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Generated by Unregistered Batch DOC & DOCX Converter 2010.2.406.
1388,
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Management Control System

Q.1 How is RI (EVA) analysis carried out? Explain advantages and disadvantages.
Ans. The EVA method is based on the past performance of the corporate enterprise. The
underlying economic principle in this method is to determine whether the firm is earning a
higher rate of return on the entire invested funds than the cost of such funds (measured in
terms of weighted average cost of capital, WACC). If the answer is positive, the firm’s
management is adding to the shareholders value by earning extra for them. On the contrary, if
the WACC is higher than the corporate earning rate, the firm’s operations have eroded the
existing wealth of its equity shareholders. In operational terms, the method attempts to
measure economic value added (or destroyed) for equity shareholders, by the firm’s
operations, in a given year.
Since WACC takes care of the financial costs of all sources of providers of invested
funds in a corporate enterprise, it is imperative that operating profits after taxes (and not net
profits after taxes) should be considered to measure EVA. The accounting profits after taxes,
as reported by the income statement, need adjustments for interest costs. The profit should be
the net operating profit after taxes and the cost of funds will be the product of the total capital
supplied (including retained earnings) and WACC
EVA= [Net operating profits after taxes – [Total Capital * WACC]
Example; Following is the condensed income statement of a firm for the current year;
Particulars Amt (in lakhs)
Sales Revenue 500
Less: Operating costs 300
Less: Interest costs 12
Earnings before taxes 188
Less: Taxes (0.40) 75.2
Earnings after taxes 112.8
The firm’s existing capital consists of Rs 150 lakhs Equity funds, having 15% cost
and of Rs 100 lakh 12% debt. Determine the economic value added during the year.
Solution
(I) Determination of Net Operating Profit After Taxes
Sales revenue 500
Less: Operating Costs 300
Operating profit (EBIT) 200
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Less: Taxes (0.40) 80
Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT) 120
(II) Determination of WACC

Equity (150 lakh * 15%) 22.5
12% Debt (100 lakh * 7.2%) 7.2
Total Cost 29.7
WACC (29.7 lakh/ 250 lakh) 11.88%
Cost of debt= 12% (1 – 0.4 tax rate) = 7.2%
(III) Determination of EVA

EVA = NOPAT – (Total capital * WACC)
Rs 120 lakh – (Rs 250 lakh * 11.88%)
Rs 120 lakh – Rs 29.7 lakh = Rs 90.3 lakh
During the current year, the firm has added an economic value of Rs.90.3 lakh to the
existing wealth of equity shareholders. Essentially, the EVA approach is a modified
accounting approach to determine profits earned after meeting all financial costs of all the
providers of capital. Its major advantage is that this approach reflects the true profit position
of the firm.
RI (EVA) has the following advantages:
(i) It avoids suboptimal decisions as investments are not rejected merely because they
lower the divisional manager’s ROI.
(ii) It maximizes the growth of the company and increases shareholders’ wealth by
accepting opportunities which earn a rate of return in excess of the cost of capital.
(iii) The cost of capital charge on divisional investments ensures that divisional
managers are aware of the opportunity cost of funds.
(iv)Charging each division with the company’s cost of capital ensures that decisions
taken by different divisions are compatible with the interests of the organization as
a whole.
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RI (EVA) has the following weaknesses:
(i) Like ROI it is difficult to have satisfactory definitions of ‘divisional profits’ and
‘divisional investment’.
(ii) It may be difficult to calculate an accurate cost of capital. Also, decision has to be
taken whether to use the company’s cost of capital or a specific divisional cost of
capital. The former enhances divisional goal congruency and the latter reflects
each division’s level of risk.
(iii) Identifying controllable and uncontrollable factors at the divisional level may be
difficult.
Q. 2 Discuss the significance of human behavioral pattern in management control?
Ans. Management control system influence human behavior same as human behavior
influences management control system. Human behavior helps in performing a good
management control system by goal congruent manner. Thus following are the ways in which
the human behavior influences the management control system.
Goal congruence:
Senior management wants the organization to attain the organization’s goal. But the
individual members of the organization have their own personal goals, and they are not
necessarily consistent with those of the organization. The central purpose of a management
control system, then, is to ensure a high level of what is called “goal congruence”. In a goal
congruence process, the actions people are led to take in accordance with their perceived self-
interest are also in the best interest of the organization.
Obviously in our imperfect world, perfect congruence between individual goals and
organizational goals does not exists – if for no other reason than that individual participants
usually want as much compensation as they get while the organization maintains that salaries
can go only so high without adversely affecting profits.
Thus an individual should always think on how he can improvise his organizations
goal along with his own goal.
Work ethics:
There are some external factors that influence the desirable behavior that exists in the
society of which organization is a part. These norms or factors include a set of attitudes, often
collectively known as the work ethic, which is manifested in employees’ loyalty to the
organization, their diligence, their spirit, and their pride in doing a good job (rather than just
putting in time). Some of these attitudes are local- that is, specific to the city or region in
which the organization does its work.
Culture:
This is the most important internal factor – is the organization’s own culture and how
is the individual of the organization are understanding and maintaining the culture. The
culture consists of – the common beliefs, shared values, norms of behavior, and assumptions
that are implicitly accepted and explicitly manifested throughout the organization. Cultural
norms are extremely important since they explain why two organizations, with identical
formal management control systems, may vary in terms of actual control.
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A company’s culture usually exists unchanged for many years. Certain practices
become rituals because “this is the way things are done here”. Organizational culture is also
influenced strongly by the personality and policies of the CEO, and by those of lower level
managers with respect to the areas they control. If the organization is unionised, the rules and
norms accepted by the union also have a major influence on the organization’s cultures.
Attempts to change practices almost always meet with resistant, and the larger and more
mature the organization, the greater the resistance is.
Management style:
The internal factor that probably has the strongest impact on management control is
management style. Usually subordinates attitude reflects what they perceive their
supervisors’ attitudes to be, and their superiors’ attitudes ultimately stem from the CEO.
Perception and communication:

