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E
S
E
A
R
C
H
M
E
T
H
O
D
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L
O
G
Y
Research
is
Defined
as
systematic
inquiry
directed
towards
the
creation
of
knowledge
and
is
the
original
contribution
to
the
existing
stock
of
knowledge
Systematic
inquiry
:
-
particular
information
is
collected
- how
it
is
categorised
,analysed
and
presented
Creation
of
knowledge:
-
gaining
knowledge
through
variety
of
means/strategies
structured
in
research
methodology
Fundamental
assumption
is
that
invariant
relationship
exists
between
certain
antecedents
and
certain
consequents
so
that
under
a
specific
set
of
conditions
a
certain
consequents
can
be
expected
to
follow
the
introduction
of
a
given
antecedent.
antecedent
:
preceding
circumstance,
event,
object
,
style,
or
phenomenon.
consequent
:resulting
,following
as
an
effect
or
result,
as
a
logical
conclusion
or
progressing
logically.
v The
manipulation
of
things,
concepts
or
symbols
for
the
purpose
of
generalizing
to
extend,
correct
or
verify
knowledge,
whether
that
knowledge
aids
in
construction
of
theory
or
in
the
practice
of
an
art
D.S.
Lesinger
and
M.Stephenson
in
the
Encyclopedia
of
Social
Sciences,
v
Research
comprises
defining
and
redefining
problems,
formulating
hypothesis
or
suggested
solutions;
collecting,
organizing
and
evaluating
data;
making
deductions
and
reaching
conclusions;
and
at
last
carefully
testing
the
conclusions
to
determine
whether
they
fit
the
formulated
hypothesis.
Clifford
Woody
of
the
University
of
Michigan
in
an
article
in
the
Journal
of
Social
Studies
Research
(1927)
v
A
study
of
the
process
,rather
than
the
product
of
inquiry.
Abraham
Kaplan
in
the
Book
the
conduct
of
Inquiry
v Research
is
an
honest
exhaustive,
intelligent
searching
for
facts
and
their
meanings
or
implications
with
reference
to
a
given
problem.
The
product
or
findings
of
a
given
piece
of
research
should
be
an
authentic,
verifiable
and
contribution
to
knowledge
in
the
field
studied.
P.M.
Cook
[drkvs.rmhiet]
[drkvs.rmhiet]
Research
is
way
of
examining
practice..
More
than
a
set
of
skills,
it
is
a
way
of
thinking:
examining
critically
the
various
aspects
of
professional
work.
It
is
a
habit
of
questioning
- what
you
do,
- a
systematic
examination
of
the
observed
information
to
find
answers
with
a
view
to
instituting
appropriate
changes
for
a
more
effective
professional
service.
Research
study
is
a
process
that
- is
being
undertaken
within
a
framework
of
a
set
of
philosophies
(
approaches);
- uses
procedures,
methods
and
techniques
that
have
been
tested
for
their
validity
and
reliability;
- is
designed
to
be
unbiased
and
objective
Planning
process
[drkvs.rmhiet]
Research
Process
Criteria
that
enables
a
process
to
be
called
research.
Philosophies
-
approaches
(e.g.
qualitative,
quantitative
based
on
the
academic
discipline)
Validity
-
application
of
correct
procedures
to
find
answers
to
a
question.
Reliability
-
quality
of
a
measurement
procedure
that
provides
repeatability
and
accuracy.
Unbiased
and
objective
arriving
at
conclusions
in
an
unbiased
manner
However,
the
degree
to
which
these
criteria
are
expected
to
be
fulfilled
varies
from
discipline
to
discipline
and
so
the
meaning
of
research
differs
from
one
academic
discipline
to
another.
.
.
.
most
innovative
research
in
architecture
will
be
interdisciplinary,
requiring
a
typical
or
unexpected
combinations
of
methods.
Architectural
research
are
generally
focused
towards
enhancing
the
quality
of
human
life
due
to
the
existence
of
multiple
connections
between
human
experience
and
built
form
[drkvs.rmhiet]
Architectural
research
allows
us
to
understand
.
.
.
that
successful
built
environments
are
successful
not
just
because
of
their
physical
attributes,
but
also
because
of
many
human
considerations
.
.
.
including
subjective
preferences,
memory,
physical
comfort,
and
a
sense
of
ones
social
roles.
Architectural
Research
Architectural
research
is
the
search
for
new
knowledge
and
new
ideas
about
the
built
environment.
Research
can
be
conducted
in
a
variety
of
sub
disciplines,
including
building
technology,
environment-behavior
studies,
history
of
architecture
and
computing
technology.
In
each
area
of
architectural
research,
certain
presuppositions
and
fundamental
beliefs
guide
and
determine
the
appropriate
focus
and
method
of
inquiry,
as
well
as
the
significance
and
merit
of
each
research
project.
While
the
parameters
of
these
research
approaches
vary,
there
exists
some
common
characteristics
among
them.
