Professional Documents
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Geological setting
The Meso-Cenozoic history of the Colombian
Andes in the Caribbean region is characterized by
interaction between the northwestern border of
From: JAMES , K. H., LORENTE , M. A. & PINDELL , J. L. (eds) The Origin and Evolution of the Caribbean Plate.
Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 328, 547566.
DOI: 10.1144/SP328.22 0305-8719/09/$15.00 # The Geological Society of London 2009.
548
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M. B. I. WEBER ET AL.
Mexico
CVC
Colombian Guajira
COCOS PLATE
Colombia
Galpagos
SOUTH AMERICAN PLATE
NAZCA PLATE
400 km
Fig. 1. Tectonic Framework and location of the Caribbean region. The Guajira Peninsula and the CVC are shown. The
distribuiton of ophiolite rocks within the Caribbean region is included (data from: Lewis et al. 2006; Guinta et al. 2002).
117
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549
Fig. 2. Simplified Geological map of the northern Guajira Peninsula, showing major litostratigraphic units.
Ultramafic rocks
Ultramafic rocks of the Cabo de la Vela area are
mainly serpentinites. The only exposure of a partially serpentinized rock (sample FP-34C) shows
meso-scale foliation, with original grains of
olivine, spinel and clinopyroxene. Bastite minerals
suggest the former presence of another pyroxene
(orthopyroxene?), which indicates that the original
ultramafic rock was a wherlite. Relict textures in
this rock are characterized by larger grains surrounded by fine-grained material and by deformed
550
x = 880.000
y = 1,846.000
Cenozoic cover
Tertiary sedimentary rocks
Cabo de la Vela Complex (CVC)
Basaltic Dykes
(exaggerated scale)
m
75
Caribbean Sea
CABO DE LA VELA
SE
SW
NW
N
NE
175
176
177
178
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185
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212
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221
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227
228
229
230
231
232
M. B. I. WEBER ET AL.
SCALE
600
600
1200 km
72W
73W
50
50
50
100
12N
0
0
50
50
Fig. 4. Bouguer gravity map of the Guajira area (Kellogg et al. 1991).
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283
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285
286
287
288
289
290
551
mesh and lizardite antigorite hourglass. Nonpseudomorphic textures include interpenetrating and
intergrowth textures, both in the same sample and
both defined by antigorite. Other local minerals
formed during serpentinzation are bastite, magnetite, magnesite and brucite. Relict minerals are
brown spinel and occasional amphibole. The
Colour
online=
colour
hardcopy
Q4
Fig. 5. (a) Gabbro intrusions in serpentinite. (b) Continuous basaltic andesite dyke within serpentinite. The arrow
indicates the direction of the dyke. (c) Serpentinised wehrlite (sample FP-34C) with relict olivine (Ol). Note the
presence of brown bastite (Bst), as replacement of pyroxenes. (d) Gabbro tectonite. Note the brown amphibole
inclusions in the central pyroxene (Cpx) crystal, and secondary amphibole on the recrystallised pyroxene grain margins
(Hbl). The two upper pyroxenes and plagioclase (plg) have been completely recrystallised and have a granoblastic
polygonal texture. (e) Basaltic Andesite with twinned pyroxene (Cpx) phenocryst in a hornblende (Anf) and
saussuritisized plagioclase (Sauss) matrix.
552
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295
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297
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300
301
302
303
304
305
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309
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337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
M. B. I. WEBER ET AL.
Analytical techniques
Whole rock geochemistry
Eleven samples were analysed for major and
trace elements by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and
inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
at the Mineralogy and Petrology Department of
the Institute of Geosciences of the University of
Sao Paulo and at ACME analytical laboratories in
Canada.
Samples were crushed with an iron steel crusher
and pulverised in an agate mill. Sample preparation
for XRF included microreduction to obtain pressed
powder pellets, and fused glass discs for major
and trace element determination. Major and selected
349
trace element analysis were carried out in a
350
wavelength dispersive Philips PW 2400 XRF spec351
trometer with detection limits generally of the order
352
of 110 ppm for trace elements, following the
353
methodology described by Mori et al. (1999). For
354
other trace elements including rare earths (REE),
355
the analyses were carried out by ICP-MS at
356
ACME analytical laboratories (Canada), after
357
lithium metraborate/tetraborate fusion and nitric
358
acid digestion of a 0.2 g sample.