In working toward the goal of the organization, operating managers must know what
these goals are and what actions they are supposed to take to achieve them. They receive this
information through various channels, both formal and informal. An organization is a
complicated entity, and the actions that should be taken by any one part to further the
common goals cannot be stated with absolute clarity even in the best of circumstances.
Rules:
Rules means all types of formal instruction and controls, including standing
instructions, job descriptions, standard operating procedures, manuals, and ethical guidelines.
Rules range from the most trivial to the most important.
Some rules are guides; that is organization members are permitted, and indeed
expected, to depart from them, either under specified circumstances or when their own best
judgement indicates that a departure would be in the best interest of the organization.
Q.3 (a) Explain how different types of expenses centers operates with the help of
sketches?
Answer:
Expense centers are responsibility centers whose inputs are measured in
monetary terms whose output are not. There are two general types of expenses centers: -
engineered and discretionary. These labels relates to two types of cost. Engineered costs are
those for which the ‘right’ or ‘proper’ amount can be estimated with reliability. For example,
factory’s costs for direct labour, direct material, components supplier and utilities.
Discretionary costs are those for which no such engineered estimate is feasible. In
discretionary expenses centers, the cost incurred depends on management’s judgment as to the
appropriate amount under the circumstances.
1. Engineered expenses centers:- it have following characteristics:-
2. The profit input can be measured in monetary terms.
3. Their output can be measured in physical terms.
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4. The optimum dollars amount of input required to produce one output can be
determined.
Diagram:-
Optimal relationship
can be established
Input Output
Manufacture function
Work
(Dollar) (Physical)
Engineered expense centers are usually found in manufacturing operation,

warehouse distribution and similar units within the marketing organization may also be
engineered expenses centers as certain responsibility centers within administrative and support
departments for instance, account receivable, account payable and pay roll sections in
controller department. Such unit performs repetitive task for which standard cost can be
developed. These centers are usually located within departments that are discretionary
expenses centers.
In engineered expenses centers output are multiplied by standard cost of each
unit produce measured what the finished products should have cost. Managers of engineered
expenses center may be responsible for activities such as training and employee development
that are not related to current production. The term engineered expense center refers to
responsibility centers in which engineered cost predominate, but it does not imply that valid
engineered estimates can be made for each and every cost items.
Discretionary expenses centers:-

Discretionary expenses centers include administrative and supports units,
research and developments operation and most marketing activities. The output of these
centers can not be measured in monetary terms.
Diagram:-
Optimal relationship
cannot be established
Input Output
R&D function
Work
(Dollar) (Physical)
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The term discretionary does not imply that managements judgment to

optimum cost is capricious rather it reflects managements decision regarding certain policies,
whether to match the marketing effort of competitors; the level of service the company should
provide to its customer and appropriate amount to spend for R&D, public relations and other
activities.
One company may have a similar small head quarter’s staff, while another
company of similar size and same industry may have staff 10 times as large. The senior
manager of each company may each to be convinced that their respective decision on staff size
are correct but their is no objective to judge which is right; both decision may be equally good
under the circumstances with the differences in the two companies.
In discretionary centers, the differences between budget and actual expenses
are not a measure of efficiency. Rather it is simply the differences between the budgeted input
and actual does not incorporate the value of output if actual expenses do not exceed the budget
amount, the manager has “ lived within the budget”, but since by definition the budget does not
to predict the optimum amount of spending living within the budget does not necessarily
indicate efficient performance.
Q3. (b) Explain the significant features and budget process in these centers?
Answer:
Features and process of these centers:-
 Budget preparation:-
Managements make budgetary decision for discretionary expenses centers that
differ from those for engineered expenses centers. For the later, it decides whether the
proposed operating budget represents the unit of performance efficiently. Its volume is not a
major concern; this is largely determined by the action of other responsibility centers. The
marketing department’s ability to generate sales. This work done by discretionary expenses
centers falls into two category; continuing and special. Continuing work is done consistently
from year to year, such as preparation of financial statement by controller office. Special work
is a “one shot” project for example developing and installing a profit budgeting system in
newly acquired division as per the discretionary expenses center budget is a management by
objective, a formal process in which budgeter process to accomplish specific job.
Incremental budgeting in this model discretionary expenses centers current
level of expenses is taken as starting point. This amount is adjusted foe inflation, anticipated
change in the workload of continuing job. Incremental budgeting has two characteristics and
two drawbacks. The drawbacks are first, the discretionary expenses centers current level of
expenditure is accepted and not reexamined during the budget preparation process and second,
manager of these center typically want to increase the level of services and tend to request
additional resources, which they make a sufficiently strong case are usually provide.
 Zero base review

