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U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
ELASTICIDAD
Materiales: Elasticos, homogeneos, continuos.
1.
Vector Esfuerzo t
Tipos de fuerzas:
a) Fuerzas de Superficie
b) Fuerzas de Cuerpo b
Donde:
f =elemento de fuerza
S = elemento de area
n = vector unitario a S
Definicion: Vector Esfuerzo t
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
f
t(x1 , x2 , x3 , n)
S0 S
= ~tn = lm
2.
Tensor Esfuerzo T
Sea P un punto interior en V,
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
(F uerzas)i = 0
i=1
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
X
(F uerzas)1 = 0
Esto es,
t1,n S 11 S1 21 S2 31 S3
|
{z
}
1
Shb1
3
| {z }
=0
F uerzas de Cuerpo
pero
S1 = Sn1
S2 = Sn2
S3 = Sn3
reemplazando y cancelando el factor S,
t1,n 11 n1 21 n2 31 n3
hb1
=0
3
t1,n = 11 n1 + 21 n2 + 31 n3
similarmente para t2,n y t3,n
t2,n = 12 n1 + 22 n2 + 32 n3
t3,n = 13 n1 + 23 n2 + 33 n3
Escrito en forma matricial,
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
t1,n
11 21 31
n1
t2,n = 12 22 32 n2
t3,n
13 23 33
n3
Escrito en forma compacta
tn = T T n
Donde,
11 12 13
T = 21 22 23 tensor esf uerzo
31 32 33
act
ua en la cara i
apunta en direcci
on j
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
3.
Ecuaciones de Equilibrio
3.1.
Z
tdA +
d
bdV =
dt
xdV
como t = T T n
Z
T ndA +
bdV =
xdV
V
en componentes
Z
Z
ji nj dA +
Z
bi dV =
xi dV
V
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
Z
V
ji
dV +
xj
Z
V
Z
bi dV =
xi dV
V
ji
+ bi
xi dV = 0
xj
j = 1, 2, 3
Explcitamente,
11
x1
21
x2
31
x3
+ b1
= a1
12
x1
22
x2
32
x3
+ b2
= a2
13
x1
23
x2
33
x3
+ b3
= a3
21
x2
31
x3
+ b1
12
x1
22
x2
32
x3
+ b2
13
x1
23
x2
33
x3
+ b3
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
Por la simetra del tensor esfuerzo la ecuacion anterior se puede escribir tambien como
ij
+ bi = 0
xj
3.2.
11
x1
12
x2
13
x3
+ b1
21
x1
22
x2
23
x3
+ b2
31
x1
32
x2
33
x3
+ b3
Z
x tdA +
d
x bdV =
dt
x xdV
como t = T T n
Z
x T ndA +
S
x bdV =
V
x xdV
V
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
en componentes
Z
ijk xj mk nm dA +
S
ijk xj bk dV =
V
ijk xj xk dV
V
(ijk xj mk )dV +
xm
Z
ijk xj bk dV =
V
ijk xj xk dV
V
Z
Z
Z
xj
mk
ijk
mk + ijk xj
dV +
ijk xj bk dV =
ijk xj xk dV
xm
xm
V
V
V
pero
mk
+ bk =
xk
xm
As,
Z
Z
[imk mk + ijk xj (
xk bk )]dV +
ijk xj
xk dV
ijk xj bk dV =
V
Finalmente,
Z
imk mk dV = 0
V
pq = qp
10
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
TT = T
ij
+ bi = 0
xj
11
x1
12
x2
13
x3
+ b1
21
x1
22
x2
23
x3
+ b2
31
x1
32
x2
33
x3
+ b3
Recapitulando:
t = Tn
ti = ij nj
Forma Notacional
11
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
11 12 13
T = 21 22 23
31 32 33
ecuaciones de equilibrio
11
x1
21
x2
31
x3
+ b1
12
x1
22
x2
32
x3
+ b2
13
x1
23
x2
33
x3
+ b3
ij
+ bi = 0
xj
11
x1
12
x2
13
x3
+ b1
21
x1
22
x2
23
x3
+ b2
31
x1
32
x2
33
x3
+ b3
Forma Clasica
12
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
xx xy xz
T = yx yy yz
zx zy zz
ecuaciones de equilibrio
xx
x
yx
y
zx
z
+ F1
xy
x
yy
y
zy
z
+ F2
xz
x
yz
y
zz
z
+ F3
ESFUERZOS PRINCIPALES
13
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
Caso General
Caso Particular
14
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
t = |t|n
llamando a |t|
t = n
tambien
t = Tn
igualando
Tn = n
[T I]n = 0
0
11
12
13
n1
21
22
23 n2 = 0
0
31
32
33
n3
Solucion Trivial n1 = n2 = n3 = 0
Solucion no Trivial
11
12
13
22
23 = 0
det 21
31
32
33
Expandiendo:
3 - I1 2 - I2 - I3 = 0
Donde I1 , I2 y I3 son los invariantes de T
15
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
I1 =
3
X
ii = 11 + 22 + 33
i=1
I2 = 12 ij ij
I2 = -
1 2
I
2 1
22 23
- 11 13 - 11 12
32 33
31 33
21 22
2
2
2
I2 = 23
+ 13
+ 12
22 33 11 33 11 22
11 12 13
I3 = det 21 22 23
31 32 33
16
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
4.