359
Mineral chemistry
360
361
Mineral analyses were obtained from carbon-coated
362
polished thin sections using a Jeol 8600S electron
363
microprobe at the Department of Geology, Univer364
sity of Leicester, UK, using an accelerating
365
voltage of 15 kV and a probe current of 30 nA
366
with a beam diameter of 5 10 mm. Quantitative
367
background-corrected results were standardized
368
against a combination of synthetic materials and
369
well-characterized natural minerals and corrected
370
for matrix effects using a ZAF correction procedure.
371
Minimum detection limits under the analytical
372
conditions used range from 0.01 wt% for Na2O
373
to 0.04 wt% for FeO.
374
375
K Ar geochronology
376
377
Three whole rock samples were analysed by the
378
K Ar method at the Centre of Geochronological
379
Research of the University of Sao Paulo
380
(CPGeo-USP). Two aliquots from the same
381
sample were separated for the K and Ar analysis.
382
Potassium analyses of each pulverized sample
383
were carried out in duplicate, coupled to an ultra384
vacuum system. A spike of 38Ar was added and
385
the gas was purified in titanium and copper ovens.
386
Final argon determinations were carried out in a
387
Reynold-type gas spectrometer. Analytical pre388
cision for K is of 5% whereas for Ar it is around
389
0.5%. Decay constants for calculation are after
390
Steiger & Jager (1977).
391
392
Nd Sr isotopes
393
394
Six whole rock samples were analysed by SmNd
395
and Rb Sr methods at the Centre for Geochronolo396
gical Research of the University of Sao Paulo
397
(CPGeo-USP). For the Sm Nd method the
398 Q1 analytical procedures followed Sato et al. (1995).
399
Isotopic ratios 143Nd/144Nd were obtained in a
400
multi-collector mass spectrometer Finnegan Mat,
401
with analytical precision of 0.0014% (2s). Exper402
imental error for the 147Sm 144Nd ratios is of
403
the order of 0.1%. La Jolla and BCR-1 standards
404
yielded 143Nd/144Nd 0.511849 + 0.000025 (1s)
405
and 0.512662 + 0.000027 (1s) respectively
406
during the period in which the analyses were
553
Geochemistry
Whole rock geochemistry and mineral chemistry
data were obtained from selected samples in order
to understand its tectonic setting of the CVC.
Mineral chemistry
Four samples, a partially serpentinized a peridotite,
a serpentinite, a gabbro and a basalt, were selected
for mineral chemical analysis. Analysed minerals
were spinel, olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase and
amphibole.
Spinel
Dark brown spinel in the partially serpentinized
sample (FP-34C) and in serpentinites is armoured
by magnetite grains, possibly formed during the
serpentinization process. Original spinel has an
allotriomorphic, interstitial texture. Preserved
spinel cores have Cr/Cr Al composition ranges
from 0.5 to 0.6 and Fe/Fe Mg around 0.5. TiO2
compositions vary from 0.07 to 0.14 wt% and
Al2O3 cluster around 25 wt%. In the Cr/Cr Al v.
Mg/Mg Fe diagram (Fig. 6a) the CVC data do
not fall within the abyssal spinel peridotite data of
Dick & Bullen (1984) but do overlap the spinel
data from the Mariana fore-arc of hole 780,
ODP-Leg 125 from Parkinson & Pearce (1998).
Pyroxene
Pyroxene is seldom preserved in the ultramafic
rocks. Only relict pyroxenes were found in sample
FP-34C, where composition is Fe-rich diopside
(Fig. 6b) and TiO2 was found to be very low.
Clinopyroxene from an analysed gabbroic
sample is mainly diopside, falling within the same
compositional area as the relict pyroxenes from
the serpentinites (Morimoto et al. 1988) with high
Mg no. between 0.90 0.91, high SiO2 and extremely low TiO2.