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An alternative budgeting approach is to make through analysis of each
discretionary expenses center on rolling schedule, so that all are reviewed at least once every
five years or so. Such an analysis is often called zero base review.
In contrast with incremental budgeting this alternative intensive review
attempts to ascertain, devolve that is form scratch, the resource actually required to carry out
each activity within the expenses centers. This analysis established another new base, at which
point the annual budget review simply attempts to keep costs reasonably in line with this base
until the next review take place, five year down line.
Zero base review is time consuming and they are likely to be traumatic for the
managers whose operations are being reviewed. Also managers will not only do their best to
justify their current level of spending, but also attempts to thwart the effort, regarding zero
base review as something to be put off indefinitely in favour of “ more pressing business”
 Cost variability
Unlike cost engineered expenses center, which are strongly affected by short
run volume change costs in discretionary expenses center are comparatively insulated from
such short term fluctuation. This differences stems from the facts that in preparing the budget
for discretionary expenses center. Management tends to approve change that correspond
anticipated change in sales.
 Type of financial control

Financial control in a discretionary expenses center is quite different from than
the engineered expenses center. The objective become cost competitive by selling a standard
actual cost against this standards. The main purpose is to control the cost by allowing manager
to participate in planning.
 Measurement of performance
The primary job of discretionary expenses centers manager is to obtain the
desired output spending and an amount that is “on budget “to do this satisfactory. Spending
more than that is cause for concern and spending less may indicate that planned work is won’t
be done. In discretionary centers as apposed to engineered expense centers, the financial
performance report is not a means of evaluating the efficiency of manager. Control over
spending can be exercised by required the supervisors approval before the budget is overrun is
permitted without additional approval.
Q4. What is profit center? Explain condition under which profit center decentralization
will most beneficial to an organization.
Answer:
Profit center:
When responsibility centers financial performance is measured in terms of
profit the center is called a profit center. Profit is particularly useful performance measure
since it allows senior management to use one comprehensive indicator rather than several.
Advantages of profit center:-
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1. The quality of decision may improve because they are being made by manager closest
to point of decision.
2. The speed of operating decision may be increased since they do not have to be
referred to headquarters.
3. Headquarters management, relived of day to day decision making can concentrates on
issues
4. Manager, subject to fewer corporate restraints are free to use their imagination and
initiative.
5. Profit center provides top management with ready made information on profitability
of company.
• Management style and Decentralized management

Management style and culture influence concept of decentralized operations
chooses to run the organization. It concern with how control over divisional operation. The
control again is largely dependent on the degree of autonomy given to the divisional managers.
Autonomy tended to be the highest in the firm that choose to grow by acquiring unrelated
business. On the other hand autonomy of profit center managers tended to be the most
restricted in firms engaged in single business. In a big company with diversified products
manufactured and distributed through number of units scattered over wide geographical
locations- there is a danger of responsibility for profit being diffused.
Therefore a large integrated multiproduct company is conveniently divided
into independent operating unit that act like business entities free to trade outside as well as
inside the company the growth of Union Carbide India Ltd. During the year from 1965 to 1980
will bear testimony to the successful application of this concept. Given right incentives, each
profit center, by maximizing its own profit contribution, will do what will also maximize the
profit of the entire company.
In a decentralized organization, divisions are organized on the basis of product
line and differentiated by the type of goods or services produced and responsibility for
planning and controlling their operations are given to divisional managers. These divisional
managers have the authority to make decisions without first seeking the approval of top
management. The level of decentralization varies significantly among divisional companies
and there are no one best level of decentralization which can be suggested for all decentralized
companies. In some companies for example, a divisional manager may have authority over all
plant operations, including plant asset acquisitions and replacement. The most appropriate
quantum or level of decentralization for divisionalised company can be determined on the basis
of benefit and disadvantages of divisionalization as they apply to a company’s specific unique
circumstances.
Q5. (a) “Transfer price is not an accounting tool”. Comment.

