Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Define
o Short-term memory
o Limitations:
Durability
A limited capacity storage area that can hold unrehearsed
information for 20-30 seconds.
Capacity
Holds only about 7 bits of unfamiliar information, +/- 2.
Stretch the limits of short-term memory
o Chunking
Organizing information into larger units that are
familiar in some way
State how the concept of working memory improves on the original concept of short-term
memory
o Four components
Phonological Loop
At work when you use recitation to temporarily hold onto a phone
number
Believed to have evolved to facilitate the acquisition of language
Visuospatial Sketchpad
Permits people to temporarily hold and manipulate visual images
At work when you try to mentally rearrange the furniture in your
bedroom
Central Executive System
Controls the deployment of attention, switching the focus of
attention and dividing attention as needed
Episodic buffer
A temporary, limited capacity store that allows the various
components of working memory to integrate information
Define long-term memory, and state how flashbulb memories illustrate it
o Long-term memory
Is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy
periods of time
o Flashbulb memories
Which are unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events
Identify ways in which schemas and semantic networks organize long-term memories
o Schemas
Is an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event
abstracted from previous experience with the object or event
o Semantic Networks
Consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that
link related concepts
Identify ways in which cues and reinstating the context can aid retrieval of memories
o Retrieval cues
Stimuli that help gain access to memories such as hints, related
information, or partial recollection
o Context cues
Trying to recall an event by putting yourself back in the context in which
it occurred
Identify the misinformation effect
o Occurs when participants recall of an event they witnessed is altered by
introducing misleading postevent information
State the difference between recall, recognition, and relearning as measures of retention
of memories
o Recall
Requires participants to reproduce information on their own without any
cues
o Recognition
Requires participants to select previously learned information from an
array of options
o Relearning
Requires a participant to memorize information a second time to
determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before
Identify five reasons that we forget
o Ineffective encoding
o Decay
Theory proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces face with
time
o Interference
Theory proposes that people forget information because of competition
from other material
o Retrieval Failure
The encoding specificity principle states that the value of a retrieval cue
depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code
o Motivated Forgetting
Repression refers to keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in
the unconscious
Summarize Richard Thompsons evidence that specific memories may depend on
localized neural circuits in the brain
o A number of anatomical structures, neural circuits, and biochemical processes
appear to play a role in memory
o Durable changes in synaptic transmission may be the neural building blocks of
more complex memories as well
State the difference between
o Declarative memory
Handles factual information
o Procedural memory
Chapter 8
Identify three types of basic classes of problems
o Problems of inducing structure
o Problems of arrangements
o Problems of transformation
Identify four barriers to effective problem solving
o Irrelevant information
o Functional fixedness
o Mental set
o Unnecessary constraints
Identify four approaches to problem solving
o Trial and error heuristics
o Forming subgoals
o Hill climbing
o Searching for analogies
Identify the reason that intelligence tests were first developed
o First developed to single out youngsters in need of special training
o Avoid complete reliance on teachers evaluations
Identify David Wechslers innovations in IQ testing
o Made his test less dependent on subjects verbal ability than the Stanford-Binet
o Included many items that required nonverbal reasoning
o Formalized the computation of separate scores for verbal IQ, performance IQ, and
full scale IQ
Identify common current uses of intelligence tests
o Screen for mental retardation
o Group students according to their academic ability
o Identify gifted children
o Evaluate educational programs
Identify the kinds of questions that are on intelligence tests
o Generally speaking, examinees are required to manipulate words, numbers, and
images through abstract reasoning
State the function of deviation IQ scores
o Locate respondent precisely within the normal distribution