1.

Coastal Protection Structures

a. Three essential type of coastal protection structures
Breakwater
Breakwater is coastal structure that protect the shore by weakening
the force on incoming waves so that transmitted waves no longer
has strength to damage the shore, so can reduce shore erosion.
Type of breakwater :
1) Rubblemound breakwater
2) Vertical breakwater
3) Horizontal composite breakwater
4) Vertical composite breakwater
5) Floating breakwater

Transmitted Waves
Incoming Waves
Already weakened

Breakwater

Figure 1 Cross section rubble-mound breakwater view

Plan view :
Shore Line

Figure 2 Plan view

Transmitted
waves
(reduced
wave

Incoming
Waves

Figure 3 Incoming waves area and protected area

Revetment
Revetment is coastal structure that protect the shore by acting as
shield positioned in front of the protected subject / area. So that
incoming waves cant be in direct contact with protected subject /
area.

Incoming Waves

Protected Area

Seawall (type of
revetment)

Figure 4 Seawall type revetment

Figure 5 Sewall type revetment

Highway

Wall
Rubblemound revetment

Figure 6 Rubblemound type breakwater

Figure 7 rubble mound revetment photo

Groin
Is meant to block beach materials, so that the materials do not
move along shore. Groin is built perpendicular to the shore line. A
groin is normally a straight structure perpendicular to the shoreline.
Groins work by blocking (part of) the littoral drift, whereby they
trap/maintain sand on their upstream side But groin have
disadvantages, it cause erosion in opposition side of incoming
current. The solution is, built another groin beside the first groin to
avoid lose material that cause erosion.

Longshore
current
carries
loose
beach
materials
Shoreli
ne

Predominant direction of longshore

current

Depositio
n

Groi
n

Erosion

Figure 8 Ilsutration how groin protect the shore

Figure 9 Multiple groin to avoid erosion

b. List of seven type coastal protection structures acknowledged in pertinent

Minister of Public Works :
1) Breakwater
Breakwater is coastal structure that protect the shore by weakening
the force on incoming waves so that transmitted waves no longer
has strength to damage the shore

Figure 10 Breakwater cross section view

2) Revetment
Rubble mound structure that protect the shore by acting as shield
positioned in front of the protected subject / area. So that incoming
waves cant be in direct contact with protected subject / area.

Figure 11 Revetment component

Figure 12 Photo of revetment

3) Seawall
Wall structure that protect the shore by acting as shield positioned
in front of the protected subject / area. So that incoming waves
cant be in direct contact with protected subject / area.

Figure 13 Seawall component

4) Groin

Is meant to block beach materials, so that the materials do not

move along shore. Groin is built perpendicular to the shore line

Longshore
current
carries
loose
beach
materials

Predominant direction of longshore

current

Depositio
n

Shoreli
ne

Groi
n

Erosion

5) Jetty
Groin placed in the river mouth usualy built perpendicular with the
shore line, usually to protect the navigation lane. Because of the
function is to protect the navigation lane, jetty must be built as long
as where the breaking waves appear.

Sea
Jetty usually built in
pair

River mouth

River

Figure 14 Example of jetty enterance

6) Sea Dyke
Protect low land from inundation by sea water because land
elevation is below sea level part timeor all the time.
Pump the water

Initial Land
Surface Not
Changed
Development Area

Coastal
Sea Dyke

protectio
n

7) Beach Fill
Reclaim coastal area that previously unused to be developed as
built environment, with filling the new area with material such as
sand.

Initial Profile

Fill material

Figure 15 Fill material

c. Coastal protection structures based on SPM 1984

1) Seawall, Bulkhead and Revetment
The distinction between seawalls, bulkheads, and revetments is mainly
a matter of purpose. Design features are determined at the functional
planning stage, and the structure is named to suit its intended
purpose. In general, seawalls are rather massive structures because
they resist the full force of the waves and reduce scour. Bulkheads are
next in size their primary function is to retain fill, and while generally
not exposed to severe wave action, they still need to be designed to
resist erosion by the wave climate at the site. Revetments are
generally the lightest because they are designed to protect shorelines
against erosion by currents or light wave action.

