CARACTERISTICAS(DE(LA(VIDA(

M.SC.(PAOLA(ESCOBAR(RAMOS(
UNIVERSIDAD(DEL(ATLANTICO(
2014(
(

tozoa, are uniof a single cell

e tree is made of
anisms, life proomponent cells
organ systems.
ma membrane
vironment. The
between the cell
ecules that conmation. In most
eoxyribonucleic
y have internal
perform specific

ze of individual
n both. Growth
m, or it may be
ody proportions
most trees, for
s. Many animals
a characteristic
owth process is
s to function as

evelopment in-

Organismos(formados(
por(celulas(

Unicelulares(
MulFcelulares(
Membrana(plasmFca(
y(organelos(
Dos(Fpos(de(clulas:(

250 m

(a) Unicellular organisms consist of one intricate cell that performs

all the functions essential to life. Ciliates, such as this Paramecium,
move about by beating their hairlike cilia.

Mike Abbey/Visuals Unlimited, Inc.

urray Photography

Procarita((
Eucarita(((

f cells: prokarysive to bacteria

other organisms
e cells typically
ranes, including
are structurally
brane-enclosed

CARACTERISTICAS(DE(LA(VIDA(

 Organismos(crecen(y(se(
desarrollan(

250 m

Mike Abbey/Visuals Unlimited, Inc.

urray Photography

(a) Unicellular organisms consist of one intricate cell that performs

all the functions essential to life. Ciliates, such as this Paramecium,
move about by beating their hairlike cilia.

Clulas,(tamao(y(
nmero(
Desproporcin((
Desarrollo,(madurez(
sexual(

tozoa, are uniof a single cell

e tree is made of
anisms, life proomponent cells
organ systems.
ma membrane
vironment. The
between the cell
ecules that conmation. In most
eoxyribonucleic
y have internal
perform specific

ze of individual
n both. Growth
m, or it may be
ody proportions
most trees, for
s. Many animals
a characteristic
owth process is
s to function as

evelopment in-

Regulacion(del(
metabolismo,(
homeostasis(

f cells: prokarysive to bacteria

other organisms
e cells typically
ranes, including
are structurally
brane-enclosed

CARACTERISTICAS(DE(LA(VIDA(

250 m

Responden(a(
esFmulos,(sico(o(
qumicos(

(a) Unicellular organisms consist of one intricate cell that performs

all the functions essential to life. Ciliates, such as this Paramecium,
move about by beating their hairlike cilia.

Regulacion(de(la(
glucosa(

tozoa, are uniof a single cell

e tree is made of
anisms, life proomponent cells
organ systems.
ma membrane
vironment. The
between the cell
ecules that conmation. In most
eoxyribonucleic
y have internal
perform specific

ze of individual
n both. Growth
m, or it may be
ody proportions
most trees, for
s. Many animals
a characteristic
owth process is
s to function as

evelopment in-

Regulacion(del(
metabolismo,(
homeostasis(

Mike Abbey/Visuals Unlimited, Inc.

urray Photography

f cells: prokarysive to bacteria

other organisms
e cells typically
ranes, including
are structurally
brane-enclosed

CARACTERISTICAS(DE(LA(VIDA(

CARACTERISTICAS(DE(LA(VIDA(
Responden(a(
esFmulos,(sico(o(
qumicos(
Colos(
Apariencia(
Movimiento((
Ssiles((

A. B. Dowsett/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Flag

1 m

 Organismos(se(
reproducen(

Poblaciones(
evolucionan(y(se(
adaptan(al(medio(

100 m

(a) Asexual reproduction. One individual gives rise to two

or more offspring that are similar to the parent. Difflugia, a
unicellular amoeba, is shown dividing to form two amoebas.
100 m

(a) Asexual reproduction. One individual gives rise to two

or more offspring that are similar to the parent. Difflugia, a
unicellular amoeba, is shown dividing to form two amoebas.

