Pharmaceutical Lab

POWDERS Latin Pulvis.

- These are mixtures of finely divided drugs or chemicals in dry form that may be used internally and
externally
- For suspension, solution, aerosol, powders
Advantages of Powders
Rapid dispersion of ingredients because of small particle size
Flexibility in compounding
Good chemical stability
Disadvantages of Powders
Time consuming in preparing
Inaccuracy of dose
Unsuitable for many unpleasant tasting, hygroscopic (damp mass) and deliquescent(liquefy) drugs
Particles of Powders
1. Animal and Vegetable Drugs
Mesh no. Sieve No.
8 Very coarse 60
20 coarse 60
40 moderate coarse -80
60 fine 100
80 very fine 80

2. Chemical Powders
Mesh no.
20 - coarse
40 moderate coarse
60 - fine
80 very fine

A. Divided Powders (Chartula/Chartulae)

- dispensed in the forms of individual doses and generally dispensed in papers that are properly folded.
They may be dispensed in metal foil, heat sealed plastic bag
Steps in Preparing Divided Powders
Weigh all ingredients needed (Mettler Balance)
Comminute the powders separately
o Trituration grinding using mortar and pestle
o Pulverization by intervention reducing the solid with the aid of other material which is easily
removed after pulverization (camphor and alcohol)
o Levigation addition of small amount of liquid or base (mineral oil(liquid petrolatum), glycerin)
should not dissolve the powder
Mix the ingredients
o Tumbling method mixing powders enclosed in large containers which rotates by a motorized
process
o Sieving method passed by a mechanical shaking through a sieve
o Sifting fluffy and light result
o Spatulation mixing the powders using a spatula
o Geometric Dilution used when potent substance, must be mixed with a large amount of diluent
Dividing the powders accurately into the prescribed number of doses
o Block and Divide
o Weighing of individual doses
Transferring each dose in individual papers
Folding of powder papers
Packaging divided powders
Types of papers used:
Vegetable parchment a thin, semi opaque, moisture resistant paper
White Bond Paper Opaque without moisture resistant property

Glassine paper a glazed, transparent, moisture resistant paper

Waxed paper a transparent water proof paper for hygroscopic and volatile drugs.

B. Bulk Powders - powders dispensed in bulk quantities

Oral Powders supplied as finely divided powders or divided powders or effervescent granules intended
to be dissolved in water.
Dentrifices is a substance used with a toothbrush for the purpose of cleaning the accessible surface of
the teeth. Commercial dentrifices are most abrasive than pastes
Douche Powders completely soluble products used as antiseptics and cleansing agents for body cavity
Dusting Powders non toxic preparations for local applicators and dispensed in sifter top containers or
pressure aerosol
Dividing Powders Chartulae, charts, powder papers. Most accurate than bulk powders
Insufflations finely divided powders introduced into the body cavities such as ears, nose and vagina,
throat. Used as insufflators (powder blower)
Trituration dilution of potent powders drugs prepared by intimately mixing them with a suitable in 1:10
dilution
GRANULES dosage forms that consist of particles ranging from about 4 10 sieve size
- Irregularly shaped but may be prepared spherical
Effervescent Granulation Salts are granules or coarse powders to very coarse powders containing medicinal
agents in a dry mixture usually composed of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), either citric acid (C6H8O7) or
tartaric acid (C4H6O6).
Methods:
Dry Method/Dry Fusion water of crystallization of Citric Acid acts as a binding agent.
1. Mix all powders
2. Place in an oven( 30 C- 40C) softened mass, somewhat spongy (release of CO 2)
3. Pass through sieve to produce granules of desired size
4. Dry at temp. not exceeding 54 C
5. Place into appropriate container
Wet Method/Wet Fusion Method It involves the addition of small amounts of water to the dry salts to
obtain a workable mass which is then dried and ground to yield the powder or granule.
- Binding agent: alcohol and water
Fluidized bed procedure blended and suspended in a stream of air in a Wurster chamber
Types of Laxative
Saline draws water into small intestine (bulky, defecation)
Osmotic applies osmosis (stool soft)
Stimulant stimulate peristaltic tract
Bulk Forming to add bulk
Methyl Cellulose not digested
TABLETS are solid pharmaceutical dosage form containing drugs substances with or without suitable diluents
and prepared either by compression or molding
Tablet components:
1. Diluents Lactose, Kaolin (China Clay), Mannitol, Starch
2. Binder and adhesives Natural gums (Acacia), Carboxymethylcellulose CMC
3. Disintegrants Corn starch and clays (veegum Magnesium Aluminum Silicate, bentonite - Fullers)
4. Lubricant talc, magnesium stearate, waxes
5. Anti Adherants
6. Glidants talc, cornstarch
7. Colorant and dyes FD&C and D&C

