Eurovision Song Contest - The Complete Guide

Eurovision Song
The Complete Guide
Contents
1
The Eurovision Song Contest
1.1
Eurovision Song Contest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1
Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.3
Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.4
Hosting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.5
Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.6
Expansion of the contest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.7
Winners
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
1.1.8
Anniversaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
1.1.9
Criticism and controversy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
1.1.10 Spin-os . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
1.1.11 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
1.1.12 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
1.1.13 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
1.1.14 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
1.1.15 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
List of Eurovision Song Contest winners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
1.2.1
List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
1.2.2
By country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
1.2.3
By language
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
1.2.4
Photogallery
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
1.2.5
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
1.2.6
Notes and references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Languages in the Eurovision Song Contest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
1.3.1
Rule changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
1.3.2
Languages and their rst appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
1.3.3
Winners by language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
1.3.4
Entries in articial (constructed) languages
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
1.3.5
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
1.3.6
23
Rules of the Eurovision Song Contest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
1.2
1.3
1.4
ii
CONTENTS
1.5
1.6
1.4.1
Number of songs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
1.4.2
No previously published music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
1.4.3
Voices and instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
1.4.4
Performers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
1.4.5
Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
1.4.6
Rule changes by year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
1.4.7
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
1.4.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
1.5.1
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
1.5.2
Voting systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
1.5.3
Highest scores
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
1.5.4
Tie-breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
1.5.5
Scoring no points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
1.5.6
Regional bloc voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
1.5.7
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
1.5.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
History of the Eurovision Song Contest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
1.6.1
Competition history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
1.6.2
The songs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
1.6.3
Competitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
1.6.4
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
1.6.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
1.6.6
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
1956 to 1967 The Black-and-White Years
37
2.1
Eurovision Song Contest 1956 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
2.1.1
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
2.1.2
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
2.1.3
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
2.1.4
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
2.1.5
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
2.1.6
International broadcasts
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
2.1.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
2.1.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
39
2.2.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
2.2.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
2.2.3
40
2.2.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
2.2.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
2.2.6
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
2.2
CONTENTS
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
iii
2.2.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
2.2.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
41
2.3.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
2.3.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
2.3.3
42
2.3.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
2.3.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
2.3.6
43
2.3.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
2.3.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
43
2.4.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
2.4.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
2.4.3
44
2.4.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
2.4.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
2.4.6
45
2.4.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
2.4.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
45
2.5.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
2.5.2
46
2.5.3
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
2.5.4
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
2.5.5
46
2.5.6
47
2.5.7
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
47
2.6.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
2.6.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
2.6.3
48
2.6.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
2.6.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
2.6.6
48
2.6.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
2.6.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
49
2.7.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
2.7.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
2.7.3
49
iv
CONTENTS
2.7.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
2.7.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
2.7.6
50
2.7.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
2.7.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
51
2.8.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
2.8.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
2.8.3
52
2.8.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
2.8.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
2.8.6
52
2.8.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
2.8.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
53
2.9.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
2.9.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
2.9.3
54
2.9.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
2.9.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
2.9.6
55
2.9.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
2.9.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
2.10 Eurovision Song Contest 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
2.8
2.9
2.10.1 Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
2.10.2 Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
2.10.3 Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
2.10.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
2.10.5 Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
2.10.6 International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
2.10.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
2.10.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
57
2.11.1 Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
2.11.2 Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
58
2.11.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
2.11.5 Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
58
2.11.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
2.11.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
CONTENTS

2.12.1 Location
59
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
2.12.2 Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
59
2.12.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
2.12.5 Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
60
2.12.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
2.12.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
1968 to 1974 Changes ... in colour!
61
3.1
61
3.1.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
3.1.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
3.1.3
Vote rigging allegations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
3.1.4
61
3.1.5
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
3.1.6
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
3.1.7
62
3.1.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
3.1.9
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
62
3.2.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
3.2.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
3.2.3
63
3.2.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
3.2.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
3.2.6
64
3.2.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
3.2.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
64
3.3.1
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
3.3.2
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
3.3.3
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
3.3.4
66
3.3.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
3.3.6
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
67
3.4.1
Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
3.4.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
3.4.3
68
3.4.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
3.2
3.3
3.4
vi
CONTENTS
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.4.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
3.4.6
68
3.4.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
3.4.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
69
3.5.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
3.5.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
3.5.3
70
3.5.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
3.5.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
3.5.6
71
3.5.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
3.5.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
71
3.6.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
3.6.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
3.6.3
72
3.6.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
3.6.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
3.6.6
73
3.6.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
73
3.7.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
3.7.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
3.7.3
Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
3.7.4
75
3.7.5
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
3.7.6
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
3.7.7
75
3.7.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
3.7.9
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
1975 to 1987 8, 10, 12 points!
77
4.1
77
4.1.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
4.1.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
4.1.3
78
4.1.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
4.1.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
4.1.6
78
4.1.7
Notable incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
4.1.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
CONTENTS
4.1.9
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
vii
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
79
4.2.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
4.2.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
4.2.3
80
4.2.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
4.2.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
4.2.6
81
4.2.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
82
4.3.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
4.3.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
4.3.3
82
4.3.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
4.3.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
4.3.6
83
4.3.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
84
4.4.1
Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
4.4.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
4.4.3
85
4.4.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
4.4.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
4.4.6
86
4.4.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
87
4.5.1
Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
4.5.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
4.5.3
88
4.5.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
4.5.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
4.5.6
88
4.5.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
90
4.6.1
Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
4.6.2
Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
4.6.3
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
4.6.4
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
4.6.5
Returning artists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
4.6.6
Song Presenters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
4.6.7
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
viii
CONTENTS
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.6.8
Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
4.6.9
National jury members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
4.6.10 Notes and references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
93
4.7.1
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
4.7.2
95
4.7.3
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
4.7.4
Voting structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
4.7.5
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
4.7.6
Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
4.7.7
96
4.7.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96
97
4.8.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97
4.8.2
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
4.8.3
Voting structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
4.8.4
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
4.8.5
Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
4.8.6
98
4.8.7
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
4.8.8
Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
4.8.9
98
4.8.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
99
4.9.1
Voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
4.9.2
Song success . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
4.9.3
Nul points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
4.9.4
Interval act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.9.5
Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.9.6
Returning artists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.9.7
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.9.8
Voting structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.9.9
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.9.10 Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

4.9.11 Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.9.12 National jury members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.9.13 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.10 Eurovision Song Contest 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.10.1 Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.10.2 Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

4.10.3 Returning artists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
CONTENTS
ix
4.10.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

4.10.5 Voting structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.10.6 Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.10.7 Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.10.8 Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.10.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.11.1 Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.11.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.11.4 Voting
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.11.5 Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

4.11.6 Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.11.7 Spokespersons
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

4.11.9 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.11.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.12.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.12.2 Debuts and withdrawals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.12.3 Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.12.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.12.5 Voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.12.7 Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.12.8 Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.12.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.13.1 Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.13.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.13.3 Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.13.5 Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.13.6 Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.13.8 Possible Soviet Union participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.13.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5
1988 to 1997 A New Era

5.1
111
Eurovision Song Contest 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
CONTENTS
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.1.1
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.1.2
Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.1.3
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.1.4
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.1.5
Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.1.6
National jury members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.1.7
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.1.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

5.2.1
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.2.2
5.2.3
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.2.4
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.2.5
Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.2.6
5.2.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

5.3.1
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.3.2
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5.3.3
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5.3.4
5.3.5
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5.3.6
Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5.3.7
5.3.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

5.4.1
Contest overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.4.2
5.4.3
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.4.4
5.4.5
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.4.6
Postcards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.4.7
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.4.8
Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.4.9
5.4.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

5.4.11 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.5

5.5.1
Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.5.2
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.5.3
CONTENTS
5.6
5.7
xi
5.5.4
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.5.5
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.5.6
Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.5.7
5.5.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

5.6.1
Pre-qualifying round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.6.2
5.6.3
5.6.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.6.5
Pre-qualifying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.6.6
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.6.7
International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.6.8
Notes and references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.6.9
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

5.7.1
5.7.2
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.7.3
5.7.4
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.7.5
International broadcasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.7.6
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.7.7
Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.7.8
5.7.9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.7.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

5.8

5.8.1
5.8.2
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.8.3
5.8.4
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.8.5
5.8.6
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.8.7
Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.8.8
5.8.9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.8.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

5.9

5.9.1
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.9.2
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.9.3
xii
CONTENTS
5.9.4
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.9.5
Good luck wishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.9.6
5.9.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

5.10.1 Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.10.2 Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

5.10.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.10.5 Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.10.6 Winners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.10.7 Barbara Dex Award . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.10.8 International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.10.9 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
5.10.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
5.10.11 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6
1998 to 2003 Televoting arrives

6.1
139

6.1.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.1.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.1.3
Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.1.4
6.1.5
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.1.6
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.1.7
Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.1.8
Barbara Dex Award . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
6.1.9
6.1.10 Notes and references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

6.2
6.3

6.2.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
6.2.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
6.2.3
Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
6.2.4
6.2.5
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.2.6
Voting structure
6.2.7
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.2.8
6.2.9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

6.3.1
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
6.3.2
CONTENTS
6.4
6.5
xiii
6.3.3
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.3.4
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.3.5
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.3.6
Spokespersons
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.3.7
Ocial album
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.3.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

6.4.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6.4.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6.4.3
6.4.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
6.4.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
6.4.6
6.4.7
Ocial album . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
6.4.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
6.4.9
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

6.5.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
6.5.2
6.5.3
6.5.4
Voting structure
6.5.5
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
6.5.6
Marcel Bezenon Awards
6.5.7
6.5.8
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.5.9
Spokespersons
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.5.10 Ocial album . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

6.5.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.6

6.6.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.6.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6.6.3
Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
6.6.4
6.6.5
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6.6.6
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6.6.7
6.6.8
6.6.9
Ocial album . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6.6.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

6.6.11 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
7
2004 to 2014 Seminals and beyond
166
xiv
CONTENTS
7.1

7.1.1
Hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
7.1.2
Firsts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
7.1.3
7.1.4
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
7.1.5
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
7.1.6
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
7.1.7
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
7.1.8
AP Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
7.1.9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
7.1.10 Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

7.1.11 Spokespersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
7.1.12 Ocial album . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
7.1.13 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
7.1.14 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
7.2

7.2.1
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7.2.2
Publicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7.2.3
Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7.2.4
7.2.5
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
7.2.6
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
7.2.7
Other countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
7.2.8
Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
7.2.9
7.2.10 Ocial album . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

7.2.11 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
7.2.12 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
7.2.13 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
7.3

7.3.1
Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.3.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.3.3
7.3.4
Score sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
7.3.5
Other Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
7.3.6
Other countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
7.3.7
Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
7.3.8
Noteworthy occurrences and records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
7.3.9
7.3.10 Broadcasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

7.3.11 Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
CONTENTS
xv
7.3.12 Ocial album . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

7.3.13 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
7.3.14 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
7.4
7.5

7.4.1
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
7.4.2
7.4.3
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
7.4.4
Other Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
7.4.5
7.4.6
Ocial album
7.4.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
7.4.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

7.5.1
Venue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
7.5.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
7.5.3
7.5.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
7.5.5
Scoreboards
7.5.6
Other Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
7.5.7
Broadcasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
7.5.8
7.5.9
Ocial album
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
7.5.10 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

7.5.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
7.5.12 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
7.6

7.6.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
7.6.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
7.6.3
Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
7.6.4
7.6.5
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
7.6.6
Scoreboards
7.6.7
Other Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
7.6.8
7.6.9
Ocial album . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
7.6.10 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

7.6.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
7.6.12 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
7.7

7.7.1
Venue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
7.7.2
Presenters
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
xvi
CONTENTS
7.7.3
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
7.7.4
7.7.5
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
7.7.6
Scoreboards
7.7.7
Other Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
7.7.8
Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
7.7.9
Commentators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
7.7.11 Broadcasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

7.7.12 Notable artists that did not qualify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
7.7.14 Ocial album
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
7.7.15 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

7.7.16 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
7.8

7.8.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
7.8.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
7.8.3
7.8.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
7.8.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
7.8.6
Other awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
7.8.7
7.8.8
Ocial album
7.8.9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
7.8.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

7.9

7.9.1
Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
7.9.2
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
7.9.3
7.9.4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
7.9.5
Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
7.9.6
Other countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
7.9.7
Controversies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
7.9.8
Other awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
7.9.9
7.9.10 Ocial album . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

7.9.11 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
7.9.12 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
7.9.13 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
7.10.1 Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
CONTENTS
xvii
7.10.2 Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

7.10.3 Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
7.10.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
7.10.5 Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
7.10.6 Other countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
7.10.7 Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
7.10.8 Other awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
7.10.10 Ocial album . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
7.10.11 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
7.10.12 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
7.10.13 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
7.11.1 Location
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
7.11.2 Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

7.11.3 Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
7.11.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
7.11.5 Scoreboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
7.11.6 Other countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
7.11.7 Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
7.11.8 Other awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
7.11.10 Ocial album . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
7.11.11 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
7.11.12 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
7.11.13 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
8
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
272
8.1
Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
8.2
Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
8.3
Content license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Chapter 1
The Eurovision Song Contest

1.1 Eurovision Song Contest
having won the contest seven timesincluding four times

in ve years in 1992, 1993, 1994 and 1996. The highest
scoring winner is Jamala of Ukraine who won the 2016
contest in Stockholm, Sweden with 534 points. This was,
however, achieved under a new scoring system, and would
not have surpassed the previous record (the 387 points
achieved by Alexander Rybak of Norway in 2009) under
the system in use between 1975 and 2015. Had the 2016
system been in use in 2009, Rybak would have scored
690 points.
Eurovision redirects here.

For other uses, see
Eurovision (disambiguation).
For this years contest, see Eurovision Song Contest 2016.
The Eurovision Song Contest (French: Concours Eurovision de la chanson),[1] sometimes popularly called
Eurovision but not to be confused with the Eurovision
network that broadcasts it, is the longest-running an- The latest winner of the Eurovision Song Contest is
nual international TV song competition,[2] held, primar- Jamala of Ukraine, who won the 2016 contest in
ily, among the member countries of the European Broad- Stockholm, Sweden, with the song "1944".
casting Union (EBU) since 1956. The competition was
based upon the existing Sanremo - Festival of Italian Music held in Italy since 1951.
1.1.1 Origins
Each participating country submits an original song to

be performed on live television and radio and then casts
votes for the other countries songs to determine the most
popular song in the competition. The contest has been
broadcast every year for sixty years, since its inauguration
in 1956, and is one of the longest-running television programmes in the world. It is also one of the most watched
non-sporting events in the world,[3] with audience gures
having been quoted in recent years as anything between
100 million and 600 million internationally.[4][5] Eurovision has also been broadcast outside Europe to several
countries that do not compete, such as the USA, Canada,
New Zealand, and China. An exception was made in
2015, when Australia was allowed to compete as a guest
entrant as part of the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the event.[6][7][8] In November 2015, the EBU announced that Australia was invited back as a participant
in the 2016 contest, after the 2015 success.[9] Since 2000,
the contest has also been broadcast over the Internet, via
the Eurovision website.[10]
Further information: History of the Eurovision Song

Contest
In the 1950s, as a war-torn Europe rebuilt itself,
the European Broadcasting Union (EBU)based in
Switzerlandset up an ad hoc committee to search for
ways of bringing together the countries of the EBU
around a light entertainment programme.[12] At a committee meeting held in Monaco in January 1955 with
Marcel Bezenon of the Swiss television as chairman, the
committee conceived the idea (initially proposed by Sergio Pugliese of the Italian television RAI) of an international song contest where countries would participate in
one television programme to be transmitted simultaneously to all countries of the union.[12][13] The competition was based upon the existing Sanremo Music Festival
held in Italy[14] and was seen as a technological experiment in live television, as in those days it was a very
ambitious project to join many countries together in a
wide-area international network. Satellite television did
not exist, and the Eurovision Network comprised a terrestrial microwave network.[15] The concept, then known
as Eurovision Grand Prix, was approved by the EBU
General Assembly in a meeting held in Rome on 19 October 1955, and it was decided that the rst contest would
take place in spring 1956 in Lugano, Switzerland.[12] The
name Eurovision was rst used in relation to the EBUs
Winning the Eurovision Song Contest provides a shortterm boost to the winning artists career, but rarely results
in long-term success.[11] Notable exceptions are ABBA
(winner in 1974 for Sweden), Bucks Fizz (winner in 1981
for the United Kingdom) and Cline Dion (winner in
1988 for Switzerland), all of whom launched successful
worldwide careers after their wins.
Ireland holds the record for the highest number of wins,
1
CHAPTER 1. THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
network by British journalist George Campey in the Lon- logo) is displayed. The accompanying theme music (used
don Evening Standard in 1951.[13]
on other Eurovision broadcasts) is the prelude to Marc[13]
The rst contest was held in the town of Lugano, Antoine Charpentier's Te Deum. Originally, the same
Switzerland, on 24 May 1956.
Seven countries logo was used for both the Eurovision network and the
participatedeach submitting two songs, for a total of European Broadcasting Union; however, they now have
14. This was the only contest in which more than one two dierent logos; when the ident is transmitted, it is
song per country was performed: since 1957, all contests the Eurovision network logo that appears.
have allowed one entry per country. The 1956 contest The Eurovision Song Contest nals are traditionally held
was won by the host nation, Switzerland.[16]
on a Saturday evening in May, at 19:00 UTC (15:00 EDT,
20:00 BST/IST, or 21:00 CEST). Usually one Saturday
in May is chosen, although the contest has been held on a
Naming
Tuesday (since the two semi nal system was introduced
in 2008), on a Thursday (in 1956; and since 2005 in the
The programme was rst known as the Eurovision
semi-nals)[23] and as early as March (in 1979).[24]
Grand Prix (in English). This Grand Prix name
was adopted by Denmark, Norway and the Francophone
countries, with the French designation being Le Grand- 1.1.3 Participation
Prix Eurovision de la Chanson Europenne.[17] The
Grand Prix has since been dropped and replaced Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision
withConcours (contest) in French, but not in Danish Song Contest
or Norwegian. The Eurovision network is used to
carry many news and sports programmes internationally,
among other specialised events organised by the EBU.[18] Eligible participants include primarily Active Members
However, in the minds of the public, the name Eurovi- (as opposed to Associate Members) of the EBU. Acsion is most closely associated with the Song Contest.[15] tive members are those who are located in states that fall
within the European Broadcasting Area, or are member
states of the Council of Europe.[25]
1.1.2
Format
The European Broadcasting Area is dened by the

International Telecommunication Union:[26]
The format of the contest has changed over the years,

though the basic tenets have always been thus: particiThe European Broadcasting Area is
pant countries submit new original songs, which are perbounded
on the west by the western boundformed live in a television programme transmitted across
ary
of
Region
1, on the east by the meridian
the Eurovision Network by the EBU simultaneously to all
[19]
40
East
of
Greenwich
and on the south by
countries. A country as a participant is represented
the
parallel
30
North
so
as to include the
by one television broadcaster from that country: typically,
northern
part
of
Saudi
Arabia
and that part of
but not always, that countrys national public broadcasting
those
countries
bordering
the
Mediterranean
organisation. The programme is hosted by one of the parwithin
these
limits.
In
addition,
Armenia,
ticipant countries, and the transmission is sent from the
Azerbaijan,
Georgia
and
Ukraine
and
those
auditorium in the host city. During this programme, after
parts
of
the
territories
of
Iraq,
Jordan
and
all the songs have been performed, the countries then proSyrian
Arab
Republic
lying
outside
the
above
ceed to cast votes for the other countries songs: nations
limits are included in the European Broadcastare not allowed to vote for their own song.[20] At the end
ing Area.[lower-alpha 1]
of the programme, the winner is declared as the song with
the most points. The winner receives, simply, the prestige of having wonalthough it is usual for a trophy to The western boundary of Region 1 is dened by a line
be awarded to the winning songwriters, and the winning running from the North Pole along meridian 10 West
country is invited to host the event the following year.[16] of Greenwich to its intersection with parallel 72 North;
The programme is invariably opened by one or more pre- thence by great circle arc to the intersection of meridian
senters, welcoming viewers to the show. Between the 50 West and parallel 40 North; thence by great circle
songs and the announcement of the voting, an interval arc to the intersection of meridian 20 West and parallel
thence along meridian 20 West to the South
act is performed. These acts can be any form of enter- 10 South;
[28]
Pole.
tainment imaginable. Interval entertainment has included
such acts as the Wombles (1974)[21] and the rst interna- Active members include broadcasting organisations,
tional presentation of Riverdance (1994).[22]
whose transmissions are often made available to at least
which are
As national broadcasters join and leave the Eurovision 98% of households in their own country
[25]
equipped
to
receive
such
transmissions.
feed transmitted by the EBU, the EBU/Eurovision network logo ident (not to be confused with the song contest If an EBU Active Member wishes to participate they must
1.1. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
full conditions as laid down by the rules of the contest. A separate copy is drafted annually. As of 2015,
this includes the necessity to have broadcast the previous
years programme within their country, and the broadcaster must have paid the EBU a participation fee in advance of the deadline specied in the rules of the contest
for the year in which they wish to participate.
Eligibility to participate is not determined by geographic
inclusion within the continent of Europe, despite the
Euro in Eurovision nor does it have any relation
to the European Union. Several countries geographically
outside the boundaries of Europe have competed: Israel
and Cyprus in Western Asia (Cyprus is a member of the
Council of Europe and a member state of the European
Union), since 1973 and 1981 respectively; Australia in
the Australian continent, since 2015[29] and Morocco, in Cities that have hosted the Eurovision Song Contest.
North Africa, in the 1980 competition alone. In addition,
several transcontinental countries with only part of their
territory in Europe have competed: Turkey, since 1975;
nation dissolved in 1991/92 into ve indepenRussia, since 1994; Armenia, since 2006; Georgia, since
dent states: Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia
2007; and Azerbaijan, which made its rst appearance in
and Herzegovina and the Federal Republic of Yuthe 2008 edition.[30]
goslavia. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
reconstituted itself as Serbia and Montenegro in
2003entered the contest in 2004and nally dissolved in 2006, making two separate states: Serbia
and Montenegro; both of which made their dbut in
the contest in 2007, the winner that year being Serbia.
Participation since 1956:

Entered at least once
Never entered, although eligible to do so
Entry intended, but later withdrew
Competed as a part of another country, but never as a sovereign
country
c) The participation of Australia was intended as a

one-o event to commemorate the 60th anniversary
of the Contest unless they won in 2015 in which case
they would have been allowed to defend their crown
in 2016. However it was revealed in May 2015 that
Australia might become a permanent participant following some reports by Jon Ola to the Swedish
broadcaster.[32] In November 2015, the EBU announced that Australia would return in 2016 and after this the country will become an eective participant in the contest.
1.1.4 Hosting
See also: List of host cities of the Eurovision Song Contest

52 countries have participated at least once.[31] These are
Most of the expense of the contest is covered by
listed here alongside the year in which they made their commercial sponsors and contributions from the other
dbut:
participating nations. The contest is considered to be a
unique opportunity for promoting the host country as a
tourist destination. In the summer of 2005, Ukraine abola) Before German reunication in 1990 occasionished its normal visa requirement for visitors from the EU
ally presented as West Germany, representing the
to coincide with its hosting of the event.[33]
Federal Republic of Germany. East Germany (the
German Democratic Republic) did not compete.
b) The entries presented as being from "Yugoslavia"
represented the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, except for the 1992 entry, which represented the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. This
Preparations for the event start a matter of weeks after

the host wins in the previous year, and conrms to the
EBU that they intend toand have the capacity tohost
the event. A host city is chosenoften a national or regional capital cityand a suitable concert venue is iden-

year. The exceptions are:
1960hosted by the BBC in London when the
Netherlands declined due to expense. The UK
was chosen to host because it had come second in
1959.[38]
1963hosted by the BBC in London when France
declined due to expense. Although the UK had
only come fourth in 1962, Monaco and Luxembourg
(who came second and third) had also declined.[38]
Opening act in Dsseldorf in 2011
1972hosted by the BBC in Edinburgh when

Monaco was unable to provide a suitable venue:
Monegasque television invited the BBC to take over
due to its previous experience.[38]
1974hosted by the BBC in Brighton when Luxembourg declined due to expense. The BBC was
becoming known as the host by default, if the winning country declined.[21]
Eurovision Song Contest in Copenhagen 2014
1980hosted by the NOS in The Hague when Israel declined due to expense, having staged the 1979
event in Jerusalem, and the fact that the date chosen
for the contest (19 April) was Israels Remembrance
Day that year. The Dutch oered to host the contest
after several other broadcasters (including the BBC)
were unwilling to do so.[38] The reluctance of those
national broadcasters to stage the contest were due
to already having hosted the event during the past
couple of years, in addition to the expense involved.
tied. The two largest concert venues were Parken in

Copenhagen (which held approximately 38,000 people
when Denmark hosted in 2001[16] ) and the Esprit Arena
in Dsseldorf (which held approximately 36,500 people
when Germany hosted in 2011). The smallest town to
have been hosts was Millstreet in County Cork, Ireland,
in 1993. The village had a population of 1,500[34]
although the Green Glens Arena venue could hold up to
8,000 people.[35]
With the invitation of Australia to participate since 2015,

it was announced that due to the logistical and nancial
issues that would occur if Australia were to host,[39] in the
event of an Australia victory, the broadcaster SBS will cohost the next contest in a European city in collaboration
with an EBU Member Broadcaster of their choice.[40]
However, this has yet to happen and since 1981, all contests have been held in the country which won the previThe hotel and press facilities in the vicinity are always a ous year.
consideration when choosing a host city and venue.[36] In
Kiev 2005, hotel rooms were scarce as the contest organ- Eurovision logo and theme
isers asked the Ukrainian government to put a block on
bookings they did not control themselves through ocial
delegation allocations or tour packages: this led to many
peoples hotel bookings being cancelled.[37]
Host country
After the rst two contests were hosted by Switzerland
and Germany, it was decided that henceforth the winning
country would host the contest the next year.[16] The winner of the 1957 Contest was the Netherlands, and Dutch
television accepted the responsibility of hosting in 1958.
In all but ve of the years since this rule has been in place,
the winning country has hosted the show the following
Logo used in 200414
The former generic logo was introduced for the 2004 Eurovision Song Contest in Turkey, to create a consistent
visual identity. The host countrys ag appears in the
heart of the generic logo. Each year of the contest, the

host country creates a sub-theme which is usually accompanied and expressed with a sub-logo and slogan. The
theme and slogan are announced by the EBU and the host
countrys national broadcaster.
The generic logo was revamped in 2014, ten years after
the rst generic logo was created. The revamped logo
was conducted by lead designer Cornelis Jacobs and his
team of Cityzen Agency.[41] The logo was used for the
rst time in the 2015 Eurovision Song Contest, the 60th
anniversary of the contest.
Lena, representing Germany, performing Satellite during a rehearsal in 2010
Slogans
Rehearsals and press conferences
Since the 2002 contest, slogans (or themes) have been
introduced in the show (2009 being the only exception).
The slogan is decided by the host broadcaster and based
on the slogan, the theme and the visual design are developed.
Eurovision Week
Since 2004, the rst rehearsals have commenced on the

Sunday almost two weeks before the Grand Final. There
are two rehearsal periods for each country. The countries
taking part in the semi-nals have their rst rehearsal over
four days from the rst Sunday to Wednesday. The second is from Thursday to Sunday. The countries which
have already directly qualied for the Grand Final rehearse on the Saturday and Sunday.[45]
The term Eurovision Week is used to refer to the week

during which the Contest takes place.[42] As it is a live
show, the Eurovision Song Contest requires the performers to have perfected their acts in rehearsals in order for
the programme to run smoothly. In addition to rehearsals
in their home countries, every participant is given the opportunity to rehearse on the stage in the Eurovision auditorium. These rehearsals are held during the course of
several days before the Saturday show, and consequently
the delegations arrive in the host city many days before
the event. Journalists and fans are also present during the
preceding days, and so the events of Eurovision last a lot
longer than a few hours of television. A number of ofcially accredited hotels are selected for the delegations Switzerland hosting a press conference at Eurovision 2006.
to stay in, and shuttle-bus services are used to transport
the performers and accompanying people to and from the After each country has rehearsed, the delegation meets
contest venue.[43]
with the shows artistic director in the video viewing
Each participating broadcaster nominates a Head of Del- room. Here, they watch the footage of the rehearsal just
egation, whose job it is to co-ordinate the movements performed. At this point the Head of Delegation may
of the delegate members, and who acts as that coun- make known any special requirements needed for the pertrys representative to the EBU in the host city.[44] Mem- formance, and request them from the host broadcaster.
bers of the delegations include performers, lyricists, com- Following this meeting, the delegation hold a press conposers, ocial press ocers andin the years where ference where members of the accredited press may pose
songs were performed with a live orchestraa conductor. them questions.[46] The rehearsals and press conferences
Also present if desired is a commentator: each broad- are held in parallel; so one country holds its press confercaster may supply their own commentary for their TV ence, while the next one is in the auditorium rehearsing.
and/or radio feed, to be broadcast in each country. The A printed summary of the questions and answers which
commentators are given dedicated commentary booths emerge from the press conferences is produced by the
situated around the back of the arena behind the audi- host press oce, and distributed to journalists pigeonholes.[47]
ence.
6
Before each of the semi-nals three dress rehearsals are
held. Two rehearsals are held the day before (one in the
afternoon and the other in the evening), while the third
is held on the afternoon of the live event. Since tickets
to the live shows are often scarce, tickets are also sold in
order that the public may attend these dress rehearsals.

