MA 22 C & E

Problem Set

May 15, 2016

J.L. Martin

1. (CS2-3)
(a) Use the  definition of the limit to show that

lim

(x y) = 0.

(x,y)(1,1)

(b) Determine if

x2n y
, where n is a positive integer, exists.
(x,y)(0,0) x3n + y 3
lim

2. (CS4-6)
(a) Let

2
2xy
f (x, y) = x3 y 3

if (x, y) 6= (0, 0),

if (x, y) = (0, 0).

Use the limit definition of partial derivatives to show that both fx (0, 0) and fy (0, 0)
exist.
xy
. Show that
(b) Let f (x, y) =
xy + 1


2 x2 + y 2
f

+ (xy + 1)2 = 0.
xy
fxx + fyy
3. (CS7-8) Suppose we wish to find a mathematical model for some data given by a set of
points
(x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ) . . . , (xn , yn ).
The desired model is a relationship involving the variables x and y that can be used to
make future predictions. Graphically, the model may be represented as a line y = mx + b
that best fits the data. That is, we wish to find values for m and b.
A reasonable condition for the line of best fit is that the points are not too far from the
line. Consider the ith data point (xi , yi ) and its corresponding point on the line denoted
by (xi , mxi + b). The deviation (or error) between the ith data point and the line
y = mx + b, denoted by di , is given by
di = yi (mxi + b).
Note that it is irrelevant whether the point is above or below the line, since the goal is to
minimize the distance. Hence, we will work with the sum of the squares of the deviations
n
X
i=1

d2i

n
X

[yi (mxi + b)]2 .

i=1

P
To find the line of best fit, the goal is to minimize ni=1 d2i . This approach is called the
method of least squares and the resulting line is called the regression line.
(a) Rephrase the method of least squares as an optimization problem. What is the
function f to be optimized? What are the variables? Show that the critical point
for f satisfies
!
n
n
X
1 X
b=
yi m
xi ,
n
i=1

i=1

n
X

xi yi

i=1
n
X

m=

x2i

n
X

xi

n
X

yi

i=1
i=1
!2
n
X

xi

i=1

i=1

(b) Use the Second-Derivative Test to prove that f is minimized at its critical point.
(Hint: Prove that n

Pn

i=1

Pn
2
x2i ( i=1 xi ) .)

4. (CS9-10)
ZZ
(a) Explain why the integral
dA gives the area of the plane region R.
R
Z 1 Z x+2
Z 0Z 1
2
(b) Evaluate
ln(y 4y + 5)dydx +
ln(y 2 4y + 5)dydx.
2

5. (CS11)
ZZ

y
p
dA if R is the region inside the circle r = 2
2
x + y2
R
and the cardioid r = 2 + 2 cos (see figure below).

(a) Setup the polar integral

2Z

Z
(b) Evaluate

16x2

4x2

p
dydx +
x2 + y 2

4Z

16x2

y
p
dydx.
x2 + y 2

6. (CS12) Determine if the given sequences are convergent or divergent.

(a) an = n2 + n n

(b) a1 = 3, an = 3 + 2an1 for n 2

7. (CS14-15) Determine if the given series are convergent or divergent.
(a)
(b)

(1)n+1

n=1

(1)

n=1

n!
nn
4+n
3 + 2n

n

8. (CS13, 16)
(a) Show that the function
y=

(1)n

n=0

1 3 5 (2n + 1)x2n
(2n)!

satisfies the differential equation

3y + xy 0 = y 00 .
(b) Suppose that the radius of convergence of the
series
Ppower
2n
the radius of convergence of the power series
an x ?

an xn is R. What is