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In telecommunications, the term gateway refers to a piece of networking hardware that has the
following meaning:

In a communications network, a network node equipped for interfacing with another

network that uses different protocols.
o A gateway may contain devices such as protocol translators, impedance matching
devices, rate converters, fault isolators, or signal translators as necessary to
provide system interoperability. It also requires the establishment of mutually
acceptable administrative procedures between both networks.
o A protocol translation/mapping gateway interconnects networks with different
network protocol technologies by performing the required protocol conversions.

Loosely, a computer or computer program configured to perform the tasks of a gateway.

For a specific case, see default gateway.

Gateways, also called protocol converters, can operate at any network layer. The activities of a
gateway are more complex than that of the router or switch as it communicates using more than
one protocol.[citation needed]
Both the computers of Internet users and the computers that serve pages to users are host nodes,
while the nodes that connect the networks in between are gateways. For example, the computers
that control traffic between company networks or the computers used by internet service
providers (ISPs) to connect users to the internet are gateway nodes.
In the network for an enterprise, a computer server acting as a gateway node is often also acting
as a proxy server and a firewall server. A gateway is often associated with both a router, which
knows where to direct a given packet of data that arrives at the gateway, and a switch, which
furnishes the actual path in and out of the gateway for a given packet.
On an IP network, clients should automatically send IP packets with a destination outside a given
subnet mask to a network gateway. A subnet mask defines the IP range of a private network. For
example, if a private network has a base IP address of 192.168.0.0 and has a subnet mask of
255.255.255.0, then any data going to an IP address outside of 192.168.0.X will be sent to that
network's gateway. While forwarding an IP packet to another network, the gateway might or
might not perform Network Address Translation.
A gateway is an essential feature of most routers, although other devices (such as any PC or
server) can function as a gateway.

Most computer operating systems use the terms described above. Microsoft Windows, however,
describes this standard networking feature as Internet Connection Sharing, which acts as a
gateway, offering a connection between the Internet and an internal network. Such a system
might also act as a DHCP server. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a protocol
used by networked devices (clients) to obtain various parameters necessary for the clients to
operate in an Internet Protocol (IP) network. By using this protocol, system administration
workload greatly decreases, and devices can be added to the network with minimal or no manual
configurations.

Contents

1 Internet-to-orbit gateway

2 Cloud gateway

3 IoT Gateway

4 See also

5 Sources

6 References

Internet-to-orbit gateway
An Internet to orbit gateway (I2O) is a machine that acts as a connector between computers or
devices connected to the Internet and computer systems orbiting Earth, such as satellites or
manned spacecraft. Such a connection is made when the I2O establishes a stable link between a
spacecraft and a computer (or a network of computers) on the Internet, such links can be for
control signals, audio frequency, or visible spectrum signals.
Project HERMES is the first project to have brought this kind of machine into operation. The
HERMES-A/MINOTAUR Space Flight Control Center[1] became operative on June 6, 2009 and
was operated by representatives of 34 countries on the UNOOSA Symposium of Small Satellites
for Sustainable Development[2] in Graz, Austria on September 10, 2009. Project HERMES is an
initiative of the Ecuadorian Civilian Space Agency and has a maximum coverage of 22,000 km,
HERMES-A is supposed to be the first gateway of a network of five covering all South America.
HERMES-A/MINOTAUR can transmit voice as well as data.
The Global Educational Network for Satellite Operations (GENSO) is an initiative from NASA
and ESA, and is an example of an I2O.

Cloud gateway

A cloud storage gateway is a network appliance or server which resides at the customer premises
and translates cloud storage APIs such as SOAP or REST to block-based storage protocols such
as iSCSI or Fibre Channel or file-based interfaces such as NFS or CIFS.[3][4] Cloud storage
gateways enable companies to integrate private cloud storage into applications without moving
the applications into a public cloud,[5] thereby simplifying data protection.[5]

IoT Gateway
An IoT Gateway provides the means to bridge the gap between devices in the field (factory
floor, home, etc.), the Cloud, where data is collected, stored and manipulated by enterprise
applications, and the user equipment (smart phones, tablets etc.). The IoT Gateway,[6][7] provides
a communication link between the field and the Cloud and can also offer local processing and
storage capabilities to provide offline services and if required real time control over the devices
in the field. To achieve sustainable interoperability in the Internet of Things ecosystem today[8][9]
there are two dominant architectures for data exchange protocols: bus-based (DDS, REST,
XMPP) and broker based (AMPQ, CoAP, MQTT, JMI). The protocols that support the
information exchange between interoperability domains can also be classified[10][11] to messagecentric (AMQP, MQTT, JMS, REST) and data-centric (DDS, CoAP, XMPP). To use the full
potential of IoT the interconnected devices communicate using lightweight protocols that dont
require extensive CPU resources. C, Java, Python and some scripting languages are the
preferable choices used by IoT applications. To handle any needed protocol conversion, database
storage or decision making (e.g. collision handling), IoT nodes use separate IoT gateways in
order to supplement the low-intelligence within the IoT node.
A large number of manufacturers are involved in the IoT Gateways design and production as can
be seen for example at the relevant Intel IoT Solutions Alliance[12] site. Such companies include
CISCO,[13] Advantech,[14] ADLINK,[15] Supermicro,[16] and others.
An example of an advanced IoT gateway product is the MYNXG Gateway created by
MyOmega[17] as the core element for the secure Internet of Things (IoT)