Compositional patterns of magmatic clinopyroxene are consistently used to infer possible tectonic
Q2
554
0.80
(a)
Mariana fore-arc
0.60
Spinel Cr/(Cr+Al)
(b)
Wo
Ultramafic rock
Gabbro
0.40
Basaltic Andesites
Abyssal Peridotites
Diopside
Hedenbergite
0.20
Augite
Serpentinite
Pigeonite
Sample FP-34C
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
Clinoenstatite
0.00
0.00
Clinoferrosillite
En
Fs
(c) 0.3
(d)
TiO2
0.25
0.2
MORB
Ultramafic rock
Gabbro
IAT
MORB
AI (t)
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
M. B. I. WEBER ET AL.
Basaltic Andesite
0.15
BON
0.1
BON
0.05
0.06
0.12
0.18
0.24
Ti
SiO2 /100
IAT
Na2O
Fig. 6. (a) Cr# [Cr/(Cr Al)] versus Mg# [Mg/(Mg Fe)] relation in spinels from a completely serpentinised and one
partially serpentinised rock (sample FP-34C) of the CVC. For comparison, the spinel composition from peridotites with
different refractory character are also plotted. Field for spinels from abyssal spinel peridotites (from Dick & Bullen
1984) and IzuBoninMariana forearc (hole 780, ODP-Leg 125, Parkinson & Pearce 1998) are shown; open circle
subduction-related Oman ophiolite (Lippard et al. 1986). (b) Clinopyroxene classification for the CVC ultramafics,
gabbros and basaltic dykes. (c) Co-variation diagram of Al(t) versus Ti (atomic ratios) of studied pyroxenes in ultramafic
rocks, indicating their tectonic settings. (d) TiO2-Na2O-SiO2/100 in clinopyroxene (wt %) (IAT, Island Arc Tholeiite;
BON, Boninite; MORB, Mid-ocean ridge basalt; after Beccaluva 1989).
498
3.9
0.7
14.6
0
12.7
0.4
2.2
1.4
36.6
6061
24.9
0.7
0
733
129.1
71.1
41
277
0.6
0
7
118.1
0.3
1425
166
2.1
0
29.8
0
13
0.1
0
0
9.4
6547
18.8
0
0
390
91.9
69
60
422
3.4
0
4
154.1
0.2
548
47.61
1.092
10.09
5.83
0.071
18.79
12.04
1.44
0.02
0.007
2.21
99.2
HBL
49.03
1.011
7.31
7.65
0.116
18.95
11.69
1.03
0.06
0.016
2.5
99.36
HBL
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
P2O5
LOI
Total
Type
K
Ba
Rb
Sr
Cs
Ga
Ta
Nb
Hf
Zr
Ti
Y
Th
U
Cr
Ni
Co
Sc
V
Cu
Pb
Zn
W
Mo
Cl
LS-18
LS-6
Sample
45.87
0.302
14.75
3.1
0.053
14.61
14.58
1.19
0.02
0.006
4.37
98.85
GBR
LS-22
166
9.1
1.9
269.6
0
12.3
0
0
0
3.1
1810
6.3
0
0
132
68.6
32.3
38
149
2
0
3
66.6
0.1
351
6558
272.6
11
219.5
0.7
17.7
0.6
0.5
1.1
36.9
4388
17.5
0.4
0.2
38
16.9
51.1
37
324
117.3
0.8
65
511.4
0.9
160
52.91
0.732
14.95
11.21
0.181
5.37
8.17
4.33
0.79
0.095
1.89
100.63
BA
LS-26
4815
553.8
8.4
293.9
0.4
19.2
0.3
1.3
1.8
51.2
5348
19.3
1.2
0.5
40
17.1
42.8
31
259
91.3
1.3
57
199.7
0.4
23
52.49
0.892
16.15
10.89
0.19
4.88
8.34
4.74
0.58
0.144
1.39
