Raspberry Pi

1 Hardware

RPi redirects here. For other uses, see RPI.

The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card-sized single- The Raspberry Pi hardware has evolved through several
board computers developed in the United Kingdom by versions that feature variations in memory capacity and
the Raspberry Pi Foundation to promote the teaching peripheral-device support.
of basic computer science in schools and developing
countries.[3][4][5] The original Raspberry Pi and RaspRAM
berry Pi 2 are manufactured in several board congurations through licensed manufacturing agreements with
I/O
Newark element14 (Premier Farnell), RS Components
USB hub
CPU/GPU
and Egoman.[6] The hardware is the same across all manufacturers. The rmware is closed-source.[7]

Ethernet

Several generations of Raspberry Pis have been released.

The rst generation (Pi 1) was released in February 2012
in basic model A and a higher specication model B. A+
and B+ models were released a year later. Raspberry Pi
2 model B was released in February 2015 and Raspberry
Pi 3 model B in February 2016. These boards are priced
between US$20 and 35. A cut down compute model
was released in April 2014, and a Pi Zero with smaller
size and limited input/output (I/O), general-purpose input/output (GPIO), abilities released in November 2015
for US$5.

2x USB

This block diagram depicts models A, B, A+, and B+.

Model A, A+, and Zero lack the Ethernet and USB hub
components. The Ethernet adapter is internally connected to an additional USB port. In model A, A+, and
Zero the USB port is connected directly to the system
on a chip (SoC). On model B+ and later models the
USB/Ethernet chip contains a ve-point USB hub, of
which four ports are available, while model B only provides two. On the model Zero, the USB port is also conAll models feature a Broadcom system on a chip (SoC), nected directly to the SoC, but it uses a micro USB (OTG)
which includes an ARM compatible central processing port.
unit (CPU) and an on chip graphics processing unit
(GPU, a VideoCore IV). CPU speed ranges from 700
MHz to 1.2 GHz for the Pi 3 and on board memory 1.1 Processor
range from 256 MB to 1 GB RAM. Secure Digital SD
cards are used to store the operating system and program
memory in either the SDHC or MicroSDHC sizes. Most
boards have between one and four USB slots, HDMI and
composite video output, and a 3.5 mm phono jack for audio. Lower level output is provided by a number of GPIO
pins which support common protocols like IC. The Bmodels have an 8P8C Ethernet port and the Pi 3 has on
board Wi-Fi 802.11n and Bluetooth.
The Foundation provides Raspbian, a Debian based linux
distribution for download, as well as third party Ubuntu,
Windows 10 IOT Core, RISC OS, and specialised media
center distributions.[8] It promotes Python and Scratch as
the main programming language, with support for many
other languages.[9]
In February 2016, the Raspberry Pi Foundation anThe Raspberry Pi model 2 uses a 32-bit 900 MHz quad-core
nounced that they had sold eight million devices, making ARM Cortex-A7 processor.
it the best-selling UK personal computer, ahead of the
Amstrad PCW.[10][11]
The SoC used in the rst generation Raspberry Pi
is somewhat equivalent to the chip used in older
1

smartphones (such as iPhone, 3G, 3GS). The Raspberry Pi is based on the Broadcom BCM2835 SoC,[12]
which includes an 700 MHz ARM1176JZF-S processor,
VideoCore IV graphics processing unit (GPU),[13] and
RAM. It has a Level 1 cache of 16 KB and a Level 2
cache of 128 KB. The Level 2 cache is used primarily by
the GPU. The SoC is stacked underneath the RAM chip,
so only its edge is visible.
The Raspberry Pi 2 uses a Broadcom BCM2836 SoC
with a 900 MHz 32-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 processor, with 256 KB shared L2 cache.[14]
The Raspberry Pi 3 uses a Broadcom BCM2837 SoC
with a 1.2 GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 processor, with 512 KB shared L2 cache.[15]
1.1.1

Performance

While operating at 700 MHz by default, the rst generation Raspberry Pi provided a real-world performance
roughly equivalent to 0.041 GFLOPS.[16][17] On the CPU
level the performance is similar to a 300 MHz Pentium
II of 199799. The GPU provides 1 Gpixel/s or 1.5
Gtexel/s of graphics processing or 24 GFLOPS of general purpose computing performance. The graphical capability of the Raspberry Pi are roughly equivalent to the
performance of the Xbox of 2001.

HARDWARE

heatsink or special cooling, although overclocking may

heat up the SoC more than usual.
Most Raspberry Pi chips could be overclocked to 800
MHz, and some to 1000 MHz. There are reports the second generation can be similarly overclocked, in extreme
cases, even to 1500 MHz (discarding all safety features
and over-voltage limitations). In the Raspbian Linux distro the overclocking options on boot can be done by a
software command running sudo raspi-cong without
voiding the warranty.[21] In those cases the Pi automatically shuts the overclocking down if the chip reaches 85
C (185 F), but it is possible to override automatic overvoltage and overclocking settings (voiding the warranty);
an appropriately sized heatsink is needed to keep the chip
from serious overheating.
Newer versions of the rmware contain the option to
choose between ve overclock (turbo) presets that
when used, attempt to maximize the performance of the
SoC without impairing the lifetime of the board. This is
done by monitoring the core temperature of the chip, the
CPU load, and dynamically adjusting clock speeds and
the core voltage. When the demand is low on the CPU
or it is running too hot the performance is throttled, but
if the CPU has much to do and the chips temperature
is acceptable, performance is temporarily increased with
clock speeds of up to 1 GHz depending on the individual
board and on which of the turbo settings is used.

The LINPACK single node compute benchmark re- The seven overclock presets are:
sults in a mean single precision performance of 0.065
GFLOPS and a mean double precision performance of
none; 700 MHz ARM, 250 MHz core, 400 MHz
0.041 GFLOPS for one Raspberry Pi Model-B board.[18]
SDRAM, 0 overvolt,
A cluster of 64 Raspberry Pi Model-B computers, la modest; 800 MHz ARM, 250 MHz core, 400 MHz
beled Iridis-pi, achieved a LINPACK HPL suite reSDRAM, 0 overvolt,
sult of 1.14 GFLOPS (n=10240) at 216 watts for c.
US$4000.[18]
medium; 900 MHz ARM, 250 MHz core, 450 MHz
Raspberry Pi 2 includes a quad-core Cortex-A7 CPU
SDRAM, 2 overvolt,
running at 900 MHz and 1 GB RAM. It is described as
high; 950 MHz ARM, 250 MHz core, 450 MHz
46 times more powerful than its predecessor. The GPU
[14]
SDRAM, 6 overvolt,
is identical to the original. In parallelized benchmarks,
the Raspberry Pi 2 could be up to 14 times faster than a
turbo; 1000 MHz ARM, 500 MHz core, 600 MHz
Raspberry Pi 1B+.[19]
SDRAM, 6 overvolt,
The Raspberry Pi 3, with a quad-core Cortex-A53 processor, is described as 10 times the performance of
a Raspberry Pi 1.[15] This was suggested to be highly
dependent upon task threading and instruction set use.
Benchmarks showed the Raspberry Pi 3 to be approximately 80% faster than the Raspberry Pi 2 in parallelized
tasks.[20]
1.1.2

Overclocking

Pi2; 1000 MHz ARM, 500 MHz core, 500 MHz

SDRAM, 2 overvolt,
Pi3; 1100 MHz ARM, 550 MHz core, 500 MHz
SDRAM, 6 overvolt. In system information CPU
speed will appear as 1200 MHz. When in idle speed
lowers to 600 MHz.[22][23]
In the highest (turbo) preset the SDRAM clock was originally 500 MHz, but this was later changed to 600 MHz
because 500 MHz sometimes causes SD card corruption.
Simultaneously in high mode the core clock speed was
lowered from 450 to 250 MHz, and in medium mode from
333 to 250 MHz.

The rst generation Raspberry Pi chip operated at 700

MHz by default, and did not become hot enough to need
a heat sink or special cooling unless the chip was overclocked. The second generation runs at 900 MHz by
default; it also does not become hot enough to need a The Raspberry Pi Zero runs at 1 GHz.

1.5

1.2

Video

RAM

On the older beta model B boards, 128 MB was allocated

by default to the GPU, leaving 128 MB for the CPU.[24]
On the rst 256 MB release model B (and model A),
three dierent splits were possible. The default split was
192 MB (RAM for CPU), which should be sucient for
standalone 1080p video decoding, or for simple 3D, but
probably not for both together. 224 MB was for Linux
only, with only a 1080p framebuer, and was likely to
fail for any video or 3D. 128 MB was for heavy 3D, possibly also with video decoding (e.g. XBMC).[25] Comparatively the Nokia 701 uses 128 MB for the Broadcom VideoCore IV.[26] For the new model B with 512
MB RAM initially there were new standard memory The current Model B boards incorporate four USB ports for consplit les released( arm256_start.elf, arm384_start.elf, necting peripherals.
arm496_start.elf) for 256 MB, 384 MB and 496 MB
CPU RAM (and 256 MB, 128 MB and 16 MB video
RAM). But a week or so later the RPF released a new version of start.elf that could read a new entry in cong.txt
(gpu_mem=xx) and could dynamically assign an amount
of RAM (from 16 to 256 MB in 8 MB steps) to the GPU,
so the older method of memory splits became obsolete,
and a single start.elf worked the same for 256 and 512
MB Raspberry Pis.[27]
The Raspberry Pi 2 and the Raspberry Pi 3 have 1 GB of
RAM. The Raspberry Pi Zero has 512 MB of RAM.

1.3

Networking

The model A, A+ and Zero have no Ethernet circuitry

and are commonly connected to a network using an external user-supplied USB Ethernet or Wi-Fi adapter. On
the model B and B+ the Ethernet port is provided by a
built-in USB Ethernet adapter using the SMSC LAN9514 The early Raspberry Pi Model A, with an HDMI port and a standard RCA composite video port for older displays.
chip.[28] The Raspberry Pi 3 is equipped with 2.4 GHz
WiFi 802.11n (150 Mbit/s) and Bluetooth 4.1 (24 Mbit/s)
in addition to the 10/100 Ethernet port.
WXGA+; 19201080 1080p HDTV; 19201200
WUXGA.[30]
Higher resolutions, such as, up to 20481152, may
work[31][32] or even 38402160 at 15 Hz (too low a framerate for convincing video).[33] Note also that allowing the
The Raspberry Pi may be operated with any generic USB
highest resolutions does not imply that the GPU can decomputer keyboard and mouse.[29]
code video formats at those; in fact, the Pis are known
to not work reliably for H.265 (at those high resolution,
at least), commonly used for very high resolutions (most
1.5 Video
formats, commonly used, up to full HD, do work).