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
Ejemplo
Dado el siguiente tensor esfuerzo T :
3 1 1
T = 1 0 2 [kgf /mm2 ]
1 2 0
Determinar
Esfuerzos Principales
Direcciones Principales
Procedimiento:
I1 =Traza(T )=3
I2 = -
0 2
3 1
3 1
=6
2 0
1 0
1 0
3 1 1
I3 = det 1 0 2 = 8
1 2 0
3 1
1
2 = 0
det 1
1
2
Ecuacion Caracterstica
3 I1 2 I2 I3 = 0
3 3 2 6 + 8 = 0
Solucion:
1
-2
[kgf /mm2 ]
[kgf /mm2 ]
[kgf /mm2 ]
17
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
1)
5n1 + n2 + n3 = 0
2) n1 + 2n2 + 2n3 = 0
3) n21 + n22 + n23 = 1
5n1 + n2 + n3 = 0 /(-2)
2) n1 + 2n2 + 2n3 = 0
9n1 = 0 n1 = 0
De 2) n2 = n3
Reemplazando en 3)
n23 + n23 = 1
2n23 = 1
n3 = 12 =
2
2
n2 =
2
2
n1 =
2
2
18
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
n2 =
1
n3 =
19
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
11 12 13
T = 21 22 23
31 32 33
n1,1
n1 = n2,1
n3,1
1 0 0
D = 0 2 0
0 0 3
n1,2
n2 = n2,2
n3,2
n1,3
n3 = n2,3
n3,3
En coordenadas esfericas
n3,1 = er k = cos
20
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
cos
n3,1
tan
n2,1
n1,1
5.
Esfuerzos Normales M
aximos
n = t n = t1 n1 + t2 n2 + t3 n3
n =
3
X
ti ni
i=1
n = ij nj ni
Maximizar n sujeto a | n | = 1
Tecnica: Multiplicadores de Lagrange
Nueva funcion objetivo H:
21
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
H
=0
nk
k = 1, 2, 3
ij ni
ni
nj
nj
nj
+ij nj
+
+
=0
nk
nk
nk
nk
|{z}
|{z}
|{z}
|{z}
jk
ik
jk
jk
ik ni + kj nj + 2nk = 0
como
ik = ki
ki ni kj nj
2kj nj + 2nk = 0
En Forma Matricial
Tn + n = 0
[T I]n = 0
Que es identico al problema de determinar esfuerzos principales con = :
en los planos principales aparecen los maximos esfuerzos principales
22
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
6.
