Compiled by Ayesha Younas

Agriculture and Forestry

Repeated Questions of Agriculture
CROPS
Pakistan has experienced a good production of various agricultural crops like Wheat, Rice
and Cotton in the recent past, but despite of this the farmers were generally not happy.
What do you think could be the reasons of farmers frustration? Suggest possible solution of
such situation. (2001)
Short Notes: Production of organic rice (2006)
How do you visualize the present sugar crisis in the country? Elaborate various aspects
causing this scenario. Also write down the production technology of sugar cane. (2006)
Short Notes: Soil reclamation (2008)
Short Notes: Mango malformation (2008)
Short Notes: Crop rotation (2009)
Short Notes: Organic crop production (2010)
GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology are considered to be the sciences of 21st century.
What is the current status of their role in agricultural research in Pakistan and what could be
their possible contribution in future in this context? Comment. (2001)
Differentiate: Genotype and phenotype (2002)
Short Notes: Application of genetics for improvement of crops (2002)
Have Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology made any breakthrough in crop production so
far? Elaborate the scope of modern techniques in enhancing the agricultural productivity
within shortest possible time. (2004)
Short Notes: Genetic Diversity (2004)
Differentiate: Synapses and Synopsis (2005)
Differentiate: Linkage and crossing over (2006)
Genetic resources possess sufficient genetic blood to double the crop productivity. Narrate
their appropriate utilization for maximizing the agricultural production through conventional
breeding techniques and modern approaches of crop improvement. (2006)
Differentiate: Quantitative Genetic Traits and Qualitative Genetic Traits (2007)
Short Notes: Genetically Modified Organisms (2007)
Differentiate: Homozygous and Heterozygous (2007)
What are the Genetic consequences of self-fertilization and of cross-fertilization in crops?
(2007)
Describe the impact of environmental changes on the physiology of plants in general and
vegetables and fruits in particular. What are important biotechnological techniques to cater
need for breeding resistant plants against these changes? (2008)
Short Notes: Genetic engineering (2009)
Define biotechnology and discuss in detail the role of biotechnology in crop improvement.
(2009)
Short Notes: genetic resources and their conservation (2010)
Narrate the modern techniques of genetics regarding crop involvement. Discuss the
prospects of new technologies to have the possibilities of another green revolution. (2010)

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Compiled by Ayesha Younas

What is modern concept of genetics, gene and gene information? How knowledge of
genetics can be used for improving per hectare yield of crops? (2012)
What is hybrid vigour? Explain the procedure of developing a hybrid corn. (2013)
BIOTIC STRESS
Discuss biotic stresses affecting crop production and discuss perspective of integrated pest
Management with special reference of Pakistan. (2003)
How genetic manipulation of field crops can improve the tolerance of the plants to a biotic
stress? (2005)
Discuss the biotic stresses affecting crop production and illustrate the role of IPM to
overcome these. (2006)
Biotic stresses are the matter of great concern in agricultural crop production . Give a
comprehensive approach of various pathways to protect the crops from these threats.
(2010)
PLANTS AND FRUITS
Differentiate: Determinate and Indeterminate plant species (2002)
Differentiate: C3 and C4 plants (2004). (2010)
Differentiate: Pomes and stone fruits (2004)
Differentiate: True fruits and False fruits (2005)
Differentiate: Halophytes and xerophytes (2006)
Differentiate: Monoecious Plants and Dioecious (2007)
Differentiate: Parasite and Predator (2012)
PLANT PROPAGATION
What are prerequisites for successful plant propagation? Discuss different modes of
reproduction and factors influencing success in vegetable propagation? (2003)
Discuss in detail different techniques used for the asexual propagation of fruit plants. (2009)

BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION

What is biological Nitrogen fixation? Explain the factors affecting the biological N-fixation?
(2001)(2013)
Short Notes: Factors affecting biological nitrogen fixation (2009)
Differentiate: biological nitrogen fixation and nitrification (2010)
What is the ultimate source of nitrogen in soil? Explain in detail how it is fixed and made
available to the plants.(2014)
LAW OF INHERITANCE
What are the basic laws of Inheritance? Comment how these laws have helped in the
process of crop improvement in agriculture?(2001)
Discuss the impact of land reforms and law of inheritance on the agriculture in Pakistan. Are
you in favor of more land reforms or support Corporate farming? Give reasons. (2011)
FORESTRY AND RANGE MANAGEMENT
Enumerate the scope of range management in Pakistan and discuss its role in the
development of dairy sector in the country. (2009)
Short Notes: Range management in Pakistan (2010)