(b) Sexual reproduction. Typically, each of two parents

contributes a gamete (sperm or egg). Gametes fuse to produce
the offspring, which has a combination of the traits of both

E. Gilbert/Biological Photo Service

iological Photo L.Service

Asexual(
Sexual((

Cabisco/Visuals
Unlimited, Inc.
Cabisco/Visuals Unlimited,
Inc.

CARACTERISTICAS(DE(LA(VIDA(

CARACTERISTICAS(DE(LA(VIDA(
Organism
Organ systems
work together
in a functional
organism.

Population
A population
consists of
organisms of the
same species.

Organism

Population

Organ system
(e.g., skeletal
system) Tissues
and organs make
up organ systems.

Organ system

Organ
(e.g., bone)
Tissues form
organs.

Organ

Tissue
(e.g., bone tissue)
Cells associate
to form tissues.

Community
The populations
of different
species that
populate the
same area make
up a community.

Community
Tissue

Bone cells

Nucleus

Cell
Cellular level
Atoms and molecules
make up the cytoplasm
and form organelles,
such as the nucleus
and mitochondria (the
site of many energy
Organelle
transformations).
Organelles perform
various functions
of the cell.

Chemical level
Atoms join to form
molecules. Macromolecules are large
molecules such as
proteins and DNA.

Ecosystem
A community
together with
the nonliving
environment
forms an
ecosystem.
Ecosystem

Macromolecule
Biosphere
Oxygen atom
Molecule

Hydrogen atoms

Water

Biosphere
Earth and all of
its communities
constitute the
biosphere.

BIOCOMPUESTOS(EN(LOS(SERES(
VIVOS(
M.SC.(PAOLA(ESCOBAR(RAMOS(
UNIVERSIDAD(DEL(ATLANTICO(
2014(

AGUA(
2(Hidrogeno(y(un(
Oxgeno(
Enlaces(covalentes(
Molcula(bipolar(

AGUA(
Puentes(de(hidrgeno(
Estado(liquida(
Punto(de(ebullicin(
100C(
Menos(densa(
Alta(solubilidad(

AGUA(
Puentes(de(hidrgeno(
Ocurren(entre(H,(O(y(
N(
Tensin(supercial(
Cohesin(
Adhesin(

Accin(capilar(
Imbibicin((
Resistencia(a(la(
temperatura(

AGUA(
Ionizacin(

Solucin(cida,(No.(H(>(No.(OH(
Solucin(cida,(No.(OH(>(No.(H(

pH(

pH(
Srensen((
Logaritmo(negaFvo(de(la(concentracin(
del(ion(hidrgeno(
pH(=(^(log([H+]!!
Valores(bajos(de(pH((((((((((((altas([H+](((
Valores(altos(de(pH((((((((((((bajas([H+]((((
!Los(cidos,(donadores(de(protones(
!Las(bases,(aceptores(de(protones(((((((((

pH(
Formas(de(calcular(
el(pH:(
Colorimtrico(
Electromtrico((
Clculos(
matemFcos(

pH(sanguneo(7.35((7.45(
Acidosis:((aumento(de(
[H+](en(la(sangre((
Metablica:((deporte,(
ayunos(prolongados,(
ingesFn(de(cidos(

Si(aumenta([H+](entonces,(
aumenta(el([H2Co3](y(el(
[CO2]((

pH(disminuido((y(HCO3(
disminuido(

Acidosis(respiratoria:(
pH(disminuido(y(CO2(
elevado(
Causas:((apneas(y(
enfermedades(que(
reducen(el(ritmo(
respiratorio(

pH(sanguneo(7.35((7.45(
(
Alcalosis:(aumento(de(la([OH^](
en(sangre(

Alcalosis:(pH(elevado(y(CO2(
disminuido(

Metablica:((vmitos,(ingesFn(

Respiratoria:((hipervenFlacin,(

pH(elevado(y(HCO3(elevado((

La(disminucin(del(CO2(
disuelto(en(la(sangre(provoca(
que(el(CO2(en(estado(gaseoso(
en(los(pulmones(se(disuelva(en(
el(plasma(para(restablecer(el(
equilibrio,(lo(que(hace(
disminuir(la(presin(parcial(del(
CO2(gaseoso(en(los(pulmones.(

de(bicarbonato(o(anFcidos(
Al(aumentar(la([OH],((los(OH(se(
combinan(con(H+(=(H2O.((Al(
disminuir(la([H+](aumenta(la(
disociacin(del(H2CO3.((
Al(disminuir(la([H2CO3](el(CO2(
disuelto(en(el(plasma(+(H2O(=(
H2CO3((

