Energy conversion system notes/eng.

Abdullah al-saleh

Energy concept :

What is Energy?
Energy makes change; it does things for us. It moves cars along the road and boats
over the water. It bakes a cake in the oven and keeps ice frozen in the freezer. It plays
our favorite songs on the radio and lights our homes. Energy makes our bodies grow
and allows our minds to think. Scientists define energy as the ability to do work.
People have learned how to change energy from one form to another so that we can
do work more easily and live more comfortably.

Forms of Energy
Energy is found in different forms, such as light, heat, sound and motion. There are
many forms of energy, but they can all be put into two categories: kinetic and
potential.

KINETIC ENERGY

KINETIC
ENERGY

Is motionof waves, electrons, atoms, molecules,

substances, and objects.
Such as the movement of wind cause the rotating.

ELECTRICAL
ENERGY

Is the movement of electrical charges.

Applying a force can make some of the electrons move, Electrical
charges moving through a wire is called electricity
Generator, battery
Is electromagnetic energy that travels in transverse waves.
Radiant energy includes visible light, x-rays, gamma rays and radio
waves.
Light (fire) is one type of radiant energy.
Solar energy is an example of radiant energy (need the large Ares to set
the light unit).
is the internal energy in substances
The vibration and movement of the atoms and molecules
within substances.
Geothermal energy is an example of thermal energy.
This indicates by temperature.
Large body contains more heat.
Is the movement of objects and substances from one place to
another.
Objects and substances move when a force is applied according to
Newtons Laws of Motion.
Wind is an example of motion energy.
Is the movement of energy through substances in
longitudinal (compression/rarefaction) waves.
Sound is produced when a force causes an object or substance to
Vibrate; the energy is transferred through the substance in a wave.

RADIANT
ENERGY

THERMAL
ENERGY OR
HEAT

MOTION
ENERGY

SOUND

Energy conversion system notes/eng. Abdullah al-saleh

MECHANICAL
ENERGY OR
SHAFT POWER

The amount energy which produced from the movement of mechanical part
such as fly wheel or shaft.

Potential energy
POTENTIAL
ENERGY

Is a stored energy and the energy of position, EX: gravitational energy.

CHEMICAL
ENERGY

Is energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules.

It is the energy that holds these particles together.
Biomass, wood, oil, petroleum, natural gas, and propane are examples of
stored chemical energy.
We used in the burning process and the gain the energy value (caloric
value) from this chemical energy.
When the chemical energy is high the heating value is high.
The battery is the example of using the chemical energy.

STORED
MECHANICAL
ENERGY

Is energy stored in objects by the application of a force.

Compressed springs and stretched rubber bands are examples of stored
Mechanical Energy

GRAVITATIONAL
ENERGY

Is the energy of position or place, a rock resting at the top of a hill contains
gravitational potential energy.
Hydropower, such as water in a reservoir behind a dam, is an example of
gravitational potential energy.
Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated
by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the
gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used
form of renewable energy.
And storage this energy in battery.
China produced 133 tera watts from hydropower plant And we can called
this plant tidal power plant.
Is energy stored in the nucleus of an atom, the energy that holds the
nucleus together.
The energy can be released when the nuclei are combined or split apart.
Nuclear power plants split the nuclei of uranium atoms in a process called
fission.

NUCLEAR
ENERGY

Energy conversion system notes/eng. Abdullah al-saleh

Energy conversion :
If you carefully measure the amount of energy before and after some process,
taking all forms of energy into account, you find that the total amount of
energy never changes.
Energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created,
nor can it be destroyed.
This principle is known as the law of conservation of energy, and also as the
first law of thermodynamics.

Utilization energy : Is to convert energy from the medial form to another

useful form can be used by the end user.
Convert Chemical energy of oil into heat; convert the heat produced from the
oil to mechanical energy for powering the shaft of the pump and the pump
converts the shaft power into the potential energy of the water to using by end
user.
Diesel engine converts energy its means the engine converts the chemical
energy of the oil to mechanical energy.

Generation of energy: deals of the source of energy whereas the

utilization saves as end use of energy.

Energy Conversion Devices: A device is a piece of equipment that serves

a specific purpose. An energy conversion device converts one form of energy
into another.

The efficiency of an energy conversion device is a quantitative expression of

this balance between energy input and energy output. It is defined as follows:

The meaning of the word useful depends on the purpose of the device. For
example, if the device is an electric heater, the useful energy output is heat,
and the energy input is electricity. Electricity is converted to heat. Heat is also
obtained from electricity in a light bulb, as we well know. But this is not the
useful energy obtained from a light bulb; the purpose of a light bulb is to
convert electricity into light.

Energy conversion system notes/eng. Abdullah al-saleh

The First Law of Thermodynamics tells us that energy is conserved in all its
transformations. So the ratio of energy output to energy input is always unity,
or 100%.