Live music
All vocals must be sung live; no voices are permitted on
the backing tracks.[20] In 1999, the Croatian song featured sounds on their backing track which sounded suspiciously like human voices. The Croatian delegation stated
that there were no human voices, but only digitally synthesised sounds which replicated vocals. The EBU nevertheless decided that they had broken the spirit of the rules,
and docked them 33% of their points total that year for
the purpose of calculating their ve-year points average
for future qualication.[51]
The same applies for the nal, with two rehearsals on the
Friday and the third on Saturday afternoon before the live
transmission of the grand nal on Saturday evening.[46]
For both semi-nals and for the nal, the second dress
rehearsal is also the Jury Final, this is where the jury from
each country casts their votes. This means that 50% of
the result is already decided before the live contests have From 1956 until 1998, the host country was required to
taken place.[45]
provide a live orchestra. Before 1973, all music had to
be played by the host orchestra. From 1973 onwards,
pre-recorded, non-vocal backing tracks were permitted
although the host country was still obliged to provide a
Parties and Euroclub
live orchestra in order to give participants a choice. If
a backing track was used, then all the instruments heard
On the Monday evening of Eurovision Week, a Mayors on the track were required to be present on the stage. In
Reception is traditionally held, where the city adminis- 1997 this requirement was dropped.[38]
tration hosts a celebration that Eurovision has come to In 1999 the requirement for a live orchestra was removed:
their city. This is usually held in a grand municipally it was left as an optional contribution.[52] The host that
owned location in the city centre. All delegations are in- year, Israels IBA, decided not to use an orchestra in order
vited, and the party is usually accompanied by live music, to save expenses, and thus 1999 was the rst year when
complimentary food and drink andin recent years all the songs were played as pre-recorded backing tracks
reworks.[48]
(in conjunction with live vocals).
After the semi-nal and grand nal there are after-show
parties, held either in a facility in the venue complex or
Language
in another suitable location within the city.[49]
A Euroclub is held every night of the week: this is a
Main article: Languages in the Eurovision Song Contest
Eurovision-themed nightclub, to which all accredited personnel are invited.[50]
Each submission must have vocals; purely instrumental
During the week many delegations have traditionally
music has never been allowed. In the past, competitors
hosted their own parties in addition to the ocially sponhave been required to sing in one of their own national
sored ones. However, in the new millennium the trend
languages, but this rule has been changed several times
has been for the national delegations to centralise their
over the years. From 1956 until 1965, there was no rule
activity and hold their celebrations in the Euroclub.[50]
restricting the languages in which the songs could be sung.
In 1966 a rule was imposed stating that the songs must be
performed in one of the ocial languages of the country
participating, after Sweden presented its 1965 entry in
1.1.5 Rules
English.[16]
Further information: Rules of the Eurovision Song The language restriction continued until 1973, when performers were again allowed to sing in any language they
Contest
wished.[53] Several winners in the mid-1970s took advantage of this: performers from non-English-speaking
Numerous detailed rules must be observed by the partic- countries sang in English, including ABBA in 1974.
ipating nations, and a new version is produced each year,
for instance the rules specify various deadlines, includ- In 1977, the EBU decided to revert to the national laning the date by which all the participating broadcasters guage restriction. However, special dispensation was
must submit the nal recorded version of their song to given to Germany and Belgium as their national selectaken place; both countries entries were
the EBU. The rules also cover sponsorship agreements tions had already
[54]
in
English.
and rights of broadcasters to re-transmit the show. The
most notable rules which aect the format and presenta- In 1999 the rule was changed to allow the choice of lantion of the contest have changed over the years, and are guage once more.[51] Belgium entered the 2003 Contest
with "Sanomi", a song sung in a constructed language,[55]
highlighted here.
nishing in second place. In 2006 the Dutch entry,
Sarah Yuen (2003)

"Amambanda", was sung partly in English and partly in
Svante Stockselius (200410)

an articial language.[55] In 2008 the Belgian entry, "O
[55]
Julissi", was sung in an articial language.
In 2011
Jon Ola Sand (2011)

the Norwegian entry, "Haba Haba", which was sung in
English and Swahili, was the rst song to be sung in an According to one study of Eurovision voting patterns, cerAfrican language, apart from Arabic.[56]
tain countries tend to form clusters or cliques by frequently voting in the same way.[64]
Voting
Further information: Voting at the Eurovision Song
Contest
The voting system used in the contest has changed over
the years. The current system has been in place since
2016, and is a positional voting system. Each country
awards two sets of 12, 10, 81 points to their 10 favourite
songs: one from their professional jury of votes of ve
music professionals and the other from televoting.[57]
Historically, a countrys votes were decided by an internal jury, but in 1997 ve countries (Austria, Switzerland, Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom) experimented with televoting, giving members of the public
in those countries the opportunity to vote en masse for
their favourite songs. The experiment was a success,[38]
and from 1998 onwards all countries were encouraged to
use televoting wherever possible. Back-up juries are still
used by each country, in the event of a televoting failure.
Nowadays members of the public may also vote by SMS,
in addition to televoting.[58] From 2013, the public may
also vote via a mobile app.[59][60]
The current method for ranking entries, introduced in
2016, is to sum together the points calculated from the
telephone vote and the jury separately.[57] Prior to this,
the jury and televoting rankings were combined 50/50
before the number of points were calculated.[61] It was
rst used in the nal of the 2009 edition, and extended
the following year to the semi-nals. [62][63]
Since 1964 the voting has been presided over by the EBU
scrutineer, who is responsible for ensuring that all points
are allocated correctly and in turn. The following are the
scrutineers and Executive Supervisors of the Eurovision
Song Contest appointed by the EBU:
Rolf Liebermann (1956)
Miroslav Vilek (196465)
Cliord Brown (196677)
Frank Naef (197892)
Christian Clausen (199395)
Christine Marchal-Ortiz (1996, 19982002)
Marie-Claire Vionnet (1997)
Electronic scoreboard, as Johnny Logan announces the Irish

votes in 2004
Presentation of votes After the interval act is over,

when all the points have been calculated, the presenter(s)
of the show call upon each voting country in turn to invite
them to announce the results of their vote. Prior to 1994
the announcements were made over telephone lines; with
the audio being piped into the auditorium for the audience to hear, and over the television transmission. However, since and including 1994 the announcements have
been presented visually. Often the opportunity is taken
by each country to show their spokesperson standing in
front of a backdrop which includes a famous place in that
country. For example, the French spokesperson might be
seen standing in front of the Eiel Tower.
From 1957 to 1962, the participating countries were
called in reverse order of the presentation of their songs,
and from 1963 to 2003, they were called in the same order in which their songs had been presented (except for
1974). Since 2004, when semi-nals were introduced,
the order of the countries announcements of votes has
changed; and the countries that did not make it to the
nal each year could also vote. In 2004, the countries
were called in alphabetical order (according to their ISO
codes).[65] In 2005, the votes from the non-qualifying
semi-nalists were announced rst, in their running order
on the Thursday night; then the nalists gave their votes
in their own order of performance. Between 2006 and
2010, a separate draw was held to determine the order
in which countries would present their votes.[66] In 2011,
the voting order was determined by the results of a jury
the day before the nal so as to create as much suspense
as possible when the votes were revealed.[67]
From 1971 to 1973, each country sent two jurors, who

were present at the contest venue (though the juries in
1972 were locked away in the Great Hall of Edinburgh
Castle) and announced their votes as the camera was
trained on them. In 1973 one of the Swiss jurors made
a great show of presenting his votes with amboyant gestures. This system was retired the next year.[38]
As of 2016, the only time since 1969 when two or more

countries have tied for rst place on total points alone
was in 1991, when France and Sweden both totalled 146
points. At that time, the rules did not include counting the
numbers of countries awarding any points to these countries songs, but began with tallying up the numbers of
12-point scores awarded. Both France and Sweden had
In 1956 no public votes were presented: a closed jury received four sets of 12 points. However, because Sweden had received more sets of 10-point scores, they were
simply announced that Switzerland had won.[68] From
rule been in play,
1957 to 1987, the points were displayed on a physical declared the winners. Had the current
France would have won instead.[38]
scoreboard to the side of the stage. As digital graphic
technology progressed, the physical scoreboards were superseded in 1988 by an electronic representation which Broadcasting
could be displayed on the TV screen at the will of the
programmes director.[69]
Each participating broadcaster is required to broadcast
In 2006[66] the EBU decided to save time during the
broadcastmuch of which had been taken up with the
announcement of every single pointbecause there was
an ever-increasing number of countries voting. Since
then, votes from 1 to 7 from each country have been displayed automatically on screen and the remaining points
(8, 10 and 12) are read out in ascending order by the
spokesperson, culminating with the maximum 12 points.
Countries must announce the country names and points
in either English or French and the scores are repeated
by the contests presenters in the other language. The expression douze points when the host or spokesperson states
the top score in French is popularly associated with the
contest.[52]
Ties for rst place In 1969, four of the sixteen countries taking part, France, Spain, the Netherlands and the
United Kingdom, all tied for rst place with 18 points
each. There was nothing in the rules to decide an outright winner, so all four were declared joint winners. This
caused much discontent among most of the other participating countries, and mass walkouts were threatened.
Finland, Norway, Sweden and Portugal did not participate in the 1970 Contest as a protest against the results of
the previous year. This prompted the EBU to introduce
a tie-break rule.[70][71]
Under the current rules, in the event of more than one
country scoring the same total number of points, a count
is made of the numbers of countries who awarded points
to each of the tied countries, and the one who received
points from the most countries is declared the winner. If
the numbers are still tied, it is counted how many sets
of maximum points (12 points) each country received. If
there is still a tie, the numbers of 10-point scores awarded
are comparedand then the numbers of 8-point scores,
all the way down the list. In the extremely unlikely event
of there then still being a tie for rst place, the song performed earliest in the running order is declared the winner, unless the host country performed rst in the running
order. Since 2008, the same tie-break rule now applies to
ties for all places.[20]
the show in its entirety: including all songs, recap, voting

and reprise, skipping only the interval act for advertising
breaks if they wish.[20] From 1999 onwards, broadcasters who wished to do so were given the opportunity to
take more advertising breaks as short, non-essential hiatuses were introduced into the programme.[52] Three major interruptions or preemptions of the contest broadcast
have taken place since 1999. The Dutch state broadcaster
pulled their broadcast of the 2000 nal to provide emergency news coverage of a major incident, the Enschede
reworks disaster. Spains RTVE delayed their broadcast of the second semi-nal in the 2009 Contest, due to
the Madrid Open tennis tournament. The Albanian state
broadcaster deferred their broadcast of the rst semi-nal
in 2012 to provide emergency news coverage of the Qafa
e Vishs bus accident.
Archive status The rst edition ever of the Eurovision Song Contest of 1956 was broadcast live and never
recorded, and only a sound recording of the radio transmission has survived from the original broadcast.[72] The
ninth edition of 1964 was recorded on tape, but a re destroyed the copy, and its unknown if any other TV station
in Europe has another copy.[72] Only small portions of the
original broadcast and audio from the radio transmission
have survived.[72]
Political recognition issues In 1978, during the performance of the Israeli entry, the Jordanian broadcaster
JRTV suspended the broadcast and showed pictures of
owers. When it became apparent during the later stages
of the voting sequence that Israel was going to win the
contest, JRTV abruptly ended the transmission.[38] Afterwards, the Jordanian news media refused to acknowledge that Israel had won and announced that the winner
was Belgium (who had actually come in 2nd place).[73]
In 1981 JRTV did not broadcast the voting because the
name of Israel appeared on the scoreboard.
In 2005, Lebanon intended to participate in the contest.
However, Lebanese law does not allow recognition of Israel, and consequently Lebanese television did not intend
to transmit the Israeli entry. The EBU informed them

the contest is held. Many countries also have the
that such an act would breach the rules of the contest, and
additional rule that the song shall never have been
Lebanon was subsequently forced to withdraw from the
performed before the relevant national Eurovision
Contest. Covers, reworked or sampled versions of
competition. Their late withdrawal incurred a ne, since
they had already conrmed their participation and the
older songs are not allowed.[78]
[74]
deadline had passed.
However, the Eurovision Song
Contest albums were still being sold in Lebanese music
stores until 2009, with the word Israel erased from the 1.1.6 Expansion of the contest
back cover. As of 2010, the albums were banned completely from sale.
Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision
In 2009, the song "We Don't Wanna Put In" was se- Song Contest
The number of countries participating has steadily
lected to represent Georgia. However, the song text was
banned by Eurovision as it was interpreted as criticism
against Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin after the
Russo-Georgian War the previous year. When asked to
change the lyrics of the song, the Georgian broadcaster
GPB withdrew from the 2009 contest.[75]
Other
In the rst contest in 1956, there was a recommended time limit of 3 minutes per song.[76] In
1957, despite protests, the Italian song was 5:09
minutes in duration. This led to a stricter time limit
of 3 minutes precisely.[77] Since the three-minute
time limit was adopted in 1960, some artists have
had songs longer than three minutes, which must be
edited down to 3 minutes, though some songs ex- Participants in the Eurovision Song Contest, coloured by decade
ceed that time by a few seconds. Many of the entries of debut.
also have longer versions (including dierent languages) for commercial release, and since the 1990s,
some are released in additional remixed versions.
The EBU imposes no restrictions on the nationalities
of the performers or songwriters. Individual broadcasters are, however, permitted to impose their own
restrictions at their discretion.[44]
From 1957 to 1970 (in 1956 there was no restriction
at all) only soloists and duos were allowed on stage.
From 1963, a chorus of up to three people was permitted. Since 1971, a maximum of six performers
have been permitted on the stage.[44]
The performance and/or lyrics of a song must
not bring the Contest into disrepute. No lyrics,
speeches, gestures of a political or similar nature are
permitted. No swearing or unacceptable language is Regular participants in 1992. Yugoslavia is coloured in red:
allowed, neither are commercial messages.[20]
1991 was the last year in which that nation participated under
From 1990 onwards, all people on stage must be at
least 16 years of age.[20]
one name.
grown over time, from seven in 1956 to over 20 in the

late 1980s. In 1993, twenty-ve countries participated
in the competition, including, for the rst time, Bosnia Each artist may perform for only one country per Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia, entering indepenyear.
dently due to the dissolution of Yugoslavia.[79]
No live animals.[20]
The music and text must not have been published Because the contest is a live television programme, a reaor performed before 1 September of the year before sonable time limit must be imposed on the duration of the
10

contributors to the EBU, their non-participation in the
contest brought about a funding issue, which the EBU
would have to consider.[83]
Big Four and Big Five
Since 2000, France, Germany, Spain and United Kingdom have automatically qualied for the nal, regardless of their positions on the scoreboard in previous contests, as they are the four biggest nancial contributors
to the EBU.[52] These countries became known as the
Big Four. On 31 December 2010, it was announced
that Italy would compete in the Eurovision Song Contest after a fourteen-year absence and that it would also
Regular participants in 1994. Changes from 1992 include the automatically qualify for the nal, joining the other four
addition of Central and Eastern European countries, and the sep- qualiers to become the Big Five, considered by some
aration of ex-Yugoslavian states.
to be a controversial decision.[84] Germany became the
rst and, as of 2016, the only Big Five country to win
the contest since the rule was made in 2000, when Lena
show. In recent years the nominal limit has been three Meyer-Landrut won the 2010 Contest. Turkey withdrew
hours, with the broadcast occasionally over-running.[52]
from the 2013 Contest with the status of the Big Five
being one of the reasons cited.[85] They also did not participate in the following 3 years of contests (2014-2016)
Pre-selections and relegation
for similar reasons, as well as stating their opposition to
the 50/50 jury and televoting in that began being applied
Since 1993, and following the cessation of the East- in Final at the 2009 Contest.[86]
ern European OIRT network and the merger with the
EBU, there have been more entries than there is time
to reasonably include in a single TV show. Several rel- Qualication and semi-nals
egation or qualication systems have been tried in order to limit the number of countries participating in
the contest at one time. Thus the 1993 Contest introduced two new features: rst, a pre-selection competition was held in Ljubljana in which seven new countries fought for three places in the international competition. Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Estonia, Hungary,
Romania, Slovenia and Slovakia took part in Kvalikacija
za Millstreet; and the three former Yugoslav republics,
Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia, qualied for
a place in the international nal.[80] Also to be introduced
that year was relegation": the lowest-placed countries in
the 1993 score table were not invited in 1994, to allow
the countries which failed the 1993 pre-selection into the
1994 Contest. The 1994 Contest includedfor the rst
timeEstonia, Romania, Slovakia, Lithuania, Hungary,
Poland and Russia.[81]
Relegation continued in 1994 and 1995;[82] but in 1996 a
dierent pre-selection system was used, in which nearly
all the countries participated. Audio tapes of all the
songs were sent to juries in each of the countries some
weeks before the television show. These juries selected
the songs which would be included in the international
broadcast.[83] Norway, as the host country in 1996 (having won the previous year), automatically qualied and so
did not need to go through pre-selection.
Each countrys qualication rates from 2004 to present.
From 1997 to 2001, countries qualied for each contest

based on the average of their points totals for their entries over the previous ve years.[87][88] However, there
was much discontent voiced over this system because a
country could be excluded merely because of poor previous results, which did not take into account how good a
fresh attempt might be. This led the EBU to create what
was hoped would be a more permanent solution to the
One country which failed to qualify in the 1996 pre- problem. A qualication round, known as the semi-nal,
selection was Germany. As one of the largest nancial was introduced for the 2004 Contest.[89] This semi-nal
11
was held on the Wednesday during Eurovision Week, and

was a programme similar in format to the grand nal,
whose time slot remained 19:00 UTC on the Saturday.
The highest-placed songs from the semi-nal qualied for
the grand nal, while the lower-placed songs were eliminated. From 2005 to 2007, the semi-nal programme
was held on the Thursday of Eurovision Week.[90] In
these two shows there was enough time to include all the
countries who wished to participate.
The ten highest-placed non-Big Four countries in the
grand nal were guaranteed a place in the following
years grand nal, without having to qualify. If, for
example, Germany came in the top ten, the eleventhplaced non-Big-Four country would automatically qualify for the next years grand nal.[44] The remaining
Map showing each countrys number of Eurovision wins up to
countrieswhich had not automatically qualied for the and including 2016.
grand nalhad to enter the semi-nal.[44]
At the 50th annual meeting of the EBU reference group
in September 2007, it was decided that, with still more
nations entering, starting from the 2008 contest onwards
two semi-nals would be held,[91] from each of which one
could qualify for the nal.[92] From 2008 onwards, the
scoreboard position in previous years has not been relevant, andsave for the automatic qualiersall participating countries have had to participate in the semi-nals,
regardless of their previous years scoreboard position.
The only countries which automatically qualify for the
grand nal are the host country and the Big Five: France,
Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom, who continue to enjoy their protected status.[20]
Winning artists
There have been a number of Eurovision artists and

groups whose careers were directly launched into the
spotlight following their win. Notable examples were
ABBA, who won the contest for Sweden in 1974 with
their song "Waterloo", and went on to become one of
the most successful bands of all time,[93] and the French
Canadian singer Cline Dion, who won the contest for
Switzerland in 1988 with the song "Ne partez pas sans
moi", which subsequently helped launch her international
career,[11] and the winners of the 1981 contest, Bucks
Fizz for the United Kingdom with the song "Making Your
In each of the semi-nals the voting is conducted among Mind Up", which also launched their successful internathose countries which participate in that semi-nal. With tional career.
regard to the automatic grand nal qualiers, who do
not participate in the semi-nals, a draw is conducted to Other artists who have achieved varying degrees of
determine in which semi-nal each of them will be al- success after winning the contest include France Gall
lowed to vote. In contrast, every participating country in ("Poupe de cire, poupe de son", Luxembourg 1965),
a particular year may vote in the Saturday grand nal Dana ("All Kinds of Everything", Ireland 1970), Vicky
Leandros ("Aprs toi", Luxembourg 1972), Brotherhood
whether their song qualied for the nal or not.
of Man ("Save Your Kisses for Me", United Kingdom
The ten countries which receive the most votes in each 1976), Johnny Logan (who won twice for Ireland; with
semi-nal qualify for the grand nal. They are announced "Whats Another Year" in 1980, and "Hold Me Now" in
by the presenters in English and French, in a random 1987).
order. Full voting results are withheld until after the
grand nal, whereupon they are published on the EBUs Several other winners were well-known artists who won
website.[20] To date only ve countries have always qual- the contest mid-career after they had already established
ied to the Final since the implementation of the semi- themselves, including Katrina and the Waves, winners in
[94]
nals system in 2004: Australia, Azerbaijan, Romania, 1997 with "Love Shine a Light", Lulu, winner in 1969
with "Boom Bang-a-Bang", and Sandie Shaw, winner in
Russia and Ukraine.
1967 with "Puppet on a String". Women have dominated
the contest since its inception, either performing solo or
as a member of a group on 50 of the 64 winning entries
as of 2016.
1.1.7
Winners
Winning countries
Further information: List of Eurovision Song Contest
Ireland holds the record for the highest number of
winners
wins, having won the contest seven timesincluding
12
four times in ve years in 1992, 1993, 1994 and 1996.
Sweden is second with six wins as of 2016. France,
Luxembourg and the United Kingdom are joint third with
ve wins. Next comes the Netherlands, with four victories. Three countries have won three times, Denmark,
Israel and Norway. Six countries have won twice, Austria,
Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland[95] and Ukraine.
The United Kingdom holds the record for the highest
number of runner-up placings, coming in second on no
less than 15 occasions as of 2016. Germany, France,
Spain and Ireland have four runner-up entries.

Russia placed second with 303 points, becoming the rst
country to score more than 300 points without winning.
In 2016, the scoring system changed, which meant that it
was much easier to achieve over 300 points - in fact, the
winner - Jamala, achieved 534 points.
Since the introduction of the 50/50 voting system in 2009,
the juries and the voters have disagreed on the winner
on three occasions, in 2011, 2015, and in 2016. 2011
winner Azerbaijan won only the televotes (jury votes were
won by Italy) and 2015 winner Sweden won only the jury
votes (televotes were won by Italy). In 2016, Ukraine did
not win either the jury vote or the televote, but won the
contest with the highest combined vote. The Televote was
won by Russia and the jury vote by Australia.
The early years of the contest saw many wins for traditional Eurovision countries: France, the Netherlands,
and Luxembourg. However, the success of these countries has declined in recent decades; the Netherlands last
won in 1975; France, in 1977; and Luxembourg, in 1983. 1.1.8
Luxembourg last entered the contest in 1993.[96]
The rst years of the 21st century produced numerous
rst-time winners, from both new and long-serving
countries who had previous entered numerous times but
without victories. Every year from 2001 to 2008 inclusive, a country won for its rst time. Estonia was the rst
post-Soviet country to win the competition in 2001. In
2005, Greece won for the rst time and it was the second time that a Balkan country won. The 2006 winner
was Finland, which nally won after having entered the
contest for 45 years. Ukraine, on the other hand, did not
have to wait so long, winning with only their second entry
in 2004.
Serbia won the very rst year it entered as an independent
state, in 2007, with a ballad in Serbian language.[97] Interestingly, in 2004, Serbia and Montenegro also almost won
the initial year it entered as a competitor state, nishing
up second behind Ukraine, also with a ballad in Serbian
language.[98] Other relatively quick winners were Latvia,
who won in 2002, only their third year competing, and
Azerbaijan, who won in 2011 in only their fourth year in
the competition.[99]
The country that has participated the longest without any
win is Portugal, which made its debut in 1964 and has
never nished in the top ve. Malta is the most successful
country without a win, achieving two-second places and
two third places.[100]
In 2009, Norway won the contest with 387 points Alexander Rybak held the winning title with his song Fairytale. His outstanding performance meant he had the
highest total in the history of the competition, becoming the rst competitor to score 300 or more points, including 16 maximum scores. This feat was emulated in
2012, when Sweden won with 372 points, but with a new
record of 18 maximum scores.[100] However, in 2016,
Ukraine won the contest with a new record of 534 points,
thanks to the new voting system which doubled the maximum amount of points. In 2015, Sweden won the contest with 365 points, becoming the rst competitor to ever
reach 300 points or more twice while winning both times.
Anniversaries
Songs of Europe
Main article: Songs of Europe (1981 concert)
In 1981, a concert television programme was held to
commemorate the contests twenty-fth anniversary. The
event, entitled Songs of Europe, took place in Mysen,
Norway, featuring nearly all the winners of the contest,
from 1956 to 1981. It was hosted by Rolf Kirkvaag and
Titten Tei.
Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song
Contest
Main article: Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest
In 2005, the EBU had agreed with the Danish broadcaster, DR, to produce a programme to celebrate the
50th anniversary of the contest. The show, entitled
Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest after Cli Richard's 1968 entry for the United Kingdom, was held in Copenhagen, and featured a competition among fourteen of the most popular songs from the
last 50 years of the contest. A telephone vote was held to
determine the most popular Eurovision song of all-time,
which was won by the ABBA song "Waterloo" (winner
for Sweden in 1974).[101] The event was hosted by the
1997 Contest winner for the United Kingdom, Katrina
Leskanich, and Latvias representative on its debut at the
2000 Contest, Renrs Kaupers.
Eurovision Song Contests Greatest Hits
Main article: Eurovision Song Contests Greatest Hits
In 2015, the EBU had decided again to commemorate
the contest and agreed with the United Kingdoms broad-

caster, BBC, to produce a show for the 60th anniversary
of the contest, after evaluating several proposals from
member broadcasters in regards to the anniversary celebration beyond the 2015 Contest in May.[102][103][104]
The event, entitled Eurovision Song Contests Greatest
Hits, took place at the Eventim Apollo in Hammersmith,
London[105] and featured fteen acts from thirteen countries in the ocial line-up.[106][107] Unlike the 50th anniversary show in 2005 which was broadcast live, this
event didn't feature a competition and was pre-recorded
to be televised across Europe and other EBU members
on various dates schedule by the respective broadcasters.
The event was hosted by the British commentator for Eurovision, Graham Norton, and the host of the 2013 Contest and of the 2016 Contest, Petra Mede.
13
Political and geographical voting
The contest has long been accused by some of political bias: the perception is that judges and televoters allocate points based on their nations relationship to the
other countries, rather than the musical merits of the
songs.[118] According to one study of Eurovision voting patterns, certain countries tend to form clusters or
cliques by frequently voting in the same way.[64] Another study concludes that as of 2006, voting blocs have,
on at least two occasions, crucially aected the outcome
of the contest.[119] On the other hand, others argue that
certain countries allocate disproportionately high points
to others because of similar musical tastes and cultures
and because they speak similar languages,[120][121] and are
therefore more likely to appreciate each others music.
In late 2011, the EBU had begun archiving all the contests
since the rst edition in 1956 in order to be nalised before the 2015 Contest, for the 60th anniversary.[108] It was
later reported that the archive is ready and will be released
on the 60th anniversary with making the content available
to journalists in broadcast-ready formats while also giving public accessibility to selected content through the As an example, Terry Wogan, the United Kingdom's
well-known presenter of Eurovision since 1980 and one
ocial Eurovision website.[109]
of the only three presenters mentioned by name during
the contest proper[122] stood down from the BBC One's
broadcast in 2008 citing The voting used to be about the
songs. Now its about national prejudices. We (the UK)
1.1.9 Criticism and controversy
are on our own. We had a very good song, a very good
singer, we came joint last. I don't want to be presiding
[123]
The contest has been the subject of criticism regarding over another debacle.
both its musical and political content.[110][111] For example, on rare occasions, certain countries have been booed
when performing or receiving points, especially when being given by a neighbour country. Most recently in 2014
and 2015, Russia was heavily booed when it qualied for
the nal and received high points.[112][113] The reason for
the booing is considered to be due to the Russian military
intervention in Ukraine and opposition to the countrys
policy on LGBT rights.[114]
Another inuential factor is the high proportion of

expatriates and ethnic minorities living in certain countries. Although judges and televoters cannot vote for their
own countrys entry, expatriates can vote for their country
of origin.
Musical style and presentation
The total numbers of points to be distributed by each

country are equal, irrespective of the countrys population. Thus voters in countries with larger populations
have less power as individuals to inuence the result of the
contest than those voting in smaller countries. For example, San Marino holds the same voting power as Russia
despite the vast geographic and population dierences
between them.
Because the songs play to such a diverse supranational

audience with contrasting musical tastes, and countries
want to be able to appeal to as many people as possible to gain votes, this has led to the music of the contest being characterised as a mishmash of power ballads, ethnic rhythms and bubblegum pop.[115] This wellestablished pattern, however, was notably broken in 2006
with Finnish hard rock band Lordi's victory.[116] As Eurovision is a visual show, many performances attempt to
attract the attention of the voters through means other
than the music, notably elaborate lighting sequences and
pyrotechnics; sometimes leading to bizarre on-stage theatrics, costumes, including the use of revealing dress.[117]
To try to reduce the eect of voting blocs, national juries were re-introduced alongside televoting in the nal in
2009: each contributing 50% of the vote.[124] This hybrid
system was expanded in 2010 to also be implemented in
the semi-nals.[125] However, since 1994 no country has
won two years in a row, and semi-nals have also been
won by dierent countries, until 2012 when Sweden won
the second semi-nal in 2011 and 2012. Although many
of them used to give their 12 points to the same country
each year, like Cyprus and Greece, it has been noticed
that factors such as the sets of other high votes received
(7, 8 or 10 points) and the number of countries giving
points to a specic entry, also highly aect the nal positions.
14
Running order of the participating songs
Bundesvision Song Contest (2005), held annually

between the 16 states of Germany since 2005.
From the 2013 contest onwards, the nal running or ABU Song Festivals (2012), two Asia-Pacic verder of the competing performances at the semi-nals and
sions, the biennial ABU Radio Song Festival and the
the nal has been decided by the producers of the show
annual
ABU TV Song Festival.
and then approved by the EBU Executive Supervisor and
the Reference Group. Prior to this, a random draw sys Trkvizyon Song Contest (2013), an annual competem was used to decide the running order for the contition that launched in December 2013, for countries
tests. The random draw method is still used to decide
and autonomous regions that have Turkic links.[135]
the performance position of the host nation, to ensure
Liet-Lvlut (2002), an annual competition between
fairness.[126] The aim of this change was to make the
European Ethnic minorities and languages. First
shows more exciting and ensure that all contestants had
held in Friesland.
a chance to stand out, preventing entries that are too sim[127]
ilar cancelling each other out.
The decision elicited
mixed reactions from both fans of the contest and partic- Similar competitions that are no longer held, include:
ipating broadcasters.[128][129][130][131] An allocation draw
Castlebar Song Contest (196686, 88), held annually
also occurs for the nal, with each nalist nation drawing
in Castlebar, County Mayo, Ireland.
to perform either in the rst or second half of the nal
[126]
and for the host country[132] While the running order
Yamaha Music Festival, also called World Popular
is partly decided by the producers and approved by the
Song Festival (197087, 89), held in Tokyo, Japan
EBU Executive Supervisor and the Reference Group of
annually.
the contest, some consider it to be controversial because
of the risk of corruption, manipulation and benets for
OTI Festival (197298, 2000), competed and hosted
some countries, since the running order is considered to
by Portugal and the Hispanic countries of Europe,
be of importance to the result.[133][134]
South and North America. Countries could only
sing in Spanish and Portuguese.
1.1.10
Spin-os
A number of spin-os and imitators of the Eurovision

Song Contest have been produced over the years, some
national and other international.
Similar competitions that are still held, include:
Sopot International Song Festival (196180, 1984
2003, 200509, 2012), held in Sopot, Poland, annually.
Intervision Song Contest (197780, 2008), originally

held by the Eastern Bloc countries of Europe and
Finland. Now held by Post-Soviet states and members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.
MGP Nordic (2002, 0609), for artists under the age
of 16 in Scandinavia and Finland.
World Oriental Music Festival (2005), includes participants from Europe and Asia.
stersjfestivalen also called Baltic Song Contest 1.1.11 See also

(1967present), held annually in Karlshamn, Swe OGAE
den.
Cn i Gymru (196972, 1974), held annually
in Wales, was intended to be BBC Cymru's pre- 1.1.12 Notes
selection show when Wales expressed an interest in
participating in the 1969 Eurovision Song Contest [1] The European Broadcasting Area was expanded in
November 2007 by the World Radiocommunication Conseparately from the rest of the United Kingdom.
Caribbean Song Festival (1984), held annually
between members of the Caribbean Broadcasting
Union.
Festivali i Kngs (1962), held annually in Tirana,
Albania, has been used to select Albanias entry for
the Eurovision Song Contest since 2003.
Junior Eurovision Song Contest (2003), for European artists under the age of 16.
Asia Song Festival (2004), held annually in South
Korea.
ference (WRC-07), also to include Armenia, Azerbaijan

and Georgia.[26][27]
1.1.13 References
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Marcel Bezenon, director general of Swiss Television,
came up with the idea of creating a song contest, inspired
by the very popular San Remo Festival. The idea was approved by the EBU General Assembly in Rome on 19
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[43] Belgrade 2008. European Broadcasting Union. 17

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escto-
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[86] Jiandani, Sanjay (3 November 2015). Turkey: TRT con[106] Freeman, Guy. Eurovisions Greatest Hits - full line-up
rms non participation in Eurovision 2016. ESCToday.
revealed!" (6 February 2015). bbc.co.uk. BBC. Retrieved
Retrieved 15 May 2016.
6 February 2015.
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archive project. eurovision.tv. EBU. Retrieved 8 October
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2011.
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in time for 60th Anniversary. escxtra.com. escXtra. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
[91] Eurovision Song Contest Two Semi-nals in 2008

[110] Politics 'not Eurovision factor'". BBC News Online. 9
(PDF). European Broadcasting Union. 1 October 2007.
[92] Bubble rapt. The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 May
2004.
[93] Opening of Swedens ABBA museum is delayed. The
San Francisco Chronicle. 12 September 2008.
[94] Gray, Sadie (19 October 2008). Lloyd Webber agrees to
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[111] Malta slates Eurovisions voting. BBC News Online. 14

[112] BBC News Russia booed at Eurovision semi-nal.
BBC. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
[113] Wyatt, Daisy (24 May 2015). Eurovision 2015: Russia
booed despite song contests best eorts to put 'music over
politics". The Independent. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
[114] Eurovision 2014: the booing of Russia was a disgrace.