100.69
BA
LS-34
264.7
3.4
188.7
0.2
15.9
14.2
13.8
1.7
45.4
23.7
0.4
0.3
0
7.9
88.2
308
108
2.6
54
3671.9
5
0
BA
LS-44
506.9
8.9
283.7
0.3
18.9
0.3
1.3
1.4
51.7
20
1.7
0.6
0
16.9
43.5
262
90.7
1.1
55
212.1
0.4
0
BA
LS-45
664
18.6
1
240.6
0.3
17.7
0.5
0
0
5.9
2302
9.4
0
0
74
73.4
55.1
35
200
51.1
0
10
392.6
0.4
732
52.03
0.384
16.6
6.5
0.11
7.83
10.39
4.41
0.08
0.01
1.98
100.32
GBR
LS-51
539.7
7.8
272.2
0.2
16.6
1.1
1.4
1.7
48.2
22
1.2
0.3
0
13.2
81.1
366
114.9
0.5
63
333.4
0.6
0
BA
LS-53
249
7
0
111.7
0
13.3
0.9
0
0
10.4
3123
13.8
0
0
502
53.2
83.4
40
233
30.7
0
4
901.3
0.7
279
52.67
0.521
13.23
9.22
0.183
11.5
11.11
2.19
0.03
0.012
0
100.67
GBR
LS-59A
(Continued)
83
0
0.6
5.1
0
4.4
0.5
0
0.5
9.3
2230
10.9
0
0
5054
26.5
52.5
37
261
0.4
0
3
651.8
0.5
342
53.64
0.372
4.29
3.7
0.07
22.12
12.42
0.7
0.01
0.007
2.17
99.5
HBL
LS-62
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
Q6
0.5
1.7
0.31
1.9
0.9
0.42
1.43
0.28
1.6
0.38
1.1
0.19
1.16
0.15
Other minerals
4
10.1
1.49
7.2
2.6
0.77
3.53
0.59
3.09
0.84
2.18
0.33
2.38
0.35
0
1.4
0.3
2.2
1
0.58
1.65
0.34
2.18
0.56
1.41
0.24
1.55
0.2
0
1.2
0.34
1.6
1.3
0.39
2.21
0.41
3.06
0.69
1.84
0.25
1.96
0.24
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
2.5
9.3
1.55
7.8
2.7
0.81
3.67
0.73
4.43
0.92
2.25
0.41
2.95
0.43
0
1
0.15
0.8
0.4
0.28
0.69
0.15
1.09
0.23
0.64
0.1
0.64
0.11
2.9
7.6
1.24
6.6
2.1
0.66
2.81
0.48
2.86
0.69
1.7
0.27
1.96
0.32
6.8
14.2
1.95
9.3
2.9
0.86
3.14
0.55
3.32
0.73
1.78
0.26
2.16
0.31
3.8
8.6
1.44
7.3
2.5
0.75
3.63
0.6
3.59
0.88
2.08
0.36
2.53
0.36
6.4
13.5
2.03
10.3
2.5
0.91
3.28
0.53
3.09
0.72
1.92
0.29
2.12
0.29
0.5
1.4
0.26
1.3
0.8
0.55
1.1
0.25
1.4
0.39
1.07
0.15
1.09
0.14
LS-59A
LS-53
LS-51
LS-45
LS-44
LS-34
LS-26
LS-22
LS-18
LS-6
Sample
Table 1. Continued
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
M. B. I. WEBER ET AL.
LS-62
556
0.52
0.53
0.47
0.52
Fo
Fa
Tp
Si
Ti
Al
Cr
Fe(ii)
Mn
Mg
Ni
Ca
Total
91.00
8.89
0.11
0.99
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.18
0.00
1.83
0.01
0.00
3.01
90.39
9.50
0.12
0.99
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.19
0.00
1.82
0.01
0.00
3.01
40.48
0.00
0.00
0.00
9.37
0.11
50.03
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.43
100.48
FP-34C
PER centre
Wo
En
Fs
Ac
Si
Al
Al
Fe(iii)
Cr
Ti
Fe(ii)
Mn
Mg
Ca
Na
K
Al tot
Total
Total
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
Cr2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
NiO
K2O
Sample
SER Serpentinite, PER serpentinised peridotite, HBL hornblendite, GBR gabbro, AND andesite.