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Compiled by Ayesha Younas

Discuss the role of forests in environment and climate change perspective. What are the
reasons of deforestation in Pakistan? Suggest measures to improve the situation. (2011)
Describe forestry and range management. Illustrate measures to overcome problems of
deforestation in Pakistan (2012)
LAND REFORMS
Land Degradation has become a serious threat to the environments and economic
sustainability in various parts of the world. Industrial development is also necessary to bring
Pakistan at par with other countries in the region and it should not depend solely on
agricultural produces for prosperity. How can you present a case of land degradation due to
industrial development, land reforms and agricultural operations in Pakistan? Also discuss
the remedies of possible causes of land degradation. (2008)
Discuss the impact of land reforms and law of inheritance on the agriculture in Pakistan. Are
you in favor of more land reforms or support Corporate farming? Give reasons. (2011)
Differentiate: Land reform and land tenure (2012)
Short Notes : Land tenure system in Pakistan. (2013)
PEST CONTROL
Describe the principle of Insect Pest Control in agriculture crops. (2001)
Discuss methods of pest control and pathogen effect on plant physiological functions. (2002)
Differentiate: Biological and chemical control of crop pests (2006)
Short Notes: Biological Control of Pest (2007)
Describe different methods of pest control in crops with main emphasis on biological control
of insect-pests? (2009)
Why indiscriminate use of pesticides is being discourage? Suggest steps for implementation
of pesticides laws in the country. (2011)
Define insect pest management. How can you suggest IPM strategy to control insect pests of
cotton crop? (2012)
HORTICULTURE
Horticulture industry is an emerging industry in Pakistan; how do you comment on it?(2001)
Briefly discuss the major problems and possible solutions for increasing productivity of
horticultural crops. (2002)
Horticultural crops have not been properly exploited according to their potential. How these
can play better role that the major crops in agriculture of the country? (2004)
Short Notes: Modern concept of horticultural industry (2005)
Short Notes: potential of horticulture sector as an industry (2010)
Short Notes:Status of Horticulture in Pakistan. (2010)
POPULATION
Short Notes: Population problems of rural Pakistan (2001)
SOIL
Short Notes: Role of Organic matter in soil (2001)(2013)
Short Notes: Soil erosion and conservation (2001)
Short Notes: Soil texture and structure and their management (2002)
Differentiate: Soil texture & soil structure (2003), (2012)

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Compiled by Ayesha Younas

Discuss the role of soil in relation to crop production. What is the significance of different
phases of soil in plant nutrition? (2003)
Differentiate: Saline soils and sodic soils (2004)
What are soil texture and soil structure? How the soil texture and structure affects the plant
growth. Discuss in detail. (2005)
Short Notes: Role of organic matter in soil productivity (2005), (2006)
Discuss the important physical properties of soils that are of major interest to crop
producers. (2007)
Short Notes: Soil reclamation (2008)
Short Notes: Soil erosion (2009)
Discuss the causes of soil salinity and water-logging in irrigated agriculture. Suggest
appropriate recommendations to reclaim saline sodic soils. (2010)
Define Soil Erosion. Suggest ways and means to be adopted for soil conservation in the
rainfed areas of Punjab (2012)
How does soil productivity differ from soil fertility? What are the factors responsible for
degradation of soil productivity? Suggest practical measures to improve it.(2014)

SEED
Short Notes: Hybrid seed production (2006)
Differentiate: basic seed and certified seed(2004), (2010), (2012)
LIVE STOCK
Short Notes: Live stock as a component of agriculture. (2001)(2004)
Livestock sector has not properly been exploited as per its potential. What measures should
be taken to meet the local demands of milk and meat and also for a better export? (2006)
Government of Punjab and Government of Pakistan is emphasizing on the valuable role of
Livestock in bringing about revolution in dairy products. What is your opinion on this
statement in the present scenario of scientific zeal being pursued in the Agricultural and
Animal Sciences University? Also elaborate by suggesting some means on the shortcomings
in achieving this goal. (2008)
Short Notes: Challenges in livestock management (2010)
What is the scope of modern dairy farming in Pakistan? How mean and milk requirements of
the people could be fulfilled? Suggest a viable and comprehensive plan of work. (2011)
Short Notes: Live stock as a component of agriculturein Pakistan.(2013)
RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGIES
In terms of research and newer technologies in current and future agriculture in Pakistan,
how do you comment on the statement? The basic texture of research consists of dreams
into which the trends of reasoning, measurement and calculations are woven. (2002)
How research can play role in achieving food security? Discuss in detail. (2005)
Short Notes: Role of Agricultural research in food security (2003), (2007)
Short Notes: Importance of statistics in agricultural research (2007)
Agricultural research has significantly enhanced the productivity of all field crops in Pakistan
except the oilseeds. Narrate the main shortfalls and discuss the role of various
institutions/agencies working on these lines. (2010)

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Compiled by Ayesha Younas

IPM TECHNOLOGY
Describe various components of IPM Technology and discuss the usefulness of this approach
with reference with to fore coming WTO regime. (2004)
What are different economic decision levels in IPM? Describe the role of IPM in sustainable
agriculture. (2005)
Discuss the biotic stresses affecting crop production and illustrate the role of IPM to
overcome these. (2006)

WATER
What are the functions of water in soil and plants? How water stress affect the plant growth
and development? (2002)
Short Notes: Crop water use efficiency (2004)
GROWTH
Define growth. Enlist and briefly describe the factors affecting it. (2002)
What aspects of light affect plant growth and development and how they can be managed
under field conditions? (2007)
Short Notes : Genetic factors of crop growth. (2014)

AGRICULTURE
Short Notes: Components of agriculture integrated system (2002)
Short Notes: Role of agriculture in the national economy. (2002)
Importance of Agriculture in economy of Pakistan cant be underestimated. How do you
comment on the statement? (2003)
What are critical issues in agriculture? Write down their solutions for agricultural
development in Pakistan. (2005)
PLANT PATHOLOGY
Short Notes: Foot and Mouth disease (2004), (2010)
Differentiate: Metastasis and Myiasis (2005)
Short Notes: Major disease of wheat crop in Pakistan (2005)
Short Notes: Rust diseases of wheat (2006)
Why it is necessary to understand the life cycle of both the host and pathogen as well as the
disease cycle itself in order to determine appropriate disease control method? (2007)
Discuss the role of environmental factors in the development of infectious diseases in plants
and suggest measures to control these diseases. (2009)
Differentiate: gram blight and gram wilt(2004), (2010)
Differentiate: Pathogen and Disease (2012)
ECOLOGY
Short Notes:
Short Notes:
Short Notes:
Short Notes:

Wind erosion (2005)(2014)