[95] Sharrock, David (29 May 1999). Discord at pops Tower
Spectator Blogs.
of Babel. The Guardian. London: Guardian News and
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[115] Majendie, Paul (11 August 2007). Edinburgh Fringe
show celebrates Eurovision kitsch. Reuters. Retrieved
[96] Eurovision Song Contest Dusseldorf 2011 | News
18 July 2009.
'Luxembourg never to return to the contest'". Esctoday.com. 5 September 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
[116] Eurovisions Diamond Day.
18
[117] Paul Allatson, "'Antes cursi que sencilla: Eurovision Song [134] eurovision 2013 running order rule change controversy.
Contests and the Kitsch Drive to Euro-Unity, in the SpeEurovisiontimes. 9 November 2012. Retrieved 23 May
cial issue on Creolisation: Towards a Non-Eurocentric
2015.
Europe, in Culture, Theory and Critique, vol. 48, no. 1
[135] Granger, Anthony (21 September 2013). Turkvision
(Spring 2007): 8798.
a snub at Eurovision?". Eurovoix.com. Retrieved 21
September 2013.
[118] Eurovision votes 'farce' attack. BBC News Online. 16
May 2004. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
[119] Derek Gatherer. "Comparison of Eurovision Song Contest Simulation with Actual Results Reveals Shifting Patterns of Collusive Voting Alliances.", Journal of Articial
Societies and Social Simulation vol. 9, no. 2. 31 March
[120] Ginsburgh, Victor and Abdul Noury. 2006. The Eurovision Song Contest Is Voting Political or Cultural?
[121] Spierdjik, Laura; Vellekoop, Michel (18 May 2006).
Geography, Culture, and Religion: Explaining the Bias
in Eurovision Song Contest Voting (PDF). rug.nl. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
[122] "Eurovision Song Contest 2008". Eurovision Song Contest.
24 May 2008.
1.1.14 Further reading

Gambaccini, Paul et al. The Complete Eurovision
Song Contest Companion. London: Pavilion, 1998
ISBN 1-86205-167-4, 160p.
O'Connor, John Kennedy. The Eurovision Song
Contest: The Ocial History. London: Carlton,
2007 ISBN 978-1844429943, 208p.
Rayko, Ivan and Robert D. Tobin (eds.), A Song
for Europe: Popular Music and Politics in the Eurovision Song Contest (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2007).
[123] erry Wogan 'very doubtful' about presenting Eurovision

again. 28 November 2015.
Yair, G; (1995). 'Unite Unite Europe' The political

and cultural structures of Europe as reected in the
Eurovision Song Contest, Social Networks. 17: 147
161.
[124] Viniker, Barry (8 December 2008). EBU conrms 50/50

vote for Eurovision Song Contest. ESCToday. Retrieved
8 December 2008.
Yair and Maman (1996). The Persistent Structure

of Hegemony in the Eurovision Song Contest, Acta
Sociologica. 39: 309325
[125] Bakker, Sietse (31 December 2009). Exclusive: 39

countries to be represented in Oslo. EBU. Retrieved 31
December 2009.
1.1.15 External links
[126] Heads of Delegations meet in Vienna. eurovision.tv.

European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
Media related to Eurovision at Wikimedia Commons
[127] Siim, Jarmo (7 November 2012). Running order Malm

2013 to be determined by producers. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
Quotations related to Eurovision Song Contest at

Wikiquote
[128] Repo, Juha (8 November 2012). Mixed feelings about

Eurovision rule change. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 22
November 2012.
[129] Jiandani, Sanjay (19 November 2012). Ireland reacts
to running order rule. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 22
November 2012.
Eurovision Song Contest ocial website

Eurovision Song Contests channel on YouTube
1.2 List of Eurovision Song Contest winners
[130] Sanjay, Jiandani (16 November 2012). San Marino reacts to running order rule. ESCToday.com. Retrieved
22 November 2012.
[131] Jiandani, Sanjay (14 November 2012). Moldova reacts
November 2012.
[132] Storvik-Green, Simon (22 May 2015). Running order for Grand Final revealed!". eurovision.tv. European
Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 218 November 2016.
Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
[133] Gavster. Producers To Decide Eurovision Running Order. esctips.com.
Lys Assia, the rst Eurovision winner (1956), and Dima

Bilan, winner in 2008. Centre: Johnny Logan, the
winning artist in 1980, winning artist and composer in
1987 and the winning composer in 1992. Right: Ell &
1.2. LIST OF EUROVISION SONG CONTEST WINNERS
19
Nikki celebrating Eurovision Song Contest 2011 victory 1.2.1

in Dsseldorf.
Sixty-four songs have won the Eurovision Song Contest,
an annual competition organised by member countries of
the European Broadcasting Union. The contest, which
has been broadcast every year since its debut in 1956, is
one of the longest-running television programmes in the
world. The contests winner has been determined using
numerous voting techniques throughout its history; centre
to these have been the awarding of points to countries by
juries or televoters. The country awarded the most points
is declared the winner.[1] The rst Eurovision Song Contest was not won on points, but by votes (two per country),
and only the winner was announced.[2]
There have been 60 contests, with one winner each year

except the tied 1969 contest, which had four. Twentysix dierent countries have won the contest. Switzerland
won the rst contest in 1956. The country with the highest number of wins is Ireland, with seven. Portugal is
the country with the longest history in the contest without a win; it made its forty-eighth appearance at the 2015
contest. The only person to have won more than once
as performer is Irelands Johnny Logan, who performed
"Whats Another Year" in 1980 and "Hold Me Now" in
1987. Logan is also one of only ve songwriters to have
written more than one winning entry ("Hold Me Now"
1987 and "Why Me?" 1992, performed by Linda Martin).[3] This unique distinction makes Logan the only person to have three Eurovision victories to his/her credit,
as either singer, songwriter or both. The other four songwriters with more than one winning entry to their credit
are, Willy van Hemert (Netherlands, 1957 and 1959),
Yves Dessca (Monaco, 1971 and Luxembourg, 1972),
Rolf Lvland (Norway, 1985 and 1995) and Brendan
Graham (Ireland, 1994 and 1996).
Winning the Eurovision Song Contest provides a unique
opportunity for the winning artist(s) to capitalise on their
success and surrounding publicity by launching or furthering their international career. However, throughout
the history of the contest, relatively few of these artists
have gone on to be huge international stars. The most notable winning Eurovision artists whose career was directly
launched into the spotlight following their win were the
members of ABBA, who won the 1974 contest for Sweden with their song "Waterloo". ABBA went on to be
one of the most successful bands of its time.[4] Another
notable winner who subsequently achieved international
fame and success was Cline Dion, who won the 1988
contest for Switzerland with the song "Ne partez pas sans
moi".
List
Eleven Eurovision winners (alongside three non-winners)

featured at the Congratulations concert in 2005, in which
ABBA's "Waterloo" was voted the most popular song of
the contests rst fty years.[5]
Ireland has nished rst seven times, more than any other
country, Ireland also won the contest for three consecutive years (1992, 1993, 1994), more consecutive years
than any other country. Three countries have won twice
in a row, Spain (1968 and 1969), Luxembourg (1972 and
1973) and Israel (1978 and 1979). Along with Switzerlands win in the rst contest, Serbia is the only other
country to win with its debut entry (in 2007). Under the
voting system used between 1975 and 2015, the winner
of the contest was decided by the nal voting nation on
eleven occasions.[N 3]
Changes to the voting system, including a steady growth
in the number of countries participating/voting, means
that the points earned are not comparable across the
decades. Ukraines Jamala holds the record of the highest number of points in the contests history, earning
534 with the song "1944". Norways Alexander Rybak
holds the largest margin of victory in absolute points,
a 169-point cushion over second place in 2009. Italys
Gigliola Cinquetti holds the record for largest victory by
percentage, scoring almost three times as many as second place (49 points compared with 17 by the runner-up)
in the 1964 contest. Under the voting system used from
1975 until 2015, the lowest winning score was Norways
Bobbysocks! 123 points earned (of the 1044 available
from the 18 other countries) when winning Eurovision
1985, while the lowest winning total ever is the 18 points
(of the 160 total votes cast by 16 countries) scored by
each of the four winning countries in 1969.
Under the voting system used from 1975 until 2015, in
which each country gives maximum points to its rst
place choice, Swedens Loreen won Eurovision 2012 with
the most ever rst place votes earned, receiving rst place
votes from 18 of 41 countries (excluding themselves).
The 1976 United Kingdom entrant, Brotherhood of Man
with the song Save Your Kisses For Me holds the record
of the highest average score per participating country,
with an average of 9.65 points received per country. 2011
winner Azerbaijan Eldar & Nigar, hold the lowest average score for a winning song under that system, receiving
5.14 points per country.
The United Kingdom has nished second fteen times at
Eurovision (most recently in 1998), more than any other
country. The most successful country never to have won
the Contest is Malta, having nished second in 2002 and
2005 and third in 1992 and 1998.
There is no ocial runner-up for two of the contests
1956 and 1969. In 1956 only the winner, Switzerland,
was announced, whilst there were speculative reports that
Germany ended up in second place with "Im Wartesaal
20
zum groen Glck" by Walter Andreas Schwarz, on account that Germany was chosen to host the 1957 contest. In 1969 four songs shared rst place by achieving
the same number of points, and the second best result
was achieved by Switzerland, who is not considered an
ocial runner-up, because of the draw for rst place.
1.2.2
By country
Crimean Tatar (1.5%)

Between 1966 and 1973, and again between 1977 and
1998, countries were only permitted to perform in their
own language; see the main Eurovision Song Contest article. The rst winner since 1989 to be in a language that
had never produced a winning song before is Ruslana's
"Wild Dances" in 2004, which was performed partially in
Ukrainian. In 2007 Marija erifovi's "Molitva", which
was sung in Serbian, became the rst winner since 1989
to be entirely in a language that had never produced a
winning song before and the rst winner since 1998 to be
entirely in a language other than English. So far, only two
songs performed in more than one language have won the
contest, both have represented Ukraine.
1.2.4 Photogallery
Lys Assia, winner of the 1956 contest for Switzerland.
Corry Brokken, winner of the 1957 contest for The
Netherlands.
Map showing each countrys number of Eurovision wins up to

and including 2016.[N 4]
Year 1969 is in italics to indicate joint (4-way) win.
Andr Claveau, winner of the 1958 contest for

France.
Teddy Scholten, winner of the 1959 contest for The
Netherlands.
Jacqueline Boyer, winner of the 1960 contest for
France.
1.2.3
By language
Jean-Claude Pascal, winner of the 1961 contest for

Luxembourg.
Isabelle Aubret, winner of the 1962 contest for
France.
Jrgen & Grethe Ingmann, winners of the 1963 contest for Denmark.
Gigliola Cinquetti, winner of the 1964 contest for
Italy.
France Gall, winner of the 1965 contest for Luxembourg.
English (46.2%)
French (21.5%)
Dutch (4.6%)
Hebrew (4.6%)
German (3.1%)
Norwegian (3.1%)
Swedish (3.1%)
Italian (3.1%)
Spanish (3.1%)
Danish (1.5%)
Ukrainian (1.5%)
Croatian (1.5%)
Serbian (1.5%)
Udo Jrgens, winner of the 1966 contest for Austria.

Sandie Shaw, winner of the 1967 contest for the
United Kingdom.
Massiel, winner of the 1968 contest for Spain.
Lulu, one of the four winners of the 1969 contest for
the United Kingdom.
Frida Boccara, one of the four winners of the 1969
contest for France.
Lenny Kuhr, one of the four winners of the 1969
contest for The Netherlands.
1.2. LIST OF EUROVISION SONG CONTEST WINNERS

Dana, winner of the 1970 contest for Ireland.
Vicky Leandros, winner of the 1972 contest for
Luxembourg.
Anne Marie David, winner of the 1973 contest for
Luxembourg.
21
Olsen Brothers, winners of the 2000 contest for
Denmark.
Dave Benton, winner (together with Tanel Padar and
2XL) of the 2001 contest for Estonia.
Marie N, winner of the 2002 contest for Latvia.
ABBA, winners of the 1974 and the 50th anniversary contests for Sweden.
Sertab Erener, winner of the 2003 contest for

Turkey.
Teach-In, winners of the 1975 contest for The

Netherlands.
Ruslana, winner of the 2004 contest for Ukraine.
Brotherhood of Man, winners of the 1976 contest

for the United Kingdom
Marie Myriam, winner of the 1977 contest for
France.
Gali Atari, winner (together with Milk and Honey)
of the 1979 contest for Israel.
Helena Paparizou, winner of the 2005 contest for

Greece.
Lordi, winner of the 2006 contest for Finland.
Marija erifovi, winner of the 2007 contest for Serbia.
Dima Bilan, winner of the 2008 contest for Russia.
Johnny Logan, winner of the 1980 and 1987 contests for Ireland.
Alexander Rybak, winner of the 2009 contest for

Norway.
Bucks Fizz, winners of the 1981 contest for the

United Kingdom.
Lena, winner of the 2010 contest for Germany.
Nicole Hohloch, winner of the 1982 contest for Germany.

Richard Herrey from Herreys, winners of the 1984
contest for Sweden.
Bobbysocks!, winners of the 1985 contest for Norway.
Sandra Kim, winner of the 1986 contest for Belgium.
Celine Dion, winner of the 1988 contest for Switzerland.
Toto Cutugno, winner of the 1990 contest for Italy.
Carola Hggkvist, winner of the 1991 contest for
Sweden.
Linda Martin, winner of the 1992 contest for Ireland.
Ell & Nikki, winners of the 2011 contest for Azerbaijan.

Loreen, winner of the 2012 contest for Sweden.
Emmelie de Forest, winner of the 2013 contest for
Denmark.
Conchita Wurst, winner of the 2014 contest for Austria.
Mns Zelmerlw, winner of the 2015 contest for
Sweden.
Jamala, winner of the 2016 contest for Ukraine.
1.2.5 See also

Eurovision Song Contest winners discography
List of Junior Eurovision Song Contest winners
Niamh Kavanagh, winner of the 1993 contest for 1.2.6 Notes and references
Ireland.
Footnotes
Secret Garden, winner of the 1995 contest for Norway.
[1] Since 2004, the contest has included a televised semi Katrina and the Waves, winners of the 1997 contest
for the United Kingdom.
nal:: In 2004 held on the Wednesday before the

nal: Between 2005 and 2007 held on the Thursday of
Eurovision Week
Dana International, winner of the 1998 contest for

Israel.
[2] Since 2008 the contest has included two semi-nals, held
on the Tuesday and Thursday before the nal.
Charlotte Nilsson, winner of the 1999 contest for

Sweden.
[3] 1979, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1988, 1991, 1993, 1998, 2002
and 2003.
22
[4] the Federal Republic of Germany has two wins, one before, one after German reunication. The map depicts the
outline of Germany during both of their wins.
[5] the Federal Republic of Germany has two wins, one before, one after German reunication
[6] This song was partially sung in Ukrainian.
[7] This song was partially sung in Crimean Tatar.
References
[1] Extract from the rules for the 2007 Eurovision Song Contest. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved on 22 August 2007.
1.3.1 Rule changes

From 1956 until 1965, there was no rule restricting the
language(s) in which the songs could be sung. For example, in the 1965 Contest, Ingvar Wixell of Sweden sang
his song in English.
From 1966 to 1973, a rule was imposed that a song must
be performed in one of the ocial languages of the country participating.
From 1973 to 1976 inclusive, participants were allowed
to enter songs in any language. Several winners took advantage of this, with songs in English by countries where
other languages are spoken, including ABBA's song in
1974.[1]
In 1977, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), the

Contests organisers, reimposed the national language restriction. However, Germany and Belgium were given
a special dispensation to use English, as their national
[3] O'Connor, John Kennedy. The Eurovision Song Contest song selection procedures were already too advanced to
The Ocial History. Carlton Books, UK. 2007 ISBN change. During the language rule, the only countries
978-1-84442-994-3
which were allowed to sing in English were Ireland, Malta
and the United Kingdom as English is an ocial lan[4] BBC News (6 December 2005). ABBAs Bjorn says no guage in those countries. The restriction was imposed
to reunion. Retrieved on 15 March 2008.
from 1977 to 1998.
[2] Eurovision 1956. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved on 24 May
2008.
From 1999 onwards, a free choice of language was again

allowed. Since then, several countries have chosen songs
that mixed languages, often English and their national
language. Prior to that, songs such as Croatia's "Don't
Ever Cry" (1993), Austria's "One Step" and Bosnia and
Bibliography
Herzegovina's "Goodbye" (1997) had a title and one line
of the song in a non-native language. In 1994 Poland
Eurovision Song Contest history. Eurovision.tv.
caused a scandal when Edyta Grniak broke the rules by
Retrieved on 19 August 2007.
singing her song in English during the dress rehearsal[2][3]
(which is shown to the juries who selected the winner).
History. ESCtoday.com. Retrieved on 19 August Only six countries demanded that Poland should be dis2007.
qualied, though the rules required 13 countries to complain before Poland could be removed from the competi John Kennedy O'Connor (2005). The Eurovision tion, the proposed removal did not occur. [4]
Song Contest 50 Years The Ocial History. London:
Since 2000 some songs have used articial or non-existent
Carlton Books Limited. ISBN 1-84442-586-X.
languages: the Belgian entries in 2003 ("Sanomi") and
2008 ("O Julissi") were entirely in imaginary languages.
In 2006 the Dutch entry, "Amambanda", was sung partly
1.3 Languages in the Eurovision in English and partly in an articial language.
[5] ABBA win 'Eurovision 50th' vote. BBC News (23 October 2005). Retrieved on 22 August 2007.
Song Contest
The following is a list of languages used in the
Eurovision Song Contest since its inception in 1956,
including songs (as) performed in nals and, since 2004,
semi-nals.
The rules concerning the language of the entries have
been changed several times. In the past, the Contests organizers have sometimes compelled countries to only sing
in their own languages, but since 1999 no such restriction
has existed.
The entry which used the most languages was "Its Just
a Game", sung by the Bendik Singers for Norway in
1973. It was performed in English and French, with some
lyrics in Spanish, Italian, Dutch, German, Irish, SerboCroatian, Hebrew, Finnish, Swedish and Norwegian.
In 2012 Bulgaria's entry, "Love Unlimited" had lyrics
in Bulgarian, with phrases in Turkish, Greek, Spanish,
Serbo-Croatian, French, Romani, Italian, Azerbaijani,
Arabic and English. 1969 Yugoslav entry "Pozdrav svijetu" was mainly sung in Croatian, but it had phrases in
Spanish, German, French, English, Dutch, Italian, Russian and Finnish.
1.3. LANGUAGES IN THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST

As of 2015, only three countries have never entered a
song in one or more of their national language(s): Belarus
has used neither Belarusian nor Russian since its rst participation in 2004, Azerbaijan has not used Azerbaijani
since its debut in 2008 (leading Bulgaria to be the rst
country to enter a song with Azerbaijani lyrics) and
Monaco has not used Mongasque, which is one of the
ocial languages of Monaco.
On the other hand, as of 2016, there are only ten countries
whose representatives have performed all their songs at
least partially in an ocial, regional or national language:
Andorra, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Monaco, Morocco,
and Portugal. In addition, former countries Serbia and
Montenegro, Yugoslavia, and current countries Australia,
Ireland, Malta and the United Kingdom, only have been
represented by songs fully in an ocial language.
Criticism
23
Danish (1.5%)
Croatian (1.5%)
Ukrainian (1.5%)
Serbian (1.5%)
Crimean Tatar (1.5%)
Between 1966 and 1973, and again between 1977 and
1998, countries were only permitted to perform in their
own language; see the main Eurovision Song Contest article. In 2007 Marija erifovi's "Molitva" became the rst
Serbian-language song to win the contest, the rst winner
since 1989 to be in a language that had never produced a
winning song before and the rst winner since 1998 to be
entirely in a language other than English.
1.3.4 Entries in articial (constructed)

languages
Three times in the history of the contest, songs have been

French legislator Franois-Michel Gonnot criticized sung in invented languages.[9]
French television and launched an ocial complaint in
the French Parliament, as the song which represented
France in 2008, "Divine", was sung in English.[5] A 1.3.5 See also
similar incident occurred again in 2014, when Spanish
List of languages in the Junior Eurovision Song Conartist Ruth Lorenzo was criticized by the Royal Spanish
test
Academy after the Spanish national selection for singing
her entry, Dancing in the Rain, with some lyrics in English.
1.3.6 Notes and references
1.3.2
Languages and their rst appearance Footnotes

[1] This song was partially sung in Ukrainian.
Source: The Diggiloo Thrush
[2] This song was partially sung in Crimean Tatar.
1.3.3
Winners by language
References
[1] Facts & Trivia. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
[2] Eurovision Song Contest 1994. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
[3] Poland1994 - Edyta Gorniak To Nie Ja (Polish/English)".
YouTube clip. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
[4] Eurovision Song Contest 1994 facts.
contest.eu. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
English (47.0%)
French (21.2%)
Dutch (4.5%)
Hebrew (4.5%)
German (3.0%)
Norwegian (3.0%)
Swedish (3.0%)
Italian (3.0%)
Spanish (3.0%)
eurovision-
[5] Van Gelder, Lawrence (2008-04-17). French Singer

Stirs Storm. http://www.nytimes.com. Retrieved 201005-07.
[6] At the time of Yugoslavias existence the common name
for these languages was Serbo-Croatian. The term
Croatian came into use during the seventies; Serbian
and Bosnian evolved politically in the 1990s (see SerboCroatian for more details). Another view is that the rst
post-breakup entries can be considered the rst for the respective languages: "Ljubim te pesmama" for Serbian in
24
1992, "Sva bol svijeta" for Bosnian in 1993, and "Don't

Ever Cry" for Croatian, also in 1993.
[7] Austria has sent two entries to the contest in dialects of
German: "Weil der Mensch zhlt" was sung in the Styrian
dialect in 2003, while "Woki mit deim Popo" was sung in
the Mhlviertlerisch dialect in 2012.
1.4.1 Number of songs

Each country in the Eurovision Song Contest is entitled
to enter just one song. The Contest nal is limited to
26 songs (only exception being in 2015 when Australia
participated in the contest and 27 songs competed in the
nal). They consist of the following:
[8] It could be considered that the Yugoslav songs of 1983

(Duli) and 1984 (Ciao amore) were sung in Montenegrin
language, although its autonomy as a language was not recognized until the mid 90s.
The Big 5 countries (United Kingdom, France,

Germany, Spain and Italy) as they are the 5 largest
economic contributors to the contest, and are rewarded with automatic spots in the nal.
[9] Ishtar from Belgium to Belgrade. EBU. Retrieved 19

May 2013.
The host country.

10 qualiers from Semi-nal 1 - held on the Tuesday
before the contest.
Bibliography
Eurovision Song Contest history.
Retrieved on 19 August 2007.
Eurovision.tv.
History. ESCtoday.com. Retrieved on 19 August

2007.
John Kennedy O'Connor (2005). The Eurovision
O'Connor, John Kennedy (2005). The Eurovision
10 qualiers from Semi-nal 2 - held on the Thursday before the contest.