8. Flavorants Cocoa ( for bitter tasting drugs); fruity and citrus flavors (for drugs with sour and acidic
taste); orange, cinnamon, strawberry (salt tasting drugs)
o Compounds with high molecular weights (MW) tend to become bitter. In contrast, those with lower
MW have saltier taste. Those with higher (-OH) has sweeter taste,
9. Artificial sweeteners imparts sweetness
o Mannitol
o Sucrose
o Saccharin 300x
o Aspartame 180x to 200x
o Stevia
10. Adsorbents hold quantities of fluid in an apparent dry state.
Types of tablets:
1. Compressed tablets
2. Molded Tablets/ Tablet Triturates discoid masses weighing 30 -250 mg
- Single punch tablet machines
o Diluent/base : lactose, mannitol (cooling), dextrose or other rapidly soluble material common
moistening agents alcohol water and acetone
Methods:
WET GRANULATION METHOD- Most widely used method
STEPS IN WET GRANULATION METHOD:
1. Weighing and blending of ingredients
2. Preparing a damped powder or damp mass
3. Preparing damped powder or mass into pellet or granules
4. Drying the granulation
5. Sizing the granulation by dry screening
6. Adding lubricant and blending
7. Forming tablets by compression
DRY GRANULATION METHOD
- For ingredients that naturally possess an inherent cohesive properties
- Applicable to materials that cannot be prepared by wet granulation because they degrade in moisture
and high temperature
DIRECT COMPRESSION API/excipients has a natural cohesive property (binding)
Parts of Tablet Molder
1. PEG Board above
2. Perforated Plate Below
CAPSULES solid dosage forms in which the drug substance is enclosed in either a hard or soft, soluble
container or shell of a suitable form of gelatin.
Gelatin obtained from the partial hydrolysis of collagen
o Type A pork skin by acid processing
o Type B bones and animal skins by alkaline processing
Types of Capsules:
Hard Gelatin Capsules dry filled capsules
- Consists of two section: cap and body
- Made from a mixture of gelatin, sugar and water, opaque by TiO2
- 000 and 00 for animal use 0-5 for man use
Soft Gelatin soft elastic capsules, pearls
- Prepared shell of gelatin which glycerin or a polyhydric alcohol and sorbitol has been added to render
the gelatin elastic or plastic light.

Methods of Preparation:
1. Plate Process
2. Capsule Filling Machine
3. Punch Method
4. Rotary Die Process
PILLS - Small round solid dosage forms containing a medicinal agent and intended to administered orally
Classes of Pills according to weight
1. Parvules small pills, less than 20 mg
2. Granules 20 mg to 60 mg
3. Pills 60 500 mg
4. Boluses big pills, 700 mg to 2000 mg for veterinary use
LOZENGES discoid shaped solid containing the medicinal agent in a suitably flavored base
CACHETS/KONSEALS replaced by capsules; consists of two concave pieces of wafer made of flour and
water
SEMI SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
OINTMENT intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes. They may be readily applied
to the skin with or without inactions (rubbing)
- Also called SALVE, CHRISMA or UNGUENTUM
Types of Ointment:
1. Medicated treatment for cutaneous skin diseases
Sulfur ointment, Zinc Oxide ointment, Whitfield ointment
2. Non medicated ointment bases or vehicle
White ointment
4 Types of ointment base:
1. Hydrocarbon bases oleaginous bases
Water free
Excellent emollient
Fats: White or Yellow Ointment (Cetyl Ester Wax Whale)
Examples: Paraffin, white petrolatum, mineral oil
2. Absorption bases anhydrous bases
Absorb quantities of water and still remain their ointment consistency
Ability of the base to absorb water
Example: Anhydrous Lanolin
3. Water removable bases water washable bases
resemble cream in appearance
Allows absorption of serous discharges
Examples: Hydrophilic ointment USP, Cold cream
4. Water soluble bases greaseless bases
water soluble components
Examples: Poly ethylene glycol (PEG) Ointment NF
Method:
1. Mechanical Incorporation small amount of powders + ointment bases portion by portion
2. Fusion components are combined by melting together and cooled with constant stirring until congealed
heat

CREAMS semisolid preparations containing one or more medicinal agents dissolved or dispersed either the
oil in water emulsion or in another type of water washable base
- Commonly used in topical skin products and in products used rectally and vaginally
- Preferred over ointments because they are easier to spread and remove
Types of Creams:
1. Oil in Water o/w foundation cream, hand cream, shaving cream, vanishing cream
2. Water in Oil w/o cold cream and emollient cream
PASTES ointment like preparations which are usually, stiffer, less greasy and more absorptive than ointments
Removed from the skin by the use of Mineral Oil or Vegetable Oil
larger amount of powder than ointment base
GLYCEROGELATINS
- plastic masses containing 15% gelatin, 40% glycerin, 35% water and 10% medicinal agent
- melted first prior to application into the affected area with a soft brush
- submerge gelatin into a hot water
SUPPOSITORIES - semi solid dosage forms intended for insertion into the body orifices where they melt,
soften or dissolved and exert localized or systemic effect
Types:
1. Rectal Suppositories
- cylindrical, tapered at one end, bullet shaped
- Adult- 2 g
- Infant- weight of the adult
- BASE : COCOA BUTTER
2. Vaginal Suppositories
- pessaries
- globular or oviform
- weighs about 5 g
- Ex. Mycostatin (Nystatin)
3. Urethral Suppositories
- Bougies
- female : 2 g
male : 4g
- long, tapered, approximately 60 mm long and 4-5 mm in diameter
Suppository bases:
1. Bases that MELT:
COCOA BUTTER (Theobroma Oil) melts at 34 C 35 C
WITEPSOL - Major component: Lauric Acid; Colorless and odorless
WECOBEE derived from Coconut
2. Bases that DISSOLVE:
PEG POLYMERS dissolves in body fluid
PEG 400
Liquid
PEG 1000
Semisolid
PEG 1500 and 1540 Fairly firm semisolid
PEG 4000 and 6000 Wax like
GLYCERINATED GELATIN frequently used for Vaginal Suppositories
Method: Hand Rolling, Compression, Fusion Method