Topic,#days

MajorObjectives

KeyIdeas

SampleQuestions

ActivityIdeas

ScientificMethodand
MathematicalAnalysis
(18days)

Graphing

ScientificMethod

MathematicalAnalysis

Alkaseltzerdissolving
times

Mysterywhitepowderlab

1. organize,graph,
andanalyzedata
gatheredfrom
laboratoryactivities
orothersources
2. identify
independentand
dependent
variables
3. createappropriate
axeswithlabels
andscale
4. identifygraph
pointsclearly
5. measureand
record
experimentaldata
andusedatain
calculations
6. chooseappropriate
measurement
scalesanduse
unitsinrecording
7. showmathematical
work,stating
formulaandsteps
forsolution
8. estimateanswers
9. useappropriate
equationsand
significantdigits
10. showuncertaintyin
measurementby
theuseof
significantfigures

11. identify
relationshipswithin
variablesfromdata
tables
12. calculatepercent
error
13. recognizeand
convertvarious
scalesof
measurement
temperature
Celsius(C)
Kelvin(K)length
kilometers(km)
meters(m)
centimeters(cm)
millimeters(mm)
massgrams(g)
kilograms(kg)
pressure
kilopascal(kPa)
atmosphere(atm)
14. useknowledgeof
geometric
arrangementsto
predictparticle
propertiesor
behavior
15. Usedeductive
reasoningto
constructand
evaluate
conjecturesand
arguments,
recognizingthat
patternsand
relationshipsin
mathematicsassist
theminarrivingat

theseconjectures
andarguments
16. interpretagraph
constructedfrom
experimentally
obtaineddata
17. identify
relationships
directinverse
18. applydatashowing
trendstopredict
information
19. Applyalgebraicand
geometricconcepts
andskillstothe
solutionof
problems.
20. stateassumptions
whichapplytothe
useofaparticular
mathematical
equationand
evaluatethese
assumptionstosee
iftheyhavebeen
met
21. evaluatethe
appropriatenessof
ananswer,based
ongivendata
AtomicConcepts
(9days)

Themodernmodel
oftheatomhas
evolvedoveralong
periodoftime
throughtheworkof
manyscientists.
Eachatomhasa
nucleus,withan

Spectroscopy
Modelbuilding

overallpositive
charge,surrounded
byoneormore
negativelycharged
electrons.
Subatomicparticles
containedinthe
nucleusinclude
protonsand
neutrons.
Theprotonis
positivelycharged,
andtheneutron
hasnocharge.The
electronis
negativelycharged.
Protonsand
electronshave
equalbutopposite
charges.The
numberofprotons
equalsthenumber
ofelectronsinan
atom.
Themassofeach
protonandeach
neutronis
approximately
equaltooneatomic
massunit.An
electronismuch
lessmassivethan
aprotonora
neutron.
Inthe
wavemechanical
model(electron
cloudmodel),the
electronsarein

orbitals,whichare
definedasthe
regionsofthemost
probableelectron
location(ground
state).
Eachelectroninan
atomhasitsown
distinctamountof
energy.
Whenanelectron
inanatomgainsa
specificamountof
energy,the
electronisata
higherenergystate
(excitedstate).
Whenanelectron
returnsfroma
higherenergystate
toalowerenergy
state,aspecific
amountofenergy
isemitted.This
emittedenergycan
beusedtoidentify
anelement.
Theoutermost
electronsinan
atomarecalledthe
valenceelectrons.
Ingeneral,the
numberofvalence
electronsaffects
thechemical
propertiesofan
element.
Atomsofan
elementthat

PeriodicTable
(10days)

containthesame
numberofprotons
butadifferent
numberofneutrons
arecalledisotopes
ofthatelement.
Theaverage
atomicmassofan
elementisthe
weightedaverage
ofthemassesofits
naturallyoccurring
isotopes.
Theplacementor

locationof
elementsonthe
PeriodicTable
givesanindication
ofphysicaland
chemicalproperties
ofthatelement.
Theelementson
thePeriodicTable
arearrangedin
orderofincreasing
atomicnumber.
Thenumberof
protonsinanatom
(atomicnumber)
identifiesthe
element.Thesum
oftheprotonsand
neutronsinan
atom(mass
number)identifies
anisotope.
Commonnotations
thatrepresent