At the rst Contest, each country was allowed to submit two songs each with a maximum duration of three
minutes. Nowadays, it is still required that each song
not exceed three minutes in length, although many artists
record the song in a longer version, simply performing a
shorter version at the Contest. The number of participating countries has grown throughout the Contests history, and since 1993 the rules have been changed several
times to both limit the number of nalists and to allow
for participation by former Soviet and Yugoslav republics,
Warsaw Pact nations and others.
Historical Milestones. eurovision.tv. 2005. 1.4.2 No previously published music

Archived from the original on 2006-05-26. Retrieved 2006-05-26.
The entering song is also not allowed to be a cover version,
and is not allowed to sample another artists work. All
Urban Trad. UrbanTrad.com. 28 September songs must be completely original in terms of songwriting
2004. Retrieved 2006-07-18.
and instrumentation, and may not have been released publicly before 1 September of the year preceding. If re Treble will represent the Netherlands. eurovi- leased publicly, it may only be released in the entrant
sion.tv. Archived from the original on 2006-05-25. countrys market until after the contest.
Retrieved 2006-05-25.
Klier, Marcus (2008-03-09). Belgium: Ishtar to 1.4.3 Voices and instruments
Eurovision. ESCToday. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
No entirely instrumental composition has ever been allowed in Eurovision contests. Latvia did their act a cappella in 2006, as did Belgium in 2011. Austrias entry
1.4 Rules of the Eurovision Song in the 2011 contest started a cappella but then the instruments started as well.
Contest
The ocial rules of the Eurovision Song Contest are

long, technical, and ever-changing. Many of the rules
cover technical aspects of the television broadcast itself.
However, a few of the more important rules aecting the
conduct and outcome of the Contest follow.
1.4.4 Performers
Current rules state that countries are allowed to have up
to six performers on stage. Performers must be aged 16
or older, on the day of the semi-nal in the year of the
1.4. RULES OF THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST

Contest.[1] This rule was introduced in 1990, as two contestants the year before had been 11 and 12 years. The
introduction of this rule means that Sandra Kim, who was
13 when she won for Belgium in 1986, will remain the
youngest winner unless the age limit is lowered. No restriction on the nationality of the performers exists, which
has resulted in countries being represented by artists who
are not nationals of that country. One of the most wellknown winning artists, Canadian Cline Dion represented
Switzerland in 1988. It should also be noted that the performer only needs to be 16 when the event takes place
and not when they are selected, as proven when Lindsay
Dracass was selected to represent the United Kingdom
in 2001 and again when Triinu Kivilaan was selected to
represent Switzerland in 2005, despite both of these performers only being 15 at their respective times of selection. In Dracass case, she had to be issued a special visa
to enable her to travel to Copenhagen.[2]
1.4.5
Languages
From the rst Contest in 1956 until 1965, and again from
1973 until 1976 there was no restriction on language.
From 1966 until 1972, and again from 1978 until 1998,
songs were required to be performed in a national language. The national language rule was actually instituted
shortly before the 1977 Contest, but some countries had
already selected non-national language entries, and they
were allowed to enter without any changes.
As of the 1999 Contest, the restriction was again lifted,
and songs may be performed in any language. As a result,
many of the songs are performed partially or completely
in English. In 2003, Belgium made full use of the sotermed free language rule, and entered a song, "Sanomi",
in an articial language created especially for the song.
This proved successful as the country nished second,
only two points behind Turkey. The same tactic was used
in 2006 by the Dutch entry Treble which is partially sung
in an articial language and once again by Belgium with
their 2008 entry O Julissi.
Dialects and regional languages notes per year
25
1989 Switzerland sang in Romansh, the fourth language of Switzerland
1990 and 2012 Finland sang in Swedish, which is
the countrys second ocial language.
1991 Italy sang in Neapolitan, an Italo-Dalmatian
language spoken in Naples and surrounding areas.
1992, 1993, 1996 and 2011 France sang in the languages of Antillean Creole (1992), Corsican (1993
and 2011) and Breton (1996).
1999 Lithuania sang in Samogitian, a dialect of
Lithuanian
2004 Estonia sang in Vro, which is considered
by some to be a dialect of Estonian, and others, a
separate language
2003, 2006 and 2008 In 2003, Belgium's Urban
Trad sang "Sanomi" in a completely made-up language, while the Dutch participants in 2006, Treble,
sang half of their song Amambanda in a ctional
language. In 2008, Ishtar performed their song, "O
Julissi" in a ctional language as well.
2006 - Monaco sang partially in Tahitian.
2009 - The Czech Republic sang partially in
Romani, the language of the Romani people.
2009 - Israel sang partially in Hebrew and in Arabic.
2011 - Norway introduces lyrics in Swahili. The
entry from France was performed in Corsican that
same year.
2012 - Most of the lyrics of Russia's entry were in
the Udmurt language (which, alongside Russian, is
the ocial language in Udmurtia).
2016 - Ukraine decided to send Jamala, a Crimean
singer, with her song "1944" which featured lyrics
in the Crimean Tatar language, which sparked controversy between Russia and Ukraine because of the
Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation.
On some occasions, dialects of a language or a very rare Language issues and English-language prevalence
language have been used in a song entry:
Many European countries were founded on ideas of lin 1971, 1996, 2003 & 2012 - Austria sang in various guistic unity and because of the sometimes unwelcome
dominance of the English language in modern pop music,
dialects of German
the language of a countrys Eurovision entry can be a con 1972 Ireland sang in Irish, one of the two ocial tentious issue.[3] Some entries are performed in English to
languages of Ireland
reach broader audiences, though this is sometimes looked
1980 The title of Norway's entry was in Sami lan- upon as unpatriotic. In recent years up to 2007 the number of non-English language entrants has decreased, with
guage
mostly Ex-Yugoslavia, French language countries, Spain
1982 Germany sang in German but after winning and Portugal performing in their native language. In
performed the reprise in four dierent languages: terms of recent Contest performance, most non-English
German, English, French and Dutch
songs have been far less successful than those in English.
26
Until 2007, the last wholly non-English language winner

was Israel's Dana International, who performed Diva in
Hebrew in 1998. The 2004 winner, Wild Dances performed by Ruslana, was partially sung in Ukrainian. After 2007 when Marija erifovi won, singing in Serbian,
the number of non-English contestants increased again in
2008. Almost half of the performers contested in their
native language.
In some cases, the lyrics are written and recorded in two
dierent versions (usually English and a national language) or a single multi-language version. Examples include:
Denmark, where the national selection procedure allows freedom of language, but if the winning song
from their national competition is in Danish, it must
be re-written in English for the competition.
Sweden, even as there is no outspoken rule the song
must be translated into English, it has usually been
done so (if allowed in the rules), as in 1965, 1973,
1974, 1975, 1999, 2000, 2004, and 2006.
Macedonia, who held a vote to decide whether their
2005 song should be in English or Macedonian.
France, whose entry in 2001 was performed partially in French and partially in English. The 2007
entry was sung in Franglais. The French entry in
2008 caused controversy as it was all in English and
people were unhappy about being represented with
an English song. In 2012, Anggun performed her
song Echo partly in English but mostly in French.
1.4.6
Rule changes by year
1956 First contest - each of the 7 competing countries were obliged to hold a National selection nal
to choose their entries.
1957 After Italys song lasted 5:09 minutes, rule
changes were introduced to limit maximum song
times to 3 minutes - which still operates.[4]
1958 The convention of the winning country being
invited to host the following years contest is introduced. However, several countries would decline
the opportunity in subsequent years.
1959 Professional publishers or composers were no
longer allowed in the national juries.
1962 Voting system change. Each country had 10
jury members who awarded their three favourite
songs 3, 2, and 1 points in order. Previously each
of the ten jury members awarded 1 point to their
favourite song.
1963 Jury sizes doubled to 20 and points awarded
were 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1.
1964 Jury sizes revert to 10, and points are now 5,

3 and 1. It becomes possible for a unanimous jury
to award all 9 points to one song - but this does not
occur. It was also possible to give 6 and 3 points
to two songs, this happened only in 1965, when the
Belgian jury gave 6 points to the United Kingdom
and 3 points to Italy.
1966 Countries must now sing in one of its national
languages.
1967 Scoring system reverts to the one used between
1957 and 1961. Each of the ten jurors awards a
single point to their favourite song - so in theory a
country could be awarded all 10 points, although the
highest tally allocated under this system was 9 by the
Belgian jury for Dana's 1970 winning song.
1968 Although not a rule change, the contest is
broadcast in colour by 6 of the 17 countries competing. It has been available in colour to broadcasters
each year since.
1970 Following a four-way tie in the 1969 contest,
a tie-break rule was introduced with provision for a
sing-o and a show of hands from the juries to elect
a winner.
1971 Another voting system change. Each country had two jury members, one under 25 and one
over 25. They each awarded 1 to 5 points for each
song. This created an issue where some juries gave
fewer points out than others. The rule permitting
groups of up to six performers on stage was introduced. Previously, entrants could only perform solo
or as a duet.[5]
1972 Each country had 2 jurors present in the hall.
Each juror awarded all songs with a score between
1 and 5, so each country gave all other countries a
score between 2 and 10 points.
1973 The rule forcing countries to sing in one of its
national languages is relaxed - however this is only
in place for 4 years.
1974 The scoring system used between 1957 and
1961 and between 1968 and 1970 is restored for a
third time.
1975 The scoring system that still operates today is
introduced. Each jury would now give 12 points to
the best song, 10 to the second best, then 8 to the
third, 7 to the fourth, 6 to the fth and so forth until
the tenth best song (in the jurys opinion) received a
single point. Unlike today, the points were not given
in order (from 1 up to 12), but in the order the songs
were performed.
1976 As the cost of staging the contest increases, a
new rule was introduced that, in future, each participating broadcaster would have to pay a part of the
cost of staging the contest.
1.4. RULES OF THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST

1977 Countries must again revert to singing in their
own national languages.
27
1980 The jury spokesperson now read the points out

in numerical order (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12)
rather than in song order.
Countries eliminated in the semi-nal were still allowed to vote on the nal, so the convention of
reading the scores in both French and English were
dropped. The spokesperson would now read the
score in one language with presenters repeating in
the other language.
1987 As the number of countries reached a record

of 22, the EBU imposed a limit on the number of
countries competing. Although set at 22, this limit
has varied slightly over the years.
2006 Jury spokespersons no longer read out all the

points from 1 up to 12. Instead the scores up to 7
points are displayed briey before the spokesperson
reads out their 8, 10 and 12 point allocations.
1990 Following Sandra Kim's 1986 win for Belgium

at the age of just 13 and controversy over two performers in 1989 being just 11 and 12 years old, a
restriction on competitors age was introduced. The
minimum age is now 16 at the time of the event.
2008 With a record entry of 43, a second semi-nal

was introduced. Juries were used to allocate a wildcard place in the nal from each of the semi-nals.
25 countries now compete in the nal.
1993 After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a prequalifying round was introduced.

1994 Relegation had to be introduced to accommodate the ever-increasing number of countries wishing to compete. Initially the bottom ve countries
from 1993 would not get an entrant at the 1994 contest. The relegation rules would change slightly over
subsequent years.
1994 This years contest saw the highest number
of participants in the 1990s, with 25 countries performing.
1997 After controversy over a 1996 pre-selection
procedure (similar to 1993) which resulted in Germany being omitted from the contest, the selection
procedure changed to allow only the countries with
the best average scores over the previous four years.
1997 Televoting was trialled in ve countries and
would become the preferred method of voting from
1998.
1999 Restrictions are lifted again allowing countries
to sing in any language.
1999 Countries preferences to use backing tracks
virtually leads to the abolition of orchestras. Live
music became optional and all broadcasters since
1999 have declined to use an orchestra. In 2004, all
live music was banned; even artists on stage were not
allowed to play their instruments live, even if they
explicitly voiced their wish to do so. This live music
prohibition is still in place.
2000 The "Big Four" rule is introduced giving
France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom
automatic entry in the contest regardless of previous
performance. In 2011 Italy made comeback becoming a "Big Five" member.
2004 Relegation rules, which varied slightly since
1994 were dropped and a semi-nal was introduced.
2009 After criticism of the voting system after

the 2007 Contest, changes in the voting procedure
were made with the re-introduction of a national
jury alongside televoting (split 50/50). This format
would be extended to the semi-nals in 2010.
2010 People can vote from the rst song until the
end of vote.
2012 The fteen-minute televoting window is restored due to criticism of the voting method after the
2011 contest. 26 countries now compete in the nal,
because Italy made comeback in 2011 and became
a Big Five country along with Germany, France,
Spain and United Kingdom.
2013 The format of the jury/televoting result is
changed slightly in that all songs are now ranked instead of being given a score in each method, this is
then merged and the ten highest ranked songs receive points in the usual manner. Also, for the rst
time, the running order in all three shows is determined by producers of the show instead of a random
draw, which is supposed to give each song competing a fair chance of success.
2015 The EBU considers the possibility of inviting countries outside of the European Broadcasting
Area or the Council of Europe to participate in future editions of the contest. The rst of such guest
nations was Australia in 2015. This also bumps up
the number of countries competing in the nal to
27.[6][7]
2016 A new voting system is introduced. Entries
now receive one set of points from the jury and one
set of points from televoting. First, the jury votes
are given in the usual way, giving 1 up to 12 points
but with only the 12th being read by the spokesperson. Then, the televotes are read by the presenters,
starting with the country receiving the least televotes
and ending with the country that received the most
televotes, so the winner is not known until the end
of the show.[8] In addition, the number of countries
28
competing in the nal is reduced back to 26 as Aus- substituted votes by a panel of judges.[2] Between 1997
tralia now competes in the semi-nal.[9]
and 2003 (the rst years of televoting), lines were opened
to the public for only ve minutes after the performance
and recap of the nal song. Between 2004 and 2006 the
1.4.7 See also
lines were opened for 10 minutes, and from 2007 to 2009
they were opened for 15 minutes. In 2010 viewers were
Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest
allowed to vote during the performances, but this was rescinded for the 2012 contest.
The BBC contacted regional juries by telephone to
choose the 1956 winners, and the European Broadcasting
[1] Rules of the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest. Eurovi- Union (producers of the contest) later began contacting
sion.tv (EBU). 2005. Archived from the original on 2006- international juries by telephone. This method continued
02-10. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
to be used until 1993. The following year saw the rst
satellite linkup to juries.
1.4.8
References
[2] Terry Wogan, Eurovision Song Contest 2001
[3] Ivkovi, D. (2013). The Eurovision Song Contest on

YouTube: A corpus-based analysis of language attitudes. Language@Internet, 10, article 1. (urn:nbn:de:
0009-7-35977)
[4] http://www.eurovision.am/eng/?sub=history
[5] http://www.eurovision.tv/page/history/by-year/contest?
event=287
[6] Eurovision Song Contest invites Australia to join 'worlds
biggest party'". The Guardian. 11 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
[7] Australia participate in the 60th Eurovision. Eurovision.tv. EBU. 11 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February
2015.
[8] SVT Article, 20 Feb 2016 (Swedish)
[9] Australia To Return To The Eurovision Song Contest.
EBU. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
1.5 Voting at the Eurovision Song

Contest
The winner of the Eurovision Song Contest is selected by
a positional voting system. Each country awards two sets
of 12, 10, 81 points to their 10 favourite songs: one from
their professional jury and the other from televoting.[1]
The current system has been in place since 2016. Countries were only permitted to vote for their own entries in
1956.
1.5.1
Overview
Small, demographically-balanced juries made up of ordinary people had been used to rank the entries, but after the widespread use of telephone voting in 1998 the
contest organizers resorted to juries only in the event of
a televoting malfunctions. In 2003, Eircom's telephone
polling system malfunction. Irish broadcaster RT did
not receive the polling results from Eircom in time, and
To announce the votes, the contests presenters connect by

satellite to each country in turn and inviting a spokesperson to read the countrys votes in French or English. The
presenters originally repeated the votes in both languages,
but since 2004 the votes have been translated due to time
constraints. To oset increased voting time required by
a larger number of participating countries, since 2006
only countries eight-, 10-, and 12-point scores are read
aloud; one- to seven-point votes are added automatically
to the scoreboard while each countrys spokesperson is introduced. The scoreboard displays the number of points
each country has received and, since 2008, a progress bar
indicating the number of countries which have voted.
1.5.2 Voting systems

Note
[1] Back-up juries are used by each country (with eight members) in the event of a televoting failure.
[2] In the event of a televoting failure, only a jury is used by
that country; in the event of a jury failure, only televoting
is used by that country.
The most-used voting system (other than the current one)

was last used for the 1969 contest. This system was used
from 1957 to 1961 and from 1967 to 1969. Ten jurors in
each country each cast one vote for their favourite song.
In 1969 this resulted in a four-way tie for rst place (between the UK, the Netherlands, France, and Spain), with
no tie-breaking procedure. A second round of voting in
the event of a tie was introduced to this system the following year.
From 1962 to 1966, a voting system similar to the current one was used. In 1962, each country awarded its top
three one, two and three points; in 1963 the top ve were
awarded one, two, three, four and ve points, and from
1964 to 1966, each country awarded its top three one,
three and ve points. With the latter system, a country
could choose to give points to two countries instead of
three (giving three to one and six to the other); in 1965,
Belgium awarded the United Kingdom six points and Italy
1.5. VOTING AT THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
29
three. Although it was possible to give one country nine United Kingdom tied for rst place. With no tie-breaking
points, this never occurred.
system in place at the time, it was determined that all four
The 1971, 1972, and 1973 contests saw the jurors in countries would be awarded the title; in protest, Austria,
vision for the rst time. Each country was represented Finland, Sweden, Norway and Portugal did not particiby two jurors: one older than 25 and one younger, with at pate the following year.
least ten years dierence in their ages. Each juror gave
a minimum of one point and a maximum of ve points
to each song. In 1974 the previous system of ten jurors
was used, and the following year the current system was
introduced. Spokespeople were next seen on screen in
1994 with a satellite link to the venue.
The 2004 contest had its rst seminal, with a slight
change in voting: countries which did not qualify from
the seminal would be allowed to cast votes in the nal.
This resulted in Ukraines Ruslana nishing rst, with a
record 280 points. If the voting had been conducted as it
had been from 1956 to 2003 (when only nalist countries
could vote), Serbia and Montenegro's eljko Joksimovi
would have won the contest with 190 points: a 15-point
lead over Ruslana, who would have scored 175 points.
To date, non-qualifying countries are still allowed to vote
in the nal. In 2006, Serbia and Montenegro were able
to vote in the seminal and the nal despite their nonparticipation due to a scandal in the selection process.
In the procedure, sometimes known as a countback, if

two (or more) countries tie the song receiving points from
the greater number of countries is the winner. If there is
still a tie, a second tie-breaker counts the number of countries who assigned twelve points to each entry in the tie.
Tie-breaks continue with ten points, eight points, and so
on until the tie is resolved. If the tie cannot be resolved
after the number of countries which assigned one point to
the song is equal, the song performed earlier in the running order is declared the winner unless the host country
performed earlier (in which case the song performed later
would be the winner). This rule originally applied only to
rst place ties,[18] but since 2008 has been applied to all
places.[19]
In 1991, the tie-break procedure was implemented when
Sweden and France both had 146 points at the end of the
voting. At the time, the tie-break rule was slightly different; the rst tie-break rule (the country supported by
the most other countries wins) was not yet in use, and the
current rule of rst determining the country with the votes
from the most countries was not added until 2003.[20][21]
Both Sweden and France had received the maximum
twelve points four times; when the number of ten-point
scores was counted Sweden, represented by Carola and
"Fngad av en stormvind", claimed its third victory since
it received ve ten-point scores against Frances two. The
French song "Le Dernier qui a parl...", performed by
Amina, nished second with the smallest-ever losing margin.
With the introduction of two seminals in 2008, a new

method of selecting nalists was created. The top nine
songs (ranked by televote) qualied, along with one
song selected by the back-up juries. This method, in
most cases, meant that the tenth song in the televoting
failed to qualify; this attracted some criticism, especially
from Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (who had
placed 10th in the televote).[13] In 2010 the 2009 nal
system was used, with a combination of televoting and
jury votes from each country also used to select the seminalists.[14] Each participating country had a national
jury, consisting of ve music-industry professionals[15]
1.5.5
appointed by national broadcasters.[16]
1.5.3
Scoring no points
Highest scores
These are all the songs that have scored over 300 points.
One of these, "A Million Voices" sung by Russian artist
Polina Gagarina, became the rst song to get over 300
points without winning the contest, Australia became the
rst country to get over 500 points, but still didn't win the
contest. As the number of voting countries and the voting
systems have varied, it may be more relevant to compare
what percentage of all points awarded in the competition
that each song received (computed from the published
scoreboards [17] ).
1.5.4
Tie-breakers
Countries with no points, and the number of times for each
A tie-break procedure was implemented after the 1969 As each participating country casts a series of preference
contest, in which France, the Netherlands, Spain and the votes, under the current scoring system it is rare that a
30
song fails to receive any votes at all; such a result means place less than tenth in every country in jury voting and
that the song failed to make the top ten most-popular televote.
songs in any country.
Entries which received no points during the seminals
The rst zero points in Eurovision were scored in 1962, are:
under a new voting system. When a country nishes with
However, in 2004 France, Poland and Russia did not vote
a score of zero, it is often referred to in English-language in the seminal; in 2009 twenty countries voted.
media as nul points or nil points, albeit incorrectly. Grammatical French for no points is pas de points or zro
point, but none of these phrases is used in the contest; Televoting
no-point scores are not announced by the presenters.
With the new televoting system being announced in the
2016 contest, nul points in televoting were possible, but
Before 1975
not likely, in both the 2016 seminals there was no country that had no points, but in the nal Czech Republic
Entries which received no points before the introduction
received no televote points, they nished with 41 points
of the current scoring system in 1975 are:
in total in the nal.
1975 to 2016
Entries that received no televote points are:
Entries which received no points since the introduction Junior Eurovision

of this system in 1975 up until the scoring reformation in
No entry in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest has ever
2016 are:
received nul points; since 2005, each contestant begins
The rst time a host nation ever nished with nul points
with 12 points to prevent such a result.[30] However, there
was in the 2015 nal, when Austrias I Am Yours by
has not been a situation that the 12 points received in the
The Makemakes scored zero. In 2003, following the
beginning would have remained as the sole points. On
UKs rst zero score,[22] an online poll was held to deter15 October 2012, it was announced by the EBU, that for
mine public opinion about each zero-point entrys worthe rst time in the contests history a new "Kids Jury" was
thiness of the score. Spains "Quin maneja mi barca?"
being introduced into the voting system. The jury consists
(1983) won the poll as the song that least deserved a zero,
of members aged between 10 and 15, and representing
and Austrias Lisa Mona Lisa (1988) was the song most
each of the participating countries. A spokesperson from
deserving of a zero.[23]
the jury would then announce the points 1-8, 10 and the
In 2012, although it scored in the combined voting, maximum 12 as decided upon by the jury members.[31]
France's "Echo (You and I)" by Anggun would have received no points if televoting alone had been used. In that
years rst semi-nal, although Belgium's "Would You?" 1.5.6 Regional bloc voting
by Iris received two points in the televoting-only hypothetical results the points were from the Albanian jury Although statistical analysis of the results from 2001
[32]
it is debat(since Albania did not use televoting); Belgium would to 2005 suggests regional bloc voting;
[24]
able
whether
this
is
due
to
political
alliances
or a tenhave received no ocial points from televoting alone.
dency
for
culturally-close
countries
to
have
similar
muIn his book, Nul Points, comic writer Tim Moore inter[33]
sical
tastes.
The
United
Kingdom
and
France
would
views several of these performers about how their Eurohistorically exchange points (an average of 6.5 points per
vision score aected their careers.[25]
contest), and the UK has also had such a relationship with
Ireland. Several countries can be categorised as voting
2016 onwards
blocs, which regularly award one another high points:[32]
In 2016, the Czech Republics entry "I Stand" received
no points from the televote. They did get 41 points from
juries.[26]
Seminals
Since the creation of a qualifying round (seminal) in
2004[27] and an expansion to two seminals in 2008,[28]
more than thirty countries vote each night even countries which have been eliminated or have already qualied. No points are rarer; it would require a song to
Greece and Cyprus

Turkey and Azerbaijan
English-speaking countries or countries of the Commonwealth: Australia, Malta, Ireland and the United
Kingdom
Austria, Germany and Switzerland
The Netherlands and Belgium
Andorra, Portugal and Spain
1.5. VOTING AT THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
31
from Switzerland, Italy and San Marino. Former Eurovision TV director Bjrn Erichsen disagreed with the assertion that regional bloc voting signicantly aects the contests outcome, saying that Russias rst victory in 2008
was only possible with votes from thirty-eight of the participating countries.[34]
1.5.7 See also

Kids Jury in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest
1.5.8 References
[1] http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=biggest_
change_to_eurovision_song_contest_voting_since_1975
read 2016-03-20
Bloc voting in the Eurovision Song Contest from 2001 to 2005,

according to Derek Gatherer (2006)[32]
Pyrenean Axis (Andorra and Spain)
Partial Benelux (Belgium and the Netherlands)
Viking Empire (Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia,
Lithuania, Norway and Sweden)
Warsaw Pact (Poland, Russia and Ukraine)
Balkan Bloc (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,
Cyprus, Greece, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia,
Slovenia and Turkey)
[2] Nick, Paton Walsh (2003-05-30). Vote switch 'stole

Tatus Eurovision win'". The Guardian.
[3] Eurovision 1997. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
[4] Eurovision history.
November 2014.
Eurovision.tv.
Retrieved 11
[5] Rules of Eurovision Song Contest 1999 (PDF). Myledbury. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
The Nordic states: Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland
[7] Rules of Eurovision Song Contest 2001 (PDF). myledbury. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
The Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
Romania and Moldova, acting as a bridge between

the Balkan and Warsaw Pact states
The Balkan countries:

Macedonia and Albania
The former Yugoslav countries: Serbia,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Montenegro, Macedonia, and Croatia
The former USSR countries of Belarus, Ukraine,
Russia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia and Moldova
[10] https://www.eurovision.tv/upload/press-downloads/
2013/Public_version_ESC_2013_Rules_ENG_FINAL.
pdf
[11] http://sofabet.com/2013/03/11/
eurovision-2013-how-will-birds-fly-for-the-netherlands/
[12] Jordan, Paul (18 February 2016). Biggest change to Eurovision Song Contest voting since 1975. eurovision.tv.
[13] Viniker, Barry (2009-05-20). FYR Macedonia threatens
It is normal if countries award points to their neighbours

Eurovision withdrawal. ESCToday. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
regularly, even if they are not part of a voting bloc (for
example, Finland and Estonia, Germany and Denmark,
the Baltic states and Russia or Albania and Greece). [14] Bakker, Sietse (2009-10-11). Exclusive: Juries also get
50% stake in Semi-Final result!". EBU. Retrieved 2009Votes may also be based on a diaspora. Greece, Turkey,
10-11.
Poland, Russia and the former Yugoslav countries normally get high scores from Germany or the United King- [15] Bakker, Sietse (22 January 2015). EBU restores televotdom, Armenia votes from France or Belgium, Poland
ing window as from 2012. European Broadcasting
from Ireland, Romania from Spain and Italy and Albania
32
[16] http://www.eurovision.tv/upload/press-downloads/2015/
2014-09-02_2015_ESC_rules_EN_PUBLIC_RULES.
pdf read 2015-05-20
1.6 History of the Eurovision Song

Contest
[17] Full Split Results. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
The history of the Eurovision Song Contest began with

an idea of Sergio Pugliese, of the Italian television RAI,
and then approved by Marcel Bezenon of the European
Broadcasting Union (EBU). The contest was based on the
Italian Sanremo Music Festival and was designed to test
the limits of live television broadcast technology.
[18] Public rules of the 60th Eurovision Song Contest (PDF).

European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
[19] Eurovision 2008 Final. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 20
May 2014.
[20] http://www.myledbury.co.uk/eurovision/pdf/esc2002.
pdf
[21] http://www.myledbury.co.uk/eurovision/pdf/esc2003.
pdf
[22] "'Nul points sparks Eurovision rejig. Broadcast. Retrieved 29 May 2003.
[23] The BIG Zero. sechuk.com.
The rst contest took place on 24 May 1956,[1] where

seven nations participated. As the Contest progressed,
the rules grew increasingly complex and participation levels rose to pass forty nations at the end of the 20th century. As more countries came on board over subsequent
decades and technology advanced, the EBU attempted to
keep up with national and international trends.
The end of the Cold War in the early 1990s led to a sudden increase in numbers, with many former Eastern Bloc
countries queuing up to compete for the rst time. This
process continued into the 2005 contest, in which both
Bulgaria and Moldova made their debut.
[24] Siim, Jarmo. Eurovision 2012 split jury-televote results

revealed. Eurovision. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
Liechtenstein, Vatican City and Kosovo are the only European countries not to have participated; the most recent
major European country to take part was the Czech ReNul Points:
Amazon.co.uk:
Tim Moore:
public, which made its debut in the 2007 contest. San
9780099492979: Books. amazon.co.uk.
Marino took part in the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest in
ESC 2016 grand nal full results. Eurovision. Retrieved Belgrade, Serbia, together with Azerbaijan.
15 May 2016.
Australia made their debut in the 2015 contest and became the rst country from the Oceania region (and the
Rules of the 2004 Eurovision Song Contest (PDF). second country outside of Eurasia overall after Morocco
European Broadcasting Union. MyLedbury.
in 1980) to participate in the contest. Although their participation was originally announced as a one-o event,
Eurovision: 2 semi nals conrmed!". Esctoday.
the country was subsequently invited to participate in the
Archived from the original on 25 June 2007. Retrieved
2016 contest.
25 June 2007.
[29] Cameron, Rob. Czechs pull out of Eurovision after three

years and nul points"". Radio Prague. Retrieved 23 July
2009.
1.6.1 Competition history
[30] "'Your votes please: the spokespersons". ESC Today. 26

November 2005. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
[31] Siim, Jarmo (15 October 2012). Extra 'country' to give
points in 2012. junioreurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
[32] Derek Gatherer (2005-09-20). Comparison of Eurovision Song Contest Simulation with Actual Results Reveals
Shifting Patterns of Collusive Voting Alliances.. Retrieved 2007-05-14.
[33] Victor Ginsburgh, Abdul Noury (October 2006). The
Eurovision Song Contest:: Is Voting Political or Cultural?" (PDF).
[34] Bakker, Sietse. Eurovision TV Director responds to allegations on voting. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
London. Royal Albert Hall, venue of 1968 contest.
See also: List of Eurovision Song Contest winners
1.6. HISTORY OF THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
Jerusalem. International Convention Centre, venue of 1979 and

1999 contests.
33
Stockholm. Globen Arena, venue of 2000 and 2016 contest.
Malm. Malm Isstadion, venue of 1992 contest.
Istanbul. Abdi peki Arena, venue of 2004 contest.
Oslo. Oslo Spektrum, venue of 1996 contest.
1.6.2
The songs
The earliest period in the Eurovision history is marked

by the style of songs which participated and the manner
in which the show itself was presented. Famous musical
and lm stars would participate without prejudice, with
Italian winners of the Sanremo Festival and such British
names as Patricia Bredin and Bryan Johnson. With a live
orchestra the norm in the early years, and simple sing-along songs on every radio station, the Contest grew into
a favourite amongst almost all age groups across the continent. Iconic songs such as "Volare" and Serge Gains-
Belgrade. Belgrade Arena, venue of 2008 contest.
bourg's "Poupe de cire, poupe de son" hit the sales

charts in many countries after their Eurovision performance.
In the beginning, it was obvious for the participants
that they should sing in their countrys national language.
However, as the Swedish entry in 1965, Absent Friend
was sung in English, the EBU set very strict rules on the
34
1.6.3 Competitors
Previous performers at the Eurovision Song Contest include:
ABBA
Anggun
Amina Annabi
Antique
Malm. Malm Arena, venue of 2013 contest.
Apocalyptica (as an interlude act)

