Protozoology

INTRODUCTION
Isna Indrawati
Department of Parasitology

PROTOZOA
Unicellular animal with full functions and
carry out complex metabolic activities.
relatively complex internal structure

Most species are free living

Total species > 50,000 and parasitic:

about 10,000

 Some species are considered

commensals , some are pathogen
Protozoan diseases range from very mild
to life-threatening
depend on :
the species and strain of the parasite
the resistance of the host.

Classification

Class Rhizopoda
Ciliata
Mastigophora / Flagellata
Sporozoa

Morphology
Vary in size and shape
parasitic protozoa in humans are <
50 m in size.
intracellular forms : are 1 - 10
m long

Balantidium coli may measure

70 m (extracellular)

Life Cycle Stages

1. Trophozoites / vegetative / proliferative.
Active,
feeding and multiply
Relative thin wall/ cell membrane

2. Cysts :
stages with a thickened wall
Not active
protective stages
resistant to bad
environment

Morphology
Ectoplasm
Cytoplasm
Endoplasm

Nucleus : 1 or > 1
: vesicular / compact

Morphology
plasma / cell membrane enclosing the
cytoplasm
Ectoplasm: the outer and transparent
layer
Endoplasm : the inner layer containing
organelles, such as Golgi apparatus,
mitochondria, lysosomes, food vacuoles,
contractile vacuoles

Morphology

Nucleoplasma

endoplasma

ektoplasma

Several types of nucleus

achromatic fibrils

Chromatin granule

Nuclear membrane

 Some protozoa have a cytosome or

cell mouth for ingesting and
cytopyge for excretion
Locomotive organelle
Pseudopodium, flagellum, cilia,
undulating membrane
In flagellata : a kinetoplast
associated with the flagellum.

Reproduction
Binary

Asexual

Sexual

fission
Schizogony
Cyst
Sporogony

( after gametogony)
syngamy

Sexual reproduction

Conjugation: exchange of nuclear materials

of 2 cells
Sporogony ( after Gametogony) : sexually
differentiated cells unit zygote

Reproduction
Binary fission : results in 2 daughter cells
simple,

longitudinal

transversal

Binary fission
Endodyogeny: by internal budding results in 2
cells, e.g. : Toxoplasma

Schizogony: multiple fission, results in

multiple cells

Source :www.sciencedirect.com

Multiple fission: Cyst

Sexual reproduction

Syngamy / conyugation
exchange of nuclear
materials of 2 cells

Sexual : Sporogony ( After Gametogony)

Gamogony

Sporogony : ordo Coccidia

Source:biology.unm.edu

Transmission
Cyst / oocyst
Vegetative / trophozoite
Method of transmission
Contaminated food and water
Sexual intercourse
Parentral
Sucking blood vector

Pathology and Clinical symptom

Depending on :
Organ that was infected
Life cycle and reproduction methods of species
Enzymes/ toxin produced by the protozoa
Progress of the disease

Diagnosis
Usually diagnosed from samples of
feces, blood, liquor cerebro-spinalis, and
tissue
Indirect identification:
Serology
radiology

Thank You