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
Esfuerzo de Corte M
aximo
2
2 =| t |2 n
2
2 = t21 + t22 + t23 n
1 0 0
T = 0 2 0
0 0 3
como
t=Tn
23
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
t1
1 0 0
n1
t1 = 1 n1
t2 = 0 2 0 n2 t2 = 2 n2
t3
0 0 3
n3
t3 = 3 n3
2
As 2 = 12 n21 + 22 n22 + 32 n23 n
2
pero n
= t n = (Tn)T n = nT T T n = nT Tn
n =
t1 t2
0
0
n
t1 = 1 n1
1
1
t3
0 2 0
n2 t2 = 2 n2
n3
t3 = 3 n3
0 0 3
H
= 0 = n1 [12 21 (1 n21 + 2 n22 + 3 n23 ) + ] = 0
n1
H
= 0 = n2 [22 22 (1 n21 + 2 n22 + 3 n23 ) + ] = 0
n2
H
= 0 = n3 [32 23 (1 n21 + 2 n22 + 3 n23 ) + ] = 0
n3
24
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
Solucion:
a) n1 = 1, n2 = 0 y n3 = 0
2 = 0 = 0 Mnimo
b) n1 = 0, n2 = 1 y n3 = 0
2 = 0 = 0 Mnimo
c) n1 = 0, n2 = 0 y n3 = 1
2 = 0 = 0 Mnimo
2do conjunto de soluciones
a) n1 = 0, n2 = 12 y n3 = 12
=
2 3
2
3 1
2
1 2
2
b) n1 = 12 , n2 = 0 y n3 = 12
c) n1 = 12 , n2 = 12 y n3 = 0
As,
M AX =
M AX M IN
2
25
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
7.
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
Rotaci
on del Tensor Esfuerzo
11 12 13
11 12 13
21 22 23 21 22 23
31 32 33
31 32 33
|
{z
}
|
{z
}
Ref erido a x1 x2 x3
Ref erido a x1 x2 x3
Metodo:
26
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
ij = t ej
t1 e1 + t2 e2 + t3 e3
t = tl el
ij = tl
el ej
|{z}
|el ||
ej |cos(
xj ,xl )=aj l
ij = tl ajl
como
t = Tn
tl = kl nk
reemplazando en ij
27
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
ij = kl nk ajl
Pero,
nk = cos(n, xn )
ademas n es colineal con xi
As nk = cos(
xi , xk ) aik
Finalmente
ij
= aik ajl kl
ij
= aik kl aTlj
en forma matricial
= ATAT
Expltamente
11 12 13
a11 a12 a13
11 12 13
a11 a21 a31
21 22 23 = a21 a22 a23 21 22 23 a12 a22 a32
31 32 33
a31 a32 a33
31 32 33
a13 a23 a33
28
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
cos x1
x1 a11
A=
x2 a21
x3 a31
8.
x2
a12
a22
a32
x3
a13
a23
a33
Relaci
on entre T y D
1 0 0
T = D = 0 2 0
0 0 3
= ATAT
T
Donde
A: es una matriz de transformacion ortogonal con componentes aij :
aij = cos(
xi , xj )
29
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
n1,1
n1 = n1,2
n1,3
n2,1
n2 = n2,2
n2,3
n3,1
n3 = n3,2
n3,3
Finalmente,
1 0 0
n1,1 n1,2 n1,3
11 12 13
n1,1 n2,1 n3,1
0 2 0 = n2,1 n2,2 n2,3 21 22 23 n1,2 n2,2 n3,2
0 0 3
n3,1 n3,2 n3,3
31 32 33
n1,3 n2,3 n3,3
9.
Deformaci
on
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
Deformacion y
Desplazamiento u = ui + vj + wk
Ejemplo: 2D
PQRS PQRS
Elemento Infinitesimal (E.I.)!!
Hay 2 deformaciones geometricas basicas (en un E.I.)
a) Cambio de longitud de una lnea recta
b) Cambio en el valor de un dado entre dos rectas perpendiculares
As
Deformacion
a) Longitudinal
b) Cortadura
Definicion:
Deformacion longitudinal =
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
= lm
L0 L
Deformacion de Cortadura (2 alternativas)
xy = Promedio de variacion del angulo originalmente recto en el estado sin deformacion.
xy = Variacion total del angulo originalmente recto en el estado sin deformacion.
10.