Green house effect (2006)(2014)
Conservation of Biodiversity (2007)
Biosafety issues (2007)

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Compiled by Ayesha Younas

Discuss environmental pollution. What are the major causes of environmental pollution in
Pakistan? (2014)

PAKISTAN
Short Notes: Population problems of rural Pakistan (2001)
Horticulture industry is an emerging industry in Pakistan; how do you comment on it? (2001)
Pakistan has experienced a good production of various agricultural crops like Wheat, Rice
and Cotton in the recent past, but despite of this the farmers were generally not happy.
What do you think could be the reasons of farmers frustration? Suggest possible solution of
such situation. (2001)
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology are considered to be the sciences of 21st century.
What is the current status of their role in agricultural research in Pakistan and what could be
their possible contribution in future in this context? Comment. (2001)
In terms of research and newer technologies in current and future agriculture in Pakistan,
how do you comment on the statement? The basic texture of research consists of dreams
into which the trends of reasoning, measurement and calculations are woven. (2002)
Discuss biotic stresses affecting crop production and discuss perspective of integrated pest
Management with special reference of Pakistan. (2003)
Importance of Agriculture in economy of Pakistan cant be underestimated. How do you
comment on the statement? (2003)
Short Notes: Challenges in animal production in Pakistan (2005)
Short Notes: Major disease of wheat crop in Pakistan (2005)
What are critical issues in agriculture? Write down their solutions for agricultural
development in Pakistan. (2005)
Write a comprehensive note on the nutrient management for sustainable crop production in
various zones of Pakistan. (2006)
What are the reasons for low per unit yield of most of the crops in Pakistan as compared to
other countries? Suggest measures for enhancement of per unit yield in Pakistan. (2007)
Pakistan ranks as one of those countries that have the highest proportion of irrigated
cropped area in the world, but water is becoming a limiting factor for different crops in
different seasons. What measures have been taken by the Government of Pakistan under
President's Vision of Pakistan program to solve the problems of water scarcity? (2008)
How can an efficient sustainable agricultural system ensure food security and safety? Can
you forecast the ability of this system to contribute to the economic development and
poverty alleviation in Pakistan? (2008)
Government of Punjab and Government of Pakistan is emphasizing on the valuable role of
Livestock in bringing about revolution in dairy products. What is your opinion on this
statement in the present scenario of scientific zeal being pursued in the Agricultural and
Animal Sciences University? Also elaborate by suggesting some means on the shortcomings
in achieving this goal. (2008)
Year 2007 is seventh year of 21st Century. An array of challenges was identified regarding
improving farm production and incomes at the beginning of this century. Can you discuss
those challenges and how has Pakistan been able to cope with? (2008)
Importance of Agricultural Marketing and Research in Pakistan can not be ignored, despite
all efforts to stabilize the markets of agricultural produces; there are still many gaps in
efficient and substantial system for prices of these produces. Discuss in detail the present

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Compiled by Ayesha Younas

system and ways of its improvement in future keeping in view Globalization and WTO.
(2008)
What are surplus export agricultural commodities access for these commodities? Discuss
Governmental policies in enhancement of their production and export facilities. (2008)
Discuss in detail the situation of development in agriculture sector in Pakistan and describe
strategies to boost agricultural production in the country. (2009)
Short Notes: Prospects of meat industry in Pakistan(2009)
Enumerate the scope of range management in Pakistan and discuss its role in the
development of dairy sector in the country. (2009)
Agricultural research has significantly enhanced the productivity of all field crops in Pakistan
except the oilseeds. Narrate the main shortfalls and discuss the role of various
institutions/agencies working on these lines. (2010)
Discuss the role of forests in environment and climate change perspective. What are the
reasons of deforestation in Pakistan? Suggest measures to improve the situation. (2011)
What is the scope of modern dairy farming in Pakistan? How mean and milk requirements of
the people could be fulfilled? Suggest a viable and comprehensive plan of work. (2011)
Explain the reason of low crop yields in Pakistan as compared with neighboring countries.
Why Pakistan could not achieve self sufficiency in edible oil, pulses and sugar? Suggest
measures to improve the situation. (2011)
Describe the canal irrigatin system of Pakistan. What are the main causes of shortage of
irrigation water for rabi crops? Give suggestions to prove the availability of water during
peak period of requirement. (2011)
Describe forestry and range management. Illustrate measures to overcome problems of
deforestation in Pakistan (2012)
Write a detailed note on prospects of Farm Mechanization in Pakistan. (2013)
What are the sources of irrigation water in Pakistan? Explain different methods of irrigation
to agricultural crops. (2013)
What are major insects, pests and diseases of cotton crop in Pakistan? Suggest and explain
an economical strategy to be
adopted by the farmers to minimize the losses due to these menaces. (2013)
Short Notes : Water logging and salinity in Pakistan. (2013)
What are the major factors responsible of low yield of vegetables in Pakistan? What
measures are necessary to increase their production?(2014)
Describe in detail the benefits and drawbacks of fertilizer and pesticide use in Pakistan.
(2014)
MISCELLANEOUS
Discuss measures to bridge the gaps persisting between national average yield of major
crops and their potential yield. (2003)
Improvement in price control mechanism of agricultural commodities and their marketing
system can break the stagnation in agriculture sector. Identify the main bottlenecks and
suggest the appropriate strategies to overcome the shortfalls of the existing systems. (2004)
Huge import bill of edible oil is a big burden on the national economy for the last quarter
century. What necessary measures would you suggest to boost oilseed crop production and
to avert this serious crisis? (2004)
Support price of agricultural commodities generally favours to enhance crop production in
the country. Despite this, we are lagging behind in average yields than the technologically