Figure 16 concrete curved seawall

Figure 17 Curved sewall photo

Figure 18 Concrete stepped face seawall

Figure 19 Steel sheet pile bulkhead

Figure 20 Quarry stones revetment

2) Sand Dune
Foredunes are the dunes immediately behind the back shore. They
function as a reservoir of sand nourishing beaches during high water
and are a levee preventing high water and waves from damaging the
backshore areas. They are valuable, nonrigid shore protection
structures created naturally by the combined action of sand, wind, and
vegetation.
3) Groins
Groins are mainly classified as to permeability, height, and length.
Groins built of common construction materials can be made permeable
or impermeable and high or low in profile. The materials used are
stone, concrete, timber, and steel. Asphalt and sandfilled nylon bags
have also been used to a limited extent. Various structural types of
groins built with different construction materials. Type of Groin :
a Timber Groins . A common type of timber groin is an impermeable
structure composed of sheet piles supported by wales and round
piles. Some permeable timber groins have been built by leaving
spaces between the sheeting. A typical timber groin is shown in
Gambar 18. The round timber piles forming the primary structural
support should be at least 30 centimeters in diameter at the butt.
Stringers or wales bolted to the round piles should be at least 20 by
25 centimeters, preferably cut and drilled before being pressure
treated with creosote and coal-tar solution. The sheet piles are
usually either of the Wakefield, tongue-and-groove , or shiplap type,
supported in a vertical position between the wales and secured to
the wales with nails. All timbers and piles used for marine
construction should be given the maximum recommended pressure
treatment of creosote and coal-tar solution. Ayers and Stokes
(1976) provide timber structure design guidance.

Gambar 18 Timber sheet-pile groin

Steel Groins . A typical design for a timber-steel sheet-pile groin is

shown in Figure 6-55. Steel sheet-pile groins have been constructed
with straight-web, arch-web, or Z piles. Some have been made
permeable by cutting openings in the piles. The interlock type of
joint of steel sheet piles provides a sand tight connection. The
selection of the type of sheet piles depends on the earth forces to
be resisted. Where the differential loads are small, straight web
piles can be used. Where differential loads are great, deep-web Z
piles should be used. The timber-steel sheet-pile groins are
constructed with horizontal timber or steel wales along the top of
the steel sheet piles, and vertical round timber piles or brace piles
are bolted to the outside of the wales for added structural support.
The round piles may not always be required with the Z pile, but
ordinarily are used with the flat or arch-web sections. The round pile
and timbers should be creosoted to the maximum pressure
treatment for use in waters with marine borers.

Gambar 19 Timber-steel sheet-pile groin

Concrete Groins . Previously, the use of concrete in groins was

generally limited to permeable-type structures that permitted
passage of sand through the structure. A more recent development
in the use of concrete for groin construction is illustrated in Gambar
20. This groin is an impermeable, pre-stressed concrete-pile
structure with a cast-in-place concrete cap.

Gambar 20 Pre-stressed-concrete sheet-pile groin

Rubble-Mound Groins . Rubble-mound groins are constructed

with a core of quarry-run material, including fine material to make
them sand tight, and covered with a layer of armor stone. The
armor stone should weigh enough to be stable against the design
wave. Typical rubble-mound groins are illustrated in gambar 21.