Relaci
on entre Deformaci
on y Desplazamiento
32
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
Deformacion Longitudinal:
x =
P 0 Q0 P Q
=
PQ
s
2
2
u
v
dx +
dx +
dx dx
x
x
s
=
dx
u
dx2 + 2dx2
+
x
u
x
2
dx +
v
x
2
dx2 dx
dx
s
=
u
1+2
+
x
u
x
2
+
v
x
2
1
si a es peque
no (1 + a)m ' 1 + ma
si suponemos que
u
<<< 1
x
x =
Similarmente si
v
<<< 1 tenemos que
y
y =
11.
u
x
v
y
Deformaci
on de Cortadura
Si 1 , 2 son peque
nos
1
1
xy = (1 + 2 ) = (tan 1 + tan 2 )
2
2
u
v
dy
dx
1
y
x
=
+
v
u
2
dy +
dy dx +
dx
y
x
xy
33
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
si
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
v u
,
son infinitesimales
y x
xy
1 u v
+
=
2 y x
xy
12.
u v
=
+
y x
u, v, w campo de desplazamientos
u = ui + vj + wk
x
u
x
y
v
y
z
w
z
34
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
u v
+
y x
xy
1
=
2
v w
+
z
y
yz
1
=
2
xz
|
u w
+
z
x
{z
}
promedio
1
=
2
u v
+
y x
v w
+
z
y
xy =
yz =
xz
|
13.
u w
+
=
z
x
{z
}
4+ total
Ecuaciones de Compatibilidad
x
xy
x x x
xy xz yz
u v
+
y x
u
x
y
xz
v
y
u w
+
z
x
z
w
z
yz
v w
+
z
y
3 incognitas y 6 ecuaciones.
puede haber incompatibilidad en los desplazamientos obtenidos.
35
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
Ecuaciones de Compatibilidad
2 xy
2 x 2 y
=
+
xy
y 2
x2
(1)
2 y 2 z
2 yz
=
+
yz
z 2
y 2
(2)
2 x 2 z
2 xz
=
+
xz
z 2
x2
(3)
2 x
2
=
yz
x
14.
yz zx xy
+
+
x
y
z
2 y
=
2
zx
y
2 z
=
2
xy
z
yz zx xy
+
x
y
z
yz zx xy
+
x
y
z
(4)
(5)
(6)
Demostraci
on
Sea Po (x01 , x02 , x03 ) un punto el cual los desplazamientos u0i y las componentes de la rotacion
0
wij
son conocidos. Los desplazamientos ui en un punto arbitrario P se obtienen por una
integral de lnea a lo largo de una curva contnua C que une P con P0
ui (x1 , x2 , x3 ) =
u0i
dui =
u0i
P0
P0
ui k
dx
xk
(7)
= eik wik
(8)
Pero,
ui
1
=
xk
2
ui
uk
+
xk
xi
+
ui
uk
xk
xi
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
ui (x1 , x2 , x3 ) =
u0i
wik dxk
eik dx
+
P0
(9)
P0
P
k
P
k
wik dx =
P0
0
x0k )wik
(xk xk )
P0
P0
wik
(x)dxl
xl
(10)
0
donde wik
es el valor de wik en el punto P0 . Ahora
1
wik
=
xl
2
1
=
2
2 uk
2 ui
xl xk xl xi
2 ui
2 ul
+
xk xl xk xi
1
=
xk 2
ui ul
+
xl xi
2 uk
2 ul
+
xi xl xi xk
xi 2
ul
uk
+
xl
xk
eil ekl
xk
xi
(11)
ui (x1 , x2 , x3 ) =
u0i
+ (xk
0
x0k )wik
Uil dxl
(12)
P0
Uil = eil + (xk xk )
eil ekl
xk
xi
(13)
37
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
Uim
Uil
=0
xm
xl
(14)
xl
15.
eil ekl
xk
xi
eim ekm
xk
xi
+ (xk xk )
xm
(xk xk )
xl
eil ekl
xk
xi
eim ekm
xk
xi
=0
(15)
Ejemplo de Aplicaci
on
x = y = z = T
xy = yz = xz = 0
Donde = cte. es el coeficiente de dilatacion termica
Reemplazando en ecuaciones de compatibilidad
2T 2T
+
=0
y 2
x2
2T 2T
+
=0
z 2
y 2
2T 2T
+ 2 =0
x2
z
2T
=0
yz
38
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
2T
=0
zx
2T
=0
xy
T = ax + by + cz
algunos valores tpicos de
Aluminio: 12,5 106 [1/o F ]
Acero: 6,1 106 [1/o F ]
16.