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Compiled by Ayesha Younas

advanced countries. Discuss the reasons and suggest strategies to prevail this situation.
(2006)
Price control mechanism of some major agricultural commodities has failed in the country in
the near past. Identify the main bottlenecks and suggest necessary measures to strengthen
the existing marketing system. (2010)
What is agricultural mechanization? How can you reduce use of irrigation water through
advanced irrigation techniques? (2012)
Describe major management and breeding problems in: (2012)
Fruits
Vegetables
Expalin the process of protein synthesis in plant cell. (2013)
What are genetically modified organism (GM) and GM foods? Why are GM foods produced
Mention the sound scientific basis for considering it safe for human health. (2014)
Differentiate: Transpiration and Evapotranspiration (2002)
Differentiate: Alley cropping and strip planting (2002)
Differentiate: Photosynthesis and Phototropism (2002)
Differentiate: Respiration and photorespiration (2003)
Differentiate: Tissue culture & Mutation breeding (2003)
Differentiate: Apoplasmic & Symplasmic ion movement (2003)
Differentiate: Thin layer chromatography vs. Gas chromatography (2003)
Differentiate: Macro nutrients and micro nutrients (2004)
Differentiate: Pathogenesis and Parthenogenesis (2004)
Differentiate: Epigeal germination and Hypogial germination (2005)
Differentiate: Eluviation and Illuviation (2005)
Differentiate: Oviparous insects and Viviparous Insects (2005)
Differentiate: HPLC and TLC (2005)
Differentiate: Vertical resistance and horizontal resistance against plant pathogens (2004),
(2006)
Differentiate: Sericulture and silviculture (2006), (2010)
Differentiate: Double cross and Double fertilization (2007)
Differentiate: Photosynthesis and Phototropism (2007)
Differentiate: Autotrophic and Auxotrophic (2007)
Differentiate: Respiration and transpiration (2010)
Differentiate: Organic farming and tunnel cultivation (2012)
Short
Short
Short
Short
Short
Short
Short
Short
Short
Short
Short
Short
Short

Notes:
Notes:
Notes:
Notes:
Notes:
Notes:
Notes:
Notes:
Notes:
Notes:
Notes:
Notes:
Notes:

Conducting tissues of carbohydrates, water and minerals. (2002)

Photoperiodism (2002), (2003), (2005), (2006)
Alliloparatism (2003), (2004),
Integrated plant nutrient system (IPNS) (2003)
Impact of WTO on agriculture in developing countries. (2003)
Role of Biofertilizers in Agriculture (2003)
Hybrid vigour (2004)
Principles of crop management (2005)
Thermoperiodism (2002), (2006)
Saline agriculture (2006)
Tunnel Farming (2008)
Compost (2008)
Herbicide resistance (2008)

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Compiled by Ayesha Younas

Short
Short
Short
Short
Short

Notes: Effective microorganisms (EM) technology (2009)

Notes: Agro Forestry (2013)
Notes:Organic framing(2014)
Notes:Hidden hunger in crop plants(2014)
Notes:Selective and non selective herbicides.(2014)

2015
PART-II
Q. 2. Define IPM and IVM. In what different situations will you use both when you are very
specific to a cause? Discuss their limitations and success in our system.
Q. 3. Agriculture has shifted to value added concepts. What does it mean and how would
you comment on this if you are supporting better out puts from your fields.
Q. 4. What are nitrogen fixing organisms found in agriculture and natural systems? Discuss
their role in detail. Soil carbon storage is a vital ecosystem service, resulting from
interactions of ecological processes. Comment.
Q. 5. What is the application of genetic engineering in Agriculture? Discuss your answer in
the light of latest achievements covering plants and animals.
Q. 6. What are the future concerns of begomovirus in Pakistan? Where is it likely to hit and
on what crops? Give a management approach to this.
Q. 7. Explain farming system along with factors influencing the system. What are the types
of farming systems in Pakistan?
Q. 8. Writer notes on any FOUR of the following:
(a) Tunnel farming their concerns and prospects
(b) Drug-resistant super-bugs
(c) Vermicomposting
(d) Crop growth promotion through allelopathic water extracts
(e) Corporate farming
(f) Kitchen Gardening a production technology for winter

Repeated Questions of Forestry

TYPES OF FORESTS
Name various Forest Types of Pakistan. Describe in some detail the one which, in your
opinion, has utmost watershed value. What changes shall you propose for its betterment?
(2000)
Short notes: Normal Forest (2003), (2008)
What are different temperate zones of Pakistan ? Relate different forest types of Pakistan to
these temperature zones. Give correct binomial nomenclature of major species representing
each forest type in this respect. (2005)
Rive rain forests were at one time considered to be inexhaustible natural wood mines with
remarkably high growth rate. What has gone wrong with thee forests and what remedial
measures of practical significance do you propose for rescuing and promoting these? (2006)
Describe Tidal Swamp Forest with respect to its distribution, locality factors and floristic
composition. Give botanical names of major species of this forest. (2007)
Explain the basis of forest classification in Pakistan and highlight features of different forest
types (2012)

