International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882

Volume 5, Issue 4, April 2016

OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM IN

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Ved Shukla
M. Tech. (Power Electronics)

Cherry Lodha
M. Tech. (Power Electronics)

Abstract: Procedure of generating non conventional

energy sources (RESs) has favored the penetrating

power of energy storage units, at reasonable costs and
close to the energy buyers, leading to the concept of
micro grids (MGs).The ESS can also provide additional
benefits for distribution utilities, such as an efficient
expansion alternative through peak load shaving and
methods of mitigating power quality issues. Load
shaving implies power exchange between base
generation units and storage devices in order to store
some power during off peak periods and discharge them
during peak load periods. This practice upgrades the
utilization of network infrastructure.
The work offers probability approach for sizing and
sighting energy storage in distribution systems in order
to improve the non variability of distribution systems. In
this approach a probability distribution functions (PDF)
is assume suitable for modeling. Generally, PDF can be
obtained from the available historical data of different
DG types. In this work, continuous PDF will be further
divided into several states with linked probability, thus
creating a PDF model for every DG. In text, research
works have focused on sizing ESS for isolated microgrid applications. In certain research works, time-series
models have been applied in order to forecast the
stochastic nature of system components and define the
optimal ESS operation during a definite period,
concluded on which the size of the ESS was optimized.
The work suggests a sighting and sizing framework that
takes into account the distribution network model in
ascertaining the most cost-effective siting and sizing of
ESS units in order to defer system upgrades by means of
load management. Unlike previous work that applied
time series patterns for optimizing the size of ESS units,
a probabilistic approach will be used in order to consider
the uncertainty of system components. The approach
proposed further includes determining the optimized
operation of ESS units at each load state. The proposed
work focuses on finding the optimal ESS allocation in
distribution systems that minimizes the NPV of system
costsi.e., system upgrades energy loss, ESS
installation and maintenance costs.
However, storage devices are very expensive and their
cost has been the main barrier in their execution.
Looking out to their benefits, governments and

energy such as through solar photovoltaic (PV) cells etc

offer great promise in terms of a reduced carbon usage
and overall impact on the environment. However, these
methods also take part in the area of being highly
variable, i.e. they are variable in such a way that is
difficult to forecast with sufficient accuracy. This paper
addresses the issues of optimal allocation of energy
storage system for IEEE-33 bus radial distribution
system based on cost criterion. The analysis of size and
location based on loss criterion was carried out using
load flow analysis. Also the graphical user interface of
optimization tool was developed so as to carry out
certain other objectives functions on a go. The cost
criterion was based on two major issues, i.e.,
maximization of arbitrage benefit and minimization of
total system investment cost so as to maximize savings
adding to overall profits.
Keywords: PSO, Particle Swarm Optimization, Energy
Storage System, Battery, Arbitrage Benefit, Load Flow
Analysis, Backward Forward Sweep.
1. INTRODUCTION:
Energy storage techniques have been argued as critical
to achieving national energy policy aims and creating a
modern and protected electric grid system. They have a
number of significant applications in power networks. At
faster time scales storage can be used to reduce
unpredictability of
renewable sources of energy like solar, wind etc. At a
slow pace time scales, it can be used for load shifting,
meaning, generate when it is cheaper and use storage
dynamics to follow the demand.
This work proposes a tactic for allocating Energy storage
system (ESS)
in distribution systems in order to reschedule system
upgrades, reduce losses and take benefit of arbitrage
benefit. The results have been obtained by applying
different algorithms and compared. It is observed that
advanced Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) gives the
most precise results. In far regions and in area wishing to
decrease the dependence on untenable energy
production, the assimilation of different renewable

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227

International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 5, Issue 4, April 2016

industries have been investing significantly in the

research and development of new and cheap storage
technologies with the hope that storage will be an
integral part of the future smart grid.