Aqua (as an interlude act)
language in which the songs could be performed. National languages had to be used in all lyrics, including
Maltese when the island nation made its debut. Songwriters across Europe soon tagged onto the notion that
success would only come if the judges could understand
the content, resulting in such entries as Boom-Bang-ABang and La La La. The lyrics were allowed to contain
occasional phrases in other languages, which was utilized
for example by the Yugoslavian song in 1969. In 1973,
the rules on language use was relaxed, and in the following year ABBA would win with "Waterloo".
Those freedom of language rules would be soon reversed in 1977, to return with apparent permanent status in the 1999 contest, with the intervening years waning from highlights to dead-weight years. The swinging
sixties and punk scenes were all but missed by the contemporary Eurovision periods, whilst the 1980s saw an
increase in balladry with an almost blanket disregard for
electronica or guitar-based pop. Other than heavily infused pop versions, rap has been next to completely ignored.
One result of the attempt to modernise the songs in the
Contest was the abolition of the obligatory use of the live
orchestra, to which all songs had to perform. This decision was made in 1997 and removed the automatic requirement for songs to be re-composed for playback with
a live orchestra. As of 1999, the host country hasn't been
obliged to provide a live orchestra, and there hasn't been
one since. No attempt has been made to return the Contest to the days of live bands and violins. Live music is
not allowed. This rule most likely exists because there
isn't enough time to wire the instruments during the short
break between the songs. On the other hand, a backing
tape may have no voices on it, singing still must be done
live. Before 1997 backing tracks were allowed, but only
if all instruments on tape were featured on stage. This
explains the odd situation in 1996, when Gina G, entrant
for the United Kingdom, had two computer screens on
stage.
Other than the earliest contests, each and every entry has
been xed at a maximum three minutes in length.
Arash
Soraya Arnelas
Baccara
Al Bano & Romina Power
Dima Bilan
Blue
Goran Bregovi (as an interlude act)
Boyzone (as an interlude act)
Brotherhood of Man
Carola
Cascada
Cirque du Soleil (as an interlude act)
Gigliola Cinquetti
David Civera
Mlanie Cohl
Zdravko oli
Toto Cutugno
Mihai Tristariu
Sergio Dalma
Dana International
Anne-Marie David
Cline Dion
Kenan Doulu
DJ BoBo
Dschinghis Khan
Sertab Erener
1.6. HISTORY OF THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
35
Lara Fabian
Nana Mouskouri
Gina G
Marie Myriam
Edyta Grniak
New Seekers
Karel Gott
Olivia Newton-John
Hadise
Noa
Mary Hopkin
No Angels
Engelbert Humperdinck
Paul Oscar
Fuerzabruta (as an interlude act)
Olsen Brothers
Hothouse Flowers (as an interlude act)
Anna Oxa
Julio Iglesias
Helena Paparizou
Jedward
eljko Joksimovi
Anna Maria Jopek
Udo Jrgens
Kalomira
Patricia Kaas
Paula Seling
Ovi
Katrina and the Waves
Las Ketchup
Luminia Anghel
Vicky Leandros
Johnny Logan
Rosa Lpez
Ani Lorak
Lordi
Ajda Pekkan
Charlotte Perrelli
Evgeni Plushenko (as part of performance)
Dulce Pontes
Toe Proeski
Alla Pugacheva
Esma Redepova
Sir Cli Richard
Riverdance (as an interlude act)
Sakis Rouvas
Ruslana
Kate Ryan
Alexander Rybak
Natasha St-Pier
Sandie Shaw
The Shadows
Kseniya Simonova (as part of performance)
Lulu
Pastora Soler
Shiri Maimon
t.A.T.u.
maNga
Teach-In
Marco Mengoni
Sbastien Tellier
Jessica Mauboy (as an interlude act)
Justin Timberlake (as a interlude act)
Dino Merlin
Bonnie Tyler
Lena Meyer-Landrut
Vanilla Ninja
Mocedades
Anna Vissi
Domenico Modugno
Dita Von Teese (as part of performance)
Azucar Moreno
Conchita Wurst
36
1.6.4
See also
European music
1.6.5
References
[1] Eurovision History. Eurovision. Retrieved 8 June

2011.
[2] 7 countries performed 2 songs each
1.6.6
External links
History by Year
Eurovision Song Contest: The Story
Sing Your Heart Out, Europe: The Eurovision Song
Contest
Chapter 2
1956 to 1967 The Black-and-White Years

2.1 Eurovision Song Contest 1956
2.1.2 Location
For more details on the host city, see Lugano.

The Eurovision Song Contest 1956 was the debut edition of the Eurovision Song Contest, held at the Teatro
Kursaal in Lugano, Switzerland on Thursday 24 May. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union, the panEuropean music competition was an inspiration of the
Italian Sanremo Music Festival. Lohengrin Filipello
hosted the rst contest which lasted approximately 1 hour
and 40 minutes. Seven countries participated, with each
Lugano
of them performing two songs. Two jury members from Location of the host city.
all participating countries cast their votes in secret, based
on which song was their favourite. Lys Assia won the
contest for the host country Switzerland with the song The chosen venue for the contest was the Teatro Kursaal in Lugano, a city in the south of Switzerland, in the
"Refrain".[1]
Italian-speaking canton of Ticino, which borders Italy.
This rst edition of the Eurovision Song Contest included The event was also inspired by the Italian music festival,
several procedures that were not repeated in any subse- as well as that the contest was hosted in Italian.
quent edition: Two songs for each country, secret voting, double voting of one country on behalf of another,
optional inclusion of the jury members own represented
2.1.3 Format
country in their voting, only Grand Prix title reception
for the winner, and a single male presenter to host the
The rst programme was hosted by Lohengrin Filipello
show. The other Contests include: One song for each
and lasted approximately 1 hour and 40 minutes. Alcountry, scoreboard display, jury panel from each counthough it was mainly a radio programme, there were camtry, disqualication of the juries own country from their
eras in the studio for the benet of the few Europeans who
voting, material award, and a single or additional female
possessed a television.[1]
presenter.
Only solo artists were allowed to enter the contest, and
their songs were not to exceed three and a half minutes
in length, and were accompanied by a 24-musician orchestra, which was led by Fernando Paggi. The interval
act, whistling by the Joyeux Rossignols, had to be extended due to a delay in the voting procedure. It had
2.1.1 History
been strongly recommended that each participating country have a preliminary national song contest.[1]
Main article: History of the Eurovision Song Contest
During a meeting in Monaco in 1955, members of the
European Broadcasting Union discussed ideas to organise a pan-European music competition, taking inspiration from the Italian Sanremo Music Festival. From that
meeting, the concept of the Eurovision Song Contest was
born. A decision was reached to hold the rst ever contest
in the Swiss resort of Lugano the following year.[1]
Voting controversy
Further information: Voting at the Eurovision Song
Contest
Two jury members from all participating countries travelled to Lugano to cast their vote on the songs in secret, al-
37
38
CHAPTER 2. 1956 TO 1967 THE BLACK-AND-WHITE YEARS
though the jury members from Luxembourg were unable

to make it to Lugano. The voting system at this Contest
allowed juries to vote for any competing song, including
those of their own country. Additionally, the Swiss jury
was allowed by the EBU to vote also on behalf of the
Luxembourg delegation. Some even think that the Swiss
entry won because of this rule.[2] This system was never
repeated.[1]
Lost tapes
While the contest was shown and recorded for television broadcasting in certain European countries (as television sets were somewhat uncommon still at this time),
no copies have survived, with the exception of Lys Assias
repeat performance at the end of the contest. It is one of
only two contests to not have survived completely, along
with the 1964 contest (of which the tapes were destroyed
in a re).
2.1.5 Results
Except for the winning song, the results have never been
published. Simon Barclays book The Complete and Independent Guide to the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 includes a table with what appears to be the results, but the
author does not give a source and under the chart he writes
that the votes awarded have never been disclosed.[4]
According to writer Jan Feddersen, "Im Wartesaal zum
groen Glck" was probably voted No. 2 behind Lys
Assia.[5]
2.1.6 International broadcasts

The participating national broadcasters sent commentators to the contest, in order to provide coverage of the
contest in their own native language. Details of the commentators and the broadcasting station that they represented are shown in the table below.[8]
2.1.4
Participating countries

Song Contest
Seven countries participated in the rst ever contest, each
were represented with two songs. Three more countries,
Austria, Denmark, and United Kingdom were also expected to take part in the contest, but they missed the submission deadline and therefore could not take part. The
BBC's Festival of British Popular Song, which had been
intended to choose the United Kingdom entry, was in the
end not held until after the Eurovision contest.[1]
Switzerland - Georges Hardy (TSR)

Belgium - Janine Lambotte (INR), Nand Baert
(NIR)
Germany - Wolf Mittler (ARD)
France - Michle Rebel[10] (RTF)
Luxembourg - Jacques Navadic (TlLuxembourg)
Italy - Franco Marazzi (Programma Nazionale)
Austria (non-participating country) - Wolf Mittler (ORF)
Denmark (non-participating country) - Gunnar

Hansen (Statsradiofonien TV)
United Kingdom (non-participating country) Wilfred Thomas (BBC Television Service)
Conductors
Each performance had a maestro who conducted the
orchestra.[3] The conductors listed conducted both performances for the indicated countries.
Netherlands - Piet te Nuyl[9] (NTS)
Netherlands - Fernando Paggi

Switzerland - Fernando Paggi
Belgium - Lo Souris
Germany - Fernando Paggi
France - Franck Pourcel
Luxembourg - Jacques Lassry
Italy - Gian Stellari
2.1.7 References
[1] Eurovision History - Lugano 1956. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
[2] Jan Feddersen: Ein Lied kann eine Brcke sein. 1. Auage. Homann und Campe Verlag, Hamburg 2002,
ISBN 3-455-09350-7. S. 374.
[3] http://www.andtheconductoris.eu
[4] Barclay, Simon (June 17, 2010). The Complete and Independent Guide to the Eurovision Song Contest 2010. Silverthorn Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-4457-8415-1.
2.2. EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1957
[5] Jan Feddersen: Ein Lied kann eine Brcke sein. 1. Auage. Homann und Campe Verlag, Hamburg 2002,
ISBN 3-455-09350-7. S. 374.
39
2.2.1 Location
For more details on the host city, see Frankfurt am Main.
[6] Eurovision Song Contest 1956. The Diggiloo Thrush.

Retrieved 4 March 2012.
[7] Scoreboard results. Eurovision Song Contest 1956.
EBU. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
[8] Eurovision 1956 Cast and Crew Details. IMDb. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
[9] Nederlandse televisiecommentatoren bij het Eurovisie
Songfestival. Eurovision Artists (in Dutch).
Frankfurt am
Main
[10] Concours Eurovision de la Chanson 1956 (in French).
Songcontest.free.fr. 23 March 2008. Retrieved 5 March Location of the host city.
2012.
The contest took place in Frankfurt am Main (or simply
2.1.8
External links
Ocial website
Listen to the whole 1956 contest
Coordinates: 4600N 857E / 46.000N 8.950E
Groer Sendesaal des hessischen Rundfunks, Frankfurt am Main
- venue of the 1957 contest.
Frankfurt), one of the largest cities in, at the time West

Germany. The host venue was the Groer Sendesaal des
The Eurovision Song Contest 1957 was the second edi- Hessischen Rundfunks, a building, music hall and former
tion of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held television studio based in Frankfurt am Main. Today it
on Sunday 3 March 1957 in Frankfurt-am-Main, West is used as a music hall.[2][3]
Germany. It was won by the Netherlands with "Net als After being devastated in the Second World War durtoen", performed by Corry Brokken.[1] Like the rst 1956 ing the early 1940s, Frankfurt rebuilt itself well into the
edition, this one was still mainly a radio programme, but 1950s into one of Europes most prominent nancial centhere was a noticeable increase in the number of people tres. With investments coming in from both national and
with televisions.
international nancial institutions, 1957, the year of the
For some time, a rumour had existed that the privilege of
hosting the 1957 contest was given to Germany because
they had come in second place in 1956 with "Im Wartesaal zum groen Glck" by Walter Andreas Schwarz. In
fact, not only were the ocial 1956 scores withheld, but
the rule stating that the winning nation hosts the next
years Eurovision Song Contest had not yet been conceived. It was planned at the time that each participating
country would take it in turns to host the event. However, as more countries wished to participate, this became
impractical.[1]
contest, already saw the rst of Frankfurts high-rise business buildings.[4][5]
2.2.2 Format
In this years contest the Italian entry lasted for 5:09 minutes, whilst the UKs entry lasted for only 1:52 minutes. It
was because of songs like the former that a rule was eventually introduced restricting each song to a maximum of
3 minutes; this rule still applies.[1]
40
In a change of rules from the previous years contest, duos

were allowed to compete. Danish representatives, Birthe
Wilke and Gustav Winckler, were the rst of such acts
to participate under this rule change. At the end of their
performance, the couple exchanged the longest kiss in the
contests history, although only people with televisions
could actually see it. This was due to a member of the
production sta forgetting to give a pre-arranged sign that
the kiss should end.[1]
Returning artists
The contest saw the return of two artists who had
participated in the previous edition of the contest.
Corry Brokken for Netherlands; and Lys Assia for
Switzerland.[1]
2.2.4 Results
This was the rst year where the juries were contacted
by telephone. It was also the rst time the Netherlands 2.2.5 Scoreboard
won the contest. Another notable change was that the
national juries could not vote for their own song, a rule 2.2.6 International broadcasts and voting
which would be continued throughout the contests subThe table below shows the order in which votes were cast
sequent history.[1]
during the 1957 contest along with the spokesperson who
was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Each national broadcaster also sent a com2.2.3 Participating countries
mentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of
Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision the contest in their own native language. Details of the
commentators and the broadcasting station for which they
Song Contest
represented are also included in the table below.[9]
Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, and Switzerland make their second ap- 2.2.7 References
pearances following their dbuts in 1956. Austria,
Denmark, and the United Kingdom made their dbuts; [1] the show Eurovision Song Contest 1957 Check |url=
these countries had wanted to participate in 1956, but
value (help). EBU. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
had applied to the European Broadcasting Union after
the deadline for song submissions for that years contest [2] Location database - Groer Sendesaal des hessischen
Rundfunks. lm-commission-hessen.de. Retrieved 12
had passed, thus missing it. With those joining in 1957,
June 2012.
the total number of countries was ten, three more than in
[1]
the rst ever contest.
[3] Die singende Richterin: Corry Brokken (in German).
Eurovision.de. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
Conductors
Each performance had a conductor who maestro the
orchestra.[6]
[4] Reconstruction and the Frankfurter Principle"". Messe

Frankfurt. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
[5] Frankfurt City History. Tourist Information Oces
Frankfurt. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
Belgium - Willy Berking
Luxembourg - Willy Berking

United Kingdom - Eric Robinson
Italy - Armando Trovajoli
[8] Scoreboard results. Eurovision Song Contest 1957.

EBU. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
[9] Eurovision 1957 Cast and Crew. IMDb. Retrieved 5
March 2012.
Austria - Carl de Groof
Netherlands - Dolf van der Linden
Germany - Willy Berking

Songcontest.free.fr. 18 September 2006. Retrieved 5
March 2012.
France - Paul Durand

Denmark - Kai Mortensen
Switzerland - Willy Berking
[12] Leif Thorsson. Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["Melodifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 10. Stockholm: Premium Publishing AB. ISBN 91-89136-29-2
2.2.8
41
External links
Ocial website

The Eurovision Song Contest 1958 was the third
Eurovision Song Contest. The contest took place in
Hilversum, Netherlands, following the countrys win at
the 1957 Contest, forming the convention that the winning country of the previous Eurovision Song Contest
hosts the following years contest. The event was held on
Wednesday 12 March 1958 at AVRO Studios. The winner was France with the song "Dors, mon amour", performed by Andr Claveau, written by Pierre Delano and
composed by Hubert Giraud.
Ten countries participated. It was Frances rst win.
Sweden made its debut while the United Kingdom did
not enter the contest for the second and last time to date,
having missed the rst contest two years earlier. As in
1956, it is the only contest that has not featured a single
song in the English language. The 1958 contest continued with the policy implemented the year before where
each country was limited to one song entry. This policy
has been retained to date.[1]
2.3.1
Location
AVRO Studios, Hilversum - host venue of the 1958 contest.
end of the 1950s ripe to provide great experience of organization skills and sta to produce and broadcast such international TV-transmitted event as the Eurovision Song
Contest, while on the other hand TV was still a challenging advanced technology in general within Europe.
One such media network was the host of the event,
Nederlandse Televisie Stichting. The venue of the contest was the studio of AVRO (Algemene Vereniging Radio Omroep or General Association of Radio Broadcasting), a buildings-complex for the medias network
among the medias buildings within Hilversum, and which
belonged to the Dutch public broadcasting association
operating within the framework of the Nederlandse Publieke Omroep system.
2.3.2 Format
For more details on the host city, see Hilversum.
Hilversum
Location of the host city.
Hilversum, a municipality and a town in the province
of North Holland, is known as the Media Capital
of the Netherlands.[1] Hilversum had become the centre of broadcasting and radio in the Netherlands since
the 1920s when Dutch radio company Nederlandse Seintoestellen Fabriek settled there, and today the media sector stands as one of the top employers in the municipality
of Hilversum.[2]
In the coming decades after the 1920s settlement of the
Dutch Radio Company in Hilversum, almost all other radio stations in the Netherlands followed suit, with television following in the 1950s, thus making Hilversum at the
The contest was held in one of Avro studios halls. The

hall contained a very small stage to function as a slightly
higher stand for the singers, with the program being
shot from the stage-oor up, living outside the lmingframe the microphones and other technical devices wires
which went through the studios lower oor - at the foot
of the stage. The decorative emphasis was at the stage
background, the stage front and the left side from the
stage from the spectators view - where the orchestra and
where the performers and host stairs-entrance were located. The background of the stage had an images-board
to show behind each singer, to contextually feat each
songs lyrics. The center-front of the stage before the
performers, and the left area from the stage with the orchestra and stairs entrance, were decorated with tulips, of
which the Netherlands are known for.[1]
The juries were not in the studio as in 1956. For the
1958 event, they remained in their own countries, listening to the event. Once the songs had all been sung,
juries announced their results via telephone in reverse order of presentation, as in the previous year. The Italian
entry was not picked up properly in some of the other
countries, which meant that after all the other songs had
been presented, Domenico Modugno had to perform his
42
song again. It was the only year that the host country nished in last place until 2015, and the rst time more than
one country was placed last. The interval act was music
by the Metropole Orkest, under the direction of maestro
Dolf van der Linden. There were two interval acts, one
in the middle of the competing songs performances and
one after all the rest of the competing performances were
shown.
2.3.3
Returning artists
Four artists who had participated in previous editions of
the contest returned in 1958: Fud Leclerc, who also represented Belgium in 1956; Margot Hielscher for Germany, who also participated in 1957; Corry Brokken for
the Netherlands, who participated in 1956 and won in
1957; and Lys Assia, who won the rst contest in 1956
and participated in 1957.
2.3.4 Results

2.3.5
Song Contest
Scoreboard
Sweden, a country that would later be one of the most

successful in the contest, debuted this year. The United
Kingdom decided to withdraw from the contest.
After the contest, the Italian entry Nel Blu Dipinto Di
Blu (subsequently known as Volare) by Domenico
Modugno went on to become a worldwide hit. During the
1st Grammy Awards, held on 4 May 1959 at Hollywood's
Beverly Hilton Hotel, Nel blu dipinto di blu received
two awards, for Record of the Year and Song of the
Year.[3] The song is the only foreign-language recording
to achieve this honour,[4] and it is the only song to have
competed in the Eurovision Song Contest and received a
Grammy Award.[5] The song also managed to reach the
No.1 spot in the US-American Billboard Charts, making
it one of the most successful Eurovision songs in the history of the contest. The song was also voted the second
best Eurovision entry of all time at the 50th anniversary
show "Congratulations" in 2005.
The scoreboard, after Austria contributed its points
Conductors
orchestra.[6]
Italy - Alberto Semprini
Luxembourg - Dolf van der Linden
Sweden - Dolf van der Linden
Belgium - Dolf van der Linden
Germany - Dolf van der Linden
Austria - Willy Fantl
Andr Claveau during a rehearsal, singing Dors, mon amour
Switzerland - Paul Burkhard
Each country had 10 jury members who each decided the

best song and each awarded 1 point.
2.3.6
International broadcasts and voting
The table below shows the order in which votes were cast
was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Each national broadcaster also sent a commentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of
the contest in their own native language. Details of the
Voting and spokespersons
1.
Switzerland - Mni Weber
43
2.3.7 References
[1] Eurovision History Hilversum 1958. European
Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
[2] From Hilvertshem to Hilversum (in Dutch). Hilversum
Mediastad. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
[3] Dornbrook, Don (24 May 1959). And Now the Grammy
Awards. The Milwaukee Journal. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
[4] GRAMMY Rewind: 1st Annual GRAMMY Awards.
www.grammy.com. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
[5] International Pull of Grammys Veries In Key Markets Grammy Facts. Billboard. 6 March 1999. p. 101. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
2.
Austria - TBC
3.
Germany- Claudia Doren
4.
Belgium - Paule Herreman

5.
Denmark - Svend Pedersen
6.
Sweden - Roland Eiworth[9]
7.
Luxembourg - TBC
8.
France - Armand Lanoux[10]
9.
Netherlands - Piet te Nuyl
10.
Italy - Fulvia Colombo
Commentators
Austria - Peter Alexander (ORF)

Belgium - Arlette Vincent (INR), Nand Baert
(NIR)
[8] Eurovision 1958 Cast and Crew Details. IMDb. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
[9] Infosajten.com. Infosajten.com. Archived from the
original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[10] Tchernia, Pierre et al. (March 12, 1958). 3me Concours
Eurovision de la Chanson 1958 [3rd Eurovision Song Contest 1958] (Television production). Netherlands: NTS,
RTF (commentary).
[11] CONCOURS EUROVISION DE LA CHANSON
1958. Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
Denmark - Gunnar Hansen (Statsradiofonien
TV)
France - Pierre Tchernia[11] (RTF)
Germany - Wolf Mittler (Deutsches Fernsehen)
Italy - Bianca Maria Piccinino (Programma

Nazionale)
Luxembourg - Jacques Navadic (TlLuxembourg)
Ocial website
The Eurovision Song Contest 1959 was the fourth edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held on
Wednesday 11 March 1959 in Cannes, France, following
Sweden - Jan Gabrielsson (Sveriges Radio- the countrys victory at the 1958 edition.[1] The contest
TV)[13]
was won by the Netherlands with the song "Een beetje",
performed by Teddy Scholten. This was their second and
Switzerland - Theodor Haller (TV DRS),

the rst time a country had won the contest twice. Willy
Georges Hardy (TSR)
van Hemert was also the lyricist of "Net als toen", which
United Kingdom - Peter Haigh (BBC Televi- won the Eurovision Song Contest 1957. Van Hemert was
sion Service), Tom Sloan (BBC Light Programme) the rst person to win the Eurovision Song Contest twice.
Netherlands - Siebe van der Zee[12] (NTS)
44
2.4.1
Location
For more details on the host city, see Cannes.
again, was that more than the winning entry was performed once again. The second and third placed songs,
United Kingdom and France, were allowed to sing again
at the end of the show, together with eventual winner, the
Netherlands.
2.4.3 Participating countries

Song Contest
Luxembourg withdrew from the contest for the rst time.
The United Kingdom returned after missing the previCannes
ous contest (appearing on the scoreboard as Grande BreLocation of the host city.
tagne) and nished second for the rst time. The UK
The event took place in Cannes, France, with the venue
would have 15 second-place nishes in the countrys history in the contest. Monaco made its debut in the contest,
but came last.
0
51 30'
(km)
250
41
Conductors
orchestra.[2]
Palais des Festivals et des Congrs, Cannes - host venue of the

1959 contest.
being the original building of Palais des Festivals et des

Congrs, after France got the right to host this edition
of the Eurovision Song Contest for winning its previous 1958 edition with the song "Dors, mon amour" performed by Andr Claveau. Cannes, a city located on the
French Riviera, is a busy tourist destination and known
worldwide for hosting the annual Cannes Film Festival,
with the Palais des Festivals et des Congrs also hosting
the Film Festival. The original building was built in 1949
and was located on the boulevard of Promenade de la
Croisette, on the present site of the JW Marriott Cannes.
2.4.2
Format
A new rule was created for this Eurovision, ensuring that

no professional publishers or composers were allowed in
the national juries. Italy gave one point to France, no
points to the UK and seven points to the Netherlands
placing them just three points ahead of the UK. Later
on France gave only three points to Italy and four points
to the Netherlands giving them a ve-point lead over the
UK, who were only one point ahead of France, leaving Italy behind in sixth position, behind Denmark, on
nine points. Something that occurred this year, but never
Italy - William Galassini
Monaco - Franck Pourcel
Germany - Franck Pourcel
Sweden - Franck Pourcel
Switzerland - Franck Pourcel
Austria - Franck Pourcel
Belgium - Francis Bay
Returning artists
The contest saw the return of two artists who had participated in previous editions of the contest. Birthe Wilke for
Denmark (previous entry in 1957); and Domenico Modugno for Italy (previously entry in 1958).
45
2.4.4
Results
2.4.5
Scoreboard
2.4.6
Ocial website
Coordinates:
7.02222E
433312N 70120E / 43.55333N
The table above shows the order in which votes were cast
was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Each national broadcaster also sent a com- 2.5 Eurovision Song Contest 1960
commentators and the broadcasting station for which they The Eurovision Song Contest 1960 was the fth edition
of the Eurovision Song Contest. It was held on Tuesday
29 March 1960 in London. Although the Netherlands
had won the contest in 1959, the Netherlands Television
Foundation declined to host another contest so soon after
staging the event in 1958. The honour of hosting the contest therefore passed to the United Kingdom, which had
1.
Belgium - Bert Leysen
come second in 1959. Therefore, the BBC chose Cather2.
United Kingdom - Pete Murray
ine Boyle (as she was then known) to be the mistress of
ceremonies at the contest for the rst time. France's win
3.
Austria - Karl Bruck
this year was their second in the contest.[1] The contest
was won by France with the song Tom Pillibi, performed
4.
Switzerland - Boris Acquadro
by Jacqueline Boyer.
5.
Sweden - Roland Eiworth
6.
7.
8.
9.
Germany - TBC
Netherlands - Siebe van der Zee
2.5.1 Location
[5]
Monaco - TBC
For more details on the host city, see London.
Italy - Enzo Tortora
10.
11.
France - Marianne Lecne
Commentators
2.4.7
References
[1] Eurovision History - Cannes 1959. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
[2] andtheconductoris.eu
[4] Eurovision 1959 - Cast and Crew. IMDb. Retrieved 5
March 2012.
[5] Teddy Scholten eerste in Eurovisie Songfestival,
Utrechts Nieuwsblad, 12 March 1959
London
The 1960 Eurovision Song Contest was hosted in London. The Royal Festival Hall, the venue for the 1960 contest, is a 2,900-seat concert, dance and talks venue within
Southbank Centre in London. It is situated on the South
Bank of the River Thames, not far from Hungerford
Bridge.[2]
The result was a win for France, however Germany,

Monaco and the UK led in the early stages of voting. The
UK came second with 25 points, four more points than
[7] Leif Thorsson. Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["Melod- the winning song in 1959, and Monaco came third on 15
ifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 20. Stockholm: Pre- points making up for their disappointing dbut result the
mium Publishing AB. ISBN 91-89136-29-2
year before.[1]
[6] Teddy Scholten won voor Nederland Songfestival. De
Leeuwarder Courant (in Dutch). March 12, 1959.
46

Returning artists
The contest saw the return of one artist who had participated in its previous editions, with Belgiums representative Fud Leclerc, who previously represented the country
in 1956 and 1958.[1]
2.5.3 Results
2.5.4 Scoreboard
Royal Festival Hall, London - host venue of the 1960 contest.
2.5.2
Each country had 10 jury members who each awarded 1

point to their favourite song.
2.5.5 International broadcasts and voting

The table above shows the order in which votes were cast
Song Contest
was responsible for announcing the votes for their respecInterest in the contest started to grow across Europe, with tive country. Each national broadcaster also sent a comthe number of participating nations increasing to 13 this mentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of
year. Norway made its debut with one of their leading the contest in their own native language. Details of the
jazz singers. Luxembourg returned to the contest after commentators and the broadcasting station for which they
a one-year break with a song in native Luxembourgish represented are also included in the table below.[5]
language.[1]
Conductors
The conductors of the orchestra for each countrys performance were:[3]

1.
France - TBC
2.
3.
Germany - TBC
4.
Netherlands - Siebe van der Zee[6]
Sweden - Thore Ehrling
Luxembourg - Eric Robinson
5.
Belgium - Henri Segers
6.
Monaco - TBC
Norway - ivind Bergh
7.
Austria - TBC
Austria - Robert Stolz
8.
Norway - Kari Borg Mannsker
9.
Belgium - Arlette Vincent
10.
Monaco - Raymond Lefvre
Switzerland - Cdric Dumont
Germany - Franz Josef Breuer
11.
Luxembourg - TBC
Italy - Cinico Angelini
12.
Sweden - Tage Danielsson
13.
United Kingdom - Nick Burrell-Davis[7]
47
Commentators
2.5.6
in Cannes, France, where it had been staged two years

previously. Luxembourg won for its rst time with the
song "Nous les amoureux" performed in French by JeanClaude Pascal. As the contest overran its allocated time,
and the show was being broadcast live, the winning songs
reprise was not shown in the UK.[1]
Notes and references
Notes
1. ^ The song was performed in Norwegian, but the
title of the song is in the North Sami dialect of the
Sami languages, translating as the expression Hey
Hey.
2.6.1 Location
References
For more details on the host city, see Cannes.
[1] Eurovision History - London 1960. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
[2] RFH.co.uk About the Southbank Centre Check |url=
value (help). Southbank Centre. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
March 2012.
0
51 30'
(km)
250
Cannes
The event took place in Cannes, France, with the venue
41
[6] Toch geen geluk voor Rudi, Nieuwe Leidsche Courant,

30 March 1960
[7] Roxburgh, Gordon (2012). Songs For Europe The United
Kingdom at The Eurovision Song Contest Volume One: The
1950s and 1960s. UK: Telos. p. 216. ISBN 978-184583-065-6.
[8] Programm vom Dienstag, den 29. Mrz 1960s (in German) http://www.tvprogramme.net/60/1960/19600329.
htm. Missing or empty |title= (help)
2.5.7
External links
Palais des Festivals et des Congrs, Cannes - host venue of the

1961 contest.
Ocial website
Coordinates:
513021.01N
51.5058361N 0.1167889W
00700.44W

The Eurovision Song Contest 1961 was the sixth
Eurovision Song Contest. It was held on 18 March 1961
and was the rst to take place on a Saturday night, a
tradition that has continued into modern times. It was
hosted in the Palais des Festivals et des Congrs located
being the original building of Palais des Festivals et des

Congrs, after France got the right to host this edition
of the Eurovision Song Contest for winning its previous
1960 edition with the song "Tom Pillibi" performed by
Jacqueline Boyer. Cannes, a city located on the French
Riviera, is a busy tourist destination and known worldwide for hosting the annual Cannes Film Festival, with the
Palais des Festivals et des Congrs also hosting the Film
Festival. The original building was built in 1949 and was
located on the boulevard of Promenade de la Croisette,
on the present site of the JW Marriott Cannes. It also
hosted the 1959 edition of the Eurovision Song Contest.
48
2.6.2
Format
Jacqueline Joubert presented the show, having already

done so two years earlier in 1959. The stage used for the
1961 Contest was notably larger than in previous years
and was decorated with owers. It is noticeable that
during the voting, Luxembourg gave the UK 8 points,
and Norway also gave Denmark 8 points. It was the
largest amount of points given to a country by a single
jury since 1958, when Denmark provided France with 9
points. Such a high number of points obtained by a country wouldn't be achieved until 1970, when Ireland would
receive 9 points from Belgium.[1]
2.6.3
Returning artists
The contest saw the return of two artists this year with
the Belgian representative, Bob Benny, who previously
participated in the 1959 contest; and Nora Brockstedt,
who performed for Norway in 1960.[1]
2.6.4 Results
2.6.5 Scoreboard
Each country had 10 jury members who each awarded 1
point to their favourite song.