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Compiled by Ayesha Younas

SILVICULTURE
Define Silviculture. Enlist various silvicultural operations. Briefly explain that operation which
yields maximum intermediate income. (2000)
Explain single stem silvicultural system. Give suggestions for effective silvicultural
management of Juniper forests.(2001)
What silvicultural measures do you propose for rejuvenating and extending dry temperate
forests of Baluchistan ? (2002)
What is meant by Forest Thinning? What is its silvicultural and economic importance? (2003)
Length of a Felling Cycle is determined by Silvicultural and Economic parameters. Discuss
each one with respect to Conifer forests. (2004)
What silvicultural practices are important for improved growth, at what stage and how
various environmental factors help/affect those practices? (2009)
Effects of silvicultural activity of eucalyptus trees on ecological processes in irrigated
forests ,the Punjab, Pakistan? (2010)
Discuss various silvicultural practice for the management of these forests. (2012)
Role of silviculture in forest and wildland management (2014)
ECOLOGY
Briefly describe general characteristic features of various ecological factors influencing
forest tree growth (2002)
Effects of silvicultural activity of eucalyptus trees on ecological processes in irrigated
forests ,the Punjab, Pakistan? (2010)
MENSURATION
What do you know about Forest Mensuration? Describe various methods for calculating true
volume of standing tree. (2001)
Short notes:Mensuration (2003)
lise of satellite in forest mensuration (2010)
RESEARCH METHOD
Define research. What is the importance of experimental design in research? Write the main
components of a research paper. (2009)
Discuss steps in managing water resources for environmentally sustainable irrigated
agriculture Pakistan. Design a community-based watershed management support project.
Explain complementary role of research and teaching in Courses Dealing with Integrated
Watershed management. (2010)
FOREST MANAGEMENT
What are the Principles of Forest Management? How shall you ensure sustained production
and how shall you increase production potential? (2000)
Discuss problems of coniferous Forests of Pakistan. Also give suggestions for suitable
management of these forests. (2001)
Short notes: Management Tables for Farm Grown Trees (2003)
Give detailed module of natural resource measurement and forest management (2013)
IRRIGATION
Discuss steps in managing water resources for environmentally sustainable irrigated
agriculture Pakistan. Design a community-based watershed management support project.

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Compiled by Ayesha Younas

Explain complementary role of research and teaching in Courses Dealing with Integrated
Watershed management. (2010)
Justify existence of Irrigated Plantations in view of decreasing land and water resources.
(2007)
Short notes: Management of water resources for sustainable agriculture in Pakistan (2010)
ECONOMICS
Suggest suitable strategic measures separately for a). improving productivity, b). enhancing
economic viability cum profitability and c) ensuring a secure future for man-made irrigated
forests plantations of Pakistan. (2002)
Forest resources are important for countries like Pakistan with a n agro-based economy.
Discuss in detail these resources keeping in view soils and rainfall regime in Pakistan. Also
give an account awareness programs run by NGOs or public sectors to conserve and
preserve these resources. (2010)
WATER SHED MANAGEMENT
Name various Forest Types of Pakistan. Describe in some detail the one which, in your
opinion, has utmost watershed value. What changes shall you propose for its betterment?
(2000)
Describe the role of Northern Mountain Watershed region in alleviating the present water
crisis in the country. (2001)
What does Watershed Management mean? How can Crop Farming, Fruit Orchards, Timber
Forestry, Grazing Grasslands and Managing Wildlife Parks be made compatible with it? Is
conventional Watershed Management possible in northern reaches of Indus River? Discuss.
(2006)
Judicious Watershed Management may help overcome water and power crisis in the country.
Please justify with arguments. (2008)
Differentiate between catchment and watershed. How the range lands in watershed region
can be managed to ensure increased quantity and improved quality of water in Pakistan?
(2009)
Discuss steps in managing water resources for environmentally sustainable irrigated
agriculture Pakistan. Design a community-based watershed management support project.
Explain complementary role of research and teaching in Courses Dealing with Integrated
Watershed management. (2010)
Short notes: Micro watershed (2010)
Discuss the significance of watershed area of Pakistan; explain how forest degradation
aggravate the ecological health of these watersheds? Discuss various measures needed to
rehabilitate the degraded watersheds in northern mountainous areas of the country (2012)
Short notes: Watershed management (2013)
RANGE LAND & RANGE MANAGEMENT
What do you mean by scientific/commercial Range Management? Why has it not taken roots
in Pakistan so far? (2001)
Why raising of range livestock has not taken roots as an industry (as opposed to poultry
industry) in Pothowar tract which is considered a high potential range area ? (2002)
Enlist four basic Principles of Range management. Describe in detail one of the principles,
which you would prefer to apply to increase forage production in the Range land areas of
Baluchistan. (2004)

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Compiled by Ayesha Younas

Define Retrogression. In what way this parameter would guide a Range Land Manager to
take timely action for improvement of the Range Land. (2004)
Proper management and use of resources in a given range are based on four important
fundamental criteria. Describe the same in detail with respect to range areas in Cholistan
desert (2005)
Define range condition. Analyze range condition by drawing a relationship between grazing
intensity and percent plant composition by using your own hypothetical data. (2005)
Heavy grazing and other factors have resulted in the loss of valuable natural vegetation in
the Cholistan desert. Suggest measures that you would take to improve Range land for
increasing forage production. (2007)
Name the most productive Range land of Pakistan. Describe its carrying capacity, rainfall,
topography, vegetation and constraints. (2008)
Differentiate between catchment and watershed. How the range lands in watershed region
can be managed to ensure increased quantity and improved quality of water in Pakistan?
(2009)
Livestock provides with many services to the mankind. Evaluate status of grazing animals of
range lands in Pakistan. Discuss problems of grazers in these land and measures to
overcome the problems in enhancing livestock production. What are prospects of increasing
agro-grazing in Punjab, Pakistan. (2010)
Short notes: Principle of range management (2010)
How are various range components related to each other? Briefly point out various losses of
energy from range ecosystem and also write a note on corrective measures with reference
to energy losses from a range ecosystem. (2011)
Describe in detail different Rangeland ecological zones of Pakistan. Explain different
constraints to rangeland development and outline improvement potential of desert
grasslands in terms of forage productivity through natural and artificial regeneration. (2012)
Short notes: Rangeland carrying capacity (2012)
Short notes: Range management (2013)