1.4

Peripherals

The video controller can emit standard modern TV

resolutions, such as HD and Full HD, and higher or
lower monitor resolutions and older standard CRT TV
resolutions. As shipped (i.e., without custom overclocking) it can emit these: 640350 EGA; 640480 VGA;
800600 SVGA; 1024768 XGA; 1280720 720p
HDTV; 1280768 WXGA variant; 1280800 WXGA
variant; 12801024 SXGA; 1366768 WXGA variant;
14001050 SXGA+; 16001200 UXGA; 16801050

Although the Raspberry Pi 3 does not have H.265 decoding hardware, the CPU, more powerful than its predecessors, is potentially able to decode H.265-encoded videos
in software. The Open Source Media Center (OSMC)
project said in February 2016:
The new BCM2837 based on 64-bit
ARMv8 architecture is backwards compatible
with the Raspberry Pi 2 as well as the original.

2
While the new CPU is 64-bit, the Pi retains the
original VideoCore IV GPU which has a 32bit design. It will be a few months before work
is done to establish 64-bit pointer interfacing
from the kernel and userland on the ARM to
the 32-bit GPU. As such, for the time being,
we will be oering a single Raspberry Pi image for Raspberry Pi 2 and the new Raspberry
Pi 3. Only when 64-bit support is ready, and
benecial to OSMC users, will we oer a separate image.
The new quad core CPU will bring
smoother GUI performance. There have also
been recent improvements to H265 decoding.
While not hardware accelerated on the Raspberry Pi, the new CPU will enable more H265
content to be played back on the Raspberry Pi
than before.
Raspberry Pi 3 announced with OSMC
support[34]

The Pi 3s GPU has higher clock frequencies300 MHz

and 400 MHz for dierent partsthan previous versions
250 MHz.[35][36]
The Raspberry Pis can also generate 576i and 480i
composite video signals, as used on old-style (CRT)
TV screens through standard connectorseither RCA or
3.5mm phone connector depending on models. The television signal standards supported are PAL-BGHID, PALM, PAL-N, NTSC and NTSC-J.[37]

1.6

Real-time clock

The Raspberry Pi does not have a built-in real-time clock,

and does not know the time of day. As a workaround,
a program running on the Raspberry Pi can get the time
from a network time server or user input at boot time,
thus knowing the time while powered on.
A real-time hardware clock with battery backup, such as
the DS1307, which is fully binary coded, may be added
(often via the IC interface).

1.7

Specications

* all interfaces are via 200-pin DDR2 SO-DIMM connector.

1.8

Connectors

1.9

General purpose input-output (GPIO)

connector

RPi A+, B+, 2B and Zero GPIO J8 have a 40-pin

pinout.[71] Model 3 has 40 pins as well, but someone will

SOFTWARE

need to conrm that the pin layout is the same as its predecessor. Models A and B have only the rst 26 pins.
Model B rev. 2 also has a pad (called P5 on the board
and P6 on the schematics) of 8 pins oering access to an
additional 4 GPIO connections.[72]
Models A and B provide GPIO access to the ACT status
LED using GPIO 16. Models A+ and B+ provide GPIO
access to the ACT status LED using GPIO 47, and the
power status LED using GPIO 35.

1.10 Accessories
Camera On 14 May 2013, the foundation and
the distributors RS Components & Premier Farnell/Element 14 launched the Raspberry Pi camera board with a rmware update to accommodate
it.[73] The camera board is shipped with a exible
at cable that plugs into the CSI connector located
between the Ethernet and HDMI ports. In Raspbian, one enables the system to use the camera
board by the installing or upgrading to the latest
version of the operating system (OS) and then running Raspi-cong and selecting the camera option.
The cost of the camera module is 20 in Europe (9
September 2013).[74] It can produce 1080p, 720p
and 640x480p video. The dimensions are 25 mm x
20 mm x 9 mm.[74] In May 2016, v2 of the camera
came out, and is a 8 megapixel camera.
Gertboard A Raspberry Pi Foundation sanctioned
device, designed for educational purposes, that expands the Raspberry Pis GPIO pins to allow interface with and control of LEDs, switches, analog signals, sensors and other devices. It also includes an
optional Arduino compatible controller to interface
with the Pi.[75]
Infrared Camera In October 2013, the foundation
announced that they would begin producing a camera module without an infrared lter, called the Pi
NoIR.[76]
HAT (Hardware Attached on Top) expansion boards
Together with the model B+, inspired by the
Arduino shield boards, the interface for HAT boards
was devised by the Raspberry Pi Foundation. Each
HAT board carries a small EEPROM (typically a
CAT24C32WI-GT3)[77] containing the relevant details of the board,[78] so that the Raspberry Pis OS
is informed of the HAT, and the technical details of
it, relevant to the OS using the HAT.[79] Mechanical details of a HAT board, that use the four mounting holes in their rectangular formation, are available
online.[80][81]

2 Software

2.1

2.1

Operating systems

Operating systems

5
NetBSD.[96][97]
Plan 9 from Bell Labs[98][99] and Inferno[100] (in
beta)
Moebius[101] is a light ARM HF distribution based
on Debian. It uses Raspbian repository, but it ts in
a 128 MB SD card.[102] It has only minimal services
and its memory use is optimized to be small.
OpenWrt is primarily used on embedded devices
to route network trac.
Kali Linux is a Debian-derived distro designed for
digital forensics and penetration testing.

Various operating systems can be installed on the Pi models

through SD cards, most use a MicroSD slot located on the bottom of the board.

The Raspberry Pi primarily uses Raspbian, a Debian

based linux operating systems. Other third party operating systems available via the ocial website including
Ubuntu MATE, Snappy Ubuntu Core, Windows 10 IoT
Core, RISC OS, and specialised distributions for the Kodi
media center and classroom management.[82]
Other operating systems
Many other operating systems can also run on the Raspberry Pi.
Xbian[83] using the Kodi (formerly XBMC) open
source digital media center
openSUSE[84]
Raspberry Pi Fedora Remix[85]
Gentoo Linux[86]
Diet Pi, Includes a diverse range of servers for media, VPN, Minecraft and many others[87]
CentOS for Raspberry Pi 2 and later
RedSleeve (a RHEL port) for Raspberry Pi 1
Slackware ARM version 13.37 and later runs on
the Raspberry Pi without modication.[88][89][90][91]
The 128496 MB of available memory on the Raspberry Pi is at least twice the minimum requirement
of 64 MB needed to run Slackware Linux on an
ARM or i386 system.[92] (Whereas the majority of
Linux systems boot into a graphical user interface,
Slackwares default user environment is the textual
shell / command line interface.[93] ) The Fluxbox
window manager running under the X Window System requires an additional 48 MB of RAM.[94]
FreeBSD[95]

Pardus ARM[103] is a Debian-based operating system which is the light version of the Pardus (operating system).
Instant WebKiosk is an operating system for digital
signage purposes (web and media views).
Ark OS is designed for website and email selfhosting.
ROKOS[104] is a Raspbian-based operating system
with integrated clients for the Bitcoin and OKCash
cryptocurrencies.
MinePeon is a dedicated operating system for mining cryptocurrency.
Kano OS[105]
Nard SDK[106] is a software development kit
(SDK) for industrial embedded systems.
Sailsh OS with Raspberry Pi 2 (due to use
ARM Cortex-A7 CPU; Raspberry Pi 1 uses different ARMv6 architecture and Sailsh requires
ARMv7.)[107]
Tiny Core Linux a minimal Linux operating
system focused on providing a base system using
BusyBox and FLTK. Designed to run primarily in
RAM.
Windows 10 IoT Core a free edition of Windows
10 oered by Microsoft that runs natively on the
Raspberry Pi 2.[108]
WTware for Raspberry Pi[109] is a free operating
system for creating Windows thin client from Pi 2
and Pi 3.
IPFire is a dedicated rewall/router distribution
for the protection of a SOHO LAN; runs only on a
Raspberry Pi 1; porting to the Raspberry Pi 2 is not
planned for now.[110]
xv6[111] is a modern reimplementation of Sixth
Edition Unix OS for teaching purposes; it is ported
to Raspberry Pi from MIT xv6; this xv6 port can
boot from NOOBS.

2
Alpine Linux is a Linux distribution based on musl
and BusyBox, primarily designed for "power users
who appreciate security, simplicity and resource efciency.
Void Linux a rolling release Linux distribution
which was designed and implemented from scratch,
provides images based on musl or glibc.

Media
Application

3D
Application

2D
Application

OpenMax

OpenGL ES

OpenVG

SOFTWARE

ARM

EGL

Tingbot OS[112] based on Raspbian, primarily designed for use with the Tingbot addon and running
Tide apps.[113]

Kernel driver

Videocore IV GPU

Media center operating systems:

OSMC https://osmc.tv

Open
Source

OpenELEC http://openelec.tv
Xbian http://www.xbian.org

Closed
Source

Binary
Blob

Scheme of the implemented APIs: OpenMAX, OpenGL ES and

OpenVG

Rasplex http://www.rasplex.com)
Audio operating systems :
Volumio https://volumio.org
Pimusicbox http://www.pimusicbox.com
Runeaudio http://www.runeaudio.com
moOdeaudio http://www.moodeaudio.org
Retrogaming operating systems:

an open source driver inside the Linux kernel, which then

calls the closed source VideoCore IV GPU driver code.
The API of the kernel driver is specic for these closed
libraries. Video applications use OpenMAX, 3D applications use OpenGL ES and 2D applications use OpenVG
which both in turn use EGL. OpenMAX and EGL use
the open source kernel driver in turn.[116]

Retropie http://blog.petrockblock.com/
2015/08/11/retropie-3-0-is-released/

2.3 Third party application software

Recalbox http://www.recalbox.com/
Happi
game
center
happi-game-center.com/

http://

Lakka http://www.lakka.tv/
ChameleonPi
Piplay http://piplay.org/
Planned operating systems
Haiku This open source BeOS clone has been targeted for the Raspberry Pi and several other ARM
boards.[7] Work began in 2011 on model 1, but only
the model 2 will be supported.