Power and energy:

Energy: Is the amount of energy stored in a fixed amount of fuel that
can be produced by burning fuel and turn it into energy is utilized, such
as transforming the stored energy in gasoline into mechanical energy to
rotate the column crankshaft inside the car and generate needed to
move the car the ability and all that by burning fuel.
Power: In the same precise physics language, power is defined as the
energy used per second. It is the rate of energy release
The most common unit for power is the watt, named after James Watt
who truly developed the science of the steam engine.
1 Watt = 1 W = 1 watt = 1 joule per second
1 kW = 1 kilowatt = 1000 joules per second
But in energy conversion defined it as the energy converted within
period time.

Energy conversion system notes/eng. Abdullah al-saleh

Energy flow: the energy flows through a number of form as well as

conversion steps between the source and the end use.
The cost increase according the increase the number of the forms the
energy conversion steps.

Energy conversion system notes/eng. Abdullah al-saleh

Example:

Primary: the energy which available in the neural source / wood, fuel, oil,
coal.
Secondary: transmutation energy from one form to another. /producing the
electricity.
Final: the energy which receives to the consumers (storage electricity).
End user energy which can use in some application may be making some
heat.

Energy conversion units and dimensions

100 kj equivalent to:

sun radiation from the sun on the roof house with 40m2 in 2.5s
Energy realize in burning 3.5 g coal or 2.9 g of petrol.
Energy storage in 0.25 piece of bread
Energy produced by a wind of 3m diameter of mill at 5 m/s
Energy consumed by 100 w electric light bulb in 17 min
Energy needed to melt 0.3 kg of ice
Heat emitted in cooling 3 cup of coffee from 80 to 20 c
Energy storage of a car moving at 50 km/h
Large object at high of 100 m

Barrel oil equivalent 6.119 x 109 J

Ton of wood equivalent 9.83 GJ
Ton of coal equivalent 29.3 GJ
Ton of oil equivalent 41.87 GJ

efficiencies of some Energy Conversion Devices:

Convector device Form of input
Form of output Efficiency
energy
energy
Petrol engine
Diesel engine
Electrical engine
Boiler and turbine
Hydraulic pump
Generator
Battery
Solar cell (pv system)
Photo voltaic
Solar collectors
Water heater
Hydro turbine
Hydro turbine

Chemical
Chemical
Electrical
thermal
mechanical
mechanical
Chemical
Radiation

mechanical
mechanical
mechanical
mechanical
Potential
Electrical
Electrical
Electrical

20-25%
30-45%
80-95%
17-40%
40-80%
80-85%
80-90%
8-15%

Radiation
Electrical
Kinetic
potential

thermal
thermal
mechanical
mechanical

25-65%
92-95%
40-80%
70-99%

Energy conversion system notes/eng. Abdullah al-saleh

efficiencies of a energy conversion system:
Energy form
Energy conversion
Efficiency
device
Chemical energy

Diesel engine

30%

Mechanical energy

Generator

80%

Electrical energy

Electrical motor

80%

Mechanical energy

Water pump

60%

Total = 0.3*0.8*0.8*0.6 = 0.12 = 12%

replacements of energy forms as specifications of fuel :
The energy contain in the fuel is known as the fuel is specified.
For chemical energy the energy contains is given as a Calorific value or
heating value of the fuel [MJ/Kg] or [GJ/Ton].
fuel

Unit

Coal
Fire wood
Kerosene
Natural gas
Gasoline
diesel

Ton
Ton
Ton
1000 m3
Barrel
Barrel

Ton of coal
equivalent
1
0.46
1.47
1.19
0.18
0.2

Ton of oil
equivalent
0.7
0.32
1.03
0.83
0.12
0.14

Barrel of oil
equivalent
5.05
7.34
7.43
6
0.9
1

Giga joule
29.3
16.6
43.1
34.8
5.2
5.7

Energy balance :
An energy balance of a country is a set of relationship according for
all energy which is produced, transformed consumed in a certain
period.( usually refers as year ) .
Source + import = export + variation of stock + use +loss
The source at the load primary source like as hydro, biomass, oil,
coal.
The imports are the energy sources which come from the outside
country source.
The exports are the energy produced and gain to (go) the other region
or country.
The variation of sock is the reduction of stocks.
The use is the end user.
The loss is divided to types :
Technical losses due to conversion and transmission.
Administrative losses due non registed consumption.

Energy conversion system notes/eng. Abdullah al-saleh

Process energy requirement and gross energy
requirement:
Gross energy requirement (GER):
Is the total amount of the energy required to a product for an example
GER for milk = 5.2 MJ/ Pint, (pint equal 20 litter for milk).
This includes:
1. The energy for producing the filtration.
2. The growth grass.
3. Feed the animal.
4. Process of milk.
5. Energy for transport.