Gambar 21 Rubble-mound groin

e Asphalt Groins. The behavior of the type of sand-asphalt groin

used to date demonstrates definite limitations of their
effectiveness. An example of such a structure is a groin extension
placed beyond the low-water line which is composed of a hot
asphalt mixture and tends toward early structural failure of the
section seaward of the beach berm crest. Failure results from lack,
of resistance to normal seasonal variability of the shore face and
consequent undermining of the structure foundation. Modification of
the design as to mix, dimensions, and sequence of construction
may reveal a different behavior.
4) Jetties
Groin placed in the river mouth usualy built perpendicular with the
shore line, usually to protect the navigation lane. Because of the
function is to protect the navigation lane, jetty must be built as long as
where the breaking waves appear. Type of jetties :
a) Rubble-Mound Jetties. The rubble-mound structure is a mound of
stones of different sizes and shapes, either dumped at random or
placed incourses Rubble-mound jetties which are used extensively,
are adaptable to any water depth and to most foundation

conditions. The chief advantages are as follows: structure settling

readjusts component stones which increases stability, damage is
repairable, and the rubble absorbs rather than reflects wave action.
The chief disadvantages are the large quantity of material required,
the high initial cost of satisfactory material if not locally available,
and the wave energy propagated through the structure if the core is
not high and impermeable.

Figure 21 Rubble-mound jetties

b) Sheet-Pile Jetties. Timber, steel, and concrete sheet piles are used
for jetty construction where waves are not severe. Steel sheet piles
are used for various jetty formations which include the following: a
single row of piling with or without pile buttresses, a single row of
sheet piles arranged to function as a buttressed wall, double walls
of sheet piles, held together with tie rods, with the space between
the walls filled with stone or sand (usually separated into
compartments by cross walls if sand is used) and cellular-steel
sheet-pile structures, which are modifications of the double-wall
type.
5) Breakwater, Shore Connected
Breakwater that built from the shore to the sea to protect area, usually
used to protect the harbor and turning basin from high wave. Type of
shore connected breakwater :
a) Rubble-Mound Breakwaters . The rubble-mound breakwaters in
Figures and are adaptable to almost any depth and can be designed
to withstand severe waves.
b) The stone asphalt contained 60 to 80 percent by weight stones 5 to
50 centimeters in size, and 20 to 40 percent by weight asphalticconcrete mix with a maximum stone size of 5 centimeters. The
stone-asphalt mix was pourable and required no compaction.
During construction the stone core was protected with about 1.1
metric tons of stone-asphalt grout per square meter (1 short ton per
square yard) of surface area. To accomplish this, the composition
was modified to allow some penetration into the surface layer of the
stone core. The final protective application was a layer or revetment
of stone asphalt about 2 meters thick.
The structure side slopes are 1 on 2 above the water and 1 on 1.75
under the water. Because large amounts were dumped at one time,

cooling was slow, and successive batches flowed together to form

one monolithic armor layer. By the completion of the project in
1967, about 0.9 million metric tons (1 million short tons) of stone
asphalt had been used.
The requirements for a special mixing plant and special equipment
will limit the use of this material to large projects. In addition, this
particular project has required regular maintenance to deal with the
plastic-flow problems of the stone asphalt caused by solar heating.
c) Cellular-Steel Sheet-Pile Breakwaters . These breakwaters are used
where storm waves are not too severe. A cellular-steel sheet-pile
and steel sheet-pile breakwater installation at Port Sanilac,
Michigan, is illustrated in Figure 6-65. Cellular structures provide a
vertical wall and adjacent deep water, which is usable for port
activities if fendered.
d) Concrete-Caisson Breakwaters . Breakwaters of this type are built of
reinforced concrete shells that are floated into position, settled on a
prepared foundation, filled with stone or sand for stability, and then
capped with concrete or stones. These structures may be
constructed with or without parapet walls for protection against
wave overtopping. In general, concrete caissons have a reinforced
concrete bottom, although open-bottom concrete caissons have
been used. The open-bottom type is closed with a temporary
wooden bottom that is removed after the caisson is placed on the
foundation. The stone used to fill the compartments combines with
the foundation material to provide additional resistance against
horizontal movement.