((A(nivel(renal,(la(compensacin(
consiste(en(una(disminucin(en(la(
secrecin(de(H+(y(en(una(disminucin(
en(la(reabsorcin(del(HCO3((
plasmFco)(

stress,(ansiedad(

pH:(Buer(Fisiolgicos(
Orgnicos:(
!Aminocidos(y(protenas(
!Sistema(hemoglobina(reducida/oxihemoglobinato(

Inorgnicos:(
!Sistema(fosfato(monocido/dicido(
!Sistema(carbnico/bicarbonato(

FUNDAMENTACION(QUIMICA(DE(
LA(VIDA(

BIOMOLCULAS(
El(cuerpo(se(compone(de(cuatro(elementos(
principales(
Elemento(

Porcentaje(

Carbono((

50(

Potasio(

1(

Oxgeno(

20(

Azufre(

0.8(

Hidrgeno((

10(

Sodio((

0.4(

Nitrgeno(

8.5(

Cloro(

0.4(

Magnesio(

0.1(

Hierro(

0.01(

Manganeso((

0.001(

Calcio((

4(

Fsforo(

2.5(

Elemento(

Yodo(

Porcentaje(

0.00005(

BIOMOLCULAS(
El(cuerpo(se(compone(de(cinco(biomolculas(
principales(
Biomolcula(((
DNA(
RNA(
Protenas(
Polisacridos(
Lpidos((

Bloque(estructural((

Funciones(principales(

DesoxirribonucleFdo( Material(genFco(
RibonucleFdo(

Molde(para(la(sntesis(
de(protenas(

Aminocidos(

Molculas(que(realizan(
funciones(celulares(
(enzimas)(

Glucosa(
cidos(grasos(

Almacenamiento(de(
energa(
Compomentes(dde(la(
membrana(plasmFca(

MOLCULAS:(
FUNCIN(BIOLGICA(
MACROMOLECULAS(
ELEMENTOS(
UNITARIOS(PARA(
CONSTRUIR(
MACROMOLCULAS(
INTERMEDIARIOS(
METABOLICOS(
MOLCULAS(CON(
DIVERSAS(FUNCIONES(

GRUPOS(FUNCIONALES(
Agrupamiento(de(tomos(

BIOMOLCULAS:(
CARBOHIDRATOS!

Distribudos(:(animales(y(vegetales(
ParFcipacin:(estructural(y(metablica((
"Vegetales:(fotosntesis(
"Animales:(grasas(y(protenas(
"(Mayor(volmen(de(los(vegetales(

"Glucosa((

BIOMOLCULAS:(
CARBOHIDRATOS!

(Importancia!de!la!Glucosa!!!

!
Carbohidratos,(se(absorben(como(glucosa(a(
travs(del(torrente(sanguneo(
Formacin(de(otros(carbohidratos(
CombusFble(Fsular(
CombusFble(para(el(feto(
Desempea(funciones(especcas((
# Glucgeno,(almacenamiento(
# Ribosa,(cidos(nuclecos(
# Galactosa,(lactosa(de(la(leche(

BIOMOLCULAS:(

CARBOHIDRATOS!
!
Clasicacin((

"Monosacridos:(triosas,(hexosas,(pentosas(
"Disacridos:(sacarosa(
"Oligosacridos:(maltotriosa(
"Polisacridos:(almidones(

BIOMOLCULAS:(

CARBOHIDRATOS!
!
Presentan(variantes(
isomricas(
# Esteroismeros((

Estructuras(cclicas(
piranosa(y(furanosa(
Anmeros(alfa(y(beta(
Isomerismo(aldosa^
cetosa(