History/discoveryoftable
Discoveryofnoblegases
Explorationofdifferent
atomicproperties
Alkalimetaldemo

isotopesinclude:
14C,14C,
carbon14,C14.
Elementscanbe
classifiedbytheir
propertiesand
locatedonthe
PeriodicTableas
metals,nonmetals,
metalloids(B,Si,
Ge,As,Sb,Te),
andnoblegases.
Elementscanbe
differentiatedby
theirphysical
properties.Physical
propertiesof
substances,such
asdensity,
conductivity,
malleability,
solubility,and
hardness,differ
amongelements.
Elementscanbe
differentiatedby
chemical
properties.
Chemical
propertiesdescribe
howanelement
behavesduringa
chemicalreaction.
Someelements
existintwoormore
formsinthesame
phase.These
formsdifferintheir
molecularorcrystal

structure,and
henceintheir
properties.
ForGroups1,2,
and1318onthe
PeriodicTable,
elementswithinthe
samegrouphave
thesamenumber
ofvalence
electrons(heliumis
anexception)and
thereforesimilar
chemical
properties.
Thesuccessionof
elementswithinthe
samegroup
demonstrates
characteristic
trends:differences
inatomicradius,
ionicradius,
electronegativity,
firstionization
energy,
metallic/nonmetallic
properties.
Thesuccessionof
elementsacross
thesameperiod
demonstrates
characteristic
trends:differences
inatomicradius,
ionicradius,
electronegativity,
firstionization
energy,

metallic/nonmetallic
properties.
Memorizecommon
ions/compounds/el
ements

EOYProjectParts(5days):
1. Findandevaluatesources
2. Learntomakecitations

StudySkills(3days):
1. Notecards
2. Studyguide(1.5days)
3. Timemanagement(.5days)
Q1Test(at45days)
EOYProject(5days):
3.Takenotesfromsources
PropertiesofMatter
(25days)

Matterisclassified
asapure
substanceorasa
mixtureof
substances.
Thethreephases
ofmatter(solids,
liquids,andgases)
havedifferent
properties.
Apuresubstance
(elementor
compound)hasa
constant
compositionand
constantproperties
throughoutagiven
sample,andfrom
sampletosample.

Separatingmixtures
Propertiesofdifferent
substances
Boilingpoints
Energytransfer
ChemicalReactions
Concentrationsofharmful
substances

Elementsare
substancesthatare
composedofatoms
thathavethesame
atomicnumber.
Elementscannot
bebrokendownby
chemicalchange.
Mixturesare
composedoftwoor
moredifferent
substancesthat
canbeseparated
byphysicalmeans.
Whendifferent
substancesare
mixedtogether,a
homogeneousor
heterogeneous
mixtureisformed.
Theproportionsof
componentsina
mixturecanbe
varied.Each
componentina
mixtureretainsits
originalproperties.
Differencesin
propertiessuchas
density,particle
size,molecular
polarity,boiling
pointandfreezing
point,andsolubility
permitphysical
separationofthe
componentsofthe
mixture.
Asolutionisa

homogeneous
mixtureofasolute
dissolvedina
solvent.The
solubilityofasolute
inagivenamount
ofsolventis
dependentonthe
temperature,the
pressure,andthe
chemicalnaturesof
thesoluteand
solvent.
Theconcentration
ofasolutionmay
beexpressedas
molarity(M),
percentbyvolume,
percentbymass,
orpartspermillion
(ppm).
Theadditionofa
nonvolatilesolute
toasolventcauses
theboilingpointof
thesolventto
increaseandthe
freezingpointof
thesolventto
decrease.The
greaterthe
concentrationof
particles,the
greatertheeffect.
Energycanexistin
differentforms,
suchaschemical,
electrical,
electromagnetic,

thermal,
mechanical,and
nuclear.
Heatisatransferof
energy(usually
thermalenergy)
fromabodyof
highertemperature
toabodyoflower
temperature.
Thermalenergyis
theenergy
associatedwiththe
randommotionof
atomsand
molecules.
Temperatureisa
measurementof
theaveragekinetic
energyofthe
particlesina
sampleofmaterial.
Temperatureisnot
aformofenergy.
Theconceptofan
idealgasisa
modeltoexplain
thebehaviorof
gases.Arealgasis
mostlikeanideal
gaswhenthereal
gasisatlow
pressureandhigh
temperature.(Save
forLater)
Kineticmolecular
theory(KMT)foran
idealgasstates
thatallgas