2.2

Driver APIs

See also: VideoCore Linux support

Raspberry Pi can use a VideoCore IV GPU via a binary
blob, which is loaded into the GPU at boot time from
the SD-card, and additional software, that initially was
closed source.[114] This part of the driver code was later
released.[115] However, much of the actual driver work
is done using the closed source GPU code. Application software use calls to closed source run-time libraries
(OpenMax, OpenGL ES or OpenVG) which in turn calls

AstroPrint Since August 2014, AstroPrints Wireless 3D Printing software can be run on the Pi 2[117]
Mathematica & the Wolfram Language Since 21
November 2013, Raspbian includes a full installation of this proprietary software for free.[118][119][120]
As of 24 August 2015, the version is Mathematica
10.2.[121] Programs can be run either from a command line interface or from a Notebook interface.
There are Wolfram Language functions for accessing connected devices.[122] There is also a Wolfram
Language desktop development kit allowing development for Raspberry Pi in Mathematica from desktop machines.[123]
Minecraft Released 11 February 2013, a version
for the Raspberry Pi, in which you can modify the
game world with code, the only ocial version of
the game in which you can do so.[124]
UserGate Web Filter On 20 September 2013,
Florida-based security vendor Entensys announced
porting UserGate Web Filter to Raspberry Pi
platform.[125]

2.4

Software development tools

of programming languages such as Kids Ruby, Scratch

and BASIC as a good start to equip kids with the skills
AlgoIDE Learn programming for kids and begin- needed in the future although it remains to be seen how
ners.
eective their use will be.[133] The Centre for Computing History strongly supports the Raspberry Pi project,
BlueJ For teaching Java to beginners.
feeling that it could usher in a new era.[134] Before re Fawlty Language A freely usable IDL (program- lease, the board was showcased by ARMs CEO Warren
East at an event in Cambridge outlining Google's ideas to
ming language) clone for Pi 2.
improve UK science and technology education.[135]
Greenfoot Greenfoot teaches object orientation
Harry Fairhead, however, suggests that more emphawith Java. Create 'actors which live in 'worlds to
sis should be put on improving the educational software
build games, simulations, and other graphical proavailable on existing hardware, using tools such as Google
grams.
App Inventor to return programming to schools, rather
[136]
Simon Rockman,
Julia Since May 2015, the interactive and cross- than adding new hardware choices.
writing
in
a
ZDNet
blog,
was
of
the
opinion
that teens
platform programming language/environment, Ju[126]
will
have
better
things
to
do,
despite
what
happened
in
lia, runs on the Pi 2 (and the original).
the 1980s.[137]
Lazarus The professional Free Pascal RAD IDE.
In October 2012, the Raspberry Pi won T3s Innova[138]
and futurist Mark Pesce
LiveCode educational RAD IDE descended from tion of the Year award,
cited
a
(borrowed)
Raspberry
Pi as the inspiration for
HyperCard using English-like language to write
[139]
his
ambient
device
project
MooresCloud.
In Ocevent-handlers for WYSIWYG widgets runnable on
tober
2012,
the
British
Computer
Society
reacted
to
desktop, mobile and Raspberry Pi platforms
the announcement of enhanced specications by stating,
Object Pascal[127]
its denitely something we'll want to sink our teeth
into.[140]
Ninja-IDE A cross-platform integrated developIn February 2015, a switched-mode power supply chip,
ment environment (IDE) for Python.
designated U16, of the Raspberry Pi 2 model B version
Xojo A cross-platform, professional RAD tool that 1.1 (the initially released version) was found to be vulcan create desktop, web and console apps for Pi 2. nerable to ashes of light,[141] particularly the light from
xenon camera ashes and green[142] and red laser point V-Play Game Engine A cross-platform developers. However, other bright lights, particularly ones that
ment framework that supports mobile game and app
are on continuously, were found to have no eect. The
development with the V-Play Game Engine, V-Play
symptom was the Raspberry Pi 2 spontaneously rebooting
Apps and V-Play Plugins.
or turning o when these lights were ashed at the chip.
Scratch a cross platform teaching IDE using visual Initially, some users and commenters suspected that the
blocks that stack like Lego originally developed electromagnetic pulse (EMP) from the xenon ash tube
by MITs Life Long Kindergarten group. The Pi was causing the problem by interfering with the comversion is very heavily optimised[128] for the limited puters digital circuitry, but this was ruled out by tests
compute resources available and is implemented in where the light was either blocked by a card or aimed
at the other side of the Raspberry Pi 2, both of which
the Squeak Smalltalk system.
did not cause a problem. The problem was narrowed
Squeak Smalltalk a full scale open Smalltalk
down to the U16 chip by covering rst the system on a
chip (main processor) and then U16 with Blu-Tack (an
opaque poster mounting compound). Light being the sole
culprit, instead of EMP, was further conrmed by the
3 Reception and use
laser pointer tests,[142] where it was also found that less
laser
Technology writer Glyn Moody described the project opaque covering was needed to shield against the
[141]
The
pointers
than
to
shield
against
the
xenon
ashes.
in May 2011 as a potential BBC Micro 2.0, not by
U16
chip
seems
to
be
bare
silicon
without
a
plastic
cover
replacing PC compatible machines but by supplementing them.[129] In March 2012 Stephen Pritchard echoed (i.e. a chip-scale package or wafer-level package), which
the BBC Micro successor sentiment in ITPRO.[130] Alex would, if present, block the light. Unocial workarounds
U16 with opaque material (such as elecHope, co-author of the Next Gen report, is hopeful that include covering
[141][142]
lacquer, poster mounting compound,
trical
tape,
the computer will engage children with the excitement of
[141]
[131]
), putting the Raspberry Pi 2
or
even
balled-up
bread
Co-author Ian Livingstone suggested
programming.
[142]
in
a
case,
and
avoiding
taking
photos of the top side of
that the BBC could be involved in building support for
[132]
the
board
with
a
xenon
ash.
This
issue was not caught
the device, possibly branding it as the BBC Nano.
before
the
release
of
the
Raspberry
Pi 2 because while
Chris Williams, writing in The Register sees the inclusion

5 HISTORY

commercial electronic devices are routinely subjected to

tests of susceptibility to radio interference, it is not standard or common practice to test their susceptibility to optical interference.[141]

it will be distributed to the winning teams. The themes

of Spacecraft Sensors, Satellite Imaging, Space Measurements, Data Fusion and Space Radiation were devised to
stimulate creative and scientic thinking.

3.1

The organisations involved in the Astro Pi competition

include the UK Space Agency, UKspace, Raspberry Pi,
ESERO-UK and ESA.

Community

The Raspberry Pi community was described by Jamie

Ayre of FLOSS software company AdaCore as one of the
most exciting parts of the project.[143] Community blogger Russell Davis said that the community strength allows the Foundation to concentrate on documentation and
teaching.[143] The community developed a fanzine around
the platform called The MagPi[144] which in 2015, was
handed over to the Raspberry Pi Foundation by its volunteers to be continued in-house.[145] A series of community Raspberry Jam events have been held across the UK
and around the world.[146]

3.2

5 History

Use in education

As of January 2012, enquiries about the board in the

United Kingdom have been received from schools in both
the state and private sectors, with around ve times as
much interest from the latter. It is hoped that businesses
will sponsor purchases for less advantaged schools.[147]
The CEO of Premier Farnell said that the government of
a country in the Middle East has expressed interest in providing a board to every schoolgirl, in order to enhance her
employment prospects.[148][149]
In 2014, the Raspberry Pi Foundation hired a number of
its community members including ex-teachers and software developers to launch a set of free learning resources
for its website.[150] The resources are freely licensed under Creative Commons, and contributions and collaborations are encouraged on social coding platform GitHub.

An early alpha-test board in operation using dierent layout from

later beta and production boards

In 2006, early concepts of the Raspberry Pi were based

on the Atmel ATmega644 microcontroller. Its schematics and PCB layout are publicly available.[152] Foundation
trustee Eben Upton assembled a group of teachers, academics and computer enthusiasts to devise a computer to
inspire children.[147] The computer is inspired by Acorns
BBC Micro of 1981.[153][154] Pis model A, model B and
model B+ are references to the original models of the
British educational BBC Micro computer, developed by
Acorn Computers.[133] The rst ARM prototype version
of the computer was mounted in a package the same size
as a USB memory stick.[155] It had a USB port on one end
and an HDMI port on the other.

The Foundation also started a teacher training course

called Picademy with the aim of helping teachers prepare for teaching the new computing curriculum using the
Raspberry Pi in the classroom.[151] The continued professional development course is provided free for teachers
The Foundations goal was to oer two versions, priced
and is run by the Foundations education team.
at US$25 and 35. They started accepting orders for
the higher priced model B on 29 February 2012,[156] the
lower cost model A on 4 February 2013.[157] and the even
4 Astro Pi
lower cost (US$20) A+ on 10 November 2014.[42] On
November 26, 2015, the cheapest Raspberry PI yet, the
A project was launched in December 2014 at an event Raspberry PI Zero was launched at US$5 or 4.[158]
held by the UK Space Agency. The Astro Pi competition was ocially opened in January and was opened
to all primary and secondary school aged children who 5.1 Pre-launch
were residents of the United Kingdom. During his mis July 2011: Trustee Eben Upton publicly approached
sion, British ESA Astronaut Tim Peake plans to deploy
the computers on board the International Space Station.
the RISC OS Open community in July 2011 to enHe will then load up the winning code while in orbit, colquire about assistance with a port.[159] Adrian Lees
at Broadcom has since worked on the port,[160][161]
lect the data generated and then send this to Earth where

5.2

Launch
with his work being cited in a discussion regarding
the graphics drivers.[162] This port is now included
in NOOBS.

August 2011 50 alpha boards are manufactured.