Architectural
research
are
those
that
have
clearly
identifiable
goals
at
the
outset
of
the
research,
where
the
project
is
directed
to
respond
to
a
question
In
pursuing
that
question,
one
follows
a
credible,
systematic
method
or
mode
of
inquiry,
relevant
and
acceptable
to
the
research
paradigm
under
which
one
is
operating
This
process
results
in
significant
results
(and
in
a
thorough,
documented
manner
which
reflects
a
solution
or
enhances
understanding/knowledge
within
the
research
domain)
Architectural
research
process
1. Interpretive-historical
research
2. Qualitative
research/Quantitative
3. Correlational
research
4. Experimental
research
5. Simulation
research
6. Logical
argumentation
7. Case
study
8. mixed
methods
Draw
conclusions
based
on
FACTS
and
principles
Why
is
research
important
to
architectural
practice?
Architectural
design
and
practice:
often
involves
unfamiliar
circumstances
beyond
the
expertise
of
individual
practitioners
and
beyond
the
conventional
wisdom
of
the
profession
is
often
extraordinarily
complicated
is
burdened
with
uncertainty
if
unconventional
aesthetic
principles
are
used
in
setting
involving
conflicting
stakeholder
values.
may
involve
particular
requirements
that
are
not
well
documented
Orientation to ResearchProcess
philosophy
theory
strategy
tactics
Philosophy
of
system
of
Inquiry
To
provide
a
conceptual
framework
To
understand
the
standards
of
research
quality
being
the
base
of
system
of
enquiry
[drkvs.rmhiet]
Qualitative
research
Co
relational
Experimental
Simulation
Interpretive-
historical
Logical
argumentation
Case
study
Mixed
method
Sytem
of
inquiry
TACTICS
STRATEGY
TACTICS
STRATEGY
TACTICS
TYPES
OF
RESEARCH
From
the
view
point
of
APPLICATIONOBJECTIVE
PURE
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
EXPLORATORY
APPLIED
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
EXPLANATORY
RESEARCH
COORELATIONAL
RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
[drkvs.rmhiet]
DESCRIPTIVE
QUANTITATIVE
Deductive
process
Cause
and
effect
Inductive
process
Motivation
,attitude/opinion
research
CONCEPTUAL
EMPIRICAL
[drkvs.rmhiet]
Qualitative
versus
Quantitative
Research
Data
Quantitative
=
numeric
data
Qualitative
=
non-numeric
data
Qualitative
vs.
Quantitative
Research
Detail
versus
Generalizability
Quantitative
Methods
Generalizations
to
other
populations
and/or
situations
Qualitative
Methods
Rich
Understanding
[drkvs.rmhiet]
10
Research Design
Before
examining
types
of
research
designs
it
is
important
to
be
clear
about
...
the
role
and
purpose
of
research
design
to
understand
what
research
design
is
to
know
where
design
fits
into
the
whole
research
process
from
framing
a
question
to
finally
analysing
and
reporting
data.
Formulate Problem
[drkvs.rmhiet]
11
Research
design
12
What
now?
what
type
of
data
required
and
where
it
would
be
collected
What
is
the
period
of
study
Whether
any
sample
would
be
used
and
if
so
what
type
of
sample
will
be
used
- What
type
of
analytical
tool
will
be
used
1.
Introduction,
Research
Problems/
Objectives,
&
Justification
2. Literature Review
3.
Methodology
(Research
sample,
data
collection,
measurement,
data
analysis)
4. Results
&
Discussion
5. Implications
6.
Conclusions
and
Recommendations
for
Future
Research
The
length
and
complexity
of
research
designs
can
vary
considerably,
but
.
Any
sound
ideal
design
will
do
the
following
things:
Clear
statement
of
objectives
of
research
Identify
the
research
problem
clearly,
explain
the
statement
of
problem
to
be
studied
and
justify
its
selection,
Review
previously
published
literature
associated
with
the
problem
area,
Clearly
and
explicitly
specify
hypotheses
[i.e.,
research
questions]
central
to
the
problem
selected,
Specific
definition
of
concepts
[drkvs.rmhiet]
13
Effectively
describe
the
data
which
will
be
necessary
for
an
adequate
test
of
the
hypotheses
and
explain
how
such
data
will
be
obtained,
and
Describe
Method
used
Describe
Tools
and
techniques
of
data
analysis
in
determining
whether
or
not
the
hypotheses
are
true
or
false.
Method
of
quantification
(
if
necessary)
Describe
the
population
included
in
the
study
Details
of
sampling
procedure
size
and
selection
Data
processing
techniques
If
pilot
study
conducted,
results
should
be
stated
Scheme
of
research
report
Historical
Research
Design
-
The
purpose
is
to
collect,
verify,
synthesize
evidence
to
establish
facts
that
defend
or
refute
your
hypothesis.
It
uses
primary
sources,
secondary
sources,
and
lots
of
qualitative
data
sources
such
as
logs,
diaries,
official
records,
reports,
etc.