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ANS: Transfer pricing refer to the amount used in accounting for any transfer of
goods and services between responsibility centers.
This is what a narrow definition and limit the term transfer price to the value
placed on a transfer of goods or services in transaction in which at least one of the two parties
involved in the profit center. Such a price typically includes a profit element because an
independent company normally would not transfer goods or services to another independent
company at cost or less.
Therefore, the mechanism for allocating cost in an accounting system; such
cost do not include a profit element. The term price as used here has the same meaning as it
has when used in connection transaction between independent companies.
Objective of transfer pricing
Profit center are responsible for product development, manufacturing and
marketing each share in the revenue generated when the product is finally sold. The transfer
price should be designed so that it accomplishes the following objectives:
1. it should provide unit with the relevant information it needs to determine the optimum
trade-off between company cost and revenues
2. It should induce goal congruence decision i.e., the system should be designed so that
decision that improve business unit profit will also improve company profits.
3. It should help to measure the economic performance of the individual business units.
4. The system should be simple to understand and easy to administer.
Thus, from the objective, it is understandable that the Transfer price is mainly
transferring of goods and services from one unit to another where much important is not given
to accounting basis but also to all other effect.
Q. 5 (b) State that condition under which transfer price mechanism is likely to induce
goal congruence.
Ans: A market price- based transfer price will induce goal congruence if all the following
condition exists. But it just suggests a way of looking and to improve the operation of transfer
price mechanism.
1. Competent people
Ideally manager should be interested in the long run as well as short run
performance of their responsibility centers. Staff people involved in negotiation and arbitration
of transfer prices also must be competent.
2. Good Atmosphere
Managers must regard profitability, as measured in their income
statements, an as important goal and a significant consideration in the judgment of their
performance. They should perceive that the transfer price are just.
3. A Market Price
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The ideal transfer price is based on a well established, normal
market price for the identical product being transferred that is, a market price reflecting the
same conditions (quantity, delivery time, and quality) as the product to which the transfer price
applies. The market price may be adjusted downward to reflect saving accruing to the selling
unit from dealing inside the company.
4. Freedom to source
Alternative for sourcing should exist and manager should be
permitted to choose the alternative that is in their own best interests. The buying manger
should be free to buy from the outside and the selling manager should be free to sell outside. In
these circumstances, the transfer price policy simply gives the manager of each center the right
to deal with either insider or outsider at his or her discretion. The market thus establishes the
transfer price. The decision as to whether to deal inside or outside also is made by the
marketplace.
This method is optimum if the selling profit center can sell all of
its product to either insider or outsider. The market price represents the opportunity cost to the
seller of selling the product inside. This is because if the product were not sold inside, it would
be sold outside. From the company point, the relevant cost of the product is the market price
because that is the amount of cash that has been forgone by selling inside. The transfer price
represents the opportunity cost to the company.
5. Full Information
Manager must know about the available alternative and the
relevant costs and revenue of each.
6. Negotiation
There must be a smoothly working mechanism for negotiating
“contracts” between business units.
If all these condition are present, a transfer price system based on
market prices would induce goal congruent decision, with no need for central administration.
Q.6. Explain with illustrations the different ways in which the profit objective of a profit
centre can be stated and controlled.What role do corporate overhead allocations play in
this process?
Ans. The different ways in which the profit objective of a profit centre can be stated and
controlled can be explained with the help of, types of profitability measurements used in
evaluating a profit center.
• First, there is the measure of management performance, which focuses on how well the
manager is doing. This measure is used for planning, coordinating, and controlling the profit
center’s day-to-day activities and as a device for providing the proper motivation for its
manager.
• Second, there is the measure of economic performance, which focuses on how well the
profit center is doing as an economic entity. The messages conveyed by these two measures
may be quite different from each other.
For eg: The management performance report for a branch store may show that the store’s
manager is doing an excellent job under the circumstances, while the economic performance
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report may indicate that because of economic and competitive conditions in its area the store is
a losing proposition and should be closed.
Types of Profitability Measures
A profit center’s economic performance is always measured by net income
(i.e., the income remaining after all costs, including a fair share of the corporate overhead,
have been allocated to the profit center). The performance of the profit center manager,
however, may be evaluated by five different measures of profitability :
1. Contribution margin,
2. direct profit,
3. controllable profit,
4. income before income taxes, or
5. net income.
1) Contribution Margin
Contribution margin reflects the spread between revenue and
variable expenses. The principal argument in favour of using it to measure the performance of
profit center managers is that since fixed expenses are beyond their control, managers should
focus their attention on maximizing contribution. The problem with this argument is that its
premises are inaccurate, in fact, almost all fixed expenses are at least partially controllable by
the manager, and some are entirely controllable. Many expense items are discretionary; that is,
they can be changed at the discretion of the profit center manager. Presumably, senior
management wants the profit center to keep these discretionary expenses in line with amounts
agreed on in the budget formulation process. A focus on the contribution margin tends to direct
attention away from this responsibility. Further, even if an expense, such as administrative
salaries, cannot be changed in the short run, the profit center manager is still responsible for
controlling employees’ efficiency and productivity.
2) Direct Profit
This measure reflects a profit center’s contribution to the
general overhead and profit of the corporation. It incorporated all expenses either incurred by
or directly traceable to the profit center, regardless of whether or not these items are within the
profit center manager’s control. Expenses incurred at headquarters, however, are not included
in this calculation.
A weakness of the direct profit measure is that it does not recognize the motivational
benefit of charging headquarters costs.
Example: Knight-Ridder, the second-largest newspaper publisher in the United States,
measured each of its newspapers based on direct profit. The publisher set specific targets for
direct profit at each of its newspapers. For 1996 the Miami Herald had a target of 18 percent
and the Philadelphia Inquirer and the Philadelphia Daily (which were operated as one unit) had
a target of 12 percent.
3) Controllable Profit
Headquarters expenses can be divided into two categories: controllable
and non-controllable. The former category includes expenses that are controllable, at least to a
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degree, by the business unit manager - information technology services, for example: if these
costs are included in the measurement system, profit will be what remains after the deduction
of all expenses that may be influenced by the profit center manager. A major disadvantage of
this measure is that because it excludes noncontrollable headquarters expenses it cannot be
directly compared with either published data or trade association data reporting the profits of
other companies in the industry.
4) Income before Taxes
In this measure, all corporate overhead is allocated to profit centers
based on the relative amount of expense each profit center incurs. There are two arguments
against such allocations. First, since the costs incurred by corporate staff departments such as
finance, accounting, and human resource management are not controllable by profit center
managers, these managers should be held accountable for them. Second, it may be difficult to
allocate corporate staff services in a manner that would properly reflect the amount of costs
incurred by each profit center.
5) Net Income
Here, companies measure the performance of domestic profit centers
according to the bottom line, the amount of net income after income tax. There are two
principal arguments against using this measure:
• After-tax income is often a constant percentage of the pretax income, in which