These boards were functionally identical to the
planned model B,[163] but they were physically larger
to accommodate debug headers. Demonstrations of
the board showed it running the LXDE desktop on
Debian, Quake 3 at 1080p,[164] and Full HD MPEG4 video over HDMI.[165]
October 2011 A version of RISC OS 5 was demonstrated in public, and following a year of development the port was released for general consumption
in November 2012.[166][167][168][169]
December 2011 Twenty-ve model B Beta boards
were assembled and tested[170] from one hundred
unpopulated PCBs.[171] The component layout of
the Beta boards was the same as on production
boards. A single error was discovered in the board
design where some pins on the CPU were not held
high; it was xed for the rst production run.[172]
The Beta boards were demonstrated booting Linux,
playing a 1080p movie trailer and the Rightware
Samurai OpenGL ES benchmark.[173]
Early 2012 During the rst week of the year,
the rst 10 boards were put up for auction on
eBay.[174][175] One was bought anonymously and donated to the museum at The Centre for Computing History in Cambridge, England.[134][176] The ten
boards (with a total retail price of 220) together
raised over 16,000,[177] with the last to be auctioned, serial number No. 01, raising 3,500.[178]
In advance of the anticipated launch at the end of
February 2012, the Foundations servers struggled
to cope with the load placed by watchers repeatedly
refreshing their browsers.[179]

5.2

Launch

19 February 2012 The rst proof of concept SD

card image that could be loaded onto an SD card to
produce a preliminary operating system is released.
The image was based on Debian 6.0 (Squeeze), with
the LXDE desktop and the Midori browser, plus various programming tools. The image also runs on
QEMU allowing the Raspberry Pi to be emulated
on various other platforms.[180][181]
29 February 2012 Initial sales commence 29
February 2012[182] at 06:00 UTC;. At the same
time, it was announced that the model A, originally
to have had 128 MB of RAM, was to be upgraded to
256 MB before release.[156] The Foundations website also announced: Six years after the projects
inception, we're nearly at the end of our rst run

9
of development although its just the beginning of
the Raspberry Pi story.[183] The web-shops of the
two licensed manufacturers selling Raspberry Pis
within the United Kingdom, Premier Farnell and
RS Components, had their websites stalled by heavy
web trac immediately after the launch (RS Components briey going down completely).[184][185] Unconrmed reports suggested that there were over
two million expressions of interest or pre-orders.[186]
The ocial Raspberry Pi Twitter account reported
that Premier Farnell sold out within a few minutes of
the initial launch, while RS Components took over
100,000 pre orders on day one.[156] Manufacturers
were reported in March 2012 to be taking a healthy
number of pre-orders.[143]
March 2012 Shipping delays for the rst batch
were announced in March 2012, as the result of installation of an incorrect Ethernet port,[187][188] but
the Foundation expected that manufacturing quantities of future batches could be increased with little diculty if required.[189] We have ensured we
can get them [the Ethernet connectors with magnetics] in large numbers and Premier Farnell and RS
Components [the two distributors] have been fantastic at helping to source components, Upton said.
The rst batch of 10,000 boards was manufactured
in Taiwan and China.[190][191]
8 March 2012 Release Raspberry Pi Fedora
Remix, the recommended Linux distribution,[192]
developed at Seneca College in Canada.[193]
March 2012 The Debian port is initiated by Mike
Thompson, former CTO of Atomz. The eort was
largely carried out by Thompson and Peter Green,
a volunteer Debian developer, with some support
from the Foundation, who tested the resulting binaries that the two produced during the early stages
(neither Thompson nor Green had physical access
to the hardware, as boards were not widely accessible at the time due to demand).[194] While the preliminary proof of concept image distributed by the
Foundation before launch was also Debian-based,
it diered from Thompson and Greens Raspbian
eort in a couple of ways. The POC image was
based on then-stable Debian Squeeze, while Raspbian aimed to track then-upcoming Debian Wheezy
packages.[181] Aside from the updated packages that
would come with the new release, Wheezy was
also set to introduce the armhf architecture,[195]
which became the raison d'tre for the Raspbian effort. The Squeeze-based POC image was limited
to the armel architecture, which was, at the time
of Squeezes release, the latest attempt by the Debian project to have Debian run on the newest ARM
embedded-application binary interface (EABI).[196]
The armhf architecture in Wheezy intended to make
Debian run on the ARM VFP hardware oatingpoint unit, while armel was limited to emulating

10

5 HISTORY
oating point operations in software.[197][198] Since
the Raspberry Pi included a VFP, being able to
make use of the hardware unit would result in performance gains and reduced power use for oating
point operations.[194] The armhf eort in mainline
Debian, however, was orthogonal to the work surrounding the Pi and only intended to allow Debian
to run on ARMv7 at a minimum, which would mean
the Pi, an ARMv6 device, would not benet.[195] As
a result, Thompson and Green set out to build the
19,000 Debian packages for the device using a custom build cluster.[194]

5.3

Post-launch

16 April 2012 Reports appear from the rst buyers

who had received their Raspberry Pi.[199][200]
20 April 2012 The schematics for the model A and
model B are released.[201]
18 May 2012 The Foundation reported on its
blog about a prototype camera module they had
tested.[202] The prototype used a 14-megapixel module.
22 May 2012 Over 20,000 units had been
shipped.[203]
16 July 2012 It was announced that 4,000 units
were being manufactured per day, allowing Raspberry Pis to be bought in bulk.[204][205]
24 August 2012 Hardware accelerated video
(H.264) encoding becomes available after it became
known that the existing license also covered encoding. Formerly it was thought that encoding would
be added with the release of the announced camera
module.[206][207] However, no stable software exists
for hardware H.264 encoding.[208] At the same time
the Foundation released two additional codecs that
can be bought separately, MPEG-2 and Microsofts
VC-1. Also it was announced that the Pi will implement CEC, enabling it to be controlled with the
televisions remote control.[47]
July 2012 Release of Raspbian.[209]
5 September 2012 The Foundation announced a
second revision of the Raspberry Pi Model B.[210] A
revision 2.0 board is announced, with a number of
minor corrections and improvements.[211]
6 September 2012 Announcement that in future
the bulk of Raspberry Pi units would be manufactured in the UK, at Sony's manufacturing facility in
Pencoed, Wales. The Foundation estimated that the
plant would produce 30,000 units per month, and
would create about 30 new jobs.[212][213]

15 October 2012 It is announced that new Raspberry Pi Model Bs are to be tted with 512 MB instead of 256 MB RAM.[214]
24 October 2012 The Foundation announces
that all of the VideoCore driver code which runs
on the ARM had been released as free software
under a BSD-style license, making it the rst
ARM-based multimedia SoC with fully-functional,
vendor-provided (as opposed to partial, reverse engineered) fully open-source drivers, although this
claim has not been universally accepted.[115] On 28
February 2014, they also announced the release of
full documentation for the VideoCore IV graphics
core, and a complete source release of the graphics
stack under a 3-clause BSD license[215][216]
October 2012 It was reported that some customers
of one of the two main distributors had been waiting more than six months for their orders. This
was reported to be due to diculties in sourcing
the CPU and conservative sales forecasting by this
distributor.[217]
17 December 2012 The Foundation, in collaboration with IndieCity and Velocix, opens the Pi
Store, as a one-stop shop for all your Raspberry
Pi (software) needs. Using an application included
in Raspbian, users can browse through several categories and download what they want. Software can
also be uploaded for moderation and release.[218]
3 June 2013 'New Out Of Box Software or
NOOBS is introduced. This makes the Raspberry
Pi easier to use by simplifying the installation of an
operating system. Instead of using specic software
to prepare an SD card, a le is unzipped and the
contents copied over to a FAT formatted (4 GB or
bigger) SD card. That card can then be booted on
the Raspberry Pi and a choice of six operating systems is presented for installation on the card. The
system also contains a recovery partition that allows
for the quick restoration of the installed OS, tools
to modify the cong.txt and an online help button
and web browser which directs to the Raspberry Pi
Forums.[219]
October 2013 The Foundation announces that
the one millionth Pi had been manufactured in the
United Kingdom.[220]
November 2013: they announce that the two millionth Pi shipped between 24 and 31 October.[221]
28 February 2014 On the day of the second anniversary of the Raspberry Pi, Broadcom, together
with the Raspberry PI foundation, announced the release of full documentation for the VideoCore IV
graphics core, and a complete source release of the
graphics stack under a 3-clause BSD license.[215][216]

11
1 GB) and complete compatibility with the original
generation of Raspberry Pis.[223]

Raspberry Pi Compute Module

14 May 2015 The price of Model B+ was decreased from US$35 to 25, purportedly as a side
eect of the production optimizations from the Pi
2 development.[224] Industry observers have skeptically noted, however, that the price drop appeared
to be a direct response to the C.H.I.P., a lowerpriced competitor.[225]
26 November 2015 The Raspberry Pi Foundation
launched the Raspberry Pi Zero, the smallest and
cheapest member of the Raspberry Pi family yet, at
65 mm 30 mm, and US$5. The Zero is similar to
the model A+ without camera and LCD connectors,
while smaller and uses less power. It was given away
with the Raspberry PI magazine Magpi #40 that was
distributed in the UK and US that day the MagPi
was sold out at almost every retailer internationally
due to the freebie.[41]

Raspberry Pi Model B

7 April 2014 The ocial Raspberry Pi blog

announced the Raspberry Pi Compute Module, a
device in a 200-pin DDR2 SO-DIMM-congured
memory module (though not in any way compatible
with such RAM), intended for consumer electronics
designers to use as the core of their own products.[40]
June 2014 The ocial Raspberry Pi blog mentioned that the three millionth Pi shipped in early
May 2014.[222]
14 July 2014 The ocial Raspberry Pi blog announced the Raspberry Pi Model B+, the nal evolution of the original Raspberry Pi. For the same
price as the original Raspberry Pi model B, but incorporating numerous small improvements people
have been asking for.[39]
10 November 2014 The ocial Raspberry Pi blog
announced the Raspberry Pi Model A+.[42] It is the
smallest and cheapest (US$20) Raspberry Pi so far
and has the same processor and RAM as the model
A. Like the A, it has no Ethernet port, and only one
USB port, but does have the other innovations of the
B+, like lower power, micro-SD-card slot, and 40pin HAT compatible GPIO.
2 February 2015 The ocial Raspberry Pi blog
announced the Raspberry Pi 2. Looking like a
Model B+, it has a 900 MHz quad-core ARMv7
Cortex-A7 CPU, twice the memory (for a total of

29 February 2016 Raspberry Pi 3 with a

BCM2837 1.2 GHz 64-bit quad processor based
on the ARMv8 Cortex A53, with built-in Wi-Fi
BCM43438 802.11n 2.4 GHz and Bluetooth 4.1
Low Energy (BLE). Starting with a 32-bit Raspbian
version.[226]
25 April 2016 Raspberry Pi Camera v2.1 announced with 8 Mpixels, in normal and NoIR (can
receive IR) versions. The camera uses the Sony
IMX219 chip. The specic resolution is 3280
2464 to make use of the new resolution the software
has to be updated.[227]

6 See also
RACHEL
Comparison of single-board computers

7 References
[1] Windows 10 for IoT. Raspberry Pi Foundation. 30
April 2015.
[2] Raspberry Pi 3 is out now! Specs, Benchmarks & More.
The MagPi Magazine. 1 April 2016.
[3] Cellan-Jones, Rory (5 May 2011). A 15 computer to
inspire young programmers. BBC News.
[4] Price, Peter (3 June 2011). Can a 15 computer solve the
programming gap?". BBC Click. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
[5] Bush, Steve (25 May 2011). Dongle computer lets kids
discover programming on a TV. Electronics Weekly.
Retrieved 11 July 2011.