Process energy requirement:

Is the energy for processing the product for an example the PER of the
milk is equal 0.38 MJ/PINT .
This include the energy consumed in the diary it self .

energy editing:
Is the monitoring of energy used in productive system.

Example of calculation energy conversion:

How much heat produced by a human body?
For a little work the human body needs 2000 kcal daily and if we
convert it to J/S its equal (2000*1000*4182)/86400 s and this equal
96.805 J/S approximately near to 100 J/S this equal 100 watt of power.
The human body works for a day with for a power 60 watt per hour and
then in the day if works 4 hours then 60*4*3600 this equal 864 KJ/s
and if the one litter of diesel have the 42 MJ/Kg then we need 0.02 litter
of diesel or 20g of it to make the human work in 4 hours in days.

The cost of converted energy :

In the general there's are two different type of cost in energy conversion
thats carries in their investment :
The dollar cost thats the first cost , the Construction costs that's fixed such
as:
Amount of the system capital cost
The operating cost
The maintenance cost
Supply cost

Energy conversion system notes/eng. Abdullah al-saleh

A parts cost
the Employees' salaries

energy cost are placed in three categories :

Conversion losses.
The energy expanded in the processing or manufacturing a fuel.
The energy consumed in the construction of the physical plan, for an
example the; 0.7% for oil power plant and 1.2% for nuclear
power plant.
Each of the energy cost will be flowing the overall conversion efficiency.
The energy minting from coal and transport it to another plant is 1.4%
originally in the cost and 5 % for light water nuclear power plant
originally in the atoms and 5% for the oil power plant.

Fuel classification and properties.

Energy sources include the fossil fuels (natural gas, petroleum, shale oil, coal,
and peat) as well as uranium.
Fossil fuels are both energy dense and widespread, and much of the worlds
industrial, utility, and transportation sectors rely on the energy contained in
them.
Concerns over global warming notwithstanding, fossil fuels will remain the
dominant fuel form for the foreseeable future.
Fossil fuels remain focus of this section; their principal use is in the
Generation of heat and electricity in the industrial, utility, and commercial
sectors.
Generation of shaft power in transportation.
The material in this section deals primarily with the conversion of the
chemical energy contained in fossil fuels to heat and electricity.
There's three kind of fossil fuel:
1. Solid fuel ( coal, shale oil, bio mass, waste)
2. Liquid fuel ( petroleum, Nonpetroleum Liquid Fuels[Tar Sands, Oil Shale,
Coal-Derived Fuels]
3. Gaseous fuel (Natural Gas, Liquefied Petroleum Gas, Hydrogen, Acetylene,
Miscellaneous Fuels).

Energy conversion system notes/eng. Abdullah al-saleh

Coal :
Coal originated from the remains of trees, bushes, ferns, mosses,
vines, and other forms of plant life, which flourished in huge swamps
and bogs many millions of years ago during prolonged periods of
humid, tropical climate and abundant rainfall.
Coals are classified by rank, i.e., according to the degree of
metamorphism in the series from lignite to anthracite.
1. Anthracite
2. Bituminous
3. Lignite
Anthracite: is the oldest coal from the geological respected, it's a
hard coal composed mainly of carbon with little volatile, practically
no moisture.
Anthracites have more than 90% carbon.
Lignite: is the youngest coal from the geological respects soft ,
composed mainly of volatile matter with low fixed carbon.
The lignite has less than 50% carbon and an energy density lower
than wood.
The moisture in coal consists of inherent moisture, also called
equilibrium moisture, and surface moisture. Free moisture is that
moisture lost when coal is air-dried under standard low-temperature
conditions.
The volatile matter is the portion (compostable consume) of coal
which, when the coal is heated in the absence of air under
prescribed conditions, is liberated as gases and vapors. (that
vaporized when coal is heated )
Volatile matter does not exist by itself in coal, except for a little
absorbed methane, but results from thermal decomposition of the
coal substance.
Fixed carbon: refer to carbon in its free state not combined with
other element.
Bituminous coals mostly between 70 and 75%. Is characterized with
excess smoke and soot.
Gorse
A
B
C
D
E