FOREST SURVEYING
Short notes:Chain/triangular survey (2000)
Short notes:Chain Survey (2003)
What are transect and quadrant methods of vegetation survey and what is their usefulness
and application? (2009)
TREE SPECIES
What important factors will you consider while selecting tree species suitable for agro
forestry? Please discuss. (2006)
What are major components of Agro forestry systems? Discuss the role of important tree
species used successfully in agro forestry programmes in Punjab, Sindh and KPK. (2012)
Describe in detail the role of tree species in reclaiming saline soil. Explain different dry
afforestation techniques employed successfully in Thal desert. (2013)
AGRO-FORESTRY
How can Agro forestry invigorate our ailing Farming Systems? (2003)
What important factors will you consider while selecting tree species suitable for agro
forestry? Please discuss. (2006)

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Compiled by Ayesha Younas

Analyze the present and future situation of forestry in Pakistan and discuss the
reservations/reasons due to which farmer community is reluctant to adopt agro-forestry in
Punjab. Support your answer with appropriate figures and sound arguments. (2011)
What are major components of Agro forestry systems? Discuss the role of important tree
species used successfully in forestry programmes in Punjab, Sindh and KPK. (2012)
Through logical frame works discuss the limiting factors in promoting agro-forestry in Punjab
with a possible solution. Do you think promoting agro-forestry could affect biodiversity?
(2014)

FOREST POLICY AND PROTECTION

How can you put new life and increase vigor in Forestry Sector? Suggest a few major
strategic policy and legislative measures in this regard. (2000)
Short notes:Forest Policy (2003)
Discuss the role of various wood-based industries in achieving the goals of national forest
policy and in accelerating poverty alleviation. (2006)
How many times forest policies in Pakistan have been revised and what new was added and
adopted in each policy? Discuss the merits and demerits of current policy in the light of war
on terrorism in forest epicenters in northern areas of Pakistan. (2010)
Short notes: Forest products protection (2010)
Short notes:Forest protection (2013)
Explain how the forests policies can enhance the contribution of forestry sector to the
country's ecology and economy. Do you think and forest policies have multiple dimensions?
What are these and how the forest policies can be developed in their presence? (2014)
FOREST BIOLOGY / BIODIVERSITY
What is meant by Biological Diversity? What are its various aspects? Why has it gained
more importance recently? How will you promote and conserve it? (2003)
Short notes: Proper Use Factor (2007)
Short notes: Meiosis (2007)
Short notes: Chlorophyll Cells (2007)
Short notes: Standard Deviation (2007)
Short notes: PH (2007)
Short notes: Plane Tabling (2007)
Short notes: Vegetative Reproduction (2007)
Define Biological Diversity. Enlist the factors threatening Biological Diversity. Suggest
measures to save and restore it. (2008)
Short notes: Bioengineering (2009)
What are direct and indirect causes of biodiversity loss in Pakistan? Discuss the role of
protected areas in biodiversity conservation. Explain how forest and rangeland habitat is
related to wildlife management and conservation? (2012), (2013)
Short notes:Forest biography (2013)
Define curving and how would you classify curving. What are the methods of setting up the
curves? (2014)
There been has major change in the biodiversity in Pakistan. How can this be minimized in
order to protect the biodiversity? (2014)

Compiled by Ayesha Younas

Compiled by Ayesha Younas

WILDLIFE
What measures shall you take to promote farm-friendly wildlife in agricultural ecosystem?
What role can Agro forestry plan in this regard? What role is this farm-friendly wild-life
expected to play in our farming system? (2000)
How will you attract capital and intellect from private sector for conserving natural habitats
for the promotion of wildlife in various regions of the country ? in case you succeed in your
efforts, in what specific ways will you like this newly generated capital and intellect to serve
the cause of wildlife promotion in the country (2002)
Short notes:Fundamentals of Wildlife and National Park Management. (2003)
How wildlife play its role in propagation and conservation of vegetation species? What are
essential features of wildlife sanctuaries? (2009)
Write the factors responsible for drastic decline of wildlife in Pakistan along with brief
discussion of principles of sound wildlife management. Also give and justify your suggestions
that how wildlife can be promoted in the country. (2011)
Discuss in detail wild life and natural park management with special reference to Pakistan.
(2013)
Write the factors responsible for drastic decline of wild life in Pakistan along with brief
discussion of sound wildlife management. Also give your suggestions that how wildlife can
be promoted in the country. (2013)
What are direct and indirect causes of biodiversity loss in Pakistan? Discuss the role of
protected areas in biodiversity conservation. Explain how forest and rangeland habitat is
related to wildlife management and conservation? (2013)
NATURAL PARK MANAGEMENT
Short notes:Fundamentals of Wildlife and National Park Management. (2003)
There are more than 21 national Parks of Pakistan. Give detail of bio-ecology or the most
important park. Discuss endangered species in this part and steps to be taken for
amelioration or conditions of the parks to make it important in ecotourism. (2010)
FOREST THINNING
Short notes: Thinnings (2001)
What is meant by Forest Thinning? What is its silvicultural and economic importance? (2003)
GRAZING
Short notes: Silvo grazing (2000)
Short notes: Agro grazing (2001), 2011)
Short notes: Tethered Grazing (2003)
Short notes: Grazing Capacity (2007)
Livestock provides with many services to the mankind. Evaluate status of grazing animals of
range lands in Pakistan. Discuss problems of grazers in these land and measures to
overcome the problems in enhancing livestock production. What are prospects of increasing
agro-grazing in Punjab, Pakistan. (2010)
Short notes: Forage Forestry/forest grazing (2011)
Define "Carrying capacity of a grazing land". How it is determined practically? Write he
procedure stepwise. How many sheep can be allowed to graze on 500 hectares of grazing
land per month if weight of green forage per quadrat was 2 kg and it contained 70 percent
moisture contents? Size of the quadrat used for sampling was 1x1m2 and grazing allowed
was 50 percent respectively. (2011)