BIOMOLCULAS:(

CARBOHIDRATOS!
!
Presentan(variantes(
isomricas(

# Esteroismeros((

Isomerismo(D(y(L(
Estructuras(cclicas(
piranosa(y(furanosa(
Anmeros(alfa(y(beta(
Epmeros((
Isomerismo(aldosa^
cetosa(

BIOMOLCULAS:(

CARBOHIDRATOS!
!
Presentan(variantes(
isomricas(

# Esteroismeros((

Isomerismo(D(y(L(
Estructuras(cclicas(
piranosa(y(furanosa(
Anmeros(alfa(y(beta(
Epmeros((
Isomerismo(aldosa^
cetosa(

BIOMOLCULAS:(

CARBOHIDRATOS!
!
Presentan(variantes(
isomricas(

# Esteroismeros((

Isomerismo(D(y(L(
Estructuras(cclicas(
piranosa(y(furanosa(
Anmeros(alfa(y(beta(
Epmeros((
Isomerismo(aldosa^
cetosa(

BIOMOLCULAS:(

CARBOHIDRATOS!
!
Presentan(variantes(
isomricas(

# Esteroismeros((

Isomerismo(D(y(L(
Estructuras(cclicas(
piranosa(y(furanosa(
Anmeros(alfa(y(beta(
Epmeros((
Isomerismo(aldosa^
cetosa(

BIOMOLCULAS:(

CARBOHIDRATOS!
!
Presentan(variantes(
isomricas(

# Esteroismeros((

Isomerismo(D(y(L(
Estructuras(cclicas(
piranosa(y(furanosa(
Anmeros(alfa(y(beta(
Epmeros((
Isomerismo(aldosa^
cetosa(

BIOMOLCULAS:(
CARBOHIDRATOS!
!

BIOMOLCULAS:(
LPIDOS(

BIOMOLCULAS:(
LPIDOS(
Grupo(heterogneo(de(compuestos,(
vinculados(por(sus(propiedades(ssicas.(
Propiedades(comunes:(
"Insolubles(en(compuestos(polares:(agua(
"Solubles(en(compuestos(no(polares:(ter,(
benceno,(cloroformo(

Valor(energFco(

BIOMOLCULAS:(

LPIDOS:!Importancia!Biomdica(
Tejido(adiposo(
Aislante(trmico(
Aislante(elctrico(
ConsFtuyente(en(el(tejido(nervioso(
ConsFtuyente(de(la(membrana(plasmFca(y(
mitocondriales(
Medio(de(transporte(

BIOMOLCULAS:(
LPIDOS:!Clasicacin(
" Saturada(carecen(de(
dobles(enlace(
" Insaturada(poseen(
de(dobles(enlaces(

BIOMOLCULAS:(
LPIDOS:!Clasicacin(
Esteroides((
Fosfolpidos((

BIOMOLCULAS:(
COLESTEROL(
Colesterol((Arterioesclerosis(
Precursor(de(esteroides(
#
#
#
#
#
#

cidos(biliares(
Hormonas(
CorFcosuprarrenales(
Hormonas(sexuales(
Vitamina(D(
Glucsidos(cardacos(

BIOMOLCULAS:(
COLESTEROL(
Distribudo(ampliamente(en(el(cuerpo(
"Sistema(nervioso(

ConsFtuyente(de(la(membrana(plasmFca(y(
lipoprotenas(plamFcas(
Presente(en(grasas(animales(
El(ergosterol(presente(en(vegetales(y(
levaduras;(precursor(de(la(vitamina(D(

BIOMOLCULAS(
PROTENAS!