case there would be no advantage in incorporating income taxes, and
• Since many of the decisions that affect income taxes are made at headquarters,
it is not appropriate to judge profit center managers on the consequences of these decisions.
There are situations, however, in which the effective income tax rated
does vary among profit centers. For example, foreign subsidiaries or business units with
foreign operations may have different effective income tax rates. In other cases, profit centers
may influence income taxes through their installment credit policies, their decisions on
acquiring or disposing of equipment, and their use of other generally accepted accounting
procedures to distinguish gross income from taxable income. In these situations, it may be
desirable to allocate income tax expenses to profit centers not only to measure their economic
profitability but also to motivate managers to minimize tax liability.
B) There are three arguments in favor of incorporating a portion of corporate overhead

into the profit centers’ performance reports.
First, corporate service units have a tendency to increase their power base and
to enhance their own excellence without regard to their effect on the company as a whole.
Allocating corporate overhead costs to profit centers increases the likelihood that profit center
managers will question these costs, thus serving to keep head office spending in check. (Some
companies have actually been known to sell their corporate jets because of complaints from
profit center managers about the cost of these expensive items).
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• Second, the performance of each profit center will become more realistic and more
readily comparable to the performance of competitors who pay for similar services. Finally,
when managers know that their respective centers will not show a profit unless all costs,
including the allocated share of corporate overhead, are recovered, they are motivated to make
optimum long-term marketing decisions as to pricing, product mix, and so forth, that will
ultimately benefit (and even ensure the viability of) the company as a whole.
• If profit centers are to be charged for a portion of corporate overhead, this item
should be calculated on the basis of budgeted, rather than actual, costs, in which case the
“budget” and “actual” columns in the profit center’s performance report will not complain
about either the arbitrariness of the allocation or their lack of control over these costs, since
their performance reports will show no variance in the overhead allocation. Instead, such
variances would appear in the reports of the responsibility center that actually incurred these
costs.
Q.7. (a) Explain the concept of “Balance score card”.
Ans - The balance score card is a management system (not only a measurement system) that
capable organization to clarity their vision and strategy and translate them into action. It
provides feedback around both the internal business processes and external outcomes in order
to continuously improve strategic performance and results. When fully deployed, the balance
scorecard transforms strategic planning from an academic exercise into the never center of an
enterprise.
Kaplan and Norton describe the innovation of the balanced scorecard: “The
balance scorecard retains traditional financial measures. But financial measures tell the story
of the past events; an adequate story for industrial age companies for which investments in
long-term capabilities and customer relationships were not critical for success. These
financial measures are inadequate, however, for guiding and evaluating the journey that
information age companies must make to create future value through investment in
customers, suppliers, employees, processes, technology, and innovation.”
The balance scorecard is an example of a performance measurement system. According to

proponents of this approach, business units should be assigned goals and measured from the
following four perspectives:
Financial (e.g., profit margins return on assets, cash flow).

Customer (e.g., market share, customer satisfaction index).
Internal business (e.g., employee retention, cycle time reduction).
Innovation and learning (e.g., percentage of sales from new products).
The balanced scorecard fosters a balance among different strategic measures in an effort to
achieve goal congruence, thus encouraging employees to act in the organization’s best
interest. It is a tool that helps the company’s focus, improves communication, sets
organization objectives, and provides feedback on strategy.
Every measure on balance scorecard addresses an aspect of company’s strategy. In creating