2.
PROBLEM
FORMULATION
METHODOLOGY:

ni
r

min f Re al ( I x2 Z x ) c
x 1
c 1

where f is the system-loss function, Ix is the branch

current, nl is the line index count, Zx is the branch
impedance, C is the penalty decision (either 0 or 1),
The penalty factor will remove then on feasible
solutions, which violate the system limits using penalty
decision variable. The locational constraint on the ESS is
not considered in this work. However, the proposed
method can include any positional constraint on the ESS.
In such cases, the proposed PSO algorithm will search
only the identied nodes for the optimal solution, i.e.,

0,
1,

dis
PESS c peak

max

ch
PESS coff peak

AND

Analytical expression, the optimum size of ESS is

calculated at each bus for the for system under study and
bus having minimum average power loss will be the
optimal location for the placement of ESS. The optimal
placement of ESS by loss sensitivity approach is not able
to trace the ideal location if keeping voltage limits as a
concern, in that case the capacity of ESS increases but if
the same is carried out by PSO technique by having the
constraints of voltage limit into consideration the size of
ESS may decrease drastically. The optimal placement of
ESS by PSO algorithm taking the voltage limits of the
test system into account for minimizing the real power
loss improves the results drastically.
This work incorporates a swarm intelligence approach
for multiple-ESS placement based on a loss reduction
criterion. The planning of the ESS is to be carried out for
the peak load prole of the base year. The PSO approach
is used to solve

output charging/discharging power cpeak and coff-peak are

peak and off peak cost of power.

if any constraint is violated

if all constraints are satisfied

Along with the aim of maximizing the arbitrage benefits

the equal emphasis was to reduce the systems total
investment cost to a lowest possible level so as to
achieve the maximum savings on investment. The
objective function for obtaining maximum arbitrage
benefit is given in the equation 3.30 where Cp is capital
power cost of ESS, Cm is operation and maintenance
cost, PratedESS ESS rated charging/discharging power, CE
capital energy cost of ESS, CR NPV of replacement cost.
rated
c p cm PF PESS

rated
cE cR EESS

min
i 1

NVUP NVLO NVAR

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a swarm based
optimization method first proposed by Kennedy and
Eberhart in 1995, it is inspired by general behavior of
bird flying (Kennedy et al, 1995). PSO as an
optimization method gives a croud-based search
procedure in which each individual called particles
change their location (state) with time. In a PSO system,
particles fly around in all dimensional search space. At
the time of flight, each particle adjusts its position
according to its own knowledge (This value is called
Pbest), and according to the experience of a nearby
particle (This value is called Gbest), made use of the best
position encountered by itself and its neighbor.

velidk 1 velidk ca rand ( pbid posidk )

cb rand ( gbid posidk )
The existing site can be tailored based on the updated
velocity of the search particle

posidk 1 posidk vidk 1 , i 1, 2,..., n

The loss based results are further analyzed on the basis

of cost criterion. The minimized loss result gives us
various locations and sizes where the losses are
minimum. Further these optimized locations are to be
tested on the basis of economic feasibility. The cost
analysis is done by keeping two perspectives in mind
firstly obtaining maximum arbitrage benefit. The
objective function for obtaining maximum arbitrage
benefit is given in the equation below where is

2.1 OPTIMAL ESS SIZE AND LOCATION

The optimal size of ESS is calculated at each location
using the loss formula and the optimal location of ESS is
evaluated by using the loss factor. The loss sensitivity
factor is used for the placement of ESS is explained as,
the real power loss in the system is given by

probability of load state, l load state index, PESS is ESS

PL

i 1 i 1

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[ ij ( PP
i j Qi Q j )

ij (Qi Pj PQ
i j )]

228

International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 5, Issue 4, April 2016

Where

ij

rij
vi v j
rij
vi v j

cos( i j )

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

sin( i j )

and

zij rij jxij

ij are elements of z bus matrix.

Pi PGi PDi
Qi QGi QDi
PGi & QGi are power injection of generators to the
bus where PDi, QDi are the loads. Qi ans Pi is active and
reactive power of the buses.
The sensitivity factor of power loss with respect to
power injection from the ESS is given by Sensitivity
factor and is evaluated at each location by using the
values obtained from the load flow. The bus with
minimum loss sensitivity factor will be best location for
the placement of ESS. The power loss against injected
power is parabolic function and at least losses, the rate
of change of loss with respect to injected power is zero.

