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Code No: 2320205 Set No. 1

III B.Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, April/May 2009
SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION
(Electrical � Electronic Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
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Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. Derive an expression for restriking voltage. Show that the RRRV is proportional
to the natural frequency of the circuit. [8+8]
2. How does the current effect the arcing time in
�a) Oil circuit breaker

�b) Air blast Circuit breaker. [8+8]
3. A cable circuit with an impedance angle of 10� is to be protected by directional

over current relay. Specify the connection you use for the directional element and
justify by actually working out the connection and the maximum torque angle
setting needed for the relay. Specify also the phase shifting network to be used if
the relay potential coil has impedance of 1000� 60� Ω. Assuming a four pole cup
element for the directional element. [16]
4. A 50 MVA, 3-phase, 33 kV�L-L) synchronous generator is protected by an ordinary

current balance protection scheme using 2000/5 A C.T. The neutral grounding
resistor being 7.5 ohms and the minimum value of pick up current of relay being
0.5A, calculate what percentage of the winding of each phase remains unprotected.
[16]
5. Describe with a neat diagram, a circulating current protection scheme for a 3-

phase. 1 MVA, 11kV/400V delta-star transformer. If the current transformer have
a nominal secondary current of 5A, calculate their ratio. [16]
6. �a) Discuss with neat sketch the general principle of operation of a distance pro-
tection scheme.
�b) How the system is graded with respect to the time of operation of relays.
[10+6]
7. �a) What are the various methods of neutral grounding.

�b) Explain the phenomenon of “Arcing grounds”. [8+8]
8. �a) How over head transmission lines are protected from lightning strokes.
�b) Why ground wire is provided as the top lost conductor in high voltage trans-
mission lines. [6+10]
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1. 50 Hz, 11 kV, 3-phase alternator with earthed neutral has a reactance of 5 ohms per
phase, and is connected to bus bar through a circuit breaker. The capacitance to
earth between the alternator and the circuit breaker is 0.02μF per phase. Assuming
the resistance of the generator to be negligible. Calculate the following:
�a) Maximum voltage across the contacts of the circuit breaker.

�b) Frequency of oscillations.
�c) The average rate of rise of restriking voltage up to the first peak. [16]
2. �a) Compare the arc rupture in oil and air blast circuit breakers and summarize
the relative advantages and disadvantages of these types of switch gear.
�b) Explain the operating duty of a circuit breaker. [8+8]
3. Show that the torque on the disc of an induction disc relay is maximum when the
phase difference between the two fluxes is 90� . Indicate the direction of rotation of
the disc with reference to the fluxes under the poles. [8+8]
4. �a) Explain how the inclusion of a resistance in the neutral earthing circuit of an
alternator affects the performance of the differential protection of the three-
phase stator.
�b) Describe how protection is provided in large turbo-alternators against earth-
fault in the rotor [8+8]
5. �a) Explain with a neat circuit diagram of the percentage differential protection
scheme to protect Y- Δ transformer.
�b) Describe with a sketch, the operation of Buchholtz relay. [8+8]
6. �a) Explain over current protection of feeder.

�b) Explain a scheme of protection for a ring mains. [8+8]
7. �a) Discuss the advantages of grounding the neutral of the system.

�b) A 33kV, 50 Hz network has a capacitance to neutral of 1.0μF per phase.
Calculate the reactance of an arc suppression coil suitable for the system to
avoid adverse effect of arcing ground. [8+8]
8. �a) Explain clearly how the rating of a lightning arrester is selected. What is the
best location of a lightning arrester and why?
�b) Explain clearly why lightning arresters are used. [10+6]
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1. (a) Describe briefly the arc phenomena in a Circuit Breaker.