0.51
0.55
0.45
0.51
0.01
0.01
7.47
7.96
0.00
0.53
3.99
0.03
4.00
0.00
0.00
24.00
0.00
0.02
7.44
7.64
0.00
0.88
3.95
0.07
4.00
0.00
0.00
24.00
Si
Ti
Al
Cr
V
Fe(iii)
Fe(ii)
Mn
Mg
Ca
Zn
Total
Cr/Cr 1 Al
Fe/Fe 1 Mg
Mg/Mg 1 Fe
Cr/Cr 1 Al
101.80
99.32
Total
40.16
0.00
0.01
0.00
8.69
0.11
49.88
0.02
0.05
0.00
0.42
99.33
0.03
0.05
26.28
41.75
22.39
0.13
11.13
0.00
0.00
0.11
25.52
39.05
23.36
0.32
10.86
0.00
0.11
0.00
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
Cr2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
NiO
K2O
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
Cr2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
NiO
K2O
NiO
Total
FP-34C
PER border
FP-34C
PER
LS-32
SER
Sample
Type
Sample
Olivine
Spinel
48.68
49.96
0.66
0.70
1.94
0.06
0.00
0.03
0.05
0.00
2 0.01
0.00
0.97
0.95
0.01
0.00
0.06
4.09
99.56
53.26
0.00
1.50
0.36
1.88
0.06
17.95
24.34
0.19
0.00
FP-34C
PER
47.48
45.84
5.10
1.57
1.96
0.04
0.03
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.91
0.94
0.03
0.00
0.00
4.02
99.75
53.51
0.08
1.59
3.23
0.00
0.10
16.70
24.07
0.44
0.00
LS22
GBR
Pyroxene
48.74
26.93
20.98
3.35
1.98
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.34
0.01
0.53
0.96
0.07
0.00
0.00
4.02
99.92
51.74
0.08
1.47
12.59
0.00
0.40
9.31
23.45
0.89
0.00
LS11
AND
Si
Ti
Al
Cr
Fe2
Mn
Mg
Ca
Na
K
Ni
Total
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
Cr2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
NiO
K2O
NiO
Total
Sample
6.65
0.11
1.91
0.00
0.60
0.01
3.85
1.86
0.56
0.01
0.01
15.57
47.46
1.04
11.55
0.02
5.15
0.11
18.46
12.39
2.06
0.06
0.08
98.37
LS18
HBL
6.90
0.07
1.58
0.00
0.59
0.01
3.91
1.92
0.47
0.01
0.01
15.48
49.40
0.70
9.63
0.04
5.08
0.06
18.78
12.85
1.75
0.05
0.11
98.44
LS22
GBR
Amphibole
7.53
0.05
0.97
0.00
1.49
0.05
1.55
2.94
0.73
0.00
0.00
15.30
51.51
0.42
5.63
0.00
12.18
0.40
7.11
18.74
2.58
0.01
0.00
98.58
LS11
AND
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
558
M. B. I. WEBER ET AL.
Sample/Nakamura, 1977
Sample/MORB
Sample/MORB
Sample/Nakamura, 1977
639
(a) 100
(b) 100
640
641
642
643 Q5
10
644
645
10
646
647
1
648
649
650
651
0.1
1
La Pr
Eu Tb Ho Tm Lu
652
Eu Tb Ho Tm Lu
La Pr
Ce Nd Sm Gd Dy Er Yb
653
Ce Nd Sm Gd Dy Er Yb
654
1000
1000
655
656
657
100
100
658
659
10
10
660
661
1
1
662
663
664
0.1
0.1
665
666
0.01
0.01
667
Cs Ba U Nb Ce Nd Sm Ti Er Lu
Cs Ba U Nb Ce Nd Sm Ti Er Lu
668
Rb Th K La Sr Zr Eu Y Yb
Rb Th K La Sr Zr Eu Y Yb
669
670
Fig. 7. Geochemistry of gabbros from the CVC. Normalizing values are from Nakamura (1977) and Pearce (1983).
671
(a) REE patterns normalized to chondrite and multi-element patterns normalized to MORB for CVC gabbros. Open
circles represent hornblendites, closed circles represent gabbros. (b) REE patterns normalized to chondrite and multi672
element patterns normalized to MORB for CVC basaltic andesite dykes. The grey fields outline the compositional
673
range of the southern Mariana Trough (Gribble et al. 1996).