the balanced scorecard, executives must choose a mix of measurements that (1) accurately
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reflect the critical factors that determine the success of the company’s strategy; (2) show the
relationship among the individual measures in a cause-and-effect manner, indicating how
nonfinancial measure affect long-term financial results; and (3) provide a board-based view
of the current status of the company.
Q.7 (b) How can Balanced Score card be implemented in an organization ?
Ans - The balance score card implement in an organization from four perspectives, and to
develop metrics, collected data and analyze it relative to each of these perspectives:
o The learning and growth perspective
o The Business process perspective
o The Customer perspective
o The Financial perspective
The learning and growth perspective:
This perspective includes employee training and corporate culture attitudes related to
both individual and corporate self-improvement. In a knowledge-worker organization, people
—the only repository of knowledge—are the main resource. In the current climate of rapid
technological change, it is becoming necessary for knowledge worker to in a continuous
learning mode. Government agencies often
Find themselves unable to hire new technical workers and at the same time is showing a
decline in training of brain drain that must be reversed. Metrics can be put into place to guide
managers in focusing training where they can help the most.
In any case, learning and growth constitute essential foundation for success of any
Knowledge-worker organization.
The business process perspective:
This perspective refers to internal business process. Metrics based on this perspective
allow the managers know how well their business is running, whether its products and
services conform to customer requirements. These metrics have to be carefully designed by
those who know these processes most intimately; with our unique missions these are not
something that can be developed by outside consultants. In addition to the strategic
management process, two kinds of business processes may be identified: a) mission-oriented
processes, and b) support processes. Mission oriented processes are special functions
government offices, and many unique problems are encountered in these processes. The
support processes are more repetitive in nature.
The customer perspective:
Recent management philosophy has shown an increasing realization of the importance

of customer focus and customer satisfaction in any business. These are leading indicators: if
customers are not satisfied, they will eventually find other suppliers that will meet their
needs. Poor performance from this prospective is thus a leading indicator of future decline,
even though current financial picture may look good. In developing metrics for satisfaction,
customers should be analyzed in terms of kinds of customers and the kinds of processes for
which we are providing product or services to those customer groups.
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The financial perspective:
Kaplan and Norton do not disregard the traditional need for financial data. Timely and
accurate funding data will always be priority, and manager will do whatever necessary to
provide it. In fact, often there is more than enough handing and processing of financial data.
With the implementation of a corporate database, it is hoped that more of the processing can
be centralized and automated. But the point is that the current emphasis on financial needs to
the”unbalanced” situation with regard to other perspectives.
Q.8. a) “Internal auditing means nothing but policing”. Comment?
Ans – Auditing is necessary for every business, corporate and organization. Because if you
survive a life to take food, similarly auditing is need for organization. Audit means inspection
of past performance of organization. Auditing approved where your business going on profit
or loss. If you not make audit his organization, you cannot find it, what your business earn
profit or loss monthly or yearly, you will not know. Why organization’s or corporate sector’s
owner make audit his organization. Because he want to know his organization staff working
right or wrong. If he does wrong his working, they want to know, where is wrong? Why is
wrong? What is reason for wrong? Every problem is solved by auditing.
There are three types of auditing: a) internal audit, b) external audit and c) concrete
audit. Here I am explaining “Internal audit means nothing but policing”. It is rule of
government auditing is necessary to every organization. Because government get tax both:
organization and one who take contract of auditing.
Auditing is necessary checked by as like charter accountant, auditor and highly

qualified person. Example: a bank sector make audit by charter account. Charter accountant
send staff to bank to audit and that staff called as “auditor”. An auditor check voucher, what
customer feels in the voucher? Officer and manager sign is present or not. And an auditor
check saving bank a/c, current a/c and d-mat a/c document and do verification. How much
money in or out per day. Any type of wrong correct by officer, manager and itself and after
send per day report to charter accountant and charter accountant send monthly report to bank.
Charter accountant signature is necessary on monthly bank report.
Q.8. b) Identify some internal controls.
Ans - Internal control is not one event, but a series of actions and activities that
occur throughout on entity’s operations and on an ongoing basis. Internal control should be
organized as an integral part of each system that management uses to regulate and guide its
operations rather than as a separate system within an agency. In this sense, internal control is
management control that is built into the entity as a part of its infrastructure to help managers
run the entity and achieve their aims on an ongoing basis.
Five standards for internal control:
- Control environment
- Risk management
- Control activities
- Information and communication
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- Monitoring
Control environment:
Management and employees should establish and maintain an environment
throughout the organization that sets a positive and supportive attitude toward internal control
and conscientious management.
Risk management:
Internal control should provide for an assessment of the risk the agency faces from
both internal and external sources.
Control activities:
Internal control activities help ensure that management directives are carried out.
The control activities should be effective and efficient in accomplishing the agency’s control
objectives.
Information and communication:

Information should be recorded and communicated to management and other within
the entity who need it and in a form and within a time from that enables them to carry out
their internal control and other responsibilities.
Monitoring:
Internal control monitoring should assess the quality of performance over
Time and ensure that the finding of audits and reviews are promptly resolved.
Q 10: The budget vs. actual comparison for the division ABC of the company X at the
end of the year 01 is as follows:
(All the figures in Rs. lacs)
Budget Actual
Sales 100 185
Material and other variable costs 120 109
Employee and other fixed expenses 30 30
Sales promotion 10 07
Operating profit 40 39
Net working capital 100 103
Fixed assets 40 37
For this division, which areas of performance would you like to investigate and what
would be the corrective action, if any, you would like to out in place?
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Solution:
Particulars Budget Actual
• Profit Margin:
40 / 200 *100 39/185 * 100
Profit / Sales * 100 = 20 % = 21.08 %
• Turnover of Assets:
Sales / Investments 200 / 140 185 / 140