The two cost functions were used for achieving the

optimal cost based analysis. One of the cost functions
aims at maximizing the arbitrage benefit by discharging
the ESS at peak times and charging the ESS at off peak
times.
The arbitrage benefit result shows that for the first 4 load
states since the benefit is not very high and also the load
3.20charging is done for first 4 states
is not above 50% hence
and discharging is done for remaining states discharging
is carried out.

3.21

Arbitrage benefit for Single ESS

Cost of charging/discharging

ij

which will produce the lowest loss due to the placement

of ESS at the respective bus.

9000
8000

7000
Load State

6000
5000

cost of discharging
4000

3000

cost of charging

2000
1000
0

PL
2 ii Pi 2 ( ij P ij Q j ) 0
Pi
j 1

10

Load State

j i

Fig.1 Arbitrage benefit for Single ESS

Then the above equation becomes

1 N
Pi
( P ijQ j )
ii j 1 ij j
j i

Where Pi is the real power at node i, which is the

difference between real generation and the real demand
on that node

Similar to the single ESS case the system was evaluated

for two ESS. The results below show the cost of
charging and discharging for two ESS also the arbitrage
benefit for the same is calculated.
Arbitrage Benefit for two ESS

Pi PDGi PDi
at node i, and PDi is the load demand at node i. By
mixing the above terms we get. PDGi
k 1
id

pos

k 1
id

pos vel
k
id

, i 1, 2,..., n

cost of charging/dichar gi ng

7000

Where PDGi the real power injection from ESS is placed

6000
5000
Load State

4000
c os t of dis c harging

3000
cost of charging

2000
1000
0

The above equation gives the optimum size of ESS for

each bus i, for the real power loss to be minimum and
any size of ESS other than PDGi placed at bus i, means it
will create a higher loss.
2.2 OPTIMAL LOCATION OF ESS
The allocation of optimal location is finding for the
placement of accurate size of ESS at the respective bus,

10

load state

Fig.2 Arbitrage benefit for Two ESS

The optimization on the basis of cost criterion was also
carried out for three ESS. The results obtained shows
that maximum arbitrage benefit is obtained in the case
when three ESS units are installed at optimum locations.

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229

International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
Volume 5, Issue 4, April 2016

The results shows that the maximum arbitrage benefit is

obtained in the case of three ESS units being installed at
pre calculated optimal locations.
Here it can be observed that the savings obtained in case
of three ESS is maximum but as can be seen from the
figure that the total savings in case of two ESS is least
when compared to all the three cases. This is due to the
reason that the capacity obtained in the case of two ESS
is least out of the three cases and hence savings also
varies accordingly.
Arbitrage Benefit for three ESS

cost of charging/dischar gi ng

10000
9000
8000
7000

4. CONCLUSION:
This work has proposed an approach for the ESS
planning considering the system loss as an objective,
which has been solved using constriction-factor-based
PSO. The results of the proposed method have been
compared with an improved analytical method suggested
in D. Hung, et. al. in Multiple distributed generators
placement in primary distribution networks for loss
reduction, for three test systems. It is found that the
proposed method gives much better results in terms of
loss reduction. The loss analysis was followed up by the
cost analysis in which the system was evaluated for the
maximization of system arbitrage benefit and
simultaneously minimization of total system investment
so as to attain maximum total system savings.

Load State

6000
5000

REFERENCES:

c os t of dis c harging

4000
c os t of c harging

3000
2000

1000
0
1

10

load state

Fig.3 Arbitrage benefit for Three ESS

Comparision of Arbitrage Benefit for different number of ESS

30000

28132.0893

26761.4285

25000
19591.6442

20000
Arbitrage Benefit
15000
10000
5000

0
Single ESS

Two ESS
No. of ESS

Three ESS

Fig.4 Comparison of Arbitrage benefit for different

number of ESS
Total Savings on operation and maintenance

50000000

Total
Total
Total
Savings(Rs), 4459
Savings(Rs), 3888 Savings(Rs), 3879
8969
4759
4011

40000000
30000000
Total Savings
(RS) 20000000

10000000

Size(kw), 2500

Size(kw), 2021

Size(kw), 2902

0
Single ESS

Two ESS

Three ESS

No. of ESS

Fig.5 Total savings on Operation and Maintenance

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