674
675
676
spikes, indicative of a subduction-related com- which together with positive Sr and Ba anomalies
677
ponent in the source.
and the already mentioned pattern, characterize
678
Volcanic dykes show flat patterns, with a small subduction-related magmas.
679
negative Eu anomaly, when plotted on the
Hawkesworth et al. (1993a, b), subdivided
680
chondrite-normalized REE diagram. Apparent island arc basalts into two groups on the basis of
681
682
slight variations in the LREE, with LaLu ranging LREE/HREE, using La Yb ratios to discriminate
from 9.06 to 21.94, indicate small degrees of differ- between predominantly intra-oceanic arcs (La
683
entiation. This is in agreement with the petrographic Yb , 5) and arcs developed near continental
684
observations, where the LREE enriched samples margins (LaYb . 5). The CVC basaltic rocks
685
contain amphibole and quartz in addition to pyrox- fall within the low LaYb island arc group and
686
687
ene and plagioclase.
overlap the data from the Mariana arc.
The multi-element diagram for basaltic andesites
688
shows a decrease from LILE-enriched to HFSE689
depleted and contrasts with the gabbros. The LILE K Ar geochronology
690
enrichment is generally attributed to element mobi691
692
lity during alteration; however, the increased con- Previous age constraints from this region were
tents of relatively immobile elements like Th and restricted to stratigraphical relationships with
693
La suggest that this pattern is inherited from the Miocene sediments. Three andesitic dykes were
694
original magmatic source. The basaltic rocks also dated by the K Ar whole rock method. Obtained
695
show Nb, Zr and a weak Ti negative anomaly, ages (Table 3a) overlap within error. Their
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
Sr Nd isotopes
Andesitic rocks and gabbros were analysed for
Rb Sr and SmNd isotopic ratios. Initial ratios
were calculated for the 74 Ma K Ar age. Results
are presented in Table 3b and 3c and Figure 9.
The 1Nd and initial 87Sr/86Sr values for the basaltic
andesite dykes range between 4.1 and 7.3 and
0.7038 and 0.7041 respectively. Gabbros have 1Nd
of 9.9 and initial 87Sr/86Sr of 0.7029 and 0.7031.
When compared with the basaltic dykes, the
gabbros overlap the MORB field (Fig. 9), indicating
derivation from a depleted source, whereas the
basaltic dykes plot similar to primitive island arc
559
Rock
%K
LS-34
LS-44
LS-53
Basalt
Basalt
Basalt
0.5013
0.1711
0.5162
Sm-Nd
Sample
Rock
Sm
(ppm)
LS-51
LS-22
LS-34
LS-44
LS-26
Gabro
Gabro
Basalt
Basalt
Basalt
0.661
Rb-Sr
Sample
Rock
Rb
(ppm)
LS-51
LS-22
LS-34
LS-44
LS-26
Gabro 0.76
Gabro 15.28
Basalt 8.12
Basalt 3.00
Basalt 10.58
0.680
2.462
1.986
K error
(%)
0.5000
0.5000
1.7499
Nd
(ppm)
1.459
0.761
8.892
7.340
6.057
Ar40 Rad
ccSTP/g
(1026)
Ar40Atm
(%)
Age
(Ma)
+ (Ma)
1.46
0.47
1.58
71.94
68.79
77.84
73.5
69.5
77.3
4.2
4.9
5.4
147
Error
Sm/
Nd
144
0.2739
0.0462
0.2028
0.1983
2
7
7
Sr
(ppm)
Rb87/Sr86
(X)
Error
254.29
228.79
272.99
166.68
211.38
0.0087
0.1932
0.0861
0.0520
0.1448
1
125
7
4
12
143
Nd/
Nd
144
Error
fSm/Nd
0.513183
0.513228
0.512774
0.512950
0.513011
17
12
41
8
13
0.39
2 1.00
2 0.76
0.03
0.01
Sr87/Sr86
(Y)
Error
87
0.70291
0.70338
0.70386
0.70396
0.70406
6
7
10
7
1
Sr/86Sr
74 Ma
0.7029
0.7032
0.7038
0.7039
0.7041
1 (74Ma)
9.90
4.05
6.02
7.25
560
30
Basaltic Andesites
Grenada
Gabbros
25
b=
a/Y
20
La
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
M. B. I. WEBER ET AL.
15
Aleutians Is.