Figure 22 shore conected breakwater

Figure 23 Cellular and sheet pile breakwater

6) Offshore Breakwater
Offshore breakwaters are usually shore-parallel structures located in
water depths between 1.5 and 8 meters (5 and 25 feet). The main
functions of breakwaters are to provide harbor protection, act as a
littoral barrier, provide shore protection, or provide a combination of
the above features. Types of offshore breakwaters can usually be
classified into one of two types, the rubble-mound breakwater and the
cellular-steel sheet-pile breakwater. The most widely used type of
offshore breakwater is of rubble-mound construction however, in some
parts of the world breakwaters have been constructed with timber,
concrete caissons, and even sunken ships.
A variation of offshore breakwater is the floating breakwater. These
structures are designed mainly to protect small-craft harbors in
relatively sheltered waters; they are not recommended for application
on the open coast because they have little energy-dissipating effect on
the longer period ocean waves. The most recent summary of the
literature dealing with floating breakwaters is given by Hales (1981).
Some aspects of floating breakwater design are given by Western
Canada Hydraulics Laboratories Ltd. (1981).
Selection of the type of offshore breakwater for a given location first
depends on functional needs and then on the material and
construction costs. Determining factors are the depth of water, the
wave action, and the availability of material. For open ocean exposure,
rubble-mound structures are usually required; for less severe exposure,
as in the Great Lakes, the cellular-steel sheet-pile structure may be a
more economical choice.

Figure 24 Offshore breakwater

d. Coastal Protection Structures based Reeve et all

1) Groynes
Shore protection structures that are generally spaced at equal intervals
along the shoreline and cross all or part of the inter-tidal zones, close
normaly to the shoreline.

Figure 25 Groyn

2) Shore Connected Breakwater

Differentiated from groynes by virtue of the fact that the former may
be stand-alone structures and usually extend into deeper water than
the latter and provide a rather more significant barrier to waves,
waves-induced currents and hence alongshore sediment transport.

Figure 26 Shore connected breakwater

3) Detached Breakwater
The breakwater simply doesnt have conection to the shoreline so that
currents and sediment can pass between the structure and the
waterline. In some text they may referred to as offshore breakwater,
nearshore breakwater or artificial reefs. The latter infers that a
significant degree of overtopping can occur over the body of the
structures, so potentially there is a measurable element of wave
transmission through and over the upper layers of armouring. The
commonest form of construction is parallel to the shoreline.

Figure 27 Offshore breakwater / detached breakwater

4) Port and Harbor Breakwater

Port and harbor breakwater are, in principle, not different in design
terms to other forms of breakwaters except that their functionality
usually requires access along or behind the crest by both people and
vehicles. By their nature they will also tend to be in deeper water and
very much more massive structures in order to withstand the forces of
very large extreme waves.

Figure 28 Port and harbor breakwaters in Tanjung Priok Harbor

The type of breakwater can be rubble-mound breakwater, composite

breakwater or caisson breakwater
5) Revetment

2. Design breakwater dengan formula Hudson

Environmental data :
H = 3 meters
T = 7 seconds
Tidal range = 1,8 meters
h = 3 meters
Kemiringan breakwater dipilih sebesar
1:2, dengan pertimbangan jika
struktur breakwater dibuat semakin landai akan membutuhkan jumlah
material yang lebih banyak sehingga harga konstruksi breakwater akan lebih
mahal.
a. Elevasi Puncak Breakwater
Karena gelombang yang datang akan ditahan oleh breakwater, maka akan
terjadi pergerakan air ke atas akibat kemiringan breakwater yang disebut
dengan run-up.
Untuk lebih jelasnya tentang run-up ditunjukan pada Gambar 1.1. Run-up
bergantung pada kekerasan dan bentuk bangunan, kedalaman air pada
kaki bangunan dan karakteristik gelombang.
Muka air tertinggi

Ru

HWS

Figure 29 Run-up

Maka ketinggian minimal elevasi puncak breakwater dihitung dengan

mempertimbangkan factor HWS, dan run-up.