BIOMOLCULAS:(
ANIMOCIDOS(
Poseen(un(grupo(
amino(y(un(grupo(
carboxilo(
Cada(animocido(se(
une(a(otros(dos(
animocidos(
formando(una(
cadena(de(
polippFdos(

BIOMOLCULAS:(
ANIMOCIDOS(
Los(animocidos(que(
componen(una(
cadena(de(
polippFdos(se(unen(
por(enlaces(
ppFdicos(

BIOMOLCULAS:(
ANIMOCIDOS(

Residuo,(N^terminal(grupo(amino(
Residuo,(C^terminal(grupo(carboxilo(

BIOMOLCULAS:(
ANIMOCIDOS(

El(grupo(R(le(conere(versaFlidad(a(las(protenas(

BIOMOLCULAS:(
ANIMOCIDOS:!
Clasicacin(

BIOMOLCULAS:(
ANIMOCIDOS:!
Clasicacin(

BIOMOLCULAS:(
ANIMOCIDOS:!
Clasicacin(

BIOMOLCULAS:(
ANIMOCIDOS:!
Clasicacin(

BIOMOLCULAS:(
ANIMOCIDOS:!Importancia(
Monmeros(de(las(protenas(
Cumplen(funciones(especcas(
En(las(protenas,(los(aminocidos,(realizan(
funciones(estructurales,(hormonales,(
catalFcas(esenciales(para(la(vida(
Alta(especicidad(
AnFcuerpos(o(inmunoglobulinas(

BIOMOLCULAS:(
ANIMOCIDOS:!Estructura(
Esturctura(Primaria(
Lineal(20n(

Estructura(secundaria(
Helice((
Helice((

BIOMOLCULAS:(
ANIMOCIDOS:!Estructura(
Esturctura(terciaria(
Proteinas(brosa(
(uas,(pelo)(
colagena!

Protenas(globulares(
(musculo)(
mioglobina(

BIOMOLCULAS:(
ANIMOCIDOS:!Estructura(
Esturctura(terciaria(
Proteinas(brosa(
(uas,(pelo)(
colagena(

Protenas(globulares(
(musculo)(
mioglobina!

BIOMOLCULAS:(
ANIMOCIDOS:!Estructura(
Esturctura(
cuaternaria(
Mas(de(una(unidad,(
hemoglobina(
Homodmero(
Heterodmero((

BIOMOLCULAS(
CIDOS!NUCLEICOS(

BIOMOLCULAS:(
ACIDOS!NUCLEICOS(

ENZIMAS(

ENZIMAS(
Son( protenas( que(
disminuyen(la(canFdad(
de( energa( que( se(
requiere( para( llevar( a(
cabo(una(reaccin(
E s t a ( a c F v i d a d(
catalFca(es(especca.(
A c t a n ( c o m o(
c a t a l i z a d o r e s(
biolgicos.(

CATALIZADOR(

Sustancia(que(aumenta(o(disminuye(la(velocidad(de(una(reaccin(
qumica,(sin(verse(alterada(en(el(proceso(global(
CATALIZADORES(QUMICOS(
Reacciones(lentas.(
Temperaturas(mayores(de(
100(C.(
Presiones(elevadas.(
pH(extremos.(
Menor(ecacia(catalFca.(

CATALIZADORES(BIOLGICOS(
Reacciones(rpidas.(
Temperaturas(menores(de(
100(C.(
Presiones(bajas.(
pH(cercanos(a(la(
neutralidad.(
Mayor(ecacia(catalFca.(

ENZIMAS:(
(CARACTERSTICAS((
$ ConsFtuidas(por(ms(de(100(aminocidos.(
$ Disminuyen(la(energa(de(acFvacin.(
$ Alta(especicidad.((
$ Se(requieren(en(canFdades(mnimas.(
$ Pueden(ser(reguladas((alostricas)(
$ Son(sensibles((temperatura(y(pH)(
$ Modican( la( estructura( qumica( del( sustrato( segn( el( Fpo( de(
reaccin(que(catalicen.(
$ No(alteran(el(equilibrio(de(las(reacciones.(

