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Chem.Energy
Thermal Energy
Mech. Work
Losses
Energy in Fuel
Heat
Transmission Loss
Friction loss
Pumping loss
fp
ip fp= bp
The brake power is always less than the
( imep ) LAnK
ip =
601000
where, ip = indicated power (kW)
imep = indicated mean effective pressure (kN/m2)
L = length of stroke (m)
A = cross-sectional area of piston (m2)
n = number of power strokes
n=N/2 for four strokes, and n=N for two-strokes
N = crankshaft speed (revolutions per minute)
and
K = number of cylinders
(bmep ) LAnK
bp =
601000
Brake power (bp) obtained at the output shaft can
also be related as
2 NT
bp =
601000
where bp = brake power (kW)
N = crankshaft speed (revolutions per minute)
and
T = engine torque (N-m)
5
sfc =
m f
P
bsfc =
m f
bp
& isfc =
m f
ip
bsfc
generally
decreases
with
engine size due to
reduced heat losses
from gas to cylinder
wall.
There
is
a
minimum in the bsfc
versus engine speed
curve
At
Engine Efficiency
Efficiency is the relation between the power
delivered and the power that could be obtained if
the engine operates without loss of power.
Combustion Efficiency
As time available for combustion is very short, a
small fraction of fuel does not react and exits with
the exhaust flow.
Qin = m f Q f c
Q in = m f Q f c
10
P
th =
f Qf
m
Depending upon whether it is brake power or indicated
power, the terms brake thermal efficiency or indicated
thermal efficiency is used. Accordingly, following two
expressions can be used.
bth
bp
=
;
fQf
m
ith
ip
=
fQ f
m
Mechanical efficiency:
bp
m =
ip
Mechanical efficiency usually lies between 80 to
90 %. It can also be defined as the ratio of brake
thermal efficiency to indicated thermal efficiency.
It also follows that
isfc bth
m =
=
bsfc ith
12
Air-Fuel Ratio:
A ma
=
F
mf
A m a
=
F m f
SI engines may have A/F ratio in the range of 12 to 18
based on the operating conditions such as starting,
accelerating, cruising etc.
CI engines, on the other hand, may have A/F ratio in
the range of 18 to 70.
13
= Equivalence Ratio
=
Actual F
Ratio
Stoicheometric F
Ratio
= 1; Chemically Correct
1; Lean M ixture
1 ; Rich M ixture
SI engines :12 A 18
CI engines :18 A 70
14
ma
v =
a vd
nm a
v =
a vd N
Volumetric Efficiency:
16
17
Engine weight w
=
Specific Weight =
Engine power bp
Indicates the relative economy
with which materials are used.
Engine volume Vd
=
Specific Volume =
Engine power bp
Indicates the relative effectiveness
with which engine space is utilized.
Specific Power =
Engine power
Piston face area ( all pistons )
bp
Ap
Two-stroke Engines:
For
same
power
generation, air input in a
2-stroke engine is greater
than a 4-stroke engine.
As there is a loss in the
scavenging period, the
term volumetric efficiency
(as applied to a 4-stroke
engine) is replaced by the
terms delivery ratio and
charging efficiency.
19
Two-stroke Engines:
dr
Charging Efficiency:
dr ce
mi
=
mc
mt
ce =
mc
Because some mixture is
lost out of exhaust port
before it is closed
20
Two-stroke Engines:
Cylinder Volume = Swept Volume = V d
Cylinder M ass = aV d = m c
M ass of Fresh Ch arg e Delivered / Ingested = m i
mt
Trapping Efficiency:
te =
mi
mt
Scavenging Efficiency: se =
m tc
Relative Charge:
m tc ce
rc =
=
mc
se
21
Charging Efficiency
= Delivery Ratio x Trapping Efficiency
Charging Efficiency
= Relative Charge x Scavenging Efficiency
Typical values
0.65 dr 0.95
0.50 ce 0.75
0.65 te 0.80
0.75 se 0.90
0.60 rc 0.90
22
Road-Load Power
A
C D Av Sv ) Sv
a
2
23
Road-Load Power
2
1
Pr = (C R M v g +
C D Av Sv ) Sv
a
2
where CR = coefficient of rolling resistance (0.012 - 0.015)
Mv = mass of vehicle
g = gravitational acceleration
ra = ambient air density
CD = drag coefficient (for cars: 0.3 - 0.5)
Av = frontal area of the vehicle
Sv = vehicle speed
Summary
Specific volume, specific weight and
Summary
The Honda eight-valve/cylinder V4
One
26
References
Crouse WH, and Anglin DL,
DL (1985), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Eastop TD, and McConkey A, (1993), Applied Thermodynamics for Engg.
Technologists, Addison Wisley.
3. Fergusan CR, and Kirkpatrick AT, (2001), Internal Combustion Engines, John
Wiley & Sons.
4. Ganesan V, (2003), Internal Combustion Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
5. Gill PW, Smith JH, and Ziurys EJ, (1959), Fundamentals of I. C. Engines, Oxford
and IBH Pub Ltd.
6. Heisler H, (1999), Vehicle and Engine Technology, Arnold Publishers.
7. Heywood JB, (1989), Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill.
8. Heywood JB, and Sher E, (1999), The Two-Stroke Cycle Engine, Taylor & Francis.
9. Joel R, (1996), Basic Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison-Wesley.
10. Mathur ML, and Sharma RP, (1994), A Course in Internal Combustion Engines,
Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi.
11. Pulkrabek WW, (1997), Engineering Fundamentals of the I. C. Engine, Prentice Hall.
12. Rogers GFC, and Mayhew YR,
YR (1992), Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison
1.
Wisley.
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http://widget.ecn.purdue.edu/~yanchen/ME200/ME200-8.ppt 28