current loss
C. hysteresis loss=eddy current loss
D. core loss=copper loss
Ans: D
3.The transformer ratings are usually expressed in
A. ampere
B. KVA
C. KW
D. voltage
Ans: B
4. The transformer ratings are usually expressed in
A. ampere
B. KVA
C. KW
D. voltage
Ans: B
5. Which of the following does not change in a transformer ?
a.current
b. voltage

c. frequency
d. all the above
Ans: C
6. For parallel operation of single phase transformers it is necessary that they should have
A. same efficiency
B. same polarity
C. same KVA rating
D. same no.of turns on secondary side
Ans: B
7. A certain transformer has 400 turns in the primary winding and 2,000 turns in the secondary winding.
The turns ratio is
A. 0.2
B. 0.4
C. 5
D. 25
Ans: C
8. The main purpose of performing open-circuit on a transformer is to measure its
a) copper loss
b) core loss
c) total loss
d) insulation resistance
Ans: B
9. Secondary current of a step down transformer is
A. Lower than primary current
B. Higher than primary current
C. Equal to primary current
D. Double than primary current
Ans: B
10. Principle of statically induced emf is used in

A. transformer
B. motor
C. generator
D. battery
Ans: A
11. A buchholz relay can be installed on
A. auto-transformers
B. welding transformers
C. air-cooled transformers
D. oil-cooled transformers
Ans: D

DC MACHINES-MCQ with Answers

DC MACHINES-MCQ
.
1. Lamintions of core are generally made of
A. cast iron
B. carbon
C. stainless steel
D. silicon steel
Ans: D
2. The armature of DC generator is laminated to
A. reduce the bulk
B. provide passage for cooling air
C. insulate the core
D. reduce eddy current loss
Ans: D
3.The field coils of DC generator are usually made of
A. mica
B. copper
C. cast iron
D. carbon

Ans: B
4. In lap winding the number of brushes is always
A.two
B. double the number of poles
C. equal to number of poles
D. half the number of poles
Ans: C
5. The insulating material used between the commutator segments is normally
A. varnish
B. mica
C. graphite
D. paper
Ans: B
6.For generating large currents on DC generators which winding is generally preferred ?
A. lap winding
B. progressive wave winding
C. retrogressive wave winding
D. current depends on design
Ans: A
7.The number of commutator segments is
A. equals to no of coils
B. less than number of coils
C. double the number of coils
d.none of these
Ans: A
8. In a dc generator, the effect of armature reaction on the main pole is to
A. reduce it
B. distort it
C. reverse it
D. both (a) and (b)
Ans: D
9. Which dc motor is generally preferred for cranes and hoists ?

a. series motor
b. shunt motor
c. cumulatively compound motor
d. differentially compound motor
Ans: a
10. When load is removed .......... motor willrun at highest speed
a. shunt
b. cummulative compound
c. differential compound
d. series
Ans: d
11. which of the following law/rule can be used to determine the direction of rotation of dc motor ?
a. lenz law
b. faradays law
c. coloumbs law
d. flemigs left hand rule
Ans: d
12. By looking at which part of the motor, it can be easily confirmed that a particular motor is DCmotor
?
a. frame
b. shaft
c. commutator
d. stator
Ans: c

Industrial Drives : Concepts

Introduction of Industrial Drives:

Electric drives have inherent advantages over other prime movers. Special motors and control gears
have been developed to suit every application. Induction motor is the veritable work horse of industry.
Squirrel cage induction motor is used for all constant speed applications because of its low cost.,
rugged design and simple control gear. Wound rotor induction motor is used where one or more of the
following consideration are involved:
(i) High starting torque
(ii) Low starting current
(iii) Speed control over a limited range
Synchronous motor is suitable for all constant speed application. It is generally more economical in
rating above 100 kW particularly for slow speed drives because of high power factor, better efficiency

and lower cost.