particles:1.arein
random,constant,
straightlinemotion.
2.areseparatedby
greatdistances
relativetotheir
sizethevolumeof
thegasparticlesis
considered
negligible.3.have
noattractiveforces
betweenthem.4.
havecollisionsthat
mayresultinthe
transferofenergy
betweengas
particles,butthe
totalenergyofthe
systemremains
constant.
Collisiontheory
statesthata
reactionismost
likelytooccurif
reactantparticles
collidewiththe
properenergyand
orientation.(Goes
withChemical
Reactions)
Kineticmolecular
theorydescribes
therelationshipsof
pressure,volume,
temperature,
velocity,and
frequencyand
forceofcollisions
amonggas

molecules.
Equalvolumesof
differentgasesat
thesame
temperatureand
pressurecontain
anequalnumberof
particles.
Theconceptsof
kineticand
potentialenergy
canbeusedto
explainphysical
processesthat
include:fusion
(melting),
solidification
(freezing),
vaporization
(boiling,
evaporation),
condensation,
sublimation,and
deposition.
Aphysicalchange
resultsinthe
rearrangementof
existingparticlesin
asubstance.A
chemicalchange
resultsinthe
formationof
different
substanceswith
changed
properties.
Chemicaland
physicalchanges
canbeexothermic

Stoichiometry

orendothermic.
Thestructureand
arrangementof
particlesandtheir
interactions
determinethe
physicalstateofa
substanceata
giventemperature
andpressure.
Intermolecular
forcescreatedby
theunequal
distributionof
chargeresultin
varyingdegreesof
attractionbetween
molecules.
Hydrogenbonding
isanexampleofa
strong
intermolecular
force.
Physicalproperties
ofsubstancescan
beexplainedin
termsofchemical
bondsand
intermolecular
forces.These
propertiesinclude
conductivity,
malleability,
solubility,
hardness,melting
point,andboiling
point.
Acompoundisa

LawofConservationof

(12days)

substance
composedoftwoor
moredifferent
elementsthatare
chemically
combinedinafixed
proportion.A
chemical
compoundcanbe
brokendownby
chemicalmeans.A
chemical
compoundcanbe
representedbya
specificchemical
formulaand
assignedaname
basedonthe
IUPACsystem.
Typesofchemical
formulasinclude
empirical,
molecular,and
structural.
Theempirical
formulaofa
compoundisthe
simplest
wholenumberratio
ofatomsofthe
elementsina
compound.Itmay
bedifferentfrom
themolecular
formula,whichis
theactualratioof
atomsina
moleculeofthat
compound.

Mass
Observationsofchemical
reactions

Inallchemical
reactionsthereisa
conservationof
mass,energy,and
charge.
Abalanced
chemicalequation
represents
conservationof
atoms.The
coefficientsina
balancedchemical
equationcanbe
usedtodetermine
moleratiosinthe
reaction.
Theformulamass
ofasubstanceis
thesumofthe
atomicmassesof
itsatoms.The
molarmass(gram
formulamass)ofa
substanceequals
onemoleofthat
substance.
Thepercent
compositionby
massofeach
elementina
compoundcanbe
calculated
mathematically.
Typesofchemical
reactionsinclude
synthesis,
decomposition,
singlereplacement,
anddouble

replacement.(3.2b)
EOYProject(3days)
4.PlanPaper
5.WriteRoughDraft(Introduction)
Q2Test/Midterm(at90days)
EOYProject(2days)
5.WriteRoughDraft(Rest)
ChemicalBonding
(15days)

Compoundscanbe
differentiatedby
theirchemicaland
physicalproperties.
Twomajor
categoriesof
compoundsare
ionicandmolecular
(covalent)
compounds.
Chemicalbonds
areformedwhen
valenceelectrons
aretransferred
fromoneatomto
another(ionic)
sharedbetween
atoms(covalent)
mobilewithina
metal(metallic)
Inamultiple
covalentbond,
morethanonepair
ofelectronsare
sharedbetween
twoatoms.
Molecularpolarity
canbedetermined