Compiled by Ayesha Younas

Compiled by Ayesha Younas

FOREST & FORESTRY IN PAKISTAN

Name various Forest Types of Pakistan. Describe in some detail the one which, in your
opinion, has utmost watershed value. What changes shall you propose for its betterment?
(2000)
Mangrove Forests of Pakistan and marine fauna. (2001)
Give a brief of the major recommendations of forest sector master plan of 1993. Will it lead
Pakistan to a timber cum fuel surplus status by the year 2018 ? if not why ? (2002)
How should Govt. of Pakistan proceed to establish and promote Commercial Ranching in
high potential sub-humid regions of the country? (2003)
Short notes:Major hazards to Pakistans forests. (2003)
How can Agro forestry invigorate our ailing Farming Systems? (2003)
How can Forestry come to the rescue of our degraded environment? (2003)
What are the prospects of enhancing recharge of under ground water reserves in various
valleys of Baluchistan? What line of action will you propose? (2003)
Compare roles of PFI and of Agricultural Universities in popularizing forestry education and
forestry consciousness in the country. (2003)
What are major environmental problems of Pakistan ? how could knowledge of forestry help
in combating these problems ? (2005)
What are different temperate zones of Pakistan ? Relate different forest types of Pakistan to
these temperature zones. Give correct binomial nomenclature of major species representing
each forest type in this respect. (2005)
Describe selection coppice system. Which forest type of Pakistan is being worked out under
this system and why? (2005)
How far are mangrove forests threatened by reduced downstream flow of Indus? Justify if
such apprehension is a reality or a myth. (2006)
Define Forest Ecosystem. Discuss critically threatened ecosystems of Pakistan. (2007)
Name the most productive Range land of Pakistan. Describe its carrying capacity, rainfall,
topography, vegetation and constraints. (2008)
Pakistan is a forest deficient country. Describe the key factors responsible for scarcity of
forest resources in the country. (2008)
Discuss phytosociology and structure of Himalayan forests from different climatic zones
Pakistan. (2010)
Arid wild lands in Pakistan (2010)
With respect to climate, vegetation, soil, wildlife, topography and other physiographic
features, discuss briefly but comprehensively different types of forest found in Pakistan and
also mention their contribution in wood production. (2011)
Analyze the present and future situation of forestry in Pakistan and discuss the
reservations/reasons due to which farmer community is reluctant to adopt agro-forestry in
Punjab. Support your answer with appropriate figures and sound arguments. (2011)
What are major components of Agro forestry systems? Discuss the role of important tree
species used successfully in agro forestry programmes in Punjab, Sindh and KPK. (2012)
Discuss the significance of watershed area of Pakistan; explain how forest degradation
aggravates the ecological health of these watersheds?
Discuss various measures needed to rehabilitate the degraded watersheds in northern
mountainous areas of the country. (2012)
Short notes: Sheesham dieback disease in Pakistan. (2012)

Compiled by Ayesha Younas

Compiled by Ayesha Younas

There been has major change in the biodiversity in Pakistan. How can this be minimized in
order to protect the biodiversity? (2013)
Discuss in detail wild life and natural park management with special reference to Pakistan.
(2013)
Write the factors responsible for drastic decline of wild life in Pakistan along with brief
discussion of sound wildlife management. Also give your suggestions that how wildlife can
be promoted in the country. (2013)
What are direct and indirect causes of biodiversity loss in pakistan? Discuss the role of
protected areas in biodiversity conservation. Explain how forest and rangeland habitat is
related to wildlife management and conservation? (2013)
Do you consider that Forests in Pakistan are below the average requires percentage? How
would you justify the commercial values of these forests? Discuss major issues of forests
losses and how can these be overcome at large. (2014)
FOREST REGENERATION
Compare natural and artificial regeneration of forest. Indicate latest development and
trends. (2003)
Short notes: Uniform Shelterwood System (2003)
ENVIRONMENT
Short notes: Phytoremediation (2009)
Short notes: Green house effect (2009), (2011), (2013)
Short notes: Forest and plantation (2009)
Short notes: Noise pollution and trees (2009)
Short notes: Carbon sequestration (2009)
Short notes: Natural heritage (2009)
Short notes: Environmental hazards (2009)
Short notes: Environmental Degradation and vegetation (2011)
Short notes: Environmental Degradation and vegetation (2011)
Short notes: Role of shelterbelts and windbreaks (2012), (2014)

FOREST ECOSYSTEM
Define Forest Ecosystem. Discuss critically threatened ecosystems of Pakistan. (2007)
How are various range components related to each other? Briefly point out various losses of
energy from range ecosystem and also write a note on corrective measures with reference
to energy losses from a range ecosystem. (2011)
Short notes: Forest Ecosystem (2011)
FOREST SITE
Describe different approaches to identify quality of a Forest Site. Which one of the
approaches is most practical and why? (2004)
Short notes: Evaluating Forest Sites (2006)
AGE & GROWTH
How will you estimate age, height, diameter at breast height and true volume of a forest
tree bole ? what is meant by CAI and how will you estimate it for a single tree ? (2002)