Song Contest
was responsible for announcing the votes for their respecA total of sixteen countries took part in the Contest,
tive country. Each national broadcaster also sent a comincluding the three debuting countries: Finland, Spain,
and Yugoslavia. There were no returning or withdrawing
[1]
countries this particular year.
Conductors
orchestra.[2]
Spain - Rafael Ferrer

1.
2.
United Kingdom - Michael Aspel[5]
Monaco - Raymond Lefevre
3.
Luxembourg - TBC
Austria - Franck Pourcel
4.
Denmark - Ole Mortensen
Finland - George de Godzinsky
5.
Norway - Mette Janson[6]
Yugoslavia - Joze Privzek
6.
Belgium - TBC
7.
Sweden - William Lind
8.
France - TBC
Germany - Franck Pourcel
9.
Germany - TBC
Switzerland - Fernando Paggi
Luxembourg - Leo Chauliac
United Kingdom - Harry Robinson
Italy - Gianfranco Intra
10.
Sweden - Roland Eiworth[7]
11.
Netherlands - Siebe van der Zee[8]
12.
Yugoslavia - TBC
13.
Finland - Poppe Berg[9]
14.
Austria - TBC
15.
Monaco - TBC
16. Spain - Diego Ramrez Pastor[10]

All the juries (apart from Austria and the United Kingdom) announced their votes in French.
49
Commentators
2.7.1 Location
2.6.7
For more details on the host city, see Luxembourg (city).
References
[1] Eurovision Song Contest 1961. EBU. Retrieved 200902-13. |rst1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
March 2012.
Luxembourg City
The 1962 Eurovision Song Contest was hosted in
[6] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway)

[8] Greetje vanavond nummer zes, Nieuwe Leidsche
Courant, 18 March 1961
[9] Selostajat ja taustalaulajat lpi vuosien? Viisukuppila. Viisukuppila.. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[10] FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIN Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[11] Christian Masson. 1961 - Cannes. Songcontest.free.fr.
[12] Rau, Oliver (OGAE Germany)
Villa Louvigny, Luxembourg - host venue of the 1962 contest.
Luxembourg City. The venue chosen to host the 1962

contest was the Villa Louvigny. The building served
as the headquarters of Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de
[14] Leif Thorsson. Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["MelodTldiusion, the forerunner of RTL Group. It is located
ifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 34. Stockholm: Prein Municipal Park, in the Ville Haute quarter of the centre
of the city.[1]
2.6.8
External links
Ocial website
Coordinates:
7.02222E
433312N 70120E / 43.55333N
2.7.2 Format
After Frances entry had been performed, there was a
short power failure rendering the screens dark. There
also seemed to be an even shorter power failure during
the Netherlands entry, when viewers around Europe only
saw darkness on their television screens when the Netherlands performed. The power failure seemed to aect
the Netherlands score during the voting. Nevertheless,
the song turned out to be popular in Europe after the
contest.[1]
The Eurovision Song Contest 1962 was the seventh edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest, held on Sunday 18 March 1962 at the Villa Louvigny in Luxembourg.
The contest was won for a third time by France with the 2.7.3 Participating countries
song "Un premier amour", performed by Isabelle Aubret.
This marked the rst time a country had won three con- Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision
tests. Austria, Belgium, Netherlands, and Spain all scored Song Contest
nul points for the rst time.[1]
50
All countries who participated in the Eurovision Song

Contest 1961 returned for a second consecutive year,
with no new countries making a dbut, nor any nations
returning or withdrawing.[1]
Conductors
orchestra.[2]
Finland - George de Godzinsky
Belgium - Henri Segers
Spain - Jean Roders
Austria - Bruno Uher
Sweden - Egon Kjerrman
Germany - Rolf-Hans Mller
Switzerland - Cedric Dumont
Yugoslavia - Joze Privzek
United Kingdom - Wally Stott
Luxembourg - Jean Roders
Italy - Cinico Angelini
Monaco - Raymond Lefvre
Returning artists
Isabelle Aubret singing her winning song "Un premier amour" at

the Eurovision Song Contest 1962

The contest saw the return of four artists this year, with
three artists having previously participated in the 1960. Voting and spokespersons
Camillo Felgen for Luxembourg; Franois Deguelt for
Monaco; and Fud Leclerc making his fourth appearance
1.
Monaco - TBC[5]
for Belgium, having also been present at the 1956 and
2.
1958 contests. Jean Philippe, having previous represented France in 1959, returned to the contest as a repre3.
Luxembourg - TBC
sentative for Switzerland.[1]
4.
United Kingdom - Alex Macintosh[6]

Yugoslavia - Mladen Deli
2.7.4
Results
5.
2.7.5
Scoreboard
6.
Switzerland - Alexandre Burger
3 points
7.
Norway - Kari Borg Mannsker[7]
Below is a summary of all 3 points in the nal:
8.
France - Andr Valmy[8]
9.
51
Netherlands - Ger Lugtenburg
10.
Germany - TBC
11.
Sweden - Tage Danielsson[9]
12.
Denmark - Ole Mortensen
13.
Austria - TBC
Ocial website
Coordinates: 493641N 060721E / 49.61139N
6.12250E
14. Spain - Diego Ramrez Pastor[10]

15.
Belgium - Arlette Vincent[5]
16.

The Eurovision Song Contest 1963 was the eighth annual Eurovision Song Contest. The contest was held in
London, United Kingdom, after the British broadcaster
BBC stepped in to organise the event. France had won
the 1962 edition with the right to host this following one
but were unable to, due to nancial shortcomings.
Commentators
2.7.7
References
[1] Eurovision Song Contest 1962. EBU. Retrieved 12 June

2012.
The contest was won by Denmark with the song

"Dansevise", performed by Grethe & Jrgen Ingmann.
Denmarks win was their rst. Four countries got nil
points, with Finland, Norway and Sweden failing to score
any points for the rst time and The Netherlands for the
second time, becoming the rst country to go two years
in a row without scoring a single point.[2]

March 2012.
[5] Christian Masson. 1962 - Luxembourg.
test.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Songcon-
2.8.1 Location

[8] Tchernia, Pierre et al. (March 18, 1958). 6me Concours
Eurovision de la Chanson 1962 [6th Eurovision Song Contest 1962] (Television production). Luxembourg: RTL,
RTF (commentary).
London
The BBC was willing to host the contest instead of the
previous years winner France, as was the case in 1960,
1972 and 1974 with previous winning broadcasters that
could not aord to organise a contest.
The host venue was the BBC Television Centre, White

City, London, which opened in 1960. It is one of the most
readily recognisable facilities of its type having appeared
[14] Leif Thorsson. Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["Melod- as the backdrop for many BBC programmes. It remained
ifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 40. Stockholm: Pre- to be one of the largest such facilities in the world until it
closed in March 2013.[3]
52

Song Contest
All countries which participated in the 1961 and 1962
contests, returned for a third consecutive year, with no
new countries making a dbut, nor any returning or withdrawing nations this particular year.
Conductors
The participating conductors were:[4]
BBC Television Centre, London - host venue of the 1963 contest.
Returning artists
2.8.2
Format
This year saw the return of just one artist, with Ronnie
Carroll representing the United Kingdom for the second
[2]
Two studios (TC3 and TC4) were used: one for the mis- consecutive year.
tress of ceremonies Katie Boyle, the audience, and the
scoreboard; the other for the performers and the orchestra accompanying them. Unusually, a boom microphone 2.8.4 Results
(normally used for drama and comedy shows) was employed - the viewer doesn't see this, so it appears as if 2.8.5 Scoreboard
the artists were miming to their vocals. This was not the
case, but this innovation was to create a new look for the Each country had 20 jury members who awarded their
ve favourite songs 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 points in order. All
contest.[2]
those points would then be added up and the ve song
with the most points got 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 votes in order.
Voting controversy
5 points
One controversy this year was during the voting. When

it was Norway's turn to announce their votes, the
spokesman in Oslo did not use the correct procedure in
that the song number, followed by the name of the country, should have been announced before awarding the
points. Katie Boyle asked Norway to repeat their results,
but the Norwegian spokesman asked Katie to return to
them after all the other results were in. When Katie went
back to Norway again the votes had mysteriously altered,
thus changing the outcome of the contest and giving the
victory to Norways neighbours Denmark at Switzerland's
expense. In fact, the Norwegian spokesman had not given
the correct votes on the rst occasion.[2] Monaco was
also asked to do their voting a second time as initially
Monaco give one point to both the United Kingdom and
Luxembourg. However, when Katie Boyle went back to
Monaco to receive the votes again Monacos one vote to
Luxembourg was eciently discarded (although this did
not have any eect on the positions of the countries).[2] It
has also been speculated as to whether the juries were indeed on the end of a telephone line or in the actual studio
given how clearly their voices could be heard as opposed
to sounding as though they were being redirected through
a telephone line.

represented are also included in the table below.
Voting and spokesperson
1.
United Kingdom - Nicholas Parsons
2.
Netherlands - Pim Jacobs[6]
3.
Germany - TBC
4.
Austria - TBC
5.
Norway - Roald yen[7]
6.
7.
8.
Denmark - TBC
9.
Yugoslavia - Miloje Orlovi
10.
Switzerland - Alexandre Burger
11.
France - TBC
12. Spain - TBC

13.
Sweden - Edvard Matz[9]
14.
Belgium - TBC
15.
16.
Monaco - TBC
Luxembourg - TBC
Commentators
1.
2.
Austria - Hanns Joachim Friedrichs (ORF)[10]
Denmark - Ole Mortensen (DR TV)[10]
4.
Finland - Aarno Walli (Suomen Televisio)
5.
France - Pierre Tchernia (RTF)[11]

Germany - Hanns Joachim Friedrichs (ARD
Deutsches Fernsehen)[12]
7.
Italy - Renato Tagliani (Programma Nazionale)
8.
Luxembourg - Pierre Tchernia (TlLuxembourg)[10]
9.
Monaco - Pierre Tchernia (Tl Monte

Carlo)[10]
10.
2.8.7 References
[1] Eurovision Song Contest 1963. Songs4Europe.com.
2012.
[3] Dyke accused of conict of interest over 6m holding in
rival TV rm. The Independent. London. 17 January
2000.
[4] Conductors. andtheconductoris.eu.
February 2016.
Retrieved 29

Belgium - Herman Verelst and Denise Maes

(BRT);[10] Pierre Delhasse (RTB)[10]
3.
6.
53
Netherlands - Willem Duys (NTS)

[11] Christian Masson. 1963 - Londres. Songcontest.free.fr.
Norway - ivind Johnsen (NRK and NRK P1) Media related to Eurovision Song Contest 1963 at Wikimedia Commons
12. Spain - Federico Gallo (TVE)[13]
11.
13.
Sweden - Jrgen Cederberg (Sveriges RadioTV and SR P1)[14]
14.
Switzerland - Theodor Haller (TV DRS);

Georges Hardy (TSR); Renato Tagliani (TSI)[10]
Ocial website
United Kingdom - David Jacobs (BBC TV); The Eurovision Song Contest 1964 was the ninth edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held in
Michael Aspel (BBC Light Programme)
Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, after the countrys
16.
Yugoslavia - Ljubomir Vukadinovi (Televizija victory in the 1963 edition. Italy won the contest for the
Beograd); Gordana Bonetti (Televizija Zagreb); rst time scoring 49 points with the song "Non ho l'et",
Toma Terek (Televizija Ljubljana)
performed by Gigliola Cinquetti.
15.
54
2.9.1
Location
For more details on the host city, see Copenhagen.
in the history of the contest, with a score almost three

times that of her nearest rival, a feat extremely unlikely
ever to be beaten under the post-1974 scoring system.
As with the 1956 contest, no video recording of the actual contest performance is known to survive (although
one does of the shorter winning reprise); however like
the 1956 contest an audio recording does exist. (Videos
of Cinquettis Sanremo performance and her Eurovision
winning reprise have both appeared on YouTube.) Reports say that this is because there was a re at the studios
of DR, the Danish broadcaster, in the 1970s. No other
broadcaster recorded the entire show (although segments
of the contest do exist in the archives of NDR Germany)
[2]
Copenhagen other than for the Winners reprise. It has been speculated that the BBC once held a copy of the show, as an
The host venue for the contest was Tivolis Koncert- empty tape canister marked Eurovision 1964 was found
during a storage cleanup, but the tape was missing, presumably wiped.[3] The audio of the entire show however
is still intact, and an unocial release of the show has
been uploaded to YouTube with press-photos and some
intact video parts to supplement the audio.

Tivolis Koncertsal, Copenhagen - host venue of the 1964 contest.
sal (Tivoli Concert Hall) in Denmark's capital city

Copenhagen, which lies within Denmarks famous
amusement park and pleasure garden Tivoli Gardens.
The park, alluding by its name to the Jardin de Tivoli
that existed in Paris, was opened on 15 August 1843,
and is the second oldest amusement park in the world,
after Dyrehavsbakken in nearby Klampenborg.[1]

Song Contest
Sweden did not participate because of a boycott by

singers. They did however broadcast it. Portugal made its
dbut in the contest, however they became the rst country to score nul points on their dbut. Germany, Switzerland, and Yugoslavia also scored nul points for the rst
time. The Netherlands became the rst country to send a
singer of non-European ancestry, Anneke Grnloh was of
Indonesian descent.[2] The Spanish group Los TNT was
2.9.2 Format
the rst group of three or more participants of the history
Each country had 10 jury members who distributed three of the ESC.
points among their one, two, or three favourite songs. The
points were totaled and the rst, second, and third placed
songs were awarded 5, 3, and 1 votes in order. If only Returning artists
one song got every point within the jury it would get all
9 points. If only two songs were chosen, the songs would
One artist returned to the contest this year, Switzerlands
get 6 and 3 points in order.[2]
Anita Traversi that represented the country in 1960.[2]
A political protest occurred after the Swiss entry: a man
trespassed onto the stage holding a banner that read Boycott Franco & Salazar". Whilst this was going on, televiConductors
sion viewers were shown a shot of the scoreboard; once
the man was removed the contest went on.
2.9.4 Results
The immediate response of the Koncertsal audience to

the Italian entry was markedly enthusiastic and prolonged
and, most unusually for a contest performance, after leav- 2.9.5 Scoreboard
ing the stage Gigliola Cinquetti was allowed to return to
take a second bow. Her performance was given an un- 5 points
scheduled repeat on British television the following afternoon. In the event, she won the most crushing victory Below is a summary of all 5 points in the nal:
55
[10] Christian Masson. 1964 - Copenhague.

Songcon-
[11] Dirio de Lisboa, 22 March 1964
Dutch contestant Anneke Grnloh's dress
2.9.6
The table below shows the order in which votes were cast 2.9.8 External links
was responsible for announcing the votes for their respec Ocial website
tive country. Each national broadcaster also sent a commentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of
Coordinates: 554025N 123406E / 55.67361N
12.56833E
2.9.7
References
[1] Tivoli Tivoli Gardens Copenhagen Copenhagen Portal Tourist Guide. Copenhagenet.dk. Retrieved on 15
August 2011.
2012.
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
The Eurovision Song Contest 1965 was the tenth edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held
in Naples, Italy, following the Italian victory at the previThe Lost Tapes: BBC documentary about wiping during
ous 1964 edition. Luxembourg won, for the second time
the 60s, aired on BBC Three in 2009
in the history of the contest, with the song "Poupe de
Conductors 1964. andtheconductoris.eu. Retrieved 29 cire, poupe de son", performed by France Gall and comFebruary 2016.
posed by Serge Gainsbourg. Belgium, Finland, Germany,
and Spain each scored null points for the second time.
Eurovision Song Contest 1964. The Diggiloo Thrush. The 1965 contest marked the debut of Ireland, a country
which later went on to dominate the competition. This
Dokumentaire over Schiermonnikoog. De Leeuwarder was also the rst contest with over 16 countries participating with a total of 18 entries. The Swedish entry was
Courant (in Dutch). 23 March 1964.
also sung in English.[1] For the rst time in Eurovision
Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway)
history, the winning song was not a Ballad.
56
2.10.1
Location
For more details on the host city, see Naples.
second time. The competition was also broadcast via the

Intervision network, to the Eastern European nations for
the very rst time.[1]
Ingvar Wixell, the Swedish participant performed his
song in English instead of the original Swedish title Annorstdes Vals. The native languages were used for all
of the other participants. This led to a rule being introduced for the next 1966 edition, that meant all participants had to perform their songs using one of their national languages.[1]
Returning artists
Naples
The contest took place in Naples, the capital of region
Campania in southern Italy and the third-largest city in
Italy, after Rome and Milan. This is Italys rst hosting of the Eurovision Song Contest. The host venue was
the then new Sala di Concerto della RAI (RAI Production
Centre of Naples), founded few years prior to the contest,
in the late fties and early sixties. It is located in Viale
Marconi in the district of Fuorigrotta. The structure has
three TV studios for a total of 1227 m and capacity of
370 persons, used for the lming of programs and ction
and an auditorium. The Neapolitan song archives are also
housed in it.[1][2]
Three artists returned for a second time in this years contest: Udo Jrgens from Austria, whose previous participation was in 1964; Conchita Bautista from Spain, previously representation in 1961; and Vice Vukov from
Yugoslavia, who last participated in 1963.
Conductors
Each performance had a conductor who led the
orchestra.[3]
2.10.4 Results
[1] In the Swedish contest to select the Swedish contribution,
it was performed in Swedish and was then known as Annorstdes vals (Elsewhere Waltz)
2.10.5 Scoreboard
2.10.2
Format
Each country had 10 jury members who distributed three

points were totalled and the rst, second, and third placed
songs were awarded 5, 3, and 1 votes in order. If only
get 6 and 3 points in order.
Each country had 10 jury members who distributed three

points were totalled and the rst, second, and third placed
songs were awarded 5, 3, and 1 votes in order. If only
get 6 and 3 points in order.
5 points
2.10.3

Song Contest
18 countries took part, with the Eurovision Song Contest
reaching its highest ever number. Sweden returned after
a one-year absence, and Ireland debuted in the competition. Luxembourg won for the second time with the
highly controversial Poupe De Cire, Poupe De Son
sung by teenager France Gall which later went on to be a
massive hit in almost all European countries.[1] Belgium,
Finland, Germany, and Spain all scored null points for the

1.^ Belgium gave the United Kingdom 6
points.

57
the contest in their own native language. Details of the venue was Grand Auditorium de RTL in Villa Louvigny.
commentators and the broadcasting station for which they The presenter was Josiane Chen.
The winner was Austria with the song "Merci, Chrie"
performed and composed by Udo Jrgens, and written
by Jrgens and Thomas Hrbiger.[1] This would remain
2.10.7 References
Austrias only win in the contest until their second win
[1] Eurovision Song Contest 1965. EBU. Retrieved 14 June in 2014. The rule stating that a country could only sing
in any of its national languages was originally created in
2012.
this year, possibly due to the 1965 editions Swedish entry
[2] Presentazione del progetto Sala di Concerto della RAI which was sung in English.[2]
Check |url= value (help). Radio.Rai. Retrieved 14 June
2012.
[3] andtheconductoris.eu. andtheconductoris.eu. Retrieved

29 February 2016.
[4] Eurovision Song Contest 1965. The Diggiloo Thursh.
2.11.1 Location
[5] 18 landen azen op het Eurovisie-goud, Limburgsch

Dagblad, 20 March 1965
[8] http://www.tvprogramme.net/view_tag.php?tag=
1965-03-20
Luxembourg City
The 1966 Eurovision Song Contest was hosted in
[10] http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0313352/fullcredits#cast
[13] Christian Masson. 1965 - Naples. Songcontest.free.fr.
2.10.8
External links
Ocial website

The Eurovision Song Contest 1966 was the 11th edition
of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held on
5 March 1966 in Luxembourg, Luxembourg, following
the countrys win at the previous 1965 edition. The host
Villa Louvigny, Luxembourg - host venue of the 1966 contest.
Luxembourg City. The venue chosen to host the 1966

contest was the Villa Louvigny, which has also hosted
the Eurovision Song Contest 1962. The building served
as the headquarters of Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de
Tldiusion, the forerunner of RTL Group. It is located
in Municipal Park, in the Ville Haute quarter of the centre
of the city.
58
2.11.2
Format
During the voting process, the presenter (Josiane Chen)

accidentally greeted United Kingdom by saying Good
night, London., then, she realized the mistake and said
Good evening, London., after Michael Aspel, who was
the spokesperson for the United Kingdom, at that time,
responded by saying Good morning, Luxembourg.
Finland - Ossi Runne
Portugal - Jorge Costa Pinto
Austria - Hans Hammerschmid
1966 marked the year the rst ever black singer

graced the Eurovision stage, Milly Scott representing the
Netherlands. She was also the rst singer to use a portable
microphone. This was also the last contest that Denmark
participated in until 1978, more than a decade later.[2]
Sweden - Gert Ove Andersson
Spain - Rafael Ibarbia
2.11.3

Song Contest
All countries which participated in the 1965 contest re-
Switzerland - Jean Roderes
Monaco - Alain Goraguer
Italy - Angelo Giacomazzi
Ireland - Noel Kelehan
United Kingdom - Harry Rabinowitz
Returning artists
Two artists returned for a third time in this years contest.
Udo Jrgens from Austria whose previous participations
were in 1964 and 1965; and Domenico Modugno from
Italy, who last participated in 1958 and 1959.
2.11.4 Results
1.^ The song also contains phrases in French.
Udo Jrgens with last years winner France Gall
turned for a second consecutive year. There were no new

nations, nor any returning, nor withdrawals.[2]
Conductors
2.11.5 Scoreboard
5 points

orchestra.[3]
2.11.6
Germany - Willy Berking
Denmark - Arne Lamberth
Belgium - Jean Roderes
Luxembourg - Jean Roderes
Yugoslavia - Mojmir Sepe
2.11.7
59
References
song somewhat mellowed in later years, even releasing a

new version in 2007.[1]
[1] About Udo Jrgens. EBU.

2012.
The contest long remained the only time Austria had

hosted the event, until 2015.
2.12.1 Location

For more details on the host city, see Vienna.

Songcon-

Vienna
The 1967 Eurovision Song Contest was held in Vienna,
[12] Teddy Scholten geeft commentaar op het Eurovisie
Songfestival, Limburgsch Dagblad, 25 February 1966
2.11.8
External links
Ocial website
Groer Festsaal der Wiener Hofburg, Vienna - host venue of the

1967 contest.
the capital of Austria. The venue for the contest was the
Hofburg Palace, which was the principal winter residence
the Habsburg dynasty, rulers of the Austro-Hungarian
empire.[2] It currently serves as the ocial residence of
the President of Austria.
2.12 Eurovision Song Contest 1967 2.12.2 Format

The stage setup was a little bit unusual this year. There
were two revolving mirrored walls on both ends of the
stage and started revolving at the start of each song and
stopped revolving at the end of each song. The hostess,
Erika Vaal ended the program by congratulating the winThe winning entry "Puppet on a String", sung by Sandie ning song, country and saying good bye in several dier[1]
Shaw, representing the United Kingdom, had one of the ent languages.
widest margins of victory ever witnessed in the competition; it garnered more than twice as many points as
the second placed song. (Only Italy, in the 1964 con- 2.12.3 Participating countries
test, beats this record with a margin of 47 to 17, almost
three times as many points). The presenter became con- Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision
fused whilst the voting was taking place, and declared the Song Contest
United Kingdom's entry to be the winner before the last
country, Ireland, had announced its votes. Shaw intensely The entry from Luxembourg, "L'amour est bleu", sung by
disliked the composition, though her attitude towards the Vicky Leandros, came in fourth; nonetheless, it went on
of Eurovision Song Contest. It took place on 8 April 1967
in Vienna, Austria following Udo Jrgens win at the 1966
contest. The presenter was Erica Vaal.
60
to become the biggest international hit of the 1967 contest, and a year later would be a big instrumental hit for
French musician, Paul Mauriat, under the English title,
Love is Blue. Denmark chose not to participate and
left the contest at this point, to return in 1978. The reason was that the new director for the TV entertainment
department at DR thought that the money could be spent
in a better way.[1]
The United Kingdoms win was their rst. Television
presenter, artist and musician, Rolf Harris provided the
commentary for BBC Television viewers. Switzerland
received zero votes for the second time. Portugal was
represented by Eduardo Nascimento who was the rst
black male singer in the history of Eurovision Song Contest, performing "O vento mudou" (The wind changed).
Rumours claimed that Portuguese prime minister Salazar
had chosen this particular singer to show the rest of Europe that he wasn't racist.[1]
[3] Conductors 1967. 4Lyrics.com. Retrieved 15 June

2012.
[6] Christian Masson. 1967 - Vienne. Songcontest.free.fr.
Conductors
[11] http://www.tvprogramme.net/view_tag.php?tag=
1967-04-08

orchestra.[3]
[12] Lnea, 2 April 1967
Returning artists
Three artists returned in this years contest. Claudio Villa

from Italy whose previous participations were in 1962;
and Kirsti Sparboe from Norway, who last participated 2.12.8 External links
in 1965; and Raphael for Spain who last represented the
Ocial website
Iberian nation in 1966.[1]
2.12.4
Results
2.12.5
Scoreboard
2.12.6
2.12.7
References

2012.
[2] Aeiou-Hofburg-English, Hofburg, Wien (history), Encyclopedia of Austria, Aeiou Project, 2006.
Coordinates: 481223N 162155E / 48.206507N

16.365262E
Chapter 3
1968 to 1974 Changes ... in colour!

broadcast the contest. Katie Boyle hosted the contest for

a third time.[1]
The Eurovision Song Contest 1968 was the 13th

Eurovision Song Contest. The contest was won by the
Spanish song La, la, la, performed by Massiel, closely
followed by the United Kingdom and Cli Richard with
Congratulations!" with a margin of just one point. Originally Spain entered Joan Manuel Serrat to sing La La
La, but his demand to sing in Catalan was an aront to
Francoist Spain. Serrat was withdrawn and replaced by
Massiel, who sang the same song in Spanish.[1]
3.1.1
Location
Royal Albert Hall, London - host venue of the 1968 contest.
The contest was held at the Royal Albert Hall in London.

The Royal Albert Hall is known for hosting the worlds
leading artists from several performance genres, sports,
award ceremonies, the annual summer Proms concerts
and other events since its opening in 1871, and has become one of the United Kingdoms most treasured and
distinctive buildings.
3.1.2
Format
3.1.3 Vote rigging allegations

In May 2008, a documentary by Spanish lm-maker
Montse Fernndez Villa, 1968. Yo viv el mayo espaol,
centred on the eects of May 1968 in Francoist Spain,[2]
and alleged that the 1968 Eurovision Song Contest was
rigged by the Spanish dictator Francisco Franco, who
would have sent state television ocials across Europe
oering cash and promising to buy television series and
contract unknown artists.[3] The allegation was based on
a testimony by journalist Jos Mara igo, a TVE employee at the time, who claimed the rigging was common knowledge and suggested that Spanish record label
representatives oered to release albums by Bulgarian
and Czech artists (neither Bulgaria nor Czechoslovakia
were members of the European Broadcasting Union at
the time).[4]
The documentary claimed that the contest should in
fact have been won by the United Kingdoms entry
"Congratulations" performed by Cli Richard which
nished second by one vote.[5] Massiel, the performer
of the winning entry, was outraged by the allegations,
and claimed that if there had been xes, other singers,
who were more keen on Francos regime, would have
beneted. Jos Mara Iigo, author of the statement in
the documentary, personally apologized to Massiel and
said that he had repeated a widespread rumour. Both
Massiel and Iigo accused television channel La Sexta,
broadcaster of the documentary, of manufacturing the
scandal.[6]
1968 was the rst time that the Eurovision Song Contest was broadcast in colour. The countries that broadcast it in colour were France, Germany, the Netherlands,
Sweden and the United Kingdom, although in the UK it
was broadcast as an encore presentation in colour on BBC
Two the next day. Also all of Eastern Europe and Tunisia

Song Contest
There were no withdrawing, returning, or dbutantes in
the 1968 contest.[1]
61
62
CHAPTER 3. 1968 TO 1974 CHANGES ... IN COLOUR!
Conductors
orchestra.[7]
Returning artists

[10] Infosajten.com Archived 18 July 2012 at the Wayback
Machine.
Only one artist returned in this years contest. The winner

of the 1962 contest, Isabelle Aubret, returned once more [11] Leif Thorsson. Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["Melodfor France.[1]
ifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 74. Stockholm: Premium Publishing AB. ISBN 91-89136-29-2
3.1.5
Results
3.1.6
Scoreboard
3.1.7
Non-participating countries
[12] Selostajat ja taustalaulajat lpi vuosien? (Finnish) Viisukuppila, 18 April 2005

[13] The Eurovision Song Contest (1968) - Full cast and crew
IMDb
[14] CONCOURS EUROVISION DE LA CHANSON 1968
(French) SongContest
[15] Eurovision Song Contest 1968 Songs4Europe.com
[17] NRK.no
[18] Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010 (Spanish) FORO
FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIN
Several non-participating countries also decided to broad- [19] Rau, Oliver (OGAE Germany)
cast the contest on their respective television stations.
3.1.8
References

2012.
[2] Massiel s, Madelman no: as fue el Mayo del 68 en Espaa (in Spanish). Pblico. 3 May 2008. Retrieved 3
December 2009.
[3] TVE 'compr' los votos para que Massiel ganar Eurovisin (in Spanish). 20 minutos. 5 May 2008. Retrieved
3 December 2009.