Ecuaciones Esfuerzo-Deformaci
on
Ecuacion Constitutiva
T = f (E)
material elastico lineal
ij = Cijkl kl
material isotropico
ij =
E
ij +
ij kk
(1 + )
(1 + ) (1 2)
ij =
1+
ij ij kk
E
E
39
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
11 =
E
[(1 )11 + (22 + 33 )]
(1 + )(1 2)
22 =
E
[(1 )22 + (11 + 33 )]
(1 + )(1 2)
33 =
E
[(1 )33 + (11 + 22 )]
(1 + )(1 2)
12 = 2G12 = G12
13 = 2G13 = G13
23 = 2G23 = G23
E: modulo de elasticidad
Acero: 21000[kg/mm2 ] 2,1 1011 [P a]
: modulo de Poisson ( 0,3)
G: modulo de cortadura =
E
2(1 + )
El modulo de Young y radio de Poisson son las propiedades usadas mas comunes para
caracterizar un solido elastico, pero no son los u
nicos parametros usados. Por ejemplo, definiremos Modulo de Cizalle (Shear Modulus), Modulo de Incompresibilidad (Bulk Modulus)
y Modulo de Lame (Lame Modulus).
Bulk Modulus K =
E
3(1 2)
Shear Modulus =
E
2(1 + )
Lame Modulus =
E
(1 + )(1 2)
40
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
La relacion constitutiva entre el tensor esfuerzo y el tensor deformacion esta dado por
ij = Cijkl kl
Para un material isoptropico esta relacion se reduce en terminos de los coeficientes de
Lame a
ij = kk ij + 2ij
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U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
17.
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
Resumen
Equilibrio:
11
x1
21
x2
31
x3
+ b1
12
x1
22
x2
32
x3
+ b2
13
x1
23
x2
33
x3
+ b3
Que por simetra del tensor esfuerzo, la relacion anterior se puede tambien escribir como
11
x1
12
x2
13
x3
+ b1
21
x1
22
x2
23
x3
+ b2
31
x1
32
x2
33
x3
+ b3
Condiciones de Borde:
t = Tn = t
en St
t1 = 11 n1 + 12 n2 + 13 n3 = t1
t2 = 21 n1 + 22 n2 + 23 n3 = t2
t3 = 31 n1 + 32 n2 + 33 n3 = t3
Relacion Deformacion-Desplazamiento:
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U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
u = u1 e1 + u2 e2 + u3 e3
11
u1
x1
22
u2
x2
33
u1 u2
+
x2 x1
12
1
=
2
u2 u3
+
x3 x2
23
1
=
2
u1 u3
+
x3 x1
13
1
=
2
u3
x3
Ley de Hooke:
11 =
E
[(1 )11 + (22 + 33 )]
(1 + )(1 2)
22 =
E
[(1 )22 + (11 + 33 )]
(1 + )(1 2)
33 =
E
[(1 )33 + (11 + 22 )]
(1 + )(1 2)
12 = 2G12 = G12
13 = 2G13 = G13
23 = 2G23 = G23
Incognitas
ij
: 6
ij
: 6
u
: 3
TOTAL
15
43
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
Ecuaciones
Equilibrio
: 3
Relac. Deform.-Desplaz. : 6
Ley de Hooke
: 6
TOTAL
15
S = Su
Su
St
St =
Condiciones de Borde:
Desplazamiento: u = u en Su
Tracciones: t = t en St
u1 +
1 2 x1
2
u1 u2 u3
+
+
x1 x2 x3
+
b1
=0
G
44
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
u2 +
1 2 x2
u3 +
1 2 x3
u1 u2 u3
+
+
x1 x2 x3
u1 u2 u3
+
+
x1 x2 x3
b2
=0
G
b3
=0
G
Condiciones de Borde:
Desplazamiento: u = u en Su
Tracciones: t = t en St
t = Tn
t = f (E)
t = (u)
u1
u1 u2
u1 u3
t1 = n1 + G 2
n1 +
+
n2 +
+
n3
x1
x2 x1
x3 x1
u2 u3
u2 u1
u2
n2 +
+
+
n3 +
n1
t2 = n2 + G 2
x2
x3 x2
x1 x2
u3 u1
u3 u2
u3
n3 +
+
n1 +
+
n2
t3 = n3 + G 2
x3
x1 x3
x2 x3
Donde
E
(1 + )(1 2)
u1 u2 u3
+
+
x1 x2 x3
45
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
18.