DC motors are invariably used where smooth and precise control over a wide range with or without
quick speed reversals is needed. The type of electric drive and control gear for a particular application
are determined by the following consideration:
(i) Duty ; whether heavy, medium light,
(ii) Starting torque,
(iii) Limitations on starting current,
(iv) Speed control range and its nature,
(v) Need for automatic control,
(vi) Environmental conditions.
Any production equipment used in a modem industry consists of three components. These are :
1. The prime mover along with its control equipment.
2. The motion transmitting device, and
3. The actual apparatus or equipment (load)
The function of the first two components is to impart motion to the production unit. The prime mover
(which is an electric motor), the shaft transmitting motion, and the associated control equipment are
together called the 'electric drive. The drive together with the load makes a complete drive system.
There are three types of industrial drives, indicating the trends in the form of advancement. These are
the group drive, the individual drive and the multi-motor drive.

1. Industrial Drives > The group electric drive:

The group electric drive was used in the earlier days. It had a single motor of sufficient capacity to
drive an entire group of machines used in a shop. The motor was connected to a line shaft and through
the use of belts and pulleys all the machines were driven. This form of drive was very inefficient
difficult to control, unsafe, and had many other objectionable features. This type of drive is not used
now and is of historical interest only.

2. Industrial Drives > In the individual drive:

In the individual drive there is one motor for each working machine. The electric motor is an integral
part of the machine and can be specially designed to the needs of that machine.

3. Industrial Drives > Multi-motor drive:

The third type of drive is the multi-motor drive. This type of drive has more than one motor for each
working machine. Examples are metal cutting machine tools, paper making machines and rolling mills,
etc.

Industrial Drives > CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT TYPES

OF LOADS:
In electric drives the driving equipment is an electric motor. One of the essential requirements in the
selection of a particular type of motor for driving a machine is the matching of speed- torque
characteristic of the driven unit and that of motor. Therefore, the knowledge of how the load torque
varies with speed of the driven machine is necessary. Different types of load exhibit different speedtorque characteristics. However, most of the industrial loads can be classified into the following four
general categories:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Constant torque type load;

Torque proportional to speed (generator type load);
Torque proportional to square of the speed (fan type load);
Torque inversely proportional to speed (constant power type load).

Constant torque characteristic of industrial drive:

Most of the working machines that have mechanical nature of work like shaping, cutting, grinding or
shearing, require constant torque irrespective of speed. Similarly, cranes during hoisting and conveyers
handling constant weight of material per unit time also exhibit this type of characteristic. The speedtorque characteristic of this type of load is given by T=K and is shown in the Figure.

Industrial Drive > Torque proportional to speed (Generator

type load):
Separately excited dc generators connected to a constant resistance load, eddy current brakes, and
calendering machines have a speed-torque characteristic given by T=K. This type of characteristic is
shown in Figure.

Industrial Drive > Torque proportional to square of the

speed (Fan type load):
Another type of load met in practice is the one in which load torque is proportional to the square, of
the speed. The typical examples are : fans, rotary pumps, compressors and ship propellers. The speedtorque characteristic of this type of load is given by T=K2 and is shown in Figure.

Industrial Drive > Torque inversely proportional to speed

(constant power type load):
Certain types of lathes, boring machines, milling machines, steel mill coiler, and electric traction load
exhibit hyperbolic speed- torque characteristic. In such loads the torque is inversely proportional to
speed or the load power remains constant. This type of characteristic is given by T=K/ and shown in
Figure.

Most of the loads require extra effort at the time of starting to overcome static friction. In power
application it is known as breakaway torque and the control engineers call it 'stiction'. Because of
stiction, the speed-torque characteristics of the loads are modified near the zero speed. For a constant
torque type of load, the characteristic as modified due to stiction is shown in Figure.

Applications of Industrial Drive

Applications of Industrial Drive > TRAVELLING CRANES:
Both AC and DC drives are used for the different operations in a crane. The preferred drives on
consideration of economy end utility are indicated below:

Operation

Type of drive

(i) Hoisting and lowering

AC slip ring motor. Ward Leonard . controlled DC shunt motor and DC

compound motor.

(ii) Crane travel

AC slip ring motor.

(iii) Trolley travel

AC slip ring motor.

(iv) Slew and swing

action

AC slip ring motor or DC shunt motor.

(v) Boom hoist

AC slip ring motor.

DC motors are used for load hoisting and lowering where smooth, precise and at the same time fast
speed control is required as in the case of cranes used in steel plants, power houses and concrete
dams.