12

REFERENCES

[6] about the Licensed manufacturing deal. Retrieved 16

September 2014.

[27] introducing new rmware for the 512 MB Pi. Retrieved

16 September 2014.

[7] Compiling Haiku for Arm. www.haiku-os.org. Retrieved 30 April 2015.

[28] Microchip/SMSC LAN9514 data sheet;" (PDF). Microchip. Retrieved 15 July 2014.

[8] Raspberry Pi downloads. Retrieved 2016-08-12.

[29] Veried USB Peripherals and

Elinux.org. Retrieved 6 May 2012.

[9] Usage
Raspberry
Pi
Documentation.
www.raspberrypi.org. Retrieved 2016-08-12.
[10] Alex Hern. Raspberry Pi 3: the credit card-sized 1.2GHz
PC that costs $35. the Guardian.
[11] Raspberry Pi 3 on sale now at $35. Raspberry Pi.
Archived from the original on 29 February 2016.
[12] BCM2835 Media Processor; Broadcom.
Broadcom.com. 1 September 2011. Archived from the original
on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
[13] Brose, Moses (30 January 2012). Broadcom BCM2835
SoC has the most powerful mobile GPU in the world?".
Grand MAX. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
[14] Raspberry Pi 2 on sale now at $35. Raspberry Pi Foundation. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
[15] Upton, Eben (2016-02-29). Raspberry Pi 3 on sale now
at $35 - Raspberry Pi. Raspberry Pi. Retrieved 2016-0229.
[16] Performance - measures of the Raspberry Pis performance.. RPi Performance. eLinux.org. Retrieved 30
March 2014.
[17] Bencho, Brian. 64 Rasberry Pis turned into a supercomputer. Hackaday. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
[18] Cox, Simon J.; et al. Iridis-pi: a low-cost, compact
demonstration cluster (PDF). Cluster Computing, June
2013. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
[19] Raspberry Pi2 Power and Performance Measurement.
RasPi.TV. RasPi.TV. Retrieved 6 July 2016.

SDHC

Cards;".

[30] Raspberry Pi, supported video resolutions. eLinux.org.

30 November 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
[31] Pi Screen limited to 1920 by RISC OS:-". RISC OS Open.
Retrieved 6 January 2016. 2048 1152 monitor is the
highest resolution the Pis GPU can handle [presumably
with non-low frame-rate ..] The monitors screen info conrms the GPU is outputting 20481152
[32] RISC OS Open: Forum: Latest Pi rmware?".
[33] Raspberry Pi and 4k @ 15Hz. Retrieved 6 January
2016. I have managed to get 3840 x 2160 (4k x 2k) at
15Hz on a Seiki E50UY04 working
[34] Raspberry Pi 3 announced with OSMC support. 28
February 2016.
[35] Raspberry Pi 3 Model B (PDF).

[36] http://www.cnx-software.com/2016/02/29/
raspberry-pi-3-board-is-powered-by-broadcom-bcm2827-cortex-a53-proce
[37] Ozolins, Jason. examples of Raspberry Pi composite
output. Raspberrypi.org. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
[38] Raspberry Pi Model A+ on sale now at $20. Raspberry
Pi Foundation. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
[39] Introducing Raspberry Pi Model B+". Raspberry Pi
Foundation. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
[40] Raspberry Pi Compute Module: New Product!". Raspberry Pi Foundation. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
[41] Raspberry Pi Zero: the $5 Computer. Raspberry Pi
Foundation. Retrieved 26 November 2015.

[20] How Much Power Does Raspberry Pi3B Use? How Fast
Is It Compared To Pi2B?". RasPi.TV. RasPi.TV. Retrieved 6 July 2016.

[42] Introducing Raspberry Pi Model A+". Raspberry Pi

Foundation. Retrieved 10 November 2014.

[21] INTRODUCING TURBO MODE: UP TO 50% MORE

PERFORMANCE FOR FREE. Raspberrypi.org. 19
Sep 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2015.

[43] Bowater, Donna (29 February 2012). Mini Raspberry

Pi computer goes on sale for 22. The Daily Telegraph.
London.

[22] Introducing turbo mode: up to 50% more performance

for free. Raspberrypi.org. Retrieved 20 September
2012.

[44] Eben Upton (14 May 2015). Price Cut! Raspberry Pi

Model B+ Now Only $25.

[23] asb/raspi-cong on Github. asb. Retrieved 12 December 2012.

[24] I have a raspberry pi beta board ama. Reddit.com. 15
January 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
[25] Raspberry Pi boot conguration text le
[26] Nokia 701 has a similar Broadcom GPU. Raspberrypi.org. 2 February 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2012.

[45] Q&A with our hardware team. Raspberry Pi Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 September 2011.
Retrieved 20 September 2011.
[46] Halfacree, Gareth. Raspberry Pi - The Model B. bittech.net. Dennis Publishing Limited. Retrieved 10 June
2013.
[47] New video features! MPEG-2 and VC-1 decode, H.264
encode, CEC. Raspberry Pi Foundation. Retrieved
2012-08-26.

13

[48] Raspberry Pi Model A+ 512MB. Farnell. Retrieved

2016-05-04.
[49] SMSC LAN9512 Website;". Smsc.com. Retrieved 6
May 2012.
[50] diagram of Raspberry Pi with CSI camera connector.
Elinux.org. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
[51] Adams, James (3 April 2014). Raspberry Pi Compute
Module electrical schematic diagram (PDF). Raspberry
Pi Foundation. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
[52] Adams, James (3 April 2014). Raspberry Pi Compute
Module IO Board electrical schematic diagram (PDF).
Raspberry Pi Foundation. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
[53] Upton, Eben (16 May 2016). zero grows camera connector. Raspberry Pi Foundation. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
[54] Raspberry Pi Wiki, section screens. Elinux.org. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
[55] diagram of Raspberry Pi with DSI LCD connector.
Elinux.org. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
[56] Adams, James (7 April 2014). Comment by James
Adams on Compute Module announcement. Raspberry
Pi Foundation. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
[57] Pi Zero - The New Raspberry Pi Board Pi Supply. Pi
Supply.
[58] I2S driver development thread. Retrieved 16 September
2014.
[59] Use an Android tablet as a Raspberry Pi Console terminal and Internet router. Elinux.org. Retrieved 2 October
2015.
[60] More GPIOs can be used if the low level peripherals are
unused
[61] Since the release of the revision 2 model

[69] MagPi, issue 40, Raspberry Pi Zero release article

(PDF). Raspberry Pi Foundation. 26 November 2015.
Retrieved 26 November 2015.
[70] Raspberry Pi USB Serial Connection and power supply.
Elinux.org. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
[71] http://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/hardware/
raspberrypi/schematics/Raspberry-Pi-B-Plus-V1.
2-Schematics.pdf
[72] http://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/hardware/
raspberrypi/schematics/Raspberry-Pi-Rev-2.
1-Model-AB-Schematics.pdf
[73] Elinux Wiki: Description of Raspberry Pi Camera
Board. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
[74] RPI Camera board - Raspberry-Pi - Raspberry
Pi Kamera-Board, 5MP | Farnell Deutschland.
de.farnell.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
[75] Gertboard is here!". Raspberry Pi Foundation. 8 August
2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
[76] Pi NoIR. Raspberry Pi Foundation. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
[77] hats/eeprom-circuit.png at master raspberrypi/hats
GitHub. GitHub. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
[78] hats/eeprom-format.md at master raspberrypi/hats
GitHub. GitHub. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
[79] raspberrypi/hats GitHub.
September 2014.

GitHub.

Retrieved 16

[80] raspberrypi. hats/hat-board-mechanical.pdf at master

raspberrypi/hats GitHub (PDF). GitHub.
[81] raspberrypi. GitHub - raspberrypi/hats. GitHub.
[82] Raspberry Pi Downloads - Software for the Raspberry
Pi. Retrieved 2016-08-12.

[62] Raspberry Pi GPIO Connector;". Elinux.org. Retrieved

6 May 2012.

[83] XBian is a small, fast and lightweight media center distribution for the Raspberry Pi. xbian.org. Retrieved 21
October 2014.

[63] Adams, James (7 April 2014). Comment by James

Adams on Compute Module announcement. Raspberry
Pi Foundation. Retrieved 22 September 2014.

[84] openSUSE on a Raspberry Pi.

[64] Power supply conrmed as 5V micro USB. Raspberrypi.org. Retrieved 25 July 2012.

[86] Raspberry Pi - Gentoo Wiki. Retrieved 20 March 2016.

[65] http://www.raspi.today/
raspberry-pi-model-a-plus-out-now/
[66] Eric Brown (2 February 2015). Raspberry Pi 2 has quadcore SoC, keeps $35 price. linuxgizmos.com. Retrieved
1 March 2015.
[67] Ben Martin (27 February 2015). Performance Testing
the New $35 Raspberry Pi 2. linux.com. Retrieved 3
March 2015.
[68] Adams, James (7 April 2014). Comment by James
Adams on Compute Module announcement. Raspberry
Pi Foundation. Retrieved 22 September 2014.