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
Esfuerzo Normal
P
Fn = 0
46
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
n =
x + y
2
+
y x
2
cos 2 xy sin 2
y x
2
sin 2 2xy cos 2 = 0
tan 2 =
xy
y x
2
reemplazando
x + y
{max , min } = n =
2
19.
s
y x
2
2
2
+ xy
Esfuerzo de Cortadura
nt ds + x cos dy + xy sin dy xy cos dx y dx sin = 0/ : ds
como
dy
ds
sin
dx
ds
cos
y x
2
sin 2 + xy cos 2
47
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
20.
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
M
aximo Esfuerzo de Corte
dnt
=2
d
y x
2
cos 2 2xy sin 2 = 0
tan 2 =
y x
2
xy
sustituyendo
s
{max , min } = nt =
21.
y x
2
2
2
+ xy
Problemas Bidimensionales
Deformacion Plana
Esfuerzo Plano
Deformacion Plana:
Cilindro prismatico largo con cargas laterales.
48
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
consideraciones
Fuerza de Cuerpo en z, es 0
Fuerzas de Cuerpo en direccion x e y son funciones solo de (x,y)
Extremos del cilindro fijo, w = 0
Desplazamientos u, v son solo funciones de (x,y)
As,
x =
u
x
y =
v
y
xy =
u v
+
y x
z =
w
z
xz =
w u
+
x
z
yz =
v w
+
z
y
Son cero
49
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
Ley de Hooke
x =
E
[(1 )x + y ]
(1 + )(1 2)
y =
E
[(1 )y + x ]
(1 + )(1 2)
z =
E
[x + y ]
(1 + )(1 2)
x =
1+
[(1 )x y ]
E
y =
1+
[(1 )y x ]
E
xy =
22.
2(1 + )
xy
E
Esfuerzo Plano
50
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
consideraciones
h peque
no
Fuerzas de cuerpo en z = 0
Fuerzas de cuerpo en direccion x,y son funciones de (x,y)
Superficies de placa z= h2 libres de esfuerzos, o sea, z , xz y yz son cero
Se puede asumir que
z = 0 en el espesor
x , y y xy dependen solo de (x,y)
Ley de Hooke
x =
1
[x y ]
E
y =
1
[y x ]
E
51
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
z =
[x + y ]
E
xy =
2(1 + )
xy
E
x =
E
[x + y ]
1 + 2
y =
E
[y + x ]
1 + 2
xy =
23.
23.1.
E
xy
2(1 + )
Throughout this section B is homogeneous and isotropic with Lame moduli and .
Let (x1 , x2 , x3 ) be a rectangular coordinate system with origin at 0, and let B be a (not
necessarily circular) cylinder centered ay 0 with generators
52
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
Figure 1: Cylinder B
parallel to the x3 axis and with end faces x3 = h (Figura 1). Let 1 and 2 be complementary subsets of the set
{x B : x3 6= h}
We assume that 1 and 2 are independent of x3 in the sense that 1 2 consists at
most of line segments parallel to the x3 axis and of length 2h.
Given elastic constants and , body forces b on B , surface displacements u on 1 , and
surface tractions s on 2 , with b, u and s independent of x3 and parallel to the x1 , x2 plane,
the the plane problem of elastostatics consists in finding an elastic state [u, E, S] on
B that corresponds to the body force field b and satisfies the boundaty conditions:
u = u on 1 , s = s on 2 ,
s = 0 when x3 = h
53
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
Since the surface displacements, surface tractions, and body forces are all independent of
x3 and parallel to the x1 , x2 plane, one might expect that the displacement field u will also
have this property. With this in mind, we introduce the following definition.