10
Mariana.
Sandwich Is.
N-MORB
0
0
Yb
Fig. 8. La v. Yb in basalts (SiO2 , 55%) in intraoceanic and continental margin island arc basalts, after Hawkesworth
et al. (1993a, b). Other data fields from Jolly et al. (2006) and Taylor & Martinez (2003).
15.0
10.0
Basaltic Andesites
Gabbros
MORB
5.0
Caribbean PIA
Mariana arc
eNd
0.0
5.0
Ocean
Sediments
Gabbros
Basalts
10.0
0.701
0.702
0.703
0.704
0.705
0.706
0.707
0.708
0.709
0.71
87
Sr/86Sr
Fig. 9. 1Nd v. 87Sr/86Sr for gabbros and basalts of the CVC. Other fields depicted are from the Mariana arc (Gribble
et al. 1996 and sources listed therein), MORB (White & Hofmann 1982) and Caribbean PIA (Jolly et al. 2006).
Also shown is the unpublished data field for the Eocene arc magmatism.
Q6
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
561
562
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
M. B. I. WEBER ET AL.
Fig. 10. Three-stage model for the formation of the Cabo de la Vela Mafic-Ultramafic Complex. SAM represents the
South American margin (Modified from Giunta et al. 2006).
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
2.
3.
represented by the CVC ultramafic and gabbroic units, was progressively exhumed as a
consequence of the slow spreading dynamics.
Subduction zone configuration changed and
arc-like magmatism developed upon a
migrating spreading centre, represented by the
andesitic dykes of the CVC. Possibly simultaneously the arc evolved and sedimentary
deposits formed. The distal sedimentary
sequence, Eptana Fm., developed upon the
previously rifted basin, whereas the more shelflike deposits of the Jarara Fm. formed as
sediments near the arc. Continuous ocean
subduction carried the arc towards the passive
continental margin of South America.
The units were accreted onto the South
American margin. Following the accretion the
Caribbean plate began to subduct under South
America. This event is constrained by the age
of Eocene magmatism that intruded the
already deformed Etpana and Jarara Formations at 47 Ma (Lockwood 1965). CardonaMolina et al. (2006) deduced that this could
have occurred between the late Cretaceous
and the Palaeocene, based on Ar/Ar spectra
of basement rocks.
Caribbean realm
The tectonic evolution of the Caribbean is related to
Jurassic Early Cretaceous formation of oceanic
Proto-Caribbean crust following the separation of
North and South America. Subsequent development
of a multistage intraoceanic-arc or several intraoceanic arcs in either a near mid American or a
Pacific position happened from late Cretaceous to
Recent times. Thickened oceanic plateau crust
migrated from the west between the Americas,
leaving fragments on the continental margin
(Pindell 1993; Pindell & Kennan 2001; reviews in
Giunta et al. 2002, 2006; James 2006).
The Cabo de la Vela Mafic Ultramafic Complex
and the associated Etpana Jarara Fms of the
Guajira region record the tectonic evolution of an
island arc of Campanian and older age (whole
rock K Ar age of 74 Ma for the basaltic andesites,
and the older ultramafic and gabbroic units). This
formed on already mature arc basement or as part
of coalesced arcs juxtaposed before their accretion
onto a passive continental margin in pre-Eocene
times. High-pressure rocks in Miocene conglomerates that show notable similarities to rocks of the
Venezuelan Cordillera de la Costa and Margarita,
dated at 90 110 Ma (Sisson et al. 1997; Stockhert
et al. 1995; Zapata et al. 2005), quartz and granitoid
clasts in metaconglomerates from the Jarara Fm.
may be vestiges of earlier subduction. This implies
563
564
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
M. B. I. WEBER ET AL.
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1045
1046
1047
1048 Q7
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065 Q8
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077 Q9
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093 Q3
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
565
566
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
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Q11
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