(b) In a short circuit test on a circuit breaker, the following readings were obtained
on single frequency transient:
i. time to reach the peak restriking voltage, 50μ sec
ii. the peak restriking voltage, 100 kV
Determine the average RRRV and frequency of oscillations. [8+8]
2. Discuss the precautions to be taken to avoid dust, moisture, leakage in case of SF�
circuit breakers. And explain the arc quenching process in SF� circuit breakers.
[8+8]
3. Define the following terms and explain their significance in distance protection
(a) Reach of a distance relay.
(b) Under reach. [8+8]
4. Explain briefly with schematic diagrams of the protective gear for alternators con-
nected on a grid for the following conditions?
(a) fault between phases or between one phase and earth.
(b) fault between turns or one of the phase windings. [8+8]
5. (a) What is the principle of harmonic restraint relay? Explain its application.
(b) A 3-phase delta-star connected 30 MVA, 33/11kV transformer is protected by
a simple differential relaying scheme. The CT ratio on the primary side is
500: 5 and that on the secondary side is 2000:5. Sketch the CT connection
diagram for the relaying scheme. Also, calculate the relay current setting for
fault drawing up to 200� of rated current. [8+8]
6. Explain in detail carrier current protection scheme. [16]
7. (a) What are the requirements of a ground wire for protecting power conductors
against a direct lightning stroke? Explain how it is achieved.
(b) Explain the various methods of neutral grounding. [8+8]
8. (a) What protective measures are taken against lightning over voltages.
(b) Describe the construction and operation of metal oxide surge arrester. [6+10]
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1. �a) Is it logical to express the breaking capacity of a circuit breaker in MVA?

Discuss.
�b) In a short circuit test on a 3-phase, 132 kV C.B the following observations
are made: pf of fault 0.4, the recovery voltage 0.90 times full line value, the
breaking current symmetrical, the frequency of oscillations of restriking voltage
16k Hz. Assume that the neutral is grounded and the fault does not involve
ground, determine the average rate of rise of restriking voltage. [8+8]
2. Discuss the precautions to be taken to avoid dust, moisture, leakage in case of SF�
circuit breakers. And explain the arc quenching process in SF� circuit breakers.
[8+8]
3. With the help of neat sketch explain the principle of operation of Differential relays.
[16]
4. �a) Explain how the inclusion of a resistance in the neutral earthing circuit of an
alternator affects the performance of the differential protection of the three-
phase stator.
�b) Describe how protection is provided in large turbo-alternators against earth-
fault in the rotor [8+8]
5. What is Buchholz relay? Discuss its working principle? For what types of faults is
it employed? [16]
6. �a) What are the requirements of protection of lines?

�b) Write short notes on the following: [10+6]
i. Fault bus protection
ii. Translay scheme.
7. �a) Explain with the aid of circuit and phasor diagrams the function of a Peter-
son coil in a 3-phase system. What are permissible practical deviations from
resonance in the tuning of the Peterson coil?
�b) What are the various methods of neutral grounding. [10+6]
8. �a) What is the importance of a ground wire in protecting power conductors

against direct lightning stroke.
�b) What is the function of surge absorber and in what way is it different from
lightning arrester? [8+8]
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www.andhracolleges.

com The Complete Information About Colleges in Andhra Pradesh

Code No: 2320205 Set No. 1

2. How does the current eﬀect the arcing time in

�a) Oil circuit breaker

3. A cable circuit with an impedance angle of 10� is to be protected by directional

4. A 50 MVA, 3-phase, 33 kV�L-L) synchronous generator is protected by an ordinary

5. Describe with a neat diagram, a circulating current protection scheme for a 3-

7. �a) What are the various methods of neutral grounding.

Code No: 2320205 Set No. 2

�a) Maximum voltage across the contacts of the circuit breaker.

6. �a) Explain over current protection of feeder.

7. �a) Discuss the advantages of grounding the neutral of the system.

Code No: 2320205 Set No. 2

Code No: 2320205 Set No. 3

1. (a) Describe brieﬂy the arc phenomena in a Circuit Breaker.

Code No: 2320205 Set No. 4

1. �a) Is it logical to express the breaking capacity of a circuit breaker in MVA?

6. �a) What are the requirements of protection of lines?

8. �a) What is the importance of a ground wire in protecting power conductors

Code No: 2320205 Set No. 4

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