[85] Raspberry Pi. Retrieved 3 August 2014.

[87] Aug 2016 Raspberry Pi - Diet Pi Check |url= value

(help).
[88] SlackwareARM for the Raspberry Pi
[89] ArmedSlack working :)". raspberrypi.org. 18 May 2012.
[90] alt.os.linux.slackware ARMed Slack running on Raspberry Pi. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
[91] raspberrypi.org ArmedSlack 13.37. Retrieved 16
September 2014.
[92] The Slackware Linux Project: Installation Help. Slackware.com. Retrieved 22 June 2012.

14

REFERENCES

[93] Slackware Linux Essentials: The Shell. Retrieved 16 [121] Mathematica 10 now available for your Pi! - Raspberry
September 2014.
Pi. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
[94] v1.0.2 (en), xiando. Desktops: KDE vs Gnome. Linux [122] Wolfram Language Documentation Center.
Reviews. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
[123] Wolfram Language & Mathematica PILOT RELEASE
[95] FreeBSD Raspberry Pi.
FOR THE RASPBERRY PI, Wolfram.com.
[96] NetBSD Raspberry Pi.

[124] Minecraft: Pi Edition - Minecraft: Pi Edition updates

and downloads. Retrieved 16 September 2014.

[97] NetBSD 6.0 released with initial Raspberry Pi support.

The H. 18 October 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
[125] Pearce, Rohan (20 September 2013). Entensys builds
mini Web ltering appliance with Raspberry Pi. Tech[98] Richard Miller (18 August 2012). 9pi. 9fans.net mail
world Australia.
archive.
[99] Liz (5 December 2012). Wednesday grab bag. Rasp- [126] Julia Downloads: Nightly builds. Retrieved 21 January
2016.
berry Pi Foundation. See the Plan 9 section.
[100] Inferno OS ported to Raspberry Pi.

[127] Raspberry Pi. 21 January 2016.

[101] Moebius. sourceforge.net.

[128] A NEW VERSION OF SCRATCH FOR RASPBERRY

PI: NOW WITH ADDED GPIO. Retrieved 5 August
2016.

[102] FAQ - Moebius. sourceforge.net.

[103] Pardus ARM. www.pardusarm.com.

[129] Moody Glyn (9 May 2011). As British as Raspberry Pi?". Computerworld UK Open Enterprise blog.
[104] ROKOS Core OS for Raspberry Pi and IoT Devices with
Computerworld. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
integrated Bitcoin Support.
[105] Kano - Downloads. kano.me.
[106] Nard SDK. arbetsmyra.dyndns.org.

[130] Pritchard, Stephen (1 March 2012). Raspberry Pi: A

BBC Micro for todays generation. ITPRO. Retrieved 15
March 2012.

[107] Sailsh on a Raspberry Pi. together.jolla.com. Jolla. [131] Stanford, Peter (3 December 2011). Computing classes
don't teach programming skills. The Daily Telegraph.
Retrieved 26 February 2015.
London. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
[108] Sauter, Marc (2 February 2015). Internet der Dinger:
Windows 10 luft kostenlos auf dem Raspberry Pi 2 (in [132] Vallance, Chris (10 January 2012). Raspberry Pi bids for
success with classroom coders. BBC News. Retrieved 29
German). Retrieved 8 February 2015.
February 2012.
[109] WTware for Raspberry Pi. www.winterminal.com.
[133] Williams, Chris (28 November 2011). Psst, kid...
[110] ARM. wiki.ipre.org/. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
Wanna learn how to hack?". The Register. Retrieved 24
December 2011.
[111] Xv6, a simple Unix-like teaching operating system.
MIT.

[134] One of the First Raspberry Pi Computers Donated to

Museum. The Centre for Computing History. 9 January
[112] Tingbot - Raspberry Pi made even more fun!". Tingbot.
2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
[113] Tingbot - Tide.app. Tingbot.
[135] Osborn, George (23 February 2012). How Google can
[114] djwm (13 September 2011). Raspberry Pi warms up.
really help improve STEM teaching in the UK. Cabume.
The H. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
Retrieved 28 February 2012.
[115] Raspberry Pi maker says code for ARM chip is now open [136] Fairhead, Harry (2 December 2011). Raspberry Pi or
source. Ars Technica. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
Programming What shall we teach the children?". I Programmer. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
[116] Libraries, codecs, OSS. raspberrypi.org. 31 January
2012.
[137] Rockman, Simon (21 February 2012). Is raspberry pi a
[117] Brothers, Ruiz. WiFi 3D Printing. Adafruit. Retrieved
22 September 2015.
[118] Raspberry Pi Includes Mathematica Free. The Verge.
21 November 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2014.

mid-life crisis?". ZDNet. Retrieved 24 February 2012.

Just because young teens led the way in computing in the
1980s doesnt mean it should, will or can happen again.
Those outside the tech age bubble have better things to
do.

[119] Wolfram Language & Mathematica free on every [138] Raspberry Pi - Innovation of the Year. T3 Gadget
Awards. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
Raspberry Pi.
[120] Mathematica and the Wolfram Language on Raspberry Pi, [139] Showtime | Crowdfunding the Light. 5 October 2012.
Raspberry Pi Blog, January, 2014.
Retrieved 17 April 2013.

15

[140] Latest Raspberry Pi has double the RAM. BCS website. [157] launch of the model A announced.
BCS. 16 October 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
September 2014.

Retrieved 16

[141] several authors (79 February 2015). Raspberry Pi Fo- [158] Raspberry PI Zero, at swag store. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
rums: Why is the PI2 camera-shy?". Raspberry Pi Forums. Raspberry Pi Foundation. Retrieved 9 February
[159] Upton, Eben (23 July 2011). Yet another potential RISC
2015.
OS target?". RISC OS Open. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
[142] Bencho, Brian (8 February 2015). Photonic Reset of
the Raspberry Pi 2. Hackaday. Retrieved 8 February [160] Hansen, Martin (31 October 2011). Raspberry Pi To
Embrace RISC OS. RISCOScode. Retrieved 12 March
2015.
2012.
[143] Bridgwater, Adrian (15 March 2012). Community
strength blossoms for Raspberry Pi. Computer Weekly. [161] Lees, Adrian (8 February 2012). RISC OS on the Raspberry Pi. RISC OS Open. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
Retrieved 15 March 2012.
[144] The MagPi Raspberry Pi online magazine launched.
The Digital Lifestyle.com. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
[145] All change - meet the new MagPi. Raspberry Pi. Retrieved 15 March 2015.

[162] JamesH (29 December 2011). GPU binary blob question. Raspberry Pi. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
[163] Humphries, Matthew (28 July 2011). Raspberry Pi $25
PC goes into alpha production. Geek.com. Retrieved 1
August 2011.

[146] Raspberry Jam. Raspberry Pi web. Retrieved 15 March

[164] Raspberry Pi YouTube Channel. Retrieved 28 August
2015.
2011.
[147] Moorhead, Joanna (9 January 2012). Raspberry Pi de[165] Full HD video demo at TransferSummit Oxford. Revice will 'reboot computing in schools". The Guardian.
trieved 12 September 2011.
London. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
[166] Holwerda, Thom (31 October 2011). Raspberry Pi To
[148] Arthur, Charles (5 March 2012). Raspberry Pi demand
Embrace RISC OS. OSNews. Retrieved 1 November
running at '700 per second'". The Guardian. London. Re2011.
trieved 12 March 2012.
[167] Dewhurst, Christopher (December 2011). The London
[149] Raspberry Pi mini computer sells out after taking 700 orshow 2011. Archive (magazine). 23 (3). p. 3.
ders per second. Digital Trends. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
[168] Lee, Jerey. Newsround. The Icon Bar. Retrieved 17
[150] Upton, Liz (2 April 2014). Welcome to our new webOctober 2011.
site. Raspberry Pi Foundation. Cambridge. Retrieved
15 March 2015.
[169] eben. RISC OS for Raspberry Pi. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
[151] Philbin, Carrie Anne (17 March 2014). Picademy - free
CPD for teachers. Raspberry Pi Foundation. Cambridge. [170] What happened to the beta boards?". Retrieved 16
September 2014.
Retrieved 15 March 2015.
[152] Wong, George (24 October 2011). Build your own pro- [171] We have PCBs!". Retrieved 16 September 2014.
totype Raspberry Pi minicomputer. ubergizmo. Re[172] More on the beta boards. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
trieved 2 November 2011.
[153] Raspberry Pi View topic - Raspberry Pi as the succes- [173] Bringing up a beta board. Retrieved 16 September
2014.
sor of BBC Micro. raspberrypi.org. 22 April 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2013. The Foundation trustees tried very [174] We're auctioning ten beta Raspberry Pis;". Raspberhard to get an agreement to use the BBC Micro name,
rypi.org. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
right up to May 2011. /../ Eben touched on the subject
a bit during his speech at the Beeb@30 celebration at [175] Williams, Chris (3 January 2012). That Brit-built 22
the beginning of the month: http://www.raspberrypi.org/
computer: Yours for just 1,900 or more. The Register.
archives/970 starting at time index 11:30
Retrieved 10 January 2012.
[154] Quested, Tony (29 February 2012). Raspberry blown at [176] Cheerin, Iris (11 January 2012). Raspberry Pi Goes Into
Cambridge software detractors. Business Weekly. ReProduction. TechWeekEurope UK. Retrieved 11 January
trieved 13 March 2012.
2012.
[155] Tiny USB-Sized PC Oers 1080p HDMI Output. Re- [177] eBay list of items sold by Raspberry Pi ''(retrieved 13
trieved 1 February 2012.
January 2012)''". Ebay.co.uk. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
[156] Richard Lawler, 29 February 2012, Raspberry Pi credit- [178] Raspberry Pi Model B beta board - #01 of a limited series
card sized Linux PCs are on sale now, $25 Model A gets
of 10. Ebay.co.uk. 11 January 2012. Retrieved 6 May
2012.
a RAM bump, Engadget