Let [u, E, S] be an elastic state. Then [u, E, S] is a state of plane strain provided
u = u (x1 , x2 ), u3 = 0
Here and in what follows Greek subscripts range over the integers (1,2). The above restriction, in conjunction with the strain-displacement and stress-strain relations, implies that
E = E(x1 , x2 ) and S = S(x1 , x2 ). Further,
1
E = (u + u )
2
S = 2E + E
S13 = S23 = 0,
S33 = E
S, + b = 0
A simple calculation based on the above relations yields the important relation
S33 = S
where is Poissons Ratio
2( + )
54
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
(a)
S, + b = 0
S = (u, + u, ) + u,
supplemented by
(b)
S13 = S23 = u3 = 0,
S33 = S
(c)
u = u on 1 , S n = s on 2
(d)
supplemented by
Here 1 and 2 are the intersections, respectively, of 1 and 2 with the x1 , x2 plane.
The system (a) y (c) constitutes a two-dimensional boundary-value problem. This problem
has a unique solution which w e call the plane strain solution associated with the plane
problem. As is clear from (b) and (c), this solution actually solves the plane problem only
when =0 or S11 + S22 0. However, the plane strain solution is an actual solution of the
modified problem that result if we replace (b) by the mixed-mixed boundary condition
S = 2E + E
can be inverted to give
2E = S S
55
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
We turn next to the associated generalized plane stress solution, which characterizes the
thickness averages of u, E, and S under the approximative assumption
S33 0
(A)
Thus let [u,E,S] (no longer assumed to be a state of plane strain) be a solution of the
plane problem and assume that (A) holds. It follows from the symmetry inherent in the plane
problem that
u (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = u (x1 , x2 , x3 ),
u3 (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = u3 (x1 , x2 , x3 )
u3 (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = u3 (x1 , x2 , x3 )
would generate a second solution of the plane problem, a situation ruled out by the
uniqueness theorem of elastostatics (at least when the elasticity tensor is positive definite).
Given a function f on B, let f denote its thickness average
1
f (x1 , x2 ) =
2h
+h
f (x1 , x2 , x3 )dx3
h
u3 = E 13 = E 23 = S 13 = S 23 = 0
Further,
1
E = (u, + u )
2
S = 2E + (E + E 33 )
S 33 = 2E 33 + (E + E 33
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U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
S 33 = 2E 33 + (E + E 33 )
In view of (A), S33 =0, thus the above relations imply that
(1)
S = (u, + u, ) + u
where
2
+ 2
S , + b = 0
(2)
while the boundary conditions become
(3)u = u on 1 ,
S n = s on 2
The relations (1), (2) and (c) constitute a two dimensional boundary-value problem. This
problem has a unique solution called the generalized plane stress solution associated with the
plane problem. Note that the relations (1), (2) y (c) which constitute the generalized plane
stress solution, are identical to the relations (a) and (c) of the plane strain solution provided
we replace the Lame modulus by
2
+ 2
It must be emphasized that basic to the derivation of (1) is the approximative assumption
that S33 vanish.
The stress-strain relation for generalized plane stress is easily inverted; indeed,
2E = S S
where
57
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
1+
is the appopiate Poisons Ratio for generalized plane stress. Figure 12 shows the graph of
/ as a function of .
Figure 2: / V/S
> 0,
1 < <
1 < <
1
2
1
2
Note that
> 0,
< <
1
3
so that , positive definite does not imply , positive definite. Note, however, that
1
2
0<
1
3
The result will be of importance when we discuss the uniqueness issue appropriate to the
generalized plane stress solution.
58
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
23.2.
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
In this section we study properties of the plane strain solution associated with the plane
problem under the assumption that B is homogeneous and isotropic with 6= 0, 6= 12 , 1. In
addition, we assume throughout this section and the next that the body forces are zero.
We write R for the intersection of B with the x1 , x2 plane. Further, we let 1 and 2
denote complementary regular subcurves of the boundary curve R and write n for the
components of the outward unit normal to R.
In view of the discussion given in the previous section, to specify a state of plane strain
or generalized plane stress it suffices to specify the plane components u and S of the
displacement and stress fields. This remark should motivate the following definition. We say
that [u , S ] is a plane elastic state corresponding to the elastic constants and if:
(i) u is continuos on R and smooth on R.
(ii) S is continuos on R and smooth on R.
(iii) u and S satisfy the field equations.
S, = 0
(u, + u, ) = S S
Since every plane elastic state generates, with the aid of (a) in the previous section, a
(three-dimensional) state of plane strain, we have the following direct corollary
(1) Let [u , S ] be a plane elastic state corresponding to the elastic constants and .