Ocial website
Coordinates:
513003.40N
51.5009444N 0.1774361W
001038.77W
The Eurovision Song Contest 1969 was the 14th in the

series. Four countries (the United Kingdom, Spain, the
Netherlands and France) won the contest, the rst time
ever a tie-break situation had occurred. However, there
[5] Govan, Fiona (4 May 2008). How Franco cheated Cli
was no rule at the time to cover such an eventuality, so all
out of Eurovision title. The Telegraph. Retrieved 26
four countries were declared joint winners.[1]
April 2012.
[4] Vea el vdeo donde Jos Mar Iigo 'descubre' a
Massiel (in Spanish). 20 minutos. 5 May 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
Frances win was their fourth. France became the rst

country to win the contest four times. The Netherlands
win was their third. Spain and the United Kingdom each
won for the second time. And it was the rst time that any
[7] Conductors 1968. 4Lyrics.com. Retrieved 16 June country (Spain, in this case) had a winning ESC entry two
2012.
years in a row.
[6] Massiel e Iigo acusan a La Sexta de urdir todo para
favorecer a Chiquilicuatre"" (in Spanish). El Mundo. 6
May 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
3.2.1
63
Location
Had the later tie-break rule been in place (the country receiving the highest score from any other country, as used
in 1991), the Netherlands would have won, having received 6 points from France. United Kingdom would then
have been runner up, having received 5 points from Sweden. On the other hand, with the present tie-break rule
been in place (i.e. the song receiving votes from the most
countries, then the song receiving the most high votes in
case of another tie), France would have been the overall
winner, with Spain in 2nd place. Both countries received
votes from 9 countries, but France received 4 points from
2 countries whereas Spain received 3 points as their highest vote.
A common urban legend on ESC forums and festivals is

that just prior to the show, Laurita Valenzuela, the preLocation of the host city.
The venue selected to host the 1969 contest was the senter, asked the producers what would happen if there
was a tie. The producers assured her that such a thing
would never happen.
Madrid

Song Contest
Austria was absent from the contest, refusing to participate in a contest staged in Franco-ruled Spain.[1][3] Wales
wanted to debut with Welsh language broadcaster BBC
Cymru, and also made a national selection called Cn i
Teatro Real, Madrid - host venue of the 1969 contest.
Gymru, but in the end it was decided they would not to
participate in the competition because their participation
Teatro Real, an opera house located in Madrid. The the- was rejected because Wales isn't a sovereign state. Only
atre reopened in 1966 as a concert theatre and the main the BBC has the exclusive right to represent the United
concert venue of the Spanish National Orchestra and the Kingdom.
RTVE Symphony Orchestra. The nal featured an onstage metal sculpture created by surrealist Spanish artist,
Salvador Dal.[2]
Conductors
3.2.2
Format
The surrealist Spanish artist Salvador Dal was responsible for designing the publicity material for the 1969
contest as well as the metal sculpture which was used on
stage.[1]
It was the rst time that the contest resulted in a tie for rst
place, with four countries each gaining 18 votes. Since
there was at the time no rule to cover such an eventuality, all four countries were declared joint winners. This
caused an unfortunate problem concerning the medals
due to be distributed to the winners as there were not
enough to go round, so that only the singers received their
medals on the night: the songwriters, to some disgruntlement, were not awarded theirs until after the date of the
contest.[1]
Each performance had a conductor who led the

orchestra.[4] These are listed below.
Returning artists
Five artists returned in this years contest. Louis Neefs
for Belgium who last represented the nation in 1967;
Germany's Siw Malmkvist who was also the participant
for Sweden in 1960. Romuald for Luxembourg who represented Monaco last time in 1964; Norway's Kirsti Sparboe who represented the Scandinavian nation twice before in 1965 and 1967; and nally Simone de Oliveira
who also represented Portugal in 1965.[1]
64
3.2.4
Results
3.2.5
Scoreboard

[8] Eurovision Song Contest, Grand Final: 1969. BBC.
1969-03-29. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[9] Eurovision 1969. Songs4europe.com.
1969-03-29.

Lenny
Kuhr's

dress

[14] Hvem kommenterte fr Jostein Pedersen? - Debattforum. Nrk.no. Archived from the original on 2 November
2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
The nal results

of ESC 1969
3.2.6
[16] Tchernia, Pierre et al. (March 29, 1969). 14me Concours Eurovision de la Chanson 1969 [14th Eurovision
Song Contest 1969] (Television production). Spain: TVE,
ORTF (commentary).
[17] Christian Masson. 1969 - Madrid. Songcontest.free.fr.
during the 1969 contest along with the spokesperson who [18] Selostajat ja taustalaulajat lpi vuosien? Viisukuppila. Viisukuppila.. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Each national broadcaster also sent a com[19] Selostajat ja taustalaulajat lpi vuosien? Viisukupmentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of
pila. Viisukuppila.. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
3.2.7
References

2012.
[2] Cultural Institutions: Teatro Real. esMADRID.com.
Contest: The Ocial History.
2012.
Ocial website
Coordinates: 402506N 34237W / 40.41833N
3.71028W

Eurovision Song Contest, held on 21 March 1970 at the
RAI Congrescentrum in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The
65
Amsterdam contest is regarded as one of the most signif- and opened on 2 February 1961.
icant in Eurovision history for a number of reasons.[1] Ireland won with seventeen-year-old Dana and a song called
Format
All Kinds of Everything.
Irelands win was their rst. The UK came second for The Dutch producers were forced to pad out the show as
the seventh time, six votes behind Ireland. Luxembourg only 12 nations decided to make the trip to Amsterdam.
received zero votes for the only time.
The result was a format which has endured almost to the
present day. An extended opening sequence (lmed in
Amsterdam) set the scene, while every entry was intro3.3.1 Overview
duced by a short video 'postcard' featuring each of the
participating artists, ostensibly in their own nation. HowLocation
ever, the 'postcards for Switzerland, Luxembourg and
Monaco were all lmed on location in Paris (as was the
For more details on the host city, see Amsterdam.
French postcard).[3] Interestingly, the long introduction
lm (over four minutes long) was followed by what probably is one of the shortest ever introductions by any presenter. Willy Dobbe only welcomed the viewers in English, French and Dutch, nishing her introduction after
only 24 seconds. On screen captions introduced each entry, with the song titles listed all in lower case and the
names of the artist and composers/authors all in capitals.
The set design was devised by Roland de Groot; a simple
design was composed of a number of curved horizontal
bars and silver baubles which could be moved in a variety
of dierent ways.
Amsterdam
To avoid an incident like in 1969, a tie rule was created. It
Due to there being four winners in the previous con- stated that, if two or more songs gained the same number
of votes and were tied for rst place, each song would
have to be performed again. After which each national
jury (other than the juries of the countries concerned)
would have a show of hands of which they thought was
the best. If the countries tied again, then they would share
rst place.
Song Contest
RAI Congrescentrum, Amsterdam - host venue of the 1970 contest.
test, a question was raised as to which nation would host

the 1970 Eurovision. With the UK having hosted the
1968 Contest and Spain the 1969 Contest, only France
and Netherlands were in consideration. A toss of a
coin resulted in the host country being decided as the
Netherlands.[2]
Austria (who had not taken part in 1969), Finland,

Norway, Portugal and Sweden boycotted this contest as
they were not pleased with the result of 1969 and the voting structure.[3] Portugal did however host a National nal, being won by Srgio Borges.[2]
Of the participating singers, a number were already established performers. Notably, the United Kingdom sent
Welsh singer and Apple recording artist Mary Hopkin,
while David Alexandre Winter represented Luxembourg.
The contest is also notable for the appearance of the then
unknown Julio Iglesias, singing for Spain.
The Congrescentrum, venue of the 1970 contest, is a

semi-permanent exhibit at the Ferdinand Bolstraat to
Amsterdam, and was opened on 31 October 1922. This Voting and aftermath
building was replaced in 1961 by the current RAI building
on Europes Square. The current congress and event cen- In the run-up to the Contest, the United Kingdom were
ter on Europe Square, was designed by Alexander Bodon favourites to win and also the favourite with the 50-piece
66

and becoming an MEP in 1999.
Of the other performers, Stella Maessen (of Hearts of
Soul), Jean Valle, Guy Bonnet and Katja Ebstein all took
part in the Eurovision Song Contest again, the latter twice
more. The following year, Austria, Finland, Norway,
Portugal and Sweden all returned to the contest.
Conductors
orchestra.[4]
Returning artists
For the rst time, no artists from previous contests
returned.[1]
3.3.2 Results
3.3.3 Scoreboard
4 points
Dana sings the winning song All Kinds of Everything
1.^ Netherlands gave Ireland 5 points.

2.^ Switzerland gave Ireland 6 points.
orchestra. So sure of victory, the UK delegation had organised a winners party to be thrown after the contest.[2]
In the end, the only two countries in the running were the
UK and Ireland, albeit the latter holding the lead throughout the voting. Ireland took the victory with 32 points, 6
points ahead of the UK, with Germany a distant third.
Luxembourg failed to score any points at all - their only
time ever to do so.
3.^ Belgium gave Ireland 9 points
was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Each national broadcaster also sent a comIreland won the contest with "All Kinds of Everything", mentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of
penned by Derry Lindsay and Jackie Smith, and sung by the contest in their own native language. Details of the
another unknown, Dana, an 18-year-old schoolgirl from commentators and the broadcasting station for which they
[1]
Derry, Northern Ireland. The song became a million- represented are also included in the table below.
seller and the singer an international star. As the contest
was held in the Netherlands this year, and the country
was one of the four winners in 1969, Dana received her 3.3.5 References
awards from the Dutch winner Lenny Kuhr.
Mary Hopkin scored a few more hits but downscaled her
music career in 1971 after getting married. She later
commented on her appearance at the Contest as humiliating and said that she hated the song she had to sing.[2]
Spanish entrant Julio Iglesias went on to achieve worldwide success in the decades that followed, becoming one
of the top-selling singers of all time. Dana, meanwhile,
continued to score hit singles throughout the 1970s with
songs such as Fairytale and Its Gonna be a Cold Cold
Christmas. In the 1990s she became a politician, running for the Irish presidential election in 1997 and 2011,
2012.
[2] Roxburgh, Gordon (2014). Songs For Europe - The United
Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest Volume Two: The
1970s. UK: Telos Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-184583-065-6.
[3] O'Connor, John Kennedy. The Eurovision Song Contest
- The Ocial History. Carlton Books, UK. 2007 ISBN
978-1-84442-994-3
2012.
67

3.4.1 Location
For more details on the host city, see Dublin.

[7] Christian Masson. 1970 - Amsterdam.

Songcon-

Contest: The Ocial History. UK: Carlton Books. p. 42.
ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3.
[9] Nueva
Espaa
Store.diariodelaltoaragon.es.
2012-08-10.
22/03/1970
1970-03-22.
(PDF).
Retrieved
Dublin
The contest was held at the Gaiety Theatre in Dublin, the
3.3.6
External links
Ocial website
Coordinates:
4.88833E
522029N 45318E / 52.34139N
Gaiety Theatre, Dublin - host venue of the 1971 Eurovision Song

Contest
capital and most populous city of Ireland.[2][3] This was

the rst time that the contest was held in Ireland.
3.4.2 Format
For the rst time, each participating broadcaster was required to televise all the songs in "previews" prior to the
live nal. Belgiums preview video featured Nicole &
performing the song "Goeiemorgen, morgen", but
3.4 Eurovision Song Contest 1971 Hugo
Nicole was struck with a sudden illness days before the
contest nal, with Jacques Raymond & Lily Castel stepThe Eurovision Song Contest 1971 was the sixteenth ping in at short notice to perform the entry in their place.
edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was Reports suggested that Castel had not even had enough
held in Dublin, Ireland on 3 April 1971.
time to buy a suitable dress for the show.
Monacos win was their rst and only victory. The song
was performed by a French singer, living in France, sung
in French, conducted by a French native and written by
a French team. Sverine later claimed she never visited Monaco before or after her victory a claim easily disproved by the preview video submitted by TlMonte-Carlo featuring the singer on location in the
Principality.[1]
The BBC were worried about the possible audience reaction to the UK song due to the hostilities raging in
Northern Ireland. They specically selected a singer
from Northern Ireland, Clodagh Rodgers, who was popular in both the UK and the Republic of Ireland, to ease any
ill-feeling from the Dublin audience. However, Rodgers
still received death threats from the IRA for representing
the UK.
68
Groups of up to six people were allowed to perform for

the rst time, with the rule in previous contests of performing either solo or as a duet abolished.[4]
Italy - Enrico Polito
This was only RT's second outside broadcast in colour.

The contest was broadcast in Iceland, the USA and Hong
Kong several days later.[5]
Sweden - Claes Rosendahl
Portugal - Jorge Costa Pinto
Yugoslavia - Miljenko Prohaska
Norway - Arne Bendiksen
Voting system
A new voting system was introduced in this years contest: each country sent two jury members, one aged over
25 and the other under 25 (with at least ten years dierence between their ages), with both awarding each country (except their own) a score of between one and ve
points.
While this meant that no country could score fewer than
34 points (and in the event all eighteen scored at least 52),
it had one major problem: some jury members tended to
award only one or two points. Whether this was done to
increase their respective countries chances of winning is
not known for sure, but this shortcoming was nonetheless
plain.[4] However, the system remained in place for the
1972 and 1973 contests.
Returning artists
Two artists returned to the competition this year: Katja
Ebstein represented Germany for the second consecutive
year, while Jacques Raymond had previously represented
Belgium in 1963.
3.4.4 Results
3.4.3
3.4.5 Scoreboard
Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision 10 points

Song Contest
Below is a summary of all perfect 10 scores that were
Malta made their dbut in this years contest, while given during the voting.
Austria, Finland, Norway, Portugal and Sweden all returned after a brief absence. This brought the total num3.4.6 International broadcasts and voting
ber of countries to eighteen.
during the 1971 contest, along with the spokespeople who
were responsible for announcing the votes for their reEach performance had a conductor who directed the spective country. Each national broadcaster also sent a
commentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage
orchestra.[6]
of the contest in their own native language. Details of
the commentators and the broadcasting station for which
Austria - Robert Opratko

they represented are also included in the table below.[4]
Conductors
Malta - Twanny Chircop
Monaco - Jean-Claude Petit
Switzerland - Hardy Schneiders
Germany - Dieter Zimmermann
3.4.7 References
[1] Eurovision 1971 PREVIEW Monaco - SVERINE Un
Banc, Un Arbre, Une Rue"". YouTube. 8 August 2009.
Retrieved 10 August 2012.
Spain - Waldo de los Rios
[2] The Growth and Development of Dublin (PDF). Retrieved 30 December 2010.
Luxembourg - Jean Claudric
[3] Primate City Denition and Examples. Retrieved 21

October 2009.
United Kingdom - Johnny Arthey

Union. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
69
[17] RT Stills Library. RT Archives. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
Songfestival (in Dutch). Eurovision Artists. Retrieved
1 June 2010.
[19] A frica tambm vai ver o Grande Prmio da Euroviso, Dirio de Lisboa, 3 April 1971
[20] Vladimir Pinzovski
[21] Zitting, Marianne (27 June 2010). Muistathan: Eurovision laulukilpailu 1971 (in Finnish). Viisukuppila. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[22] Selostajat ja taustalaulajat lpi vuosien?" (in Finnish).
Viisukuppila. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
Bibliography
The Eurovision Song Contest: The Ocial History,
John Kennedy O'Connor, Carlton Books Ltd, ISBN
1-84442-994-6
The Netherlands Saskia & Serge nished 6th with their entry
"Tijd".

Ocial website
[5] Eurovision 1971 - Opening ceremony. YouTube. 7 July

2010. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[6] And the conductor is.... Retrieved 16 October 2013.
[8] It was all in the game, Fred Barry, Times of Malta, 7
April 1971
[10] FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIN Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[11] Masson, Christian. 1971 - Dublin (in French). Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[12] Dubliner Jury bestochen?", Hamburger Abendblatt, 6
April 1971
Coordinates: 532025N 61542W / 53.340312N

6.261601W

The Eurovision Song Contest 1972 was the 17th annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held in Edinburgh,
United Kingdom. Although Monaco had won the previous years contest, the principality was unable to meet
the demands of hosting the event (on 31 January 1972,
Monacos ruler Rainier III of Monaco received a letter
from the European Broadcasting Union about holding the
1972 Eurovision in Monaco, he was unable to provide a
venue, the props and everything else so in February 1972,
Prince Rainier declined because of the expenses).
Sverine made the trip to the Scottish capital Edinburgh

to pass on the 'Grand Prix' to Vicky Leandros. However,
[13] Eurovision Song Contest 1971 BBC Archive
she looked thoroughly uninterested in the Monegasque
[14] Wogan quits Eurovision role. BBC News. 5 December entry when seen by viewers checking her watch before
the song was performed.[1] This marked the fourth time
[15] Roxburgh, Gordon (2014). Songs For Europe - The United that the contest was held in the United Kingdom. HowKingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest Volume Two: The ever, this is the rst (and, so far, only) time that the UK
1970s. UK: Telos Publishing. p. 54. ISBN 978-1- hosted the Eurovision Song Contest in a venue outside
84583-065-6.
England.
70
Luxembourgs win was their third. Yves Dessca also

wrote the text for Un Banc, Un Arbre, Une Rue that
won in 1971, and other than conductors of the winning
song, became the second person to win the Contest twice,
the rst person to win for two dierent countries and the
rst person to win two years in a row.[1]
3.5.1
Location
For more details on the host city, see Edinburgh.
Edinburgh Castle. Before each countrys performance, a

picture of each songs performers along with their names
and the songs title were projected on the screen, and during each performance, animated spiral shapes were projected as additional visual eect. The interval act was
performed at the outside vast Esplanade of the Great Hall
of Edinburgh Castle. The jurors were stationed in the
safety of the castle, and watched the competing performances at Usher Hall on TV.
Each country had two jury members, one aged between
16 and 25 and one aged between 26 and 55. They each
awarded 1 to 5 points for each song, other than the song
of their own country. They cast their votes immediately
after each song was performed and the votes were then
collected and counted. For the public voting sequence after the interval act, the jury members were shown on the
stages screen with each lifting a signboard with the number between 1 and 5 for each song, as a visual verication
of the scores they had awarded earlier. The eventual winner, Luxembourg, remained in a strong scoring position
throughout the voting.
1972 was the rst year that had no ties in the voting. Every year prior to 1972, at least two countries had received
the same score.
Edinburgh
The 1972 Eurovision Song Contest was hosted by

Song Contest
All countries who participated in the 1971 contest were
present this year; with no withdrawals, returns, or dbutantes. The Irish entry was in Irish, so far the countrys
only entry in that language.
Usher Hall, Edinburgh - host venue of the 1972 contest.
Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland. Usher Hall, the

venue for the 1972 contest, is a concert hall, situated on
Lothian Road, in the west end of Edinburgh, Scotland.
It has hosted concerts and events since its construction
in 1914 and can hold approximately 2,900[2] people in
its recently restored auditorium, which is well loved by
performers due to its acoustics. The Hall is anked by
The Royal Lyceum Theatre on the right and The Traverse
Theatre on the left. Historic Scotland has registered the
Hall with Category A listed building status.
Conductors
orchestra.[3]
Returning artists
Four artists returned to the competition this year.

Luxembourg's Vicky Leandros who last performed for
3.5.2 Format
the nation in 1967; Carlos Mendes for Portugal who last
participated in 1968; Swedish entry Family Four who reThe stage design included a screen to introduce and ac- turned for a second consecutive year; and Yugoslavia's
company the on stage competing performances, and to Tereza Kesovija who previously represented Monaco in
show an interval act and voting sequence that were done at 1966.
3.5.4
Results
3.5.5
Scoreboard
10 points
given during the voting.
3.5.6
71
[7] Eurojaume dice: (2008-02-15). Eurovisin 1972 Programa posterior al festival | AEV ESPAA. Aeveurovision.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[9] Eurovision 1972. Songs4europe.com.
1972-03-25.

Each national broadcaster sent a commentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of the event in their
own native language. Apart from the participating countries, the contest was transmitted in live for the rst [11] http://www.nrk.no/debatt/index.phpshowtopic=87458&
pid=1343226&mode=threaded&start=. Retrieved 21
time in the continent of Asia, in the countries Japan,
May 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Tawian, Thailand, the Philippines and Hong Kong. Brazil
and Greece also provided live broadcasting. Iceland and [12] Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway)
Israel broadcast it a few days later. The table below shows
the order in which the votes were cast along with each [13] Vasco Hogan Teves, 1964-1983 20 anos de Festival RTP
countrys two jury members, commentator and broadda Cano
casting station.
Brazil - TBC
Greece - Mako Georgiadou (EIRT)
Iceland - Bjrn Matthason
Israel - No commentator
Hong Kong - TBC
Japan - TBC
Philippines -No Commentator (ABS-CBN)
Taiwan - TBC
Thailand - TBC
References

978-1-84442-994-3
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[15] Eurovision Song Contest 1972, Times of Malta, 25

March 1972
[16] Muistathan: Eurovision laulukilpailu 1972. Viisukuppila.. 2012-01-09. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[17] Vladimir Pinzovski
3.5.7
[2]
[14] Views and comments on the Eurovision Song Contest,

Times of Malta, 29 March 1972

Ocial website
The Eurovision Song Contest 1973 was the 18th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held
in Luxembourg. It was won by the Luxembourg entry,
"Tu te reconnatras", this being Luxembourgs fourth win.
The Usher hall on Geograph
The voting was a very close one, with Spain nishing only
Conductors 1972. 4Lyrics.com. Retrieved 16 June
4 points behind and Cli Richard of the United Kingdom
2012.
(who came second in 1968) another 2 points after. The
Eurovision Song Contest 1972. The Diggiloo Thrush. winning song scored the highest score ever achieved in
Eurovision under any voting format, recording 129 points
out of a possible 160; scoring just under 81% of the posRau, Oliver (OGAE Germany)
sible maximum, but partly due to a scoring system which
Christian Masson. 1971 - Dublin. Songcontest.free.fr. guaranteed all countries at least two points from each
other country.[1]
72
3.6.1
Location
trys decaying dictatorship. Also, the word breasts was

used during Swedens song entry. However, no action
For more details on the host city, see Luxembourg (city). was taken by the EBU. An argument broke out between
the singer Maxi and her Irish delegation over how the
song should be performed. During rehearsals she repeatedly stopped performing in frustration. When it began
to appear possible that Maxi might withdraw from the
contest, RT immediately sent over another singer, Tina
Reynolds, to take her place just in case. In the end Miss
Reynolds wasn't needed as Maxi did perform, with her
entry earning 10th place on the scoreboard. (Reynolds
would perform the following year.)
This contest holds the record for the most watched Eurovision Song Contest in the United Kingdom, and is
also the 18th most watched television show in the same
Luxembourg City
country, with an estimated 21.54 million tuning in on the
night. Cli Richard represented the UK with the song
The city of Luxembourg, also known as Luxembourg Power to All Our Friends. He came 3rd with 123 points.
The winner though was Ann-Marie David with Tu Te
Reconnaitras. In the UK it was released in English under the title Wonderful Dream and released on Epic. It
made number 13.
In the light of events at the 1972 Summer Olympics in
Munich, there were fears of a terrorist threat, particularly
directed against Israels rst-ever entrant, leading to unusually tight security for the contest. This gave rise to
one of the best-known Eurovision anecdotes, frequently
recounted by the UKs long-serving commentator Terry
Grand Thtre, Luxembourg City - host venue of the 1973 conWogan. He recalled that the oor manager strongly adtest.
vised the audience to remain seated while applauding the
City, is a commune with city status, and the capital of performances, otherwise they risked being shot by secuthe Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. It is located at the rity forces.[4]
conuence of the Alzette and Ptrusse Rivers in southern Luxembourg. The city contains the historic Luxembourg Castle, established by the Franks in the Early MidVoting
dle Ages, around which a settlement developed.
The Grand Thtre de Luxembourg, inaugurated in 1964
as the Thtre Municipal de la Ville de Luxembourg, be- Each country had two jury members, one aged between
came the venue for the 1973 contest. It is the citys major 16 and 25 and one aged between 26 and 55. They each
awarded 1 to 5 points for each song (other than the song
venue for drama, opera and ballet.[2][3]
from their own country) immediately after it was performed and the votes were collected and counted as soon
as they were cast. The juries watched the show on TV
3.6.2 Format
from the Ville du Louvigny TV Studios of CLT and apThe language rule forcing countries to enter songs sung in peared on screen to conrm their scores.
any of their national languages was dropped, so performers from some countries sang in English. The event was
marked by controversy when the Spanish song, Eres t"
(by Mocedades), was accused of plagiarism due to rea- 3.6.3 Participating countries
sonable similarities in the melody with the Yugoslav entry from the 1966 contest ("Brez besed" sung by Berta Seventeen nations took part in this years contest. Malta
Ambro); however, Eres t" was not disqualied. Af- was drawn to perform in 6th place between Norway and
ter nishing second in the contest, the song went on to Monaco, but the Maltese broadcaster withdrew before the
become a huge international hit.
deadline to select an entry.[5] The 1973 contest marked
The somewhat elliptical lyrics to Portugals entry the rst time that women conducted the ESC orches"Tourada" provided sucient cover for a song that was tra. Monica Dominique conducted the Swedish entry and
clearly understood as a blistering assault on the coun- Nurit Hirsh conducted the Israeli entry.

Conductors
orchestra.[6]
Returning artists
Three artists returned to the 1973 contest, Finland's
Marion Rung, who last represented the nation in 1962;
1971 entrant Massimo Ranieri from Italy; and Cli
Richard, who last performed "Congratulations" for the
United Kingdom in 1968.
73
[5] No, No, Never!!! - Songs That Did Not Make It To Eurovision. eurovisionsongs.net. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
2012.
Songcon-
[10] Festival da Cano, mezinha do pinga amor, Mrio

Castrim, Dirio de Lisboa, 9 April 1973
3.6.4
Results
1.^ Also contains lyrics in English, Spanish and

French.
2.^ Also contains lyrics in Spanish, Italian,
Dutch, German, Irish, Hebrew, SerboCroatian, Finnish, Swedish and Norwegian.
3.6.5
Scoreboard
10 points
given during the voting.
3.6.6
[11] Hvem kommenterte fr Jostein Pedersen? - Debattforum. Nrk.no. Archived from the original on November
2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[14] Leif Thorsson. Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["Melodifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 102. Stockholm:
Premium Publishing AB. ISBN 91-89136-29-2
[16] Eurovision Song Contest 1973 BBC Archives
[17] RT Archives. Stills Library. Retrieved 2012-08-10.

1970s. UK: Telos Publishing. p. 116. ISBN 978-1during the 1973 contest along with the spokesperson who
84583-065-6.
was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Each national broadcaster also sent a com- [19] http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?issId=264691&
pageId=3732090&lang=is&q=Eurovision
commentators and the broadcasting station for which they [20] Muistathan: Eurovision laulukilpailu 1973. Viisukuppila.. 2012-01-09. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
represented are also included in the table below.
3.6.7
References
[21] Eurovisin 1978 Jurado TVE (I)". YouTube. 2008-0125. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[22] Vladimir Pinzovski.
[1] O'Connor, John Kennedy. The Eurovision Song Contest The Ocial History. Carlton Books. ISBN 978-1-84732521-1 April 2010
[23] OGAE Macedonia.

2012-08-10.
[2] The Grand Thtre of Luxembourg City oers high

quality cultural events, Luxembourg National Tourist Ofce, London. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
[3] Grand Thtre de Luxembourg, Thtre Info Luxembourg. (French) Retrieved 27 December 2010.

of the annual Eurovision Song Contest.