Elevasi breakwater=h+ HWS + Runup

Untuk mencari nilai Run-up digunakan formula :

Ru
=nilai yang diperoleh dari grafik runup quarry stone
H

Untuk mendapatkan nilai pada grafik digunakan bilangan Irribaren,

dengan formula :

Ir=

tan
H
Lo

Sedangkan nilai Lo didapatkan dengan formula

Lo =

g T 9,81.7
=
=76.5042 m
2
2

Maka didapat nilai bilangan Irribaren

Ir=

tan
0.5
=
=2,52495
H
3
Lo
76.5042

Figure 30 Grafik Run-up

Dengan melihat grafik

Ru
H

, maka didapatkan nilai

Ru
=1,05
H
Ru=1,05. H=1,2.3=3,15 m
Maka ketinggian breakwater adalah

BW elevation=3 m+3,15 m+1,8 m=8,45 m

b. Perhitungan Berat Batuan Tiap Lapisan

Berat dari armor agar mampu menahan gaya gelombang dapat dihitung
dengan menggunakan formula Hudson :

r H

W 50=

3
3

K D(

r
1) cot
a

Nilai Kd didapat dari table Kd

Figure 31 Tabel koefisien lapis

Perhitungan Berat Armor Bagian Trunk :

Armor yang digunakan adalah quarry stones rough 2 lapisan
dengan nilai

W 50=

r H 3
3
r
K D ( 1) cot
a

2,76 .33
=1,921 ton
3
2,76
4(
1) 2
1,025

Berat batuan lapisan under layer

W underlayer =

r=2,76ton/m

W 50 1,921 ton
=
=0,192ton
10
10

Berat Batuan lapisan core layer

W core layer =

W 50
W
bervariasi sampai dengan W core layer = 50
100
200

W core layer =

W 50 1,921
=
=0,01921ton
100 100

W core layer =

W 50 1,921
=
=0,0096 t on
200 200

Perhitungan Berat Armor Bagian Head :

Armor yang digunakan adalah quarry stones rough 2 lapisan
dengan nilai

r H

W 50=

r
1) cot
a

2,76 .3
=2,744 ton
3
2,76
2,8 (
1) 2
1,025

Berat batuan lapisan under layer

W underlayer =

3
3

K D(

r=2,76ton/m3 .

W 50 2,744 ton
=
=0,2744 ton
10
10

Berat Batuan lapisan core layer

W core layer =

W 50
W
bervariasi sampai dengan W core layer = 50
100
200

W core layer =

W 50 2,744
=
=0,02744 ton
100 100

W core layer =

W 50 1,921
=
=0,0137 ton
200 200

c. Lebar Puncak Breakwater

Lebarnya puncak breakwater dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus
1

B=n k [

W 3
] ,
r

adalah koefisien lapis yang besarnya dapat

dilihat pada table koefisien lapis dibawah.

Figure 32 tabel koefisien lapis

Dengan rancangan desain 4 armor pada bagian atas, maka lebar

bagian puncak trunk breakwater adalah

B=n k [

W 13
1,921 13
] =4 x 1,1[
] =3,9 m
r
2,76

Dengan rancangan desain 4 armor pada bagian atas, maka lebar

bagian puncak head breakwater adalah

B=n k [

W 13
2,744 13
] =4 x 1,1[
] =4,4 m
r
2,76

d. Tebal Layer
Tebal tiap layer dapat dihitung dengan formula
1

r=n k (

W 3
)
r

Bagian Trunk :

Armor Layer
Dengan perencanaan 2 lapisan armor, dan material menggunakan
batu (nilai

untuk n=2 quarry stone adalah 1,15), maka tebal

lapisan armor adalah

r=n k (

W 13
1,921 13
) =2 x 1,15(
) =2,03 meter
r
2,76

Under Layer
Dengan perencanaan 2 lapisan batuan pada under layer, maka
tebal lapisan under layer adalah
1

r=n k (

W 3
0,1921 3
) =2 x 1,15(
) =0,95 meter
r
2,76

Bagian Head :