16

REFERENCES

[179] ""Set your alarms!" Raspberry Pi looks ready for early [196] ArmEabiPort. Debian Wiki. Debian. 28 June 2013.
Wednesday launch. Cabume. 28 February 2012. ReArchived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved
trieved 28 February 2012.
17 July 2012.
[180] linuxnews showing the rst release of Debian Squeeze [197] Connors, Jim (16 March 2013). Is it armhf or armel?".
for Raspberry running on QEMU. Linuxnewshere.com.
Jim Connors Weblog. Oracle Blogs. Archived from the
Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 22
original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
June 2012.
[198] ArmHardFloatPort VfpComparison. Debian Wiki. De[181] Getting ready for launch: rst root lesystem available
bian. 27 April 2011. Archived from the original on 1
for download. Raspberry Pi Foundation. 17 February
February 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
2012. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012.
[199] the rst reports of forum members reporting they reRetrieved 16 July 2013.
ceived their Raspberry Pi. Raspberrypi.org. 16 April
[182] The Raspberry Pi 22 computer goes on general sale.
2012. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
BBC News. 29 February 2012. Retrieved 29 February
2012.
[200] engadget reports raspberry pi begins shipping (video)".
Engadget.com. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
[183] Subramanian, Karthik (2 March 2012). Low-cost miniPC Raspberry Pi gets heavily booked. The Hindu. Chen- [201] schematic design, applicable for both version A and B of
nai, India. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
the Raspberry Pi revision 1.0. Raspberrypi.org. 19 April
2012. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
[184] Paul, Ryan (29 February 2012). Raspberry Pi retailers
toppled by demand as $35 Linux computer launches. Ars [202] CAMERA MODULE FIRST PICTURES!". ReTechnica. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
trieved 9 August 2014.
[185] Naughton, John (4 March 2012). The Raspberry Pi can [203] Add your Raspberry Pi to the Rastrack map. Raspberhelp schools get with the programme. The Observer.
rypi.org. 22 May 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
London. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
[204] Raspberry Pi lifts sale restrictions, open to bulk buyers.
[186] Raspberry Pi Buying Guide. Elinux.org. Retrieved 6
Electronista. Macintosh News Network. 16 July 2012.
May 2012.
Retrieved 29 August 2012.
[187] Upton, Liz (8 March 2012). Manufacturing hiccup.
[205] Want to buy more than one Raspberry Pi? Now you
Raspberry Pi Foundation. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
can!". Raspberrypi.org. 16 July 2012. Retrieved 16 July
2012.
[188] Gilbert, David (9 March 2012). Raspberry Pi 22
Computer Delayed Due to 'Manufacturing Hiccup'".
International Business Times. Retrieved 19 March 2012. [206] Hardware-assisted H.264 video encoding. raspberrypi.org. 7 February 2012.
[189] Gilbert, David (13 March 2012). Interview with Eben
Upton Raspberry Pi Founder. International Business [207] Jurczak, Paul. Raspberry Pi camera module. Raspberrypi.org. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
Times. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
[190] Lee, Robert (17 January 2012). Raspberry Pi Balks At [208] H.264 Hardware encoding performance.
UK Tax Regime. Tax-News.com. Retrieved 20 January
[209] Owano, Nancy (18 July 2012). Raspberry Pi gets cus2012.
tomized OS called Raspbian. PhysOrg. Retrieved 5
[191] Weakley, Kirsty. UK computing charity opts to manuSeptember 2012.
facture product abroad. Civil Society Media. Retrieved
[210] Upcoming board revision. Raspberrypi.org. 6 Septem20 January 2012.
ber 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
[192] Raspberry Pi Fedora Remix, our recommended distro,
is ready for download!". Raspberrypi.org. 8 March 2012. [211] board revision for rev 2.0. Raspberrypi.org. 5 September 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
Retrieved 22 June 2012.
[193] Chung, Emily (24 February 2012). "$35 computer 'Rasp- [212] Dunn, John E (7 September 2012).
Raspberry
berry Pi' readies for launch. Canada: CBC. Retrieved 28
Pi resurrects UK computer industry with new jobs.
February 2012.
Computerworld UK. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
[194] Brodkin, Jon (6 March 2013). How two volunteers [213] Made in the UK!". Raspberrypi.org. 6 September 2012.
built the Raspberry Pis operating system. Ars Technica.
Retrieved 6 September 2012.
Technology Lab / Information Technology. Cond Nast.
Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 17 [214] Model B now ships with 512 MB of RAM. Raspberrypi.org. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
July 2012.
[195] ArmHardFloatPort. Debian Wiki. Debian. 20 August [215] Brodkin, Jon (28 February 2014). Raspberry Pi marks
2012. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Re2nd birthday with plan for open source graphics driver.
trieved 17 July 2012.
Ars Technica. Retrieved 27 July 2014.

17

[216] Upton, Eben (28 February 2014). A birthday present

from Broadcom. Raspberry Pi Foundation. Retrieved
27 July 2014.

The MagPi newsletter

[217] Shead, Sam (18 October 2012). Raspberry Pi delivery

delays leave buyers hungry (and angry)". ZDNet. Retrieved 18 October 2012.

Raspberry Pi component map

[218] Introducing the Pi Store. Raspberry Pi Foundation. 17

December 2012.
[219] Upton, Liz (3 June 2013). Introducing the New Out Of
Box Software (NOOBS)". RPF. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
[220] BBC News - Baked in Britain, the millionth Raspberry
Pi. bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
[221] Two Million!". Retrieved 18 November 2013.
[222] RASPBERRY PI AT BUCKINGHAM PALACE, 3
MILLION SOLD. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
[223] Raspberry Pi 2 on sale now at $35 Raspberry Pi. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
[224] Price cut! Raspberry Pi Model B+ now only $25. 14
May 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
[225] Raspberry Pi slashes price after rival launches on Kickstarter. 18 May 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
[226] Upton, Eben (2016-02-29). Raspberry Pi 3 available.
Raspberry Pi Foundation. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
[227] New 8-megapixel camera board on sale at $25. 201604-25. Retrieved 2016-05-06. both visible-light and infrared cameras based on the Sony IMX219 8-megapixel
sensor, at the same low price of $25. Theyre available
today from our partners RS Components and element14

Further reading
Raspberry Pi For Dummies; Sean McManus and
Mike Cook; 432 pages; 2013; ISBN 9781118554210.
Getting Started with Raspberry Pi; Matt Richardson
and Shawn Wallace; 176 pages; 2013; ISBN 9781449344214.
Raspberry Pi User Guide; Eben Upton and
Gareth Halfacree; 312 pages; 2014; ISBN 9781118921661.
Hello Raspberry Pi!; Ryan Heitz; 320 pages; 2016;
ISBN 978-1617292453.

External links
Raspberry Pi Foundation ocial website and forums
Raspberry Pi Wiki, supported by the RPF

Raspberry Pi gpio pinout

ARM1176JZF-S (ARM11 CPU Core) Technical

Reference Manual, ARM Holdings.

18

10

10
10.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Raspberry Pi Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi?oldid=735270151 Contributors: William Avery, KYSoh, Frecklefoot,