Then u and S are analytic on R.
Each state of plane strain is an actual solution of the modified plane problem for which
the boundary conditions at x3 = h are replaced by the mixed-mixed conditions
S13 = S23 = u3 = 0
when
x3 = h
u = u
on
and
S n = S n
on
2
59
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
Then
S = S
on
and hence the two states are equal modulo a plane rigid displacement.
The next theorem shows that for plane states the stress equations of compatibility take
a particularly simple form.
(3) Characterization of the Stress Field. Let [u , S ] be a plane elastic state corresponding to the elastic constants and . Then S satisfies the compatibility relation
(e)
S = 0
(f )
S, = 0
Assume, in addition, that R is simply-connected. Then there exists a field u such that
[u , S ] is a plane elastic state corresponding to and .
Proof. Let [u , S ] be a plane elastic state. By (1) the strains E corresponding to u
are analytic; thus we conclude that E satisfies the compatibility relation
(g)
S12,12 = S11,11
S12,12 = S22,22
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U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
hence
(h)
On the other hand, let S satisfy (e) y (f) and define E through the stress-strain
relation. Then by reversing the above steps, it is a simple matter to verify that (g) holds.
Theorem (3) remains valid in the presence of body forces provided (e) and (f) are replaced
by
S =
1
b, ,
1
S, + b = 0
The next theorem asserts that the stresses corresponding to a solution of the traction
problem are independent of the elastic constants (provided the body is simply-connected).
Much of the experimental work in photoelasticity theory is based on this result.
(4) L
evys Theorem. Assume that R is simply-connected. Let [u , S ] and [
u , S ]
be plane elastic states corresponding to positive definite elastic constants , and , respectively. Suppose, further, that S and S are smooth on R and
S n = S n
on
Then
S = S
23.3.
on
Airys Solution
In this section some of the functions we study will be multi-value. Therefore, for this
section only, if a function is single-value we will say so; if nothing is said the functions
allowed to be multi-valued. Thus the assertion is a function of class C N means that
is a possibly multi-valued function of class C N . However, we will always assume that the
displacement and stress fields corresponding to a plane elastic state are single-valued.
We continue to assume that the body forces vanish. Then, as we saw in the previous
section, a plane stress field is completely characterized by the following pair of field equations:
S, = 0,
S = 0
61
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
(i)
S11 = ,22 ,
S22 = ,11 ,
S12 = ,12
Then,
(j)
S, = 0
(k)
S = 0
Further,
)S11 ), 1 = (S12 ), 2
(S12 , 1 = (S22 ), 2
and there exists class C N +1 functions g and h on R such that
(l)
S11 = g,2
S12 = g,1
S22 = h,1
S12 = h,2
Hence
g,1 = h,2
and there exists a class C N +1 functions such that
(m)
g = ,2
h = ,1
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U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
S11 = ,22
S22 = ,11
S12 = ,12
are single-valued. For future use we note that vthese relations can be written in the concise
form
S = ,
where is the two-dimensional alternator.
By (i) de (1), any two Airy functions and generating the same stresses differ by a
linear function of position
(x) (x) = k x + c
where k and c are constants and x = (x1 , x2 ). Conversely, we can always add a linear
function of position to an Airy function without changing the associated stresses. Further,
given a point y = (y1 , y2 ) in R we can always choose the linear function so that the resulting
function satisfies
(y) = , (y) = 0
The (two-dimensional) traction problem for a simply-connected region consists in finding
stresses S that satisfy the field equations
S, = 0,
S = 0
S n = s
on
where the s are the prescribed surface tractions. In view of the last theorem, this is
equivalent to finding a scalar field such that
= 0
63
U.T.F.S.M.
Departamento de Mecanica
Teora de Elasticidad
Fernando Labbe Zepeda
, n
on
Thus the traction problem reduces to finding a biharmonic function that satisfies the
above boundary conditions. Our next theorem, which gives a physical interpretation of the
Airy function, allows us to write the boundary condition for in a more familiar form. With
a view toward a concise statement of this theorem, let
= {x() : 0 1 }
be a piecewise smooth curve in R parametrized by its arc length , and let n and t
designate the normal and tangent unit vectors along
n = x ,
where x =
t = x
dx
d
64