C.V.R range kcal/kg

Above 6200
5600-6200
4940-5600
4200-4940
3360-4200

Energy conversion system notes/eng. Abdullah al-saleh

the chemical combustion & physical properties classification:
A. physical properties
1. heating value :
The heating value, or calorific value, expressed as kJ/kg (Btu/lb), is the heat
produced at constant volume by the complete combustion of a unit quantity of
coal includes the latent heat of vaporization of the water in the combustion
products and is called the gross heating or high heating value (HHV), The
heating value when the water is not condensed is called the low heating value
(LHV).
2. Temperature.
3. Physical analysis methods of coal :
a) The ultimate analysis: is the determination by prescribed methods of the
ash, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and (by difference) oxygen. Other,
minor constituent elements are also sometimes determined, most notably
chlorine.(all coal component solid or gases).
b) The proximate analysis: determinates only the fixed carbon, volatile matter,
moisture by a skilled chemise in laborites.
Determinates with simple apparatus.
Measurement of moisture: placing a sample of Powder coal row size
for 200 micron in hand crucible and kept at 100c plus or minus 2c.
Measurement of volatile mater fresh sample of crash coal is weighted
placed in the covered crucible and heated in the furnaces at 900c plus
or minus 15c.
After it cool it loses of water represent the moisture and volatile
matter and remain coke ( fixed carbon + ash)

Measurement of fixed carbon and ash while the cover of the

crucible is removed thats using in the last test of measuring the
volatile, after removed it ,heated the crucible over the Bunsen burner
until the carbon is burnet the residue is weighted which is equal the
weight of ash .
The fixed carbon weight can be find it by the difference of weights :
Fc= total -m- v.m ash
Proximate analysis: indicates the percentage by weight of the fixed
carbon volatile, ash and moisture contact.
The amount of fixed carbon and volatile composition matter directly
contributes to the heating value.
Fixed carbon acts a main heat generator during the burning.
High volatile matter contained indicates easy Agni shear of fuel.
The ash contain is important in the design at the furnace, grain
combustion volume, pollution, control equipment and ash handing
system.

Energy conversion system notes/eng. Abdullah al-saleh

1.
2.
3.
4.

The ash is an impurity that will not turn typical range from 5-40%.
The ash in flowers directly of
Reduce handily and burning capacity.
Increasing handily cost.
Fixed combustion efficacy and boiler efficiency.
Causes clinkering moisture contact.
Moisture contact must be transported, handling, stored, in flowers of
heating value of fuel (0.5-10%): Increasing the heating lose due to
the evaporation and super-heated of vapor.
In flowerer at radiation heat transfer in physical Sulfur contact
range (0.5-0.8%).
Sulfur Efforts to abate atmospheric pollution have drawn
considerable attention to the sulfur content of coal, since the
combustion of coal results in the discharge to the atmosphere of
sulfur oxides.
The moisture disadvantages tendencies corrode chimney and other
equipment such as air heaters and economizers, pipes, limits exist
fuel gases temperature.

Chemical properties of coal:

The main contain is :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
sulfur
mineral matter (1.1 ash)
nitrogen
moisture
Main contain

India

Indonesia

Carbon

41%

58%

hydrogen

2.7%

4%

hydrogen

10%

12%

moisture

6%

10%

40%

14%

(1.1 ash)

Energy conversion system notes/eng. Abdullah al-saleh

Preparation of coal
Preparation of coal before handling to the boiler is an important
step for achieving good combustion.
The large and angular function may cause the following problems :
1. Poor combustion conditions and low of furnace temperature.
2. Higher accuse air resulting in higher stuck losses.
3. Increase of unburned in the ash.
4. Low thermal efficiency.
5. Coal is reducing inside by crushing and pulverizing (crushing size from 4 to
6 millimeters.
The machine for this purpose is rotary beaker, rolled crasher and
hummer mill.
Hand firing boiler size 25-75mm
Neutral draft 25-75mm
Forced draft 25-40mm
Pulverizing<75 micron
Fluidization bed boiler<10mm

Gas fuel :
The gas fuel in common use are :
Liquefied petroleum gases, Liquefied neutral gas, producer gas, cock oven
gas, made by heating the coal in the absence of air so that the volatile
components driven of .
The caloric value of the gases can be express in the kilo caloric/Nm2
Net caloric value.
Typical physical and chemical properties of the gases:
Gas fuel

Relative
density

LNG
Propane
Butane

0.6
1.52
1.96

Higher
heating
value
37400
38800
114800

A/F(m3/m3)

Flame
temperature

Flame

10
25
37

1954
1967
1973

0.29
0.46
0.87

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) The term liquefied petroleum gas is applied to
certain specific hydrocarbons which can be liquefied under moderate pressure at
normal temperatures but are gaseous under normal atmospheric conditions.
The chief constituents of LPG are propane, propylene, butane, butylene, and
isobutene.
The propane burns with small percentage propylene (C3H8) and (C3H6) and (C2F5).
The neutral auto for the (Lpg) is the gas but may be converted to the liquid.
(Lpg) evaporated The biggest size needs 25 times volume of the room in gas state.
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG): about 95% methane, others Ethane, CO2, N2, He.
High caloric value .When we mixing with air the pollution gases produced with
small or no sulfur contact.