Professional Documents
Culture Documents
: 5
LAB
: Hardness Test
NO.
TITLE
LEVEL OF OPENNESS
:
CLASS
: EC110 5F
GROUP LEADER:
GROUP MEMBERS
NO.
NAME
1.
Ahmad Syahir bin Zaimi
2.
Hazwani binti Ab Rashid
3.
Nur Amelia Syarina binti Amidin
4.
Nur Alya Khairina binti Shaiffullail
5.
Hanis Eizzati binti Ahmad
ASSESSMENT OF THE LAB ACTIVITIES
NO. ELEMENT TO ASSESS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
DATE :
15 July
2016
STUDENT NO:
STUDENT NO.
2014665258
2014829162
2014224262
2014880742
2014449588
SIGNATURE
STUDENT
1
2
3
REMARK
LECTURERS
SIGNATURE:
REMARKS:
UiTM Pahang
THE
MUST BE SUBMITTED 1 WEEKAFTER THE COMPLETION OF THE LAB.
Faculty
ofREPORT
Civil
Engineering
ECW
351
ENGINEERING
WATER
AND
WASTE
WATER
1.0
OBJECTIVE
2.0
THEORY
Hardness is caused by multivalent metallic cations: those most abundant in natural
waters are calcium and magnesium. Hard waters from both underground and surface supplies
are most common in areas having extensive geological formations or limestone. Although
satisfactory for human consumption, Ca and Mg precipitate soap, reducing its cleaning action
and cause scale in water distribution mains and hot-water heaters. Waters with less than 50
mg/l are considered soft, up to 150 mg/l moderately hard and in excess of 300 mg/l very
hard.
There
are
various
methods
in
measuring
water
hardness.
EDTA
3.0
PROBLEM STATEMENT
4.0
APPARATUS
5.0
PROCEDURES
6.0
DATA ACQUISITION
No
Sample
Magnesium
Calcium
1.
2.
3.
4.
5
Tap water
Mineral water
Pond water
River water
Milk
(mg/l)
3.25
2.92
3.44
2.88
-
(mg/l)
>1 (limit)
0.21
>1 (limit)
0.66
>1 (limit)
No
Sample
Hardness
1.
2.
Tap water
Mineral water
(mg/l)
4.25
3.13
3.
4.
5.
Pond water
River water
Milk
4.44
3.54
-
7.0 DISCUSSION
In this experiment, we have to determine the total hardness of water sample which are
mineral water, tap water, river water, pond water and milk. For each type of water, we have
added two type of indicator which are magnesium and calcium indicator and also alkali
solution. Magnesium and calcium indicator change the colour of water from colourless to
purple while alkali solution change the colour of water to yellowish brown.
From the experiment, we have conducted the hardness test on five sample of water
which are stated at above. Each sample of water has different content of magnesium and
calcium that will contribute to the different level of hardness. The pond water has higher
content of calcium and magnesium which in total of CaCO 3 is 4.44 mg/l compared to others.
Mineral water has lower content of calcium and magnesium which in total of 3.13 mg/l. The
content of calcium and magnesium for river water and tap water which in total of CaCO 3 are
3.54 and 4.25 respectively. However, the test was conducted to milk is failed because it is too
concentrated to be tested on this apparatus. Therefore, it needed to be diluted first. Based on
the data we get, all the sample are classified as soft water because the total hardness is less
than 50 mg/L.
Hardness in water is caused by dissolved magnesium ions and calcium ions. These can
get into the water when it comes into contact with limestone and other rocks that contain
calcium compounds. This can happen, for example, when rainwater flows over these rocks on
its way to a reservoir.
The effect of hardness on water when it comes cleaning task which are from
laundering and dishwashing to bathing and personal grooming. Clothes laundered in hard
water may look dingy and feel harsh and scratchy. Dishes and glasses may be spotted when
dry. Hard water may cause a film on glass shower doors, shower walls, bathtubs, sinks,
faucets, etc. Hair washed in hard water may feel sticky and look dull. Water flow may be
reduced by deposits in pipes. For the health consideration, some studies showed that increase
in hard water usage will cause eczema in children.
While doing the experiment, the EDTA is added to make the reading of solution blank.
After that EGTA is added to theanother solution to get the reading. EGTA is a better chelating
ligand to calcium because it is much larger in general, as a result, it will preferably and
selectively bind to calcium than magnesium. On the other hand, EDTA has no particular
preference, binding to both calcium and magnesium ions indiscriminately.
In order to get the accurate reading of hardness of water, the sample cell must be
wiped and cleaned before placed on spectrometer to avoid inaccurate reading
8.0 CONCLUSION
We are able to determine the total hardness in different water samples by conducted
the hardness test and calculate the total hardness using the formula given. From this
experiment, we can conclude that different type of samples will produce different value of
total hardness. Total hardness in pond water are the most higher compared to other samples.
For make it easy, the simple definition of water hardness is the amount of dissolved
calcium and magnesium in the water. Hard water is high in dissolved minerals, both calcium
and magnesium. Hard water is not a health hazard, but dealing with hard water can be a
nuisance.
9.0 REFERENCES
1. http://www.water-research.net/index.php/water-treatment/tools/hard-water-hardness
2. https://www.fcwa.org/water/hardness.htm
3. http://www.lamotte.com/en/blog/test-factors/75-measuring-water-hardness