Armor Layer
Dengan perencanaan 2 lapisan armor, dan material menggunakan
batu (nilai

untuk n=2 quarry stone adalah 1,15), maka tebal

lapisan armor adalah

r=n k (

W 13
2,744 13
) =2 x 1,15(
) =2,3 meter
r
2,76

Under Layer
Dengan perencanaan 2 lapisan batuan pada under layer, maka
tebal lapisan under layer adalah

r=n k (

W 13
0,2744 13
) =2 x 1,15(
) =1,07 meter
r
2,76

e. Toe Protection
Ada beberapa cara untuk mendesain toe protection, diantaranya
Bagian Trunk
Toe protection dihitung dengan menggunakan formula

Tinggitoe protection=2. tebal under layer

Tinggitoe protection=2.0,95=1,9 m

Lebar toe protection dihitung dengan rumus

Lebar toe protection=3. tebal under layer

Lebar toe protection=3.0,95=2,83 m

Dengan kemiringan 1:2

Bagian Head
Toe protection dihitung dengan menggunakan formula

Tinggitoe protection=2. tebal under layer

Tinggitoe protection=2.1,07=2,13 m
Lebar toe protection dihitung dengan rumus

Lebar toe protection=3. tebal under layer

Lebar toe protection=3.1,07=3,2 m

Dengan kemiringan 1:2

Cara lainya adalah dengan memanjangkan bagian armor ke depan kaki
breakwater dan kedalaman toe protection senilai H desain.

d s =H=3 meter

B=2 H=2.3=6 meter

3. Design breakwater dengan formula Van der Meer

Environmental data :
H = 3 meters
T = 7 seconds
Tidal range = 1,8 meters
h = 3 meters
Kemiringan breakwater dipilih sebesar
1:2, dengan pertimbangan jika
struktur breakwater dibuat semakin landai akan membutuhkan jumlah
material yang lebih banyak sehingga harga konstruksi breakwater akan lebih
mahal.
a. Elevasi Puncak Breakwater
Karena gelombang yang datang akan ditahan oleh breakwater, maka akan
terjadi pergerakan air ke atas akibat kemiringan breakwater yang disebut
dengan run-up.
Untuk lebih jelasnya tentang run-up ditunjukan pada Gambar 1.1. Run-up
bergantung pada kekerasan dan bentuk bangunan, kedalaman air pada
kaki bangunan dan karakteristik gelombang.
Muka air tertinggi

Ru

HWS

Figure 33 Run-up

Maka ketinggian minimal elevasi puncak breakwater dihitung dengan

mempertimbangkan factor HWS, dan run-up.

Elevasi breakwater=h+ HWS + Runup

Untuk mencari nilai Run-up digunakan formula :

Ru
=nilai yang diperoleh dari grafik runup quarry stone
H

Untuk mendapatkan nilai pada grafik digunakan bilangan Irribaren,

dengan formula :

Ir=

tan
H
Lo

Sedangkan nilai Lo didapatkan dengan formula

Lo =

g T 9,81.7
=
=76.5042 m
2
2

Maka didapat nilai bilangan Irribaren

Ir=

tan
0.5
=
=2,52495
H
3
Lo
76.5042

Figure 34 Grafik Run-up

Dengan melihat grafik

Ru
H

, maka didapatkan nilai

Ru
=1,05
H
Ru=1,05. H=1,2.3=3,15 m
Maka ketinggian breakwater adalah

BW elevation=3 m+3,15 m+1,8 m=8,45 m

b. Perhitungan Berat Batuan

Armor
Berat armor dihitung dengan formula Van der Meer

Hs
=6,2 S 0,2 P 0,18 N z0,1 m0,5
Dn50

untuk jenis plunging (

Hs
=6,2 S 0,2 P 0,13 N z0,1 m P (cot)0,5
Dn50
m =

tan
Hs 2
gTm

mc =(6,2 P

dan

0,31

m < mc )

untuk jenis surging (

tan)