Applications of Industrial Drives > ROLLING MILL DRIVES:

The following types of drives are used for rolling mills:
(i) DC motors,
(ii) AC slip ring motors with speed control.

The DC motors, because, of their inherent characteristics, are best suited for the rolling mills. Speed
control is effected either through Ward Leonard system or by grid controlled mercury arc rectifiers. AC
slip ring motors are suitable for roughing and re-rolling mills where very precise speed control is not
required Their efficiency is low because of the power wasted in the rotor resistance. There is also
abrupt rise in motor speed when the material leaves the rolling stands.

Applications of Industrial Drive > KILN DRIVES:

Call for a starting torque of about 250% in addition to the speed control feature. The commonly used
drives are:
(i) Slip ring induction motor
(ii) Three phase shunt wound commutator motor
(iii) Cascade controlled AC motor
(iv) Ward Leonard controlled DC motor
(v) DC motor with transformer step switch control.

Applications of Industrial Drive > TEXTILE INDUSTRY:

The textile industry requires special types of drives for
(i) weaving, and
(ii) spinning.

(i) Applications of Industrial Drive > Weaving:

The motors used in weaving mills must have good cooling capacity to keep their temperatures within
limits in the presence of large power losses. The rating of the motors and the cooling facility must be
properly selected, because these motors are used in conditions where high moisture content is present
along with lot cage induction motors with high rotor resistance, totally enclosed, fan cooled and having
high temperature insulation are used to drive looms. For light fabrics like cotton, silk, nylon etc. small
motors of less than 1 hp may be sufficient. For heavy fabrics such as wool, the rating of these motors
may be 2-3 hps. These motors are normally run at 750-1000 rpm.

(ii) Applications of Industrial Drive > Spinning:

The spinning mills use one of the following three types of drives:
(i) A 4-pole or 6-poIe squirrel cage induction motor,
(ii) A pole amplitude 4/6 or 6/8 poles induction motor,
(iii) Two separate motors to be runs at 1500/1000 or 1000/750 rpm. But whatever may be the types of
motor used, the motor must be started with controlled torque.

Applications of Industrial Drive > PAPER INDUSTRY:

In a paper industry, the drives are required for
(i) Pulp making, and
(ii) Paper making.
In the pulp making process, the logs of wood are either ground in mechanical grinders or else they are
chemically treated with alkalis and simultaneously beaten up to turn them into soft pulp. In the
mechanical method of pulp making, the electrical power requirement is very high because the wood is
hard. Since the mechanical grinders operate at a constant speed of about 200-300 rpm,the motors can
be started on no load. Thus synchronous motors are used for these drives. These motors normally run at
1000-1500 rpm and gears are used to reduce the speed to 200-300 rpm.
In the chemical method of pulp making, the logs of wood are continuously beaten by the beaters at the
time of treatment with alkali. The power requirement of the beater motors is less than those of grinder
motors but these motors require high starting torque. Therefore, slip ring induction motors with gears
are used to drive these beaters at about 150-200 rpm.

Applications of Industrial Drive > BELT CONVEYRS:

Normal starting current, high starting torque (double cage) squirrel cage motors with direct-on-line
starters are used for conveyr drives because they have often to start with full load.

Applications of Industrial Drive > Compressors:

Wound rotor induction motors and synchronous motors are generally used on large size machines.
Squirrel cage motors are used for small compressors only.

Applications of Industrial Drive > Blowers-fans:

The squirrel cage induction motors and synchronous motors are used for driving blowers and fans.

Applications of Industrial Drive > Pumps:

Centrifugal pumps are driven by squirrel-cage induction motors or synchronous motors. Reduced
voltage starters can be used because of low starting torque requirements.

Applications of Industrial Drive > Machine tools:

Squirrel cage motors are normally used for them.

Applications of Industrial Drive > Jaw crushers:

Belted slip ring induction motor is almost invariably used as, very often, the motor has to start against
heavy load or a stuck crusher. Pipe ventilated motors should be used so that supply of cool and clean
ventilating air can be ensured even industry dusty atmosphere.
from ur's -- Bellapuri saikumar

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