The
limitation
is
that
the
sources
must
be
both
authentic
and
valid.
Case
and
Field
Research
Design
-
Also
called
ethnographic
research,
it
uses
direct
observation
to
give
a
complete
snapshot
of
a
case
that
is
being
studied.
It
is
useful
when
not
much
is
known
about
a
phenomenon.
Uses
few
subjects.
Descriptive
or
Survey
Research
Design
-
It
attempts
to
describe
and
explain
conditions
of
the
present
by
using
many
subjects
and
questionnaires
to
fully
describe
a
phenomenon.
Correlational
or
Prospective
Research
Design
-
It
attempts
to
explore
relationships
to
make
predictions.
It
uses
one
set
of
subjects
with
two
or
more
variables
for
each.
Causal
Comparative
or
Ex
Post
Facto
Research
Design
-
This
research
design
attempts
to
explore
cause
and
affect
relationships
where
causes
already
exist
and
cannot
be
manipulated.
It
uses
what
already
exists
and
looks
backward
to
explain
why.
Developmental
or
Time
Series
Research
Design
-
Data
are
collected
at
certain
points
in
time
going
forward.
There
is
an
emphasis
on
time
patterns
and
longitudinal
growth
or
change.
Experimental
Research
Design
-
This
design
is
most
appropriate
in
controlled
settings
such
as
laboratories.
The
design
assumes
random
assignment
of
subjects
and
random
assignment
to
groups.
It
attempts
to
explore
cause
and
affect
relationships
where
causes
can
be
manipulated
to
produce
different
kinds
of
effects.
Because
of
the
requirement
of
random
assignment,
this
design
can
be
difficult
to
execute
in
the
real
world
(non
laboratory)
setting.
Quasi
Experimental
Research
Design
-
This
research
design
approximates
the
experimental
design
but
does
not
have
a
control
group.
There
is
more
error
possible
in
the
results.
[drkvs.rmhiet]
14
Exploratory
Research
Descriptive
Research
Causal
Research
Literature search
Experience survey
Analysis of select cases
Interviews
Ethnographies
Focus groups
Etc.
Longitudinal study
Panels
Sample Survey
Laboratory experiment
Field experiment
Exploratory
research
Focus
group
[drkvs.rmhiet]
15
Common features
Qualitative
Flexible
Probing
Group dynamics,
Richness of
Some probing
data
Relatively inexpensive
Gets at the
Why
of
behaviors
Focus Groups
[drkvs.rmhiet]
Interviews
Not influenced by
others
Max probing,
great depth
Expensive
Time consuming
Candid, sensitive
topics
16
Ethnographies
developing
understandings
of
the
everyday
activities
of
people
in
local
settings
Observation
Insight
into
actual,
not
reported,
behaviors
Protocol
analysis
involves
placing
a
person
in
a
decision
making
situation
and
asking
him
or
her
to
verbalize
everything
he
or
she
considers
when
making
a
decision
Projective
Techniques
participants
are
placed
in
(projected
into)
simulated
activities
in
the
hopes
that
they
will
divulge
things
about
themselves
that
they
might
not
reveal
under
direct
questioning
Mystery
Shopping
Mystery
shoppers
are
people
who
pose
as
consumers
and
shop
at
a
companys
own
stores
or
those
of
its
competitors
Purpose
of
Mystery
Shopping
Evaluate
customer
service
Measure
employee
training
Recognize
good
employees
Monitoring
the
competition
Prepare
for
competition
Descriptive
research
use
survey
Asking
a
sample
of
people
from
a
population,
a
set
of
questions
Use
the
answers
to
describe
Common
Goals
Describe
what
is
going
on
or
exists
Estimate
how
certain
groups
of
people
might
behave
Examine
relationships
between
two
or
more
variables
contrast
to
exploratory
(qualitative)
techniques,
the
purpose
of
survey
research
is
to
produce
statistics
In
contrast
to
exploratory
(qualitative)
techniques,
survey
research
is
concerned
with
generalizability
Sampling
becomes
very
important
Three
key
aspects
Designing
questions
Sampling
Data
collection
[drkvs.rmhiet]
17
Helps
us
determine
if
one
or
more
IVs
causes
or
affects
one
or
more
DVs
Evidence
that
supports
a
causal
inference
Correlation
Observe
the
relationship
(variability)
Independent
variable
(treatment)
occurs
before
the
dependent
(outcome)
variable
Experiments
Scientific
investigation
in
which
an
investigator
manipulates
and
controls
one
or
more
independent
variables
and
observes
the
dependent
variable
for
variation
concomitant
to
the
manipulation
of
the
independent
variables
Types
of
experiments:
1.Laboratory
experiment
Research
investigation
in
which
investigator
creates
a
situation
with
exact
2.Field
experiment
Research
study
in
a
realistic
situation
in
which
one
or
more
independent
DEFINITIONS
AND
CONCEPTS
[drkvs.rmhiet]
18
[drkvs.rmhiet]
19