Llywrch, Mahjongg, Liftarn, Jedimike, Skysmith, ZoeB, Julesd, Glenn, Timwi, Greglocock, LMB, Thue, Bevo, AnonMoos, Rohan
Jayasekera, Finlay McWalter, Pigsonthewing, Pmoskovi, Kwi, Cornellier, Raeky, Thehappysmith, Psb777, DocWatson42, Gil Dawson, Swtaarrs, Ds13, Markus Kuhn, Tagishsimon, Wiki Wikardo, DougEngland, Isidore, SarekOfVulcan, OverlordQ, WhiteDragon,
DragonySixtyseven, Bumm13, John Bracegirdle, Arosa, Popolon, Thorwald, Perey, Imroy, Slady, Shipmaster, Rich Farmbrough, Djj,
Smyth, Bishonen, Goochelaar, Nabber00, Viriditas, Savvo, Jjk, Giraedata, Chbarts, Trevj, Famousdog, Twobells, Guy Harris, Andrew Gray, Darrelljon, Yamla, Rakerman, Kocio, Rwendland, Hohum, Radical Mallard, Velella, Themillofkeytone, Danhash, Tony Sidaway, Bobrayner, TSP, Kupojsin, Mindmatrix, Merlinme, Pol098, Jamezilla, Norro, Pmj, Josh Parris, Rjwilmsi, XP1, Rschen7754,
Bruce1ee, Feydey, Salix alba, Bensin, Ttwaring, AlisonW, Jstaniek, Intgr, Ahunt, King of Hearts, NevilleDNZ, Benlisquare, Bgwhite,
Burnte, InsertNameHere, Phobie, RussBot, Petiatil, Markhoney, Pelago, Geertivp, NawlinWiki, DragonHawk, Tkbwik, Bossrat, Ragesoss, Saper, TheSeer, Rastavox, Zzuuzz, Chrisjj2, Nikkimaria, Arthur Rubin, Lynbarn, Cpswan, JeremyBicha, Back ache, Wainstead,
NeilN, Kingboyk, Rehevkor, Elliskev, Mkeating24, Tom Morris, Smidoid, A bit iy, Lethalmonk, Brammers, F, Samdutton, Vladhed,
Reedy, Sebipper, KVDP, Imzadi1979, Mauls, Yamaguchi , Chris the speller, Coinchon, Thumperward, Snori, Victorgrigas, Farry,
Ned Scott, Otus, Frap, Racklever, Gamester17, Andyring, PrivateWiddle, PointyOintment, Cosmix, Didero, Zac67, Charivari, Ohconfucius, Wtwilson3, Mike1901, Nextil, Toggio, Roeme, Haiqu, Jeremybell, Skymist, Hogyn Lleol, Dl2000, Kencf0618, Alexschott, Zahn,
Tonyhansen, Raysonho, Pmyteh, Monta990, Rmallins, Danrok, Krauss, Steel, JamesLucas, ClarkMills, DumbBOT, Thrapper, Dayyan,
Lx45803, Thijs!bot, Danhm, SamHathaway, Ferenczy, Rrose Selavy, Aeriform, Edwardx, Electron9, Egel, Davidhorman, EdJohnston,
Gioto, Widefox, Guy Macon, Seaphoto, Rolgiati, Spartaz, Cheatwarrior, John a s, Tomhannen, Sarahj2107, Aawood, KJRehberg, Mlsquad, Cpl Syx, Jwrodgers, Enquire, Philg88, ChaosE, I B Wright, Hereschenes, AVRS, KTo288, Zacchiro, JamesD'Alexander, Intelminer, Multicherry, Vanished user vnsihoiewriu45iojsi3, Strandist, Katalaveno, Silas S. Brown, DadaNeem, Prhartcom, Joshua Issac,
Jpkole, Ajfweb, Pleasantville, Rainforests, Vincent Lextrait, Glenndav, Reinoud, Tumblingsky, Alex rosenberg35, Kritikos99, GrahamStw,
Bealevideo, Takeitupalevel, MattHawkinsUK, Duncan.Hull, Logicalvue, Mazarin07, Andy Dingley, PeterEasthope, Olavxxx, Haseo9999,
Prodigyhk, Rhinux, AHMartin, Skipweasel, Kbrose, Biscuittin, Tokelove, Laoris, Mikebar, ChrisB600, Jim manley, Jerryobject, Joaosampaio, Flyer22 Reborn, Mirkoloo, SPACKlick, Ggeldenhuys, Sagarjethani, IdreamofJeanie, MarkMLl, Gatorback, ImageRemovalBot,
Void1954, Mr. Granger, Ideeman1994, Cnchina, EoGuy, Cochonfou, Mild Bill Hiccup, MartinTheK, Wolfbeast, Niceguyedc, Nitwit13,
TypoBoy, Trivialist, Tomakos, Johnmoor, Peatar, Supertanno, Ark25, JasonAQuest, Elkfrawy, Jimmy Fleischer, Swbyang, Scalhotrod,
Callinus, Berean Hunter, Qwfp, InternetMeme, Ryan8374, XLinkBot, Stickee, Trunone, Paulmnguyen, Vtarasov, C. A. Russell, Alexius08, MystBot, Zodon, Cabayi, Horklinator, Mortense, Alquantor, Gintong pluma, Scientus, CanadianLinuxUser, LaaknorBot, Jasper
Deng, SeymourSycamore, Leonidas from XIV, Margin1522, Luckas-bot, Yobot, The Great iShue, Speeda psx, JonnyBoats, Wonder,
Samtar, AnomieBOT, Wikieditoroftoday, 1exec1, Gtz, Efa, Materialscientist, Theoprakt, ArdWar, Citation bot, Eumolpo, Chalisque,
Cliftonian, Xqbot, Crookesmoor, Bihco, Jeimii, Bradshaws1, Flwiki, GrouchoBot, Dzikasosna, Devenirchaud, Rubiscous, Eframgoldberg, Boatsdesk, FrescoBot, UncleNinja, Rene-dev, DivineAlpha, JMilty, BlaF, Redrose64, Smuckola, TheAustinMan, Xcvista, DarkSTALKER, Hoo man, Serols, Devopam, Jcc, Ocexyz, Boobarkee, E-Soter, AlexAshman, IJBall, Crundy, Trappist the monk, LogAntiLog, Lotje, Wilton gorske, Ayeowch, MrX, Aoidh, Alex Chamberlain, JnRouvignac, MoreNet, Unique.kevin, Sotbas, Mean as custard,
RjwilmsiBot, Lopifalko, Skamecrazy123, Xiangfu, Lute66, Steve03Mills, EmausBot, Andreas Krp, WikitanvirBot, SamirGunic, ZeniMartineau, Dewritech, GoingBatty, Ebe123, Philippe.petrinko, Wikipelli, Dcirovic, K6ka, Roycekimmons, ZroBot, Huntsclan, Jonpatterns, Jdc2106, Dvprknsn, , Sim642, Wingman4l7, Sbmeirow, Jay-Sebastos, Sahimrobot, Gabrieldenk, MainFrame, ChuispastonBot, AndyTheGrump, Sudozero, Evan-Amos, One.Ouch.Zero, Xyzzyavatar, Kallisti05, Kai445, Maasirs, Helpsome, ClueBot NG,
GeekX, Matthiaspaul, Bilrand, Andypiperuk, Ryanteck, Yv1hx, Muon, Chicago2011, Solaris3001, Widr, Anupmehra, 7sagan, Nodulation, Dukzcry, Helpful Pixie Bot, HMSSolent, Tharwen, Lowercase sigmabot, BG19bot, Greatnewts, WikiTryHardDieHard, Santicity,
Virtualibrarian, MusikAnimal, Kendall-K1, Software11, Erik.Bjareholt, GreyAlien502, Rrrwiki, Emmeb76, DisSkorpion, Stuporhero,
TimGremalm, Blackberry Sorbet, BerlinSight, Katacarbix, Jor.langneh, Bcxfu75k, Lucasbosch, Kizar, 1typesetter, TranslucentCloud, Aisteco, Shrikantdhumal, Dj777cool, Psergiu, BattyBot, Programmingthomas, Millennium bug, Smileguy91, Zhaofeng Li, Cyberbot II, Ytic
nam, ChrisGualtieri, Pizza103, Arcandam, SD5bot, Cjshea, JYBot, Winkelvi, Gjeida, Richtenblast, Georgieboy5082, FoCuSandLeArN,
A'kwell, Buhman, Webclient101, Mogism, Migueldvb, Brees Block, Makecat-bot, Deeay ghost, Petenwood, Princeshoko1, Andyjedmonds,
Pbrobinson, JRYon, Wai0004, Sidelight12, UNOwenNYC, Paradoxer99, Andyhowlett, Zziccardi, Marlyno, 602p, Pebaen, Wanze, Joeinwiki, Alberto Panu, Faizan, Xray215, Yea55, Echinacin35, Shannondorf, Jodosma, Titusfox, Piotr Jurkiewicz, Marchino61, Borg4223,
EvergreenFir, Myconix, In Correct, Nordsen, Falconet8, Comp.arch, Atykhonov, Quenhitran, Aka Cat, Jackmcbarn, Paul2520, NemesisAT, Noyster, ScotXW, Giovypedia, Jeremyb-phone, Ghostscribe, Scribblemaniac, Whisper of the heart, Toble Miner, Childishbehavior,
RoundDuckMan, Dbsseven, Monkbot, Filedelinkerbot, Zander Brown, Stenniswood, JackKoszela, Jaqoc, BethNaught, Dsprc, Gronk Oz,
Dd1243, Andy990525, Doughyblossom, Justin417, Zion Fox, Hitechcomputergeek, KDDLB, Amortias, DirkHeumannK1966, Keepinyour, Bubblewrap2, Porsche966, Raahacks, Zennoe, PotatoNinja, Ronny.nilsson, Ljfkidd, Legocrafttom006, Logevent, Adrian-wikiuser,
Liance, Owenmcdonagh, EoRdE6, Techguy9, TeaLover1996, StewdioMACK, Fairydaodil, JennaSys, AdyTheBass, Joeydude1, Yaosio,
Thatonenerdygamer, Heyboys12, Elmeter, Nocturnt, DooMMasteR, SGA314, Thomasglass, Randomdude999, Iced tiger, Lemonlimeandkeylime, EvergreenFir 9.0, KasparBot, MB298, Talati.rishi, Dummy124, Crerperchief614, Heraclitos, Mt Barker the same time, Lee
Jacky-Lee, CarlosHBC, Tabbytoy, Edwinbubble, Shadowdog145, JayLoerns, Rubus Rubus, Hacktivist117, Thartz17, Ilovecars mukut,
AwlsomeAlex, Qna.qkimova, Hogyncymru, Benjo titus, Lone ranger96, Retrospace111, BookByte, LightningScout, GSS-1987, DrAlso,
Doulph88, Jsmith7342, Galcorlo, Wikiwikiwikiwilliam, AKLover1030, Kapoor17kapoor, SebSebastian9, Medicalmasterpiece, Herbfargus, Starquake64, Duncantse, DanKGeorge, GreenC bot, Bytesock, Exemplo347, Gulumeemee, Fmadd, Normakku, Prouser123, Marvellous Spider-Man, Et5m46k, Timrowledge and Anonymous: 508

10.2

Images

File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:Desktop_computer_clipart_-_Yellow_theme.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Desktop_
computer_clipart_-_Yellow_theme.svg License: CC0 Contributors: https://openclipart.org/detail/105871/computeraj-aj-ashton-01
Original artist: AJ from openclipart.org

10.3

Content license

19

File:Edit-clear.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The

Tango! Desktop Project. Original artist:
The people from the Tango! project. And according to the meta-data in the le, specically: Andreas Nilsson, and Jakub Steiner (although
minimally).
File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg License: LGPL Contributors: The source code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='//validator.
w3.org/check?uri=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%2FNuvola_apps_bookcase.
svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>. Original artist: Peter Kemp
File:Raspberry-Pi-2-Bare-BR.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Raspberry-Pi-2-Bare-BR.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Evan-Amos
File:Raspberry-Pi-2-Bare-Bottom.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Raspberry-Pi-2-Bare-Bottom.
jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Evan-Amos
File:Raspberry-Pi-2-Bare-FL.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Raspberry-Pi-2-Bare-FL.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Evan-Amos
File:Raspberry_Pi_-_Model_A.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Raspberry_Pi_-_Model_A.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Raspberry Pi - Model A Original artist: SparkFun Electronics from Boulder, USA
File:Raspberry_Pi_3_Model_B.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Raspberry_Pi_3_Model_B.png
License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Herbfargus
File:Raspberry_Pi_Compute_Module.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Raspberry_Pi_Compute_
Module.png License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Raspberry Pi Foundation Original artist: Raspberry Pi Foundation
File:Raspberry_Pi_Logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cb/Raspberry_Pi_Logo.svg License: Fair use Contributors:
The logo is from the <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='http://raspberrypi.org'>raspberrypi.org</a> website. publicly available PNG. Converted to SVG by DarkSTALKER. Original artist: ?
File:Raspberry_Pi_Model_B.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Raspberry_Pi_Model_B.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Justin417
File:Raspberry_Pi_board_at_TransferSummit_2011_cropped.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/
Raspberry_Pi_board_at_TransferSummit_2011_cropped.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: File:Raspberry Pi board at TransferSummit 2011.jpg Original artist: Paul Downey
File:Raspberrypi_block_function_v01.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Raspberrypi_block_
function_v01.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wirepath
File:Raspberrypi_video_API_03.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Raspberrypi_video_API_03.svg
License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wirepath
File:Symbol_list_class.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

10.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0