Molecularmodeling
Examplesofreactionsthat
occur/dont
BondingLab:
http://www.esciencelabs.co
m/sites/default/files/saampl
elabs/Sample_Lab_Ionic_
and_Covalent_Bonds_1.pd
f

bytheshapeofthe
moleculeandthe
distributionof
charge.
Symmetrical
(nonpolar)
moleculesinclude
CO2,CH4,and
diatomicelements.
Asymmetrical
(polar)molecules
includeHCl,NH3,
andH2O.
Whenanatom
gainsoneormore
electrons,it
becomesa
negativeionandits
radiusincreases.
Whenanatom
losesoneormore
electrons,it
becomesapositive
ionanditsradius
decreases.
Whenabondis
broken,energyis
absorbed.Whena
bondisformed,
energyisreleased.
Atomsattaina
stablevalence
electron
configurationby
bondingwithother
atoms.Noble
gaseshavestable
valence
configurationsand

tendnottobond.
Physicalproperties
ofsubstancescan
beexplainedin
termsofchemical
bondsand
intermolecular
forces.These
propertiesinclude
conductivity,
malleability,
solubility,
hardness,melting
point,andboiling
point.
Electrondot
diagrams(Lewis
structures)can
representthe
valenceelectron
arrangementin
elements,
compounds,and
ions.
Electronegativity
indicateshow
stronglyanatomof
anelementattracts
electronsina
chemicalbond.
Electronegativity
valuesare
assignedaccording
toarbitraryscales.
The
electronegativity
differencebetween
twobondedatoms
isusedtoassess

Kinetics/Equilibrium
(10days)

thedegreeof
polarityinthebond.
Metalstendto
reactwith
nonmetalstoform
ioniccompounds.
Nonmetalstendto
reactwithother
nonmetalstoform
molecular
(covalent)
compounds.Ionic
compounds
containing
polyatomicions
havebothionicand
covalentbonding.
Collisiontheory

statesthata
reactionismost
likelytooccurif
reactantparticles
collidewiththe
properenergyand
orientation.
Therateofa
chemicalreaction
dependsonseveral
factors:
temperature,
concentration,
natureofreactants,
surfacearea,and
thepresenceofa
catalyst.
Somechemical
andphysical
changescanreach

EquilibriumLab:
https://www.smc.edu/Acad
emicPrograms/PhysicalSci
ences/Documents/Chemist
ry_10_Experiments/Ch10_
Equilibrium.pdf

equilibrium.
Atequilibriumthe
rateoftheforward
reactionequalsthe
rateofthereverse
reaction.The
measurable
quantitiesof
reactantsand
productsremain
constantat
equilibrium.
LeChateliers
principlecanbe
usedtopredictthe
effectofstress
(changein
pressure,volume,
concentration,and
temperature)ona
systemat
equilibrium.
Energyreleasedor
absorbedbya
chemicalreaction
canberepresented
byapotential
energydiagram.
Energyreleasedor
absorbedduringa
chemicalreaction
(heatofreaction)is
equaltothe
differencebetween
thepotential
energyofthe
productsandthe
potentialenergyof
thereactants.

OrganicChemistry
(6days)

Catalystprovides
analternate
reactionpathway,
whichhasalower
activationenergy
thanan
uncatalyzed
reaction.
Entropyisa
measureofthe
randomnessor
disorderofa
system.Asystem
withgreater
disorderhas
greaterentropy.
Systemsinnature
tendtoundergo
changestoward
lowerenergyand
higherentropy.
Organic

compoundscontain
carbonatoms
whichbondtoone
anotherinchains,
rings,andnetworks
toformavarietyof
structures.Organic
compoundscanbe
namedusingthe
IUPACsystem.
Hydrocarbonsare
compoundsthat
containonlycarbon
andhydrogen.
Saturated
hydrocarbons

containonlysingle
carboncarbon
bonds.Unsaturated
hydrocarbons
containatleastone
multiple
carboncarbon
bond.
Organicacids,
alcohols,esters,
aldehydes,
ketones,ethers,
halides,amines,
amides,andamino
acidsare
categoriesof
organicmolecules
thatdifferintheir
structures.
Functionalgroups
impartdistinctive
physicaland
chemicalproperties
toorganic
compounds.
Isomersoforganic
compoundshave
thesamemolecular
formulabut
differentstructures
andproperties.
Inamultiple
covalentbond,
morethanonepair
ofelectronsare
sharedbetween
twoatoms.
Unsaturated
organiccompounds

OxidationReduction
(8days)

containatleastone
doubleortriple
bond.
Typesoforganic
reactionsinclude:
addition,
substitution,
polymerization,
esterification,
fermentation,
saponification,and
combustion.
An
oxidationreduction
(redox)reaction
involvesthe
transferof
electrons
Reductionisthe
gainofelectrons.
Ahalfreactioncan
bewrittento
represent
reduction.
Oxidationisthe
lossofelectrons.
Ahalfreactioncan
bewrittento
represent
oxidation.
Inaredoxreaction
thenumberof
electronslostis
equaltothe
numberof
electronsgained.
Oxidationnumbers
(states)canbe

Electrochemicalcell

assignedtoatoms
andions.Changes
inoxidation
numbersindicate
thatoxidationand
reductionhave
occurred.
Anelectrochemical
cellcanbeeither
voltaicor
electrolytic.Inan
electrochemical
cell,oxidation
occursatthe
anodeand
reductionatthe
cathode.
Avoltaiccell
spontaneously
convertschemical
energytoelectrical
energy.
Anelectrolyticcell
requireselectrical
energytoproduce
chemicalchange.
Thisprocessis
knownas
electrolysis.