= 1.43 times = 1.32 times
In investments working capital and fixed assets are included.
• Return on Investment:
Profit margin * Turnover of Assets 20 * 1.43 21.08 * 1.32

= 28.6% = 27.83%
Comments:
The ROI for the budget is higher than actual ROI is the product of the following
Components:
• Profit margin
• Turnover of Investments
In case of profit margin actual is higher than budgeted though the profit and the actual
sales are in absolute terms as compared to budget but the percentage profit to sales is higher
against budget. The following reasons can be associated to:
1. The variable cost as percentage to sales as compared to budget is 60% and actual is 58%.
2. Similarly sales promoting expenses to sales is also lower as compare to budget

Budget: 10 / 200 = 5% and actual: 07 / 185 = 3%
This above factor contributed higher profit margin as compare to budget.
3. Turnover of investment is lower in case of actual as compare to budget. This is
due to the reasons, though the total assets are same in both the cases i.e. budget and
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actual. Amount of the sales is lower in case of actual compared to budget. It appears the
working capital management in case of actual since to be poor because working capital
turnover ratio is low in budgeted (2 times) and act auks (1.2 times). Fixed assets
turnover is better than budget. As far as actual is concern improvement in sales and
improvement in budget needs to be taken care off.
11. In company XYZ, division B contracted to buy from division A, 10,000 units of a part that
goes into the final product made by division B. The transfer price for this internal transaction
was set at Rs.12 by mutual consent. This comprised of material cost of Rs.6 per unit, direct and
available labour cost of Rs.2 per unit , fixed over heads of Rs.2 per unit (lumsum of Rs.20,000)
and Rs.2 per unit as return on investment of Rs.1,00,000 that division A would have had to
make for this incremental activity. During the year, division B’s actual off take from division a
was 9800 units. Division a was able to effect 5% out back in material consumption but had
10% overrun on investment budgeted for this activity.
Make a budget versus actual comparison statement for this activity.
Solution:
Comparison of Budget & Actuals
P'culars Budget Budget as per actuals Actual
Units 10000 9800 9800
Material
cost 60000 58800 55860
D.V.L.cost 20000 19600 19600
F.C. 20000 20000 20000
Return 20000 20000 22000
Total 120000 118400 117460
T.P. 12
Comments:
Comparing budget with actuals would not serve the purpose due to different
no. of units. Hence, budget as per actual figures has been prepared. The figures show that the
actual units consumed were 9800 instead of 10000. Still, Div A was in a position to reduce the
material consumption cost. The labour cost was same as budget as per actual units and hence,
company was in a position to control the costs. It shows that the company’s control system is
efficient.
OR
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Q. 11. Balance sheet and profit and loss account of ABC ltd. Is given below for year 2000-
2001 where actual figures are in Rs. lacs.
Balance sheet
Liabilities Assets
Equity/ Reserves 360 Fixed assets 440
Long term liabilities 200 Investments 40
Current Liabilities 240 Inventories 128
Account receivables 160
Cash 20
Miscellaneous 12
800 800
Profit and loss account
Sales 1120
Other income 4
Materials consumed 426
Labour 291
Factory overheads 168
(including Rs.40 lacs depreciation)
Selling and administration 123
Profit before interest and taxes 116
Interest on borrowing 25
Income tax 15
1) What is the cash and book return on net worth?
2) What is the operating return on operating investment?
3) How is return on assets related to sales margin and assets turn over?
Solution:
1) Cash and Book return on net worth:
Profit before interest and tax (+) Depreciation (-) Tax
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Cash =
Share Capital (+) Reserves & Surplus (–) Miscellaneous Expenses
116 (+) 40 (–) 15
Cash = 360 (-) 12

Cash = 40.51%
Cash = 40.51%
2) Operating Returns on Operating Investment:

Operating Returns on operating investment
= Profit before interest and tax (+) Depreciation
Fixed assets (+) Working capital
= 116 (+) 40
400 (+) 68
= 0.33%
Operating Returns on operating investment = 0.33%
( Note : Investment is considered as the traded investment.)

3) Return on assets related to sales margin and assets turn over:
• Dupont Analysis:
Return on Assets = Net profit Margin * Assets Turnover ratio
Net Profit = Net profit * Sales
Total Assets Sales Total assets
76 = 76 * 1120
508 1120 508
14.96 = 14.96
Q.12 (a) Best and company comprises five divisions A, B, C, D and E and at present
measures divisional performance and managerial performance on the basis of return on
asset. However the controller has recently suggested to the management that the
company should switch over to EVA as the criterion rather than return on asset. From
the information given below, compute both return on asset and EVA for each division
and tabulate the same.
Division Profit Fixed asset Current asset
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A 150 400 80
B 110 200 800
C 50 300 500
D 55 200 400
E 90 100 400
Controller suggested using corporate finance rate of 5% for current asset and 10% for fixed
asset.
Solution
Formula
 EVA =operating profit – (WACC* capital employed)
 ROA (return on asset) =NPAT/ total asset

Calculation
ROA = NPAT/total asset *100
Division ROA=NPAT/total asset*100 Ans.