ENZIMAS:(DE(ACUERDO(AL(TIPO(DE(
REACCIN(

ENZIMAS:(DE(ACUERDO(AL(TIPO(DE(
REACCIN(

SITIO(ACTIVO(

$Es(la(regin(especca(de(la(enzima(donde(se(une(
el(sustrato((
CaractersFcas:(

SITIO(ACTIVO:(
CaractersFcas(
# Tamao,(relaFvamente(pequeo.(
(
# Forma(tridimensional.(
# Unin,(fuerzas(relaFvamente(dbiles.(
# Interaccin,( forma( un( complejo( al( unirse( con( el(
sustrato.(
# Especicidad,( para( cada( sustrato( hay( un( siFo(
acFvo.(

COMPLEJO(ENZIMA^SUSTRATO:(
(CaractersFcas(
$Se( modican( las( propiedades( ssicas( de( la(
enzima.(La(solubilidad(y(la(estabilidad(al(calor.(
$El( complejo( se( ha( comprobado( mediante(
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transmisin(y(cristalograsa(de(rayos(X.(
$E l ( c o m p l e j o ( p u e d e( s e r( a i s l a d o(
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MODELOS(ENZIMTICOS(

COENZIMAS(
$Poseen( estructuras( orgnicas( complejas( que( no(
pueden( sinteFzarse( por( los( mamferos.( Las( vitaminas(
hidrosolubles,( aquellas( que( normalmente( se(
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precursores(metablicos(de(diversas(coenzimas.((
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$Termoestables.(
$Derivadas(de(la(vitamina(B.(
$Algunas( veces( funcionan( como( cosustratos( al( ser(
modicadas( durante( la( reaccin( pero( retornando( su(
estado(original(en(otra(reaccin(

COENZIMAS(

8/29/14(

CARMEN(QUINTERO(

68(

COFACTORES(
$Son( molculas( de( naturaleza( no( proteica( necesarias(
para(que(las(enzimas(realicen(la(catlisis.(
CaractersFcas((
$Aumentan( la( capacidad( catalFca( de( la( enzima( y(
adquiere(especicidad(por(el(sustrato.(
$Puede(formar(complejo(con(el(sustrato(y(el(siFo(acFvo(
de(la(enzima(permiFendo(as(la(catlisis.(
$Funcionan(como(poderosos(atrayentes(de(electrones.(

COFACTORES(

GRUPOS(PROSTTICOS(
$Enzimas,(grupos(no(protenicos(e(iones(
metlicos(
$Apoenzima,(enzima(inacFva(
$Coenzima(o(cofactor(
$Holoenizma,(enzima(acFva(

FACTORES(QUE(AFECTAN(LA(
ACTIVIDAD(ENZIMTICA(
Fsicos(
$Temperatura(
$pH(

Qumicos:(Inhibidores(enzimFcos(
$Molculas(capaz(de(enlazarse(a(una(enzima(y(disminuir(
su(acFvidad(
$Frmacos(
$AnFbiFcos((
$Plaguicidas(

FACTORES(QUE(AFECTAN(LA(
ACTIVIDAD(ENZIMTICA(
Inhibidores(enzimFcos(
$Reversibles(
compeFFvos:(
compiten(con(el(
sustrato(por(el(siFo(
acFvo(de(la(enzima.(
$AnFvirales(
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$AnFtumorales((

FACTORES(QUE(AFECTAN(LA(
ACTIVIDAD(ENZIMTICA(
Inhibidores(enzimFcos(
$Reversibles(no(
compeFFvos:(
sustrato(e(inhibidor(
no(compiten(por(un(
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FACTORES(QUE(AFECTAN(LA(
ACTIVIDAD(ENZIMTICA(
Inhibidores(enzimFcos(
$Irreversibles:(se(unen(
fuertemente(a(una(
enzima(
$Plaguicidas((paraFon)(
$Venenos(((cianuro)(
$AnFbiFcos(
(penicilina)(
$Gases(nerviosos(

FACTORES(QUE(AFECTAN(LA(
ACTIVIDAD(ENZIMTICA(
Inhibidores(enzimFcos(
$Alostrico:(se(unen(a(
un(lugar(de(la(enzima(
diferente(del(siFo(
acFvo(cambiando(la(
conguracin(de(ste(