EOYProject(4days)
7.PeerReview
8.WriteFinalDraft
Q3Test(at135days)
Acids/Bases/Salts
(12days)

Behaviorofmany
acidsandbases
canbeexplained

Titration
pHLab

bytheArrhenius
theory.Arrhenius
acidsandbases
areelectrolytes.
Anelectrolyteisa
substancewhich,
whendissolvedin
water,formsa
solutioncapableof
conductingan
electriccurrent.
Theabilityofa
solutiontoconduct
anelectriccurrent
dependsonthe
concentrationof
ions.
Arrheniusacids
yieldH+(aq),
hydrogenionas
theonlypositive
ioninanaqueous
solution.The
hydrogenionmay
alsobewrittenas
H3O+(aq),
hydroniumion.
Arrheniusbases
yieldOH(aq),
hydroxideionas
theonlynegative
ioninanaqueous
solution.
Intheprocessof
neutralization,an
Arrheniusacidand
anArrheniusbase
reacttoformasalt
andwater.

NuclearChemistry
(12days)

Titrationisa
laboratoryprocess
inwhichavolume
ofsolutionof
known
concentrationis
usedtodetermine
theconcentration
ofanothersolution.
Therearealternate
acidbasetheories.
Onetheorystates
thatanacidisan
H+donoranda
baseisanH+
acceptor.
Theacidityor
alkalinityofa
solutioncanbe
measuredbyitspH
value.Therelative
levelofacidityor
alkalinityofa
solutioncanbe
shownbyusing
indicators.
OnthepHscale,
eachdecreaseof
oneunitofpH
representsa
tenfoldincreasein
hydroniumion
concentration.
Stabilityofisotopes
isbasedonthe
ratioofneutrons
andprotonsinits
nucleus.Although

Cancermeds
Nuclearpower
Nuclear
weapons/Manhattan
project

mostnucleiare
stable,someare
unstableand
spontaneously
decay,emitting
radiation.
Eachradioactive
isotopehasa
specificmodeand
rateofdecay
(halflife).
Achangeinthe
nucleusofanatom
thatconvertsit
fromoneelement
toanotheriscalled
transmutation.This
canoccurnaturally
orcanbeinduced
bythe
bombardmentof
thenucleusby
highenergy
particles.
Spontaneous
decaycaninvolve
thereleaseof
alphaparticles,
betaparticles,
positronsand/or
gammaradiation
fromthenucleusof
anunstable
isotope.These
emissionsdifferin
mass,charge,and
ionizingpower,and
penetratingpower.
Nuclearreactions

includenaturaland
artificial
transmutation,
fission,andfusion.
Therearebenefits
andrisks
associatedwith
fissionandfusion
reactions.
Nuclearreactions
canberepresented
byequationsthat
includesymbols
whichrepresent
atomicnuclei(with
themassnumber
andatomic
number),
subatomicparticles
(withmassnumber
andcharge),and/or
emissionssuchas
gammaradiation.
Energyreleasedin
anuclearreaction
(fissionorfusion)
comesfromthe
fractionalamount
ofmassconverted
intoenergy.
Nuclearchanges
convertmatterinto
energy.
Energyreleased
duringnuclear
reactionsismuch
greaterthanthe
energyreleased
duringchemical

reactions.
Thereareinherent
risksassociated
withradioactivity
andtheuseof
radioactive
isotopes.Riskscan
includebiological
exposure,
longtermstorage
anddisposal,and
nuclearaccidents.
Radioactive
isotopeshave
manybeneficial
uses.Radioactive
isotopesareused
inmedicineand
industrial
chemistry,e.g.,
radioactivedating,
tracingchemical
andbiological
processes,
industrial
measurement,
nuclearpower,and
detectionand
treatmentof
disease.

EOYProject(10days)
7.Makeposter
8.Writepresentation
9.Postersession
StudySkillsandReviewforFinal(6days)
FinalExam(at175days)