Compiled by Ayesha Younas

Compiled by Ayesha Younas

Differentiate between Rotation and Exploitable Age. Describe factors which determine the
length of Rotation period. (2007)
Discuss the significance of stem analysis. How can you establish height and age curves from
stem analysis? Does the stem analysis indicate any relationship to thickness of the bark?
(2012)
Short notes: Ecophysiology of tree growth (2014)
FOREST PRODUCTION / AFFORESTATION
In the presence of severe constraints of nearly all vital resources required for implementing
any massive afforestation programme, what alternatives do we have for increasing forest
production in the country? Give outline of a workable strategy. (2006)
Short notes: Steps of enhancing forest production (2010)
Describe in detail the role of tree species in reclaiming saline soil. Explain different dry
afforestation techniques employed successfully in Thal desert. (2013)

FOREST NURSERY
Define Forest nursery. What is the need of raising a forest nursery ? (2005)
Calculate the number of seeds required to be sown per square foot in a bed nursery to
obtain 200 seedlings by using the following data.
No. of seeds per pound = 19000
No. of transplants per pound = 900 (2005)
SOCIAL FORESTRY
What is meant by Social Forestry? Explain its various types being practiced in Agroecological zones of Punjab and Sindh. (2008)
Short notes: Social forestry (2010), (2011), (2013)
TIMBER / WOOD
Write an essay on efficient utilization of large timber in general and small logs in particular.
(2000)Short notes: Wood seasoning. (2000)
Short notes: Laminated Wood Products (2003)
Short notes:Merchantable Timber (2008)
Enlist qualities of good wood. Also discuss in detail different wood defects and their
respective treatments. (2011)
Wood seasoning and preservation (2012)
MISCELLANEOUS
Discuss briefly how Forestry can be integrated with other agricultural and non-agricultural
land uses in the country.(2001)
How can you prolong effective life of Mangla Lake? Discuss if raising of dam height is an
appropriate lasting solution of the problem
Discuss in detail Interpretative Facilities that would enhance public enjoyment of Out-door
Recreation. (2004)
What important factors will you consider while selecting tree species suitable for agro
forestry? Please discuss. (2006)
Define Forest Increment/Growth. What is the need for information on Increment? Describe
Stand Table Projection Method to predict Increment of a Forest Stand. (2007)

Compiled by Ayesha Younas

Compiled by Ayesha Younas

By using Von Mantle's formula, calculate Annual yield of a coniferous forest whose growing
stock volume is 40,000 cft and rotation period of 150 years. What constant is used in this
formula? (2008)
What is sustainability? What risk factors are involved in long term forestry projects? (2009)
Conservation of natural resources (Forests, rangelands and watershed areas) as a key of
national food security. (2011)
Differentiate: Forest Compartment and Forest Apartment (2004)
Differentiate: Board and Hard Board (2004)
Differentiate: Floating PB and Fixed PB (2004)
Differentiate: Working Plan and Working Circle (2004)
Differentiate: Quarter Girth formula and Cylindrical formula (2004)
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Yield/Management Tables (2000)

Forest roads (2000)
Game Sanctuary (2001)
Succession (2002)
Completely randomized design (2002)
Quality class (2002)
Kas training (2002)
Savannah (2002)
Causeway (2002)
Fire line (2002)
Niche (2002)
Multiple Use Trees (2003)
Mimicry (2003)
Cause way (2003)
Game Reserve (2003), (2008)
Random Sampling (2003)
Behavioral Adaptations of Trees (2003)
Radio Frequency Vacuum Seasoning (2003)
Pneumatophores (2004)
Point Sampling (2004)
Hydrosere (2004)
Discount rates (2004)
Seigniorage (2004)
Merit four pasture rotation system (2005)
Plotless sampling (2005)
Tree fallow (2005)
Nurse crop (2005)
Cover crop (2005)
Mulching (2006)
Soil Humus (2006)
Dieback of Dalbergia sissoo (2006)
Leguminous shrubs and trees (2006)
Browse line (2008)
Volume Table (2008)
Randomization (2008)
EC (2008)

Compiled by Ayesha Younas

Compiled by Ayesha Younas

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Stubble Farming (2008)

Forestry and ecotourism (2011)
Forests and climate change (2012)
Non timber forest products (2012)
Causes and control of wildfires (2012)
Stand density determination (2014)
Offences related to reserved forests (2014)
Types of Theodolite (2014)

2015 Paper
PART-II
Q. 2. What are the various Silvicultural Systems to obtain Forest Regeneration in Pakistan?
Describe each system in detail along with its merits and demerits by giving at least one
example of the forest type which is managed under any particular silvicultural system.
Q.3. (a) Enlist forest resources of Pakistan. Describe Scrub Dry Tropical Thorn Forests and
also give its distribution and tree composition.
(b) Why we have very low forest area in Pakistan? Mention the constraints and problems to
develop tree cover.
Q.4. For efficient forest management, a forest must be maintained on sustained basis. How
could you ensure sustained yield of a forest? Explain principles of forest management.
Q.5. (a) Recently developed modern wood technology has opened new avenues of efficiently
utilizing small logs in a variety of ways. Give a brief account of few innovations.
(b) How trees are helpful in reclaiming wateriogged and saline soils?
Q.6. (a) Most of the rangelands of Pakistan are degraded and have low productivity. Do you
think there is need to develop a rangelands policy to improve the productivity of the
rangelands and rehabilitate
(b) Name the grazing systems which are prevalent in the country. Describe Deferred Grazing
Systems in detail.
Q.7. When consent is said to be free?
Q.8. Write short notes on any TWO of the following:
(a) Consequences of a breach of contract
(b) Indemnity and guarantee
(c) Condition and warranty

Compiled by Ayesha Younas