1
0,5+P

m > mc )

nilai Porositas (P)

untuk quarry stones n=2 layer adalah 0,37

Tm=

T
7
=
=6,0869
1,15 1,15

Maka

m =

tan
=
Hs 2
gTm 2

0,5
=2,1956
3.2
9,81.(6,0869)2
1

mc =(6,2 P 0,31 tan)0,5 +P =(6,2 370,31 0,5) 0,5+0,37 =3,9445

Dapat

disimpulkan

m < mc ,

Hs
=6,2 S 0,2 P 0,18 N z0,1 m0,5 ,
Dn50
gelombang

yang

menghantam

maka
Nz

digunakan

merupakan

breakwater,

rumus

banyaknya

b
1 , nilai
a

Porositas (P) untuk quarry stones n=2 layer adalah 0,37, sedangkan
S adalah tingkat kerusakan, disini saya menggunakan nilai 2 dalam
arti struktur direncanakan tidak membutuhkan perbaikan armor.
Maka dapat dicari

Dn50

2,76
1=1,6926
1,025

Kondisi 4 jam badai, maka nilai Nz

Nz=

4 hours .3600
=2365,7367
Tm

Perhitungan

Dn50

waves

3
=6,2.20,2 0,370,18 2365,73670,1 2,19560,5
1,6926. Dn50
Dn50=0,95912m
Jika

Dn50

sudah diketahui, maka kita dapat mencari berat armor,

dengan menggunakan rumus

W 50= Dn 50

=2,76. 0,95912 =2,43 ton

Berat batuan lapisan under layer

W underlayer =

W 50 2,43 ton
=
=0,243 ton
10
10

Berat Batuan lapisan core layer

W core layer =

W 50
W
bervariasi sampai dengan W core layer = 50
100
200

W core layer =

W 50 2,43
=
=0,0243 ton
100 100

W core layer =

W 50 2,43
=
=0,01165 ton
200 200

c. Lebar Puncak Breakwater

Lebarnya puncak breakwater dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus

B=n k [

W 13
] ,
r

adalah koefisien lapis yang besarnya dapat

dilihat pada table koefisien lapis dibawah.

Figure 35 tabel koefisien lapis

Dengan rancangan desain 4 armor pada bagian atas, maka lebar

bagian puncak trunk dan head breakwater adalah

B=n k [

W 13
2,43 13
] =4 x 1,1[
] =4,16 m
r
2,76

d. Tebal Layer
Tebal tiap layer dapat dihitung dengan formula
1

r=n k (

W 3
)
r

Bagian Trunk :

Armor Layer
Dengan perencanaan 2 lapisan armor, dan material menggunakan
batu (nilai

untuk n=2 quarry stone adalah 1,15), maka tebal

lapisan armor adalah

r=n k (

W 13
2,43 13
) =2 x 1,15(
) =2,173 meter
r
2,76

Under Layer
Dengan perencanaan 2 lapisan batuan pada under layer, maka
tebal lapisan under layer adalah

r=n k (

W 13
2,43 13
) =2 x 1,15(
) =1 meter
r
2,76

e. Toe Protection
Ada beberapa cara untuk mendesain toe protection, diantaranya
Bagian Trunk
Toe protection dihitung dengan menggunakan formula

Tinggitoe protection=2. tebal under layer

Tinggitoe protection=2.1=2 m

Lebar toe protection dihitung dengan rumus

Lebar toe protection=3. tebal under layer

Lebar toe protection=3.1=3 m

Dengan kemiringan 1:2

Cara lainya adalah dengan memanjangkan bagian armor ke depan kaki
breakwater dan kedalaman toe protection senilai H desain.

d s =H=3 meter

B=2 H=2.3=6 meter