A 150/480*100 31.25%
B 110/1000*100 11%
C 50/800*100 6.25%
D 55/600*100 9.17%
E 90/500*100 18%
EVA =operating profit – (WACC* capital employed)
Division Profit 5% of current 10% of fixed Ans. =Column no.

asset asset (2-3-4)
A 150 4 40 106
B 110 40 20 50
C 50 25 30 (5)
D 55 20 20 15
E 90 20 20 60
Conclusion
From the above analysis of these division which it notice that division A
performed the best in respect of ROA and EVA all division have positive ROA whereas while
calculating the EVA division C has negative EVA as against positive ROA 6.25%. Controller
has advice evaluation of division can be made on the basis of EVA instead of ROA, EVA has
following advantages:-
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1. ROA express percentage on return on its investment where as EVA express absolute
profit which generates after meeting cost of capital.
2. EVA over comes the optimum behavior of divisional manager i.e. divisional manager
could not accept or resist for additional investment generates lower than rate of return
3. Positive EVA creates wealth for organization and also value for future.
A Q.12 (b) sterling associate has three divisions with varying operation characteristics.
Division M is exclusively involved in marketing; division P in production while division C
is involved in both marketing and production activities.
Information about these divisions is tabulated below where in all the figures are in
thousand of rupees.
Particulars Division M Division P Division C
Current asset 300 300 300
Fixed asset Nil 3000 500

Profit before 600 600 600
depreciation, market
development,
operating expenses
Depreciation on all fixed assets is on the basis of straight line (10years). Division M must
spend Rs. 300000 for market development and division C must also spend Rs. 150000 for
same purpose, where as 10% of production facilities are to be replaced in division P,
treating these as annual operating expenses, what are the rates of returns achieved by
each division? Comment in detail.
Solution
Formula
ROI = operating profit/ investment *100
Particulars Division M Division P Division C
Profit before depreciation, market 600 600 600

development, operating expenses
Less depreciation Nil 300 50
Less operating expenses 300 300 150
Total 300 Nil 400
Calculation of ROI for each Division

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For division M
ROI = 300/300*100 = 100%
For division C
ROI = 400/750*100 = 53.33%
Comments:-
Division has 100% ROI mainly because it does not have fixed asset to operate
as it is a marketing division and division P which involves more fixed asset does not generate
profit after fixed and operating expenses and it does not generate any profit because
replacement of production facility as treated part of operating expenses.
Division C53.33% ROI because of lower depreciation and lower operating
expenses as compare to other division. ROI cannot be compare in such situation from one
division to another division mainly because the activities involved are different.

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Management Control System

Management Control System

(II) Determination of WACC

(III) Determination of EVA

Management Control System

Management Control System

Perception and communication:

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Engineered expense centers are usually found in manufacturing operation,

Discretionary expenses centers:-

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The term discretionary does not imply that managements judgment to

 Zero base review

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 Type of financial control

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• Management style and Decentralized management

Q5. (a) “Transfer price is not an accounting tool”. Comment.

Management Control System

Management Control System

Management Control System

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• After-tax income is often a constant percentage of the pretax income, in which

B) There are three arguments in favor of incorporating a portion of corporate overhead

Management Control System

Q.7. (a) Explain the concept of “Balance score card”.

The balance scorecard is an example of a performance measurement system. According to

Financial (e.g., profit margins return on assets, cash flow).

Every measure on balance scorecard addresses an aspect of company’s strategy. In creating

Management Control System

Q.7 (b) How can Balanced Score card be implemented in an organization ?

The learning and growth perspective:

The business process perspective:

The customer perspective:

Recent management philosophy has shown an increasing realization of the importance

Management Control System

The financial perspective:

Q.8. a) “Internal auditing means nothing but policing”. Comment?

Auditing is necessary checked by as like charter accountant, auditor and highly

Q.8. b) Identify some internal controls.

Management Control System

Information and communication:

Management Control System

Sales / Investments 200 / 140 185 / 140

Profit margin * Turnover of Assets 20 * 1.43 21.08 * 1.32

2. Similarly sales promoting expenses to sales is also lower as compare to budget

Management Control System

Comparison of Budget & Actuals

P'culars Budget Budget as per actuals Actual

Units 10000 9800 9800

D.V.L.cost 20000 19600 19600

F.C. 20000 20000 20000

Return 20000 20000 22000

Total 120000 118400 117460

Management Control System

Profit and loss account

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Cash = 360 (-) 12

2) Operating Returns on Operating Investment:

Operating Returns on operating investment = 0.33%

( Note : Investment is considered as the traded investment.)

Management Control System