978-1-84442-994-3
It was held in the seaside resort of Brighton on the south

coast of the United Kingdom. The BBC agreed to stage
the event after Luxembourg, having won in both 1972
OGAE Macedonia.
Retrieved
74
and 1973, declined on the grounds of expense to host the shared corridors to Brighton Museum, as the entire comcontest for a second consecutive year.[1]
plex was built for the Prince Regent (later George IV) and
The winner of the Contest was Sweden with the song completed in 1805.
"Waterloo" which was performed by the band ABBA,
that went on to become one of the most popular recording acts of all time. ABBA are among the few Eurovision winners to achieve international superstar status.
Swedens win was their rst.[1] Katie Boyle returned to
host her fourth Eurovision Song Contest (after hosting
the contest in 1960, 1963 and 1968).
3.7.1
Location
For more details on the host city, see Brighton.
3.7.2 Format
A two-night preview programme, Auftakt fr Brighton
(Prelude for Brighton), was coordinated by the German
national broadcaster ARD broadcast at the end of March
and was hosted by the journalist Karin Tietze-Ludwig.
It was the rst preview"-type programme to be broadcast in many European countries simultaneously (traditionally each national broadcaster puts together their own
preview programme).[2] The programme was also notable
in being the European television debut for the winners,
ABBA, who were peculiarly credited in previews as The
Abba.[1]
3.7.3 Incidents
The United Kingdom was represented in the contest by
the (British-born) Australian pop singer Olivia NewtonJohn, who nished in fourth place with the song "Long
Live Love". As noted by author and historian John
Kennedy O'Connor in his book The Eurovision Song Contest - The Ocial History, Olivia disliked this song and
preferred others from the UK heat, but Long Live Love
was chosen as the UKs entry by a public postal vote.[3]
Brighton
France had been drawn to sing at No. 14 (after Ireland
Brighton is the major part of the city of Brighton and before Germany) with the song La vie vingt-cinq
ans by Dani, but as a mark of respect following the death
of French President, Georges Pompidou, during Eurovision week, French broadcaster ORTF made the decision to withdraw the entry. Since President Pompidous
funeral was held the day of the contest, it was deemed
inappropriate for the French to take part. Dani was
seen by viewers in the audience at the point the French
song should have been performed. For the same reason,
the French singer Anne-Marie David, who had won the
rst place for Luxembourg in 1973, could not come to
Brighton to hand the prize to the 1974 winner.[1][3] In
her absence, the Director General of the BBC and President of the EBU, Sir Charles Curran, presented the Grand
Prix.
Malta had selected Enzo Guzman with the song Pai Fid
Dinja (Peace in the World) to represent them, but withdrew from the contest for unknown reasons. Malta re[1]
and Hove (formed from the previous towns of Brighton, turned to the competition in 1975.
Hove, Portslade and several other villages) on the south Italy refused to broadcast the televised contest on the
coast of Great Britain. The venue which hosted the state television channel RAI because the contest coin1974 Contest was the Brighton Dome, an arts venue that cided with the intense political campaigning for the 1974
contains the Concert Hall, the Corn Exchange and the Italian referendum on divorce which was held a month
Pavilion Theatre. All three venues are linked to the rest later in May. RAI felt that Gigliola Cinquetti's song,
of the Royal Pavilion Estate by an underground tunnel which was titled "S" and repeatedly featured the word
to the Royal Pavilion in Pavilion Gardens and through si (yes),[4] could be accused of being a subliminal mesBrighton Dome, United Kingdom - host venue of the 1974 contest.

sage and a form of propaganda to inuence the Italian
voting public to vote yes in the referendum. The song
was not played on most Italian state TV and radio stations
for over a month.[3]
Portugal's entry "E depois do adeus" was used as the rst
of the two signals to launch the Carnation Revolution
against the Estado Novo regime. Played on a Portuguese
radio station late in the evening of 24 April 1974, the
broadcasting of the song alerted the rebel, largely leftwing captains and soldiers to prepare to begin the successful military coup. (The second song to be broadcast, marking the actual start of military operations of the
coup, was Grndola, Vila Morena by Zeca Afonso - with
no Eurovision Song Contest connection). John Kennedy
O'Connor described E depois do adeus as the only Eurovision entry to have actually started a revolution, while
Des Mangan suggests that other Portuguese entries (he
mentions 1998s Se Eu Te Pudesse Abraar) would not
be likely to inspire coups.[3]
75
Ireland - Colman Pearce
Germany - Werner Scharfenberger
Switzerland - Pepe Ederer
Portugal - Jos Calvrio
Italy - Gianfranco Monaldi
Returning artists
Three artists returned to the contest this year. Gigliola
Cinquetti winner of the 1964 Contest participated again
for Italy. Romuald Figuier who also participated in the
1964 Contest for Monaco, as well as in 1969 Contest for
Luxembourg. Norway's Bendik Singers also returned after last participating in Eurovision Song Contest 1973.[1]
3.7.5 Results
3.7.4

Song Contest
Notes
1.^ Contains some words in English.
Seventeen nations took part in this years contest. Greece 3.7.6 Scoreboard
made their dbut, while France withdrew during the week
of the contest after the sudden death of French President 3.7.7 International broadcasts and voting
Georges Pompidou.[1]
The two-person jury system used for the previous three
contests was abandoned, with a resurrection of the 10Conductors
person jury system with one vote per juror, last used in
1970, returning. This was the nal time it was used. UnEach performance had a conductor who maestro the usually, a separate draw was made for the order in which
orchestra.[5]
the participating countries would vote. In all previous
contests either nations had voted in the same running or
der as the song presentation or in the reverse of that order.
It wouldn't be until 2006 that the voting sequence was de
United Kingdom - Nick Ingman
cided by draw again. Finland, Norway, Switzerland and
Italy drew the same position in both draws. Countries
revealed their votes in the following order:[1][7]
Norway - Frode Thingns

Greece - Giorgos Katsaros

was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Each national broadcaster also sent a com
Israel - Yoni Rechter
Yugoslavia - Zvonimir Skerl

Sweden - Sven-Olof Walldo
Luxembourg - Charles Blackwell

Monaco - Raymond Donnez
Belgium - Pierre Chire
Netherlands - Harry van Hoof
3.7.8 References
Union. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
76
[2] http://www.abbaontv.com/1974/
description-mystery-waterloo.html
[3] O'Connor, John Kennedy The Eurovision Song Contest The Ocial History Carlton Books, UK, 2007 ISBN 9781-84442-994-3
[4] S - Lyrics The Diggiloo Thrush
[5] Conductors 1974. 4Lyrics.com. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
[7] Diggiloo Thrush - scoreboard 1974. diggiloo.net.
[8] Selostajat ja taustalaulajat lpi vuosien? (Finnish) Viisukuppila, 18 April 2005
[12] Sumnja od Jugolasvenskog glasanja Archived 8 April
2012 at the Wayback Machine. (Serbian) OGAE Serbia
forum, 8 September 2011
[13] Um Waterloo onde faltou Cambronne, Dirio de Lisboa,
7 April 1974
[15] Infosajten.com Archived 16 February 2012 at the
Wayback Machine.
[16] Leif Thorsson Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["Melodifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 108; Stockholm:
Premium Publishing AB ISBN 91-89136-29-2
[17] Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010 (Spanish) FORO
FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIN
[18] Facets of Eurovision Song Contest 1975, Times of
Malta, 31 March 1975
[19] CONCOURS EUROVISION DE LA CHANSON 1974
SongContest
3.7.9
External links
Ocial website
Chapter 4
1975 to 1987 8, 10, 12 points!

The Eurovision Song Contest 1975 was the 20th edition of the contest hosted by SR and held in Stockholm,
Sweden. The arena for the event was the newly built
Stockholmsmssan in lvsj in southern Stockholm.
ABBA's victory in Brighton the previous year gave Sweden the right to host the contest for the rst time. The
Contest was won by Teach-In, who sang "Ding-a-dong"
in English, representing the Netherlands.[1]
4.1.1
Location
Stockholmsmssan, Stockholm - host venue of the 1975 contest.
For more details on the host city, see Stockholm.
area in Scandinavia.[2][3] The venue for the contest was

Stockholmsmssan (or Stockholm International Fairs in
English). The main building is in lvsj a southern
suburb of Stockholm Municipality for which the building
got its nickname. It was constructed in 1971 and holds
4,000 people.
4.1.2 Format
Stockholm
The contest took place in Stockholm, the capital and largest city of Sweden, which has long been
one of the countrys cultural, media, political, and
economic centres as well as the most populated urban
This year a new scoring system was implemented. Each

country would be represented by a jury of 11 members,
at least half of whom had to be under the age of 26. Each
jury member had to award every song a mark of between
1 and 5 points, but could not vote for their own nations
entry. The votes were cast immediately after the song
was performed and collected by the adjudicator straight
away. After the last song was performed, the jury secretary added up all the votes cast and awarded 12 points to
the song with the highest score, 10 to the second highest
score, then 8 to the third, 7 to the fourth, 6 to the fth and
so forth down to 1 point for the song ranked 10th. The
jury spokesperson then announced the ten scores in the
order the songs were presented when called upon by the
hostess. The hostess Karin Falck several times confused
the new system with questions like How much is seven in
France?" Unlike today, the points were not given in order
(from 1 up to 12), but in the order the songs were performed. The current procedure of announcing the scores
in ascending order, beginning with 1 point, was not estab-
77
78
CHAPTER 4. 1975 TO 1987 8, 10, 12 POINTS!
lished until 1980. This scoring system remained in use

until 1996, although the number of jurors varied and the
scores they awarded each song increased to 10 rather than
5. In from 1997, some juries were replaced by televotes
and from 1998, all countries were encouraged to televote
when possible. In 2010, the juries were reintroduced to
provide 50% of the scores. Despite these changes in how
the points were decided, the 'douze points scoring system remained in place from 1975-2015. In 2016 it was
altered to each country providing two sets of points, however, modelled after the former model.[4]
4.1.3

Song Contest
Greece withdrew from this contest in response to the
Ireland- Colman Pearce
France - Jean Musy
Germany - Rainer Pietsch
Luxembourg - Phil Coulter
Norway - Carsten Klouman
Switzerland - Peter Jacques
Yugoslavia - Mario Rijavec
United Kingdom - Alyn Ainsworth
Malta - Vince Tempera
Israel - Eldad Shrim
Turkey - Timur Seluk
Monaco - Andr Popp
Portugal - Pedro Osrio
Spain - Juan Carlos Caldern
Teach-In leaving from Amsterdam Airport for the European

Song Contest 1975
Sweden - Lars Samuelson
Italy - Pier Natale Massara
Returning artists
1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus, in protest of Turkeys Norway's Ellen Nikolaysen was the only participant to reparticipation. Despite this, a record of nineteen coun- turn to the contest this year. Ellens previous participatries took part. Turkey made their dbut, while France tions where with the band Bendik Singers in 1973.[1]
and Malta returned to the contest.[1]
The Portuguese entry "Madrugada" was an unabashed
celebration of the Carnation Revolution, during which
the countrys 1974 Eurovision entry had played a pivotal
practical role. According to author and historian John
Kennedy O'Connor in his book The Eurovision Song Contest - The Ocial History, the Portuguese performer had
to be dissuaded from wearing his Portuguese army uniform and carrying a gun onto the stage.[5] Some competitors (notably Portugal and Yugoslavia) opted to perform their songs in English for the rehearsals heard by the
judges, but in their native tongue at the nal. Others, such
as Belgium and Germany, opted for a mix of their own
language and English.
4.1.4 Results
4.1.5 Scoreboard
12 points
was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Each national broadcaster also sent a comConductors
Each performance had a conductor who maestro the commentators and the broadcasting station for which they
orchestra.[6]
79
Austria - Ernst Grissemann (FS1)
Denmark - Claus Toksvig (DR TV)
Greece - Mako Georgiadou (ERT)
Iceland - Dra Hafsteinsdttir (Sjnvarpi)
[9] Christian Masson. 1975 - Stockholm.

Songcon-
[10] Eurovision Song Contest 1975. Ecgermany.de. Retrieved 2012-08-10.

[20]
[12] Baumann, Peter Ramn (OGAE Switzerland)
4.1.7
Notable incidents
Intelligence reports at the time pointed out the festival as

a possible target for a terrorist attack by the Red Army
Faction which forced the organizers to tighten security
1970s. UK: Telos Publishing. p. 182. ISBN 978-1considerably. The attack struck the West German em84583-065-6.
bassy in Stockholm instead about a month later (see West
German embassy siege).
The Swedish left movement protested against the contest
and its commercial aspect. At rst the criticism was directed towards SR for the huge amount of money they
spent on the contest but soon the protests developed into
a movement against commercial music overall. When the
Eurovision Song Contest took place an alternative festival was organized in another part of Stockholm where
anybody who wanted could perform a song. Most popular became Sillstryparn's entry Doing the omoralisk
schlagerfestival (Doing the immoral Eurovision festival).
In the autumn of 1975 SR informed that Sweden would
not participate in the 1976 edition of the Eurovision Song
Contest due to the high costs that came with hosting the
show. The rules later changed so that the costs were split
more equally between the participating broadcasters. In
the end, SR did not broadcast the 1976 Contest.
4.1.8
References

[2] Ttorter 2010 (PDF) (in Northern Sami). Statistics
Sweden. Retrieved 2011-06-16. External link in |publisher= (help)
[3] Byopgrelsen 1. januar 2010 (PDF). Retrieved 201106-03.
[15] ."" Sf.tapuz.co.il. 1999-09-13. Archived

from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 2012-0810.
[17] Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o

forum eurovisivo portugus. 21595.activeboard.com.
Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved
2012-08-10.
[20] http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?issId=221304&

Ocial website
[4] SVT Article, 20 Feb 2016 (Swedish)

978-1-84442-994-3
[6] Conductors 1975. 4Lyrics.com. Retrieved 10 July
2012.

The Eurovision Song Contest 1976 was the 21st edition of the contest hosted by NOS and held in The Hague,
Netherlands. The arena for the event was the Nederlands
Congrescentrum. Teach-In's victory in Stockholm the
previous year gave The Netherlands the right to host the
contest for the third time. The Contest was won by
Brotherhood of Man, who sang "Save Your Kisses for
Me" in English, representing the United Kingdom.[1]
80
4.2.1
Location
For more details on the host city, see The Hague.
Sweden, Malta and Turkey withdrew from this contest

reducing the number of participating countries down to
eighteen from the previous competitions record of nineteen countries that took part. Austria and Greece returned to the contest.[1]
Sweden withdrew from the contest, as the broadcaster

Sveriges Radio (SR) did not have enough money to host
another contest if Sweden won again. A new rule was
therefore introduced that in the future each broadcaster
participating would have to pay a part of the cost of staging the contest. As the author and historian John Kennedy
O'Connor notes in his book The Eurovision Song Contest
- The Ocial History, there had been public demonstraThe Hague
tions in Sweden against the contest, which also played
a part in SRs decision to withdraw.[2] The same book
The Hague is the seat of government of the Kingdom
also notes that the victorious song went on to become the
biggest selling winning single in the history of the contest
and won with 80.39% of the possible maximum score; a
record under the voting system introduced in 1975.[3]
Nederlands Congresgebouw - host venue of the 1976 contest.
of the Netherlands and the capital city of the province

of South Holland. It is also the third largest city of the
Netherlands, after Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Located
in the west of the Netherlands, The Hague is in the centre
of the Haaglanden conurbation and lies at the southwest
corner of the larger Randstad conurbation.
Malta, having selected Enzo Guzman with the song Sing

Your Song, Country Boy to represent them, then withdrew from the contest for undisclosed reasons, as the
singer has conrmed.[4] Malta would not return to the
competition until 1991. The entry from Greece aroused
controversy as it was about the Turkish invasion of
Cyprus. The previous year Greece had withdrawn from
the contest in protest over this matter. This year it was
Turkeys turn to withdraw.
Liechtenstein attempted to submit an entry to the contest,
but as they had no broadcasting service of their own, they
were not allowed to. Their entry would have been Little
Cowboy by Biggi Bachmann.[4][5]
Conductors
The contest took place at the Congresgebouw (presently

Each performance had a conductor who maestro the orknown as the World Forum). The venue was constructed
chestra.
in 1969.
4.2.2
Format
The scoring system introduced in the previous years

competition returned in 1976. Each jury gave 12 points
to the best song, 10 to the second best, then 8 to the third,
and then 7 to 1 (from fourth to tenth best song, according
to the jury). Unlike today, the points were not given in
order (from 1 up to 12), but in the order the songs were
performed. The current procedure was not established
until 1980.
4.2.3

Song Contest
Switzerland - Mario Robbiani
Germany - Les Humphries
Israel - Matti Caspi
Luxembourg - Jo Ple
Belgium - Michel Bernholc
Ireland- Noel Kelehan
Norway - Frode Thingns
Greece - Michalis Rozakis
81
Spain - Juan Barcons
10.
Greece - Irini Gavala
Italy - Maurizio Fabrizio
11.
Finland - Erkki Vihtonen[10]
Austria - Erich Kleinschuster
12. Spain - Jos Mara igo
Portugal - Thilo Krasmann
13.
Italy - Rosanna Vaudetti
Monaco - Raymond Donnez
14.
Austria - Jenny Pippal
France - Tony Rallo
15.
Portugal - Ana Zanatti[11]
Yugoslavia - Esad Arnautali
16.
Monaco - Carole Chabrier
17.
France - Michel Drucker
18.
Yugoslavia - Sandi olnik
Returning artists
Four artists returned to the contest in 1976. Fredi who
represented Finland in 1967, Sandra Reemer returned
having represented Netherlands in 1972, Peter, Sue
and Marc also returned having represented Switzerland
in 1971, and nally Anne-Karine Strm represented
Norway again having last done so in 1974; she repeated
her nishing result by coming last once more.
Television commentators
Each national broadcaster also sent a commentator to the
contest, in order to provide coverage of the contest in their
own native language.
4.2.4
Results
Radio commentators
4.2.5
Scoreboard
4.2.7 References
Union. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
12 points
4.2.6
was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country.
1.
United Kingdom - Ray Moore
2.
Switzerland - Michel Stocker[7]

Contest: The Ocial History. UK: Carlton Books. pp.
6467. ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3.
Contest: The Ocial History. UK: Carlton Books. ISBN
978-1-84442-994-3.
[5] The Eurovision Song Contest 1956 - present. BBC.
2007-04-26. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
3.
Germany - Max Schautzer
4.
Israel - Yitzhak Shim'oni[8]

from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved 2012-0810.
5.
Luxembourg - Jacques Harvey
6.
Belgium - Andr Hagon
7.
Ireland - Brendan Balfe
8.
Netherlands Dick van Bommel
9.
Norway - Sverre Christophersen[9]

Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved
2012-08-10.
82
[12] Concours Eurovision de la Chanson Consulter le sujet - Commentateurs des pays francophones. Eurovision.vosforums.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
4.3.1 Location
[13] Adriaens, Manu & Loeckx-Van Cauwenberge, Joken.

Blijven kiken!. Lannoo, Belgium. 2003 ISBN 90-2095274-9
[15] Christian Masson. 1976 - La Haye. Songcontest.free.fr.
[17] " EUROVISION (19701986)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
London
Located on the River Thames, London is the capital
city of England and the United Kingdom, the largest
metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest
urban zone in the Europe by most measures. London has
been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it
Londinium.[1]
Wembley Conference Centre, which opened in 1977, was
the rst purpose-built conference centre in the United
Kingdom. The centre was chosen as host venue for the
song contest, which was presented by Angela Rippon.
[23] RadioVisie.eu (1976-04-17). RetroVisie: april 1976 [

RadioVisie.eu /nl /actueel ]". Radiovisie.eu. Retrieved
2012-08-10.
4.3.2 Format

The language rule was brought back in this contest, four

years after it had been dropped in 1973. However
Germany and Belgium were allowed to sing in English,
because they had already chosen the songs they were going to perform before the rule was reintroduced.

original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
As noted in The Eurovision Song Contest - The Ocial

History by author and historian John Kennedy O'Connor,
the contest was originally planned to be held on 2 April
1977, but because of a strike of BBC cameramen and
technicians, it had to be postponed for a month.[2]
The Eurovision Song Contest 1977 was the 22nd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest, and was held 4.3.3 Participating countries
in London, United Kingdom on 7 May 1977. The preFurther information: List of countries in the Eurovision
senter was Angela Rippon.
Song Contest
The contest was won by Marie Myriam, representing
France, with the song "L'oiseau et l'enfant" (The Bird and
the Child). This was Frances fth victory, a record at At one point before the contest Tunisia was going to parthe time (since equalled by Luxembourg and the United ticipate but it withdrew. Had Tunisia[2]gone ahead they
Kingdom, and surpassed by Ireland and Sweden). It was would have appeared fourth on stage. Yugoslavia also
also Frances second victory on English soil, as well as its withdrew, and did not return until 1981.
most recent victory to date.
The Belgian act Dream Express had created some con-
83
troversy in the press with reports that the three female Michle Torr, Luxembourg's 1966 entrant participated
members would wear transparent tops; this did not mate- for Monaco. And nally Fernando Tordo and Paulo de
rialise for the actual event.[3]
Carvalho (part of Os Amigos) returned once more after
The British conductor Ronnie Hazlehurst used an they previously represented the nation as solo acts back
in 1973 and 1974 respectively.
umbrella and wore a bowler hat.[4][5]
Conductors
4.3.4 Results
Each performance had a conductor who maestro the 4.3.5 Scoreboard

orchestra.[6]
12 points
Monaco - Yvon Rioland
Austria - Christian Kolonovits
Germany - Ronnie Hazlehurst
was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country.
Luxembourg - Johnny Arthey
Portugal - Jose Calvario
United Kingdom - Ronnie Hazlehurst

1.
2.
Greece - George Hatzinassios
3.
Netherlands - Ralph Inbar
4.
5.
Switzerland - Peter Jacques
Sweden - Anders Berglund
6.
Germany - Max Schautzer
7.
Italy - Maurizio Fabrizio
8.
Portugal Ana Zanatti[9]
9.
United Kingdom - Colin Berry
Belgium - Alyn Ainsworth
France - Raymond Donnez
10.
Greece - Naki Agathou[10]
11.
12.
Returning artists
13.
Sweden - Sven Lindahl[13]
Several artists returned to the 1977 Contest. Beatrix

Neundlinger and Gnter Grosslercher from the group
Schmetterlinge both represented Austria in 1972 as part
of the band The Milestones. Patricia Maessen, Bianca
Maessen, and Stella Maessen had previously represented
the Netherlands in 1970 as part of the group Hearts of
Soul, in 1977 they represented Belgium under the band
name Dream Express.
14.
Spain - Isabel Tenaille[14]
15.
Italy - Mariolina Cannuli
16.
Finland - Kaarina Pnni[15]
17.
Belgium - Anne Ploegaerts
18.
France - Michel Drucker
Ireland's participant The Swarbriggs returned after their Each national broadcaster also sent a commentator to the
previous appearance back in 1975. Ilanit from Israel re- contest, in order to provide coverage of the contest in their
turned after previously representing the nation in 1973. own native language.
84
4.3.7
References
[1] Roman. The Museum of London. Archived from the

original on March 22, 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2008.

ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3.

ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3.

[4] Leigh, Spencer (4 October 2007). Obituary - Ronnie Hazlehurst. The Daily Telegraph.
[5] Obituary - Ronnie Hazlehurst. The Times. 3 October
2007.
[6] Conductors 1977. 4Lyrics.com. Retrieved 20 October
2012.
2012-08-10.
[10] "
EUROVISION - Page 3. Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[25] Christian Masson. 1977 - Wembley.

Songcon-
[26] Christian Masson. 1977 - Wembley.

Songcon-
pageId=3797856&lang=is&q=Melodi%20Grand%
20Prix
[28] http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=1767318

The Eurovision Song Contest 1978 was the 23rd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held
on 22 April 1978 in Paris. The contest was won by Izhar
Cohen & the Alphabeta who represented Israel with the
song "A-Ba-Ni-Bi". Although 'A-Ba-Ni-Bi' is the correct
title, French television mistakenly captioned on screen
the song title as 'Ah-Bah-Nee-Bee'. The presenters were
[14] Eurovisin 1977 - Jurado TVE. YouTube. 1977-05-07. Denise Fabre and Lon Zitrone, and this was the rst time
more than one presenter hosted an edition of the Contest.
Twenty countries participated, a record at the time.
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
The winning entry is a love song sung in the Hebrew

equivalent of Ubbi dubbi (the title is an expansion of the
Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists. Eurovision- Hebrew word ani , meaning I). This was Israels
artists.nl. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
rst Eurovision win. The win caused problems for several
North African and Middle-Eastern nations that were teleArchived October 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
vising the contest, even though they were not participatHvem kommenterte fr Jostein Pedersen? - Debattfo- ing. According to author and political commentator John
rum. Nrk.no. Archived from the original on November Kennedy O'Connor in his book The Eurovision Song Contest: The Ocial History, when Israel became the clear
2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
winners during the voting, most of the Arabic stations
Eurovision Song Contest 1977. Ecgermany.de. Re- ended their transmission of the contest. Jordanian TV
trieved 2012-08-10.
nished the show with a photo of a bunch of daodils on
screen,[2] later announcing that the Belgian entry (which
Eurovision Song Contest 1977 BBC Archives
nished second) was the winner. Norway nished last for
" EUROVISION (1970- the fth time, gaining the rst nul points during the cur1986)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
rent voting system was implemented in 1975.
4.4.1
Location
85
This was the rst Contest in which both Greece and

Turkey participated; Greece made its debut in the Contest in 1974 in Brighton, but the following year they withdrew in response to the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus,
in protest of Turkeys participation in Stockholm. Greece
subsequently returned in 1976 in The Hague with a song
about the Cyprus crisis, "Panayia Mou, Panayia Mou",
the English version of which was entitled The death of
Cyprus, and they also participated in 1977 in London
with "Mathima Solfege", Turkey then in turn pulled out
from the Contest in protest of the Greek participations.
This pattern would repeat over the following years; in
1979 Greece took part in the Contest with "Sokrati" in
Jerusalem - but Turkey withdrew. In 1980 both counParis
tries returned, with "Autostop" and "Pet'r Oil" respecLocation of the host city.
tively. Despite Turkeys failure to recognize the Greek
The event took place in Paris, the capital and largest city government in Cyprus, all three countries performed together when Cyprus debuted in 1981 and it continued until 2012.
For more details on the host city, see Paris.
51 30'
(km)
250
41
Denmark returned to the contest this year, for the rst

time since 1966. The Greek entry this year was a song
called "Charlie Chaplin", in reference to the comedian
who died the previous year. In a curious twist, however,
regular entrants Peter, Sue and Marc had entered the German national nal with a song also called Charlie Chaplin. They lost out at third place however.[3] The song
from Monaco also made reference to Charlie Chaplin, but
not as the main theme.
Conductors
Palais des Congrs, Paris - host venue of the 1978 contest.
of France, with the host venue being the Palais des congrs de Paris which is a concert venue, convention centre
and shopping mall in the 17th arrondissement of Paris.
The venue was built by French architect Guillaume Gillet,
and was inaugurated in 1974.
4.4.2
Format
Bjrn Skifs was unhappy with the rule that every country would have to perform in their native language. He
planned to sing in English anyway, but changed his mind
at the very last moment, causing him to completely forget
the lyrics. He therefore sang the rst few lines in gibberish
before nding the words again. Along with the 20 participating countries, the show was also broadcast live in
Yugoslavia, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Jordan, East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Dubai, Hong
Kong, the Soviet Union and Japan.
Each performance had a conductor who maestro the orchestra.
Italy - Nicola Samale
France - Alain Goraguer
Spain - Ramn Arcusa
Switzerland - Daniel Janin
Belgium - Jean Musy
Turkey - Onno Tun
86
Germany - Jean Frankfurter
Monaco - Yvon Rioland
8.
9.
United Kingdom Colin Berry

Greece - Haris Andreadis
10.
Belgium - Andr Hagon
Denmark - Helmer Olesen
11.
Netherlands - Dick van Bommel
Luxembourg - Rolf Soja
12.
Turkey - Meral Savc
Israel - Nurit Hirsh
13.
Germany - Ute Verhoolen
Austria - Richard sterreicher
14.
Sweden - Bengt Palmers
Returning artists
Several artists returned to the 1978 Contest. Ireen Sheer
had previously represented Luxembourg in 1974, and nished in equal fourth place. Jean Valle also returned,
eight years after representing Belgium in 1970, while
Norbert Niedermeyer, who had represented Austria in
1972 as part of the band The Milestones, was back as
a member of the Austrian band Springtime.
4.4.4
Results
1.^ The Austrian entry also contains some

lyrics in English.
4.4.5
Scoreboard
12 points
15.
Greece - Niki Venega
16.
Denmark - Bent Henius[8]
17.
18.
19.
20.
Each national broadcaster also sent a commentator to the

contest, in order to provide coverage of the contest in their
4.4.7 References
ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3.

978-1-84442-994-3
4.4.6
[3] Natnals - German 1978 nal
was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Each country had a jury who awarded 12,
10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 points for their top ten songs.

1.
Ireland - John Skehan
2.
Norway - Egil Teige[5]
[8] Forside. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
3.
4.

5.
Portugal - TBD
6.
France - TBD
7.
Spain - Matas Prats

2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
87
4.5.1 Location
For more details on the host city, see Jerusalem.

2012-08-10.
[14] Christian Masson. 1978 - Paris. Songcontest.free.fr.
[18] Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Jerusalem
Located on a plateau in the Judean Mountains be-

[21] Archived October 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.

of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held on
31 March 1979 in Jerusalem, Israel, following the countrys win at the 1978 edition. The event was staged at the
International Convention Center. The presenters were
Daniel Pe'er and Yardena Arazi.
International Convention Center, Jerusalem - host venue of the

1979 contest.
tween the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea, Jerusalem

is one of the oldest cities in the world. In the ancient
cuneiform, Jerusalem was called Urusalima, meaning
City of Peace, during the early Canaanite period (apThe winner was Israel with the song "Hallelujah", per- proximately 2400 BC).[1] It is considered holy to the three
formed by Gali Atari and Milk and Honey. Therefore, major Abrahamic religionsJudaism, Christianity and
this was Israels consecutive second win, and overall sec- Islam.
ond win, in the contest. 19 countries participated, the
20 countries that took part at the previous 1978 Contest, except for Turkey which was also going to partic- 4.5.2 Format
ipate but eventually withdrew its entry for political reasons. Yugoslavia, that missed the 1978 Contest, also Each country had a jury who awarded 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5,
didn't want to take part nor transmit the 1979 show for 4, 3, 2, 1 point(s) for their top ten songs. This was the
political reasons. As well as being broadcast live in the 19 last year in which the points were announced via order of
competing countries, the contest was broadcast in Turkey, appearance, as opposed to order of preference.
Romania, Hong Kong and Iceland.
The voting was extremely close. Israel gained a good
As of 2016, it was the last time the contest was held in lead in the early stages of the voting, but Spain eventually
March.
caught up and took a good lead themselves. At the close
88
of the penultimate jurys votes, Israel were one point behind Spain, and only the Spanish jury had yet to give their
votes. Spain ended up giving Israel 10 points, causing the
crowd to erupt into enormous cheers.
Sweden - Lars Samuelson
Norway - Sigurd Jansen
United Kingdom - Ken Jones
4.5.3
Spain - Jos Luis Navarro

At one point before the contest Turkey was going to participate. The country would have appeared 11th on stage
(between Israel and France), represented by Maria Rita
4.5.4 Results
Epik and 21. Peron with the song "Seviyorum" (I'm
Loving). However Turkey was forced to retire from the
contest under pressure from Arab states who objected to 4.5.5 Scoreboard
a predominantly Muslim country taking part in a contest
held in Israel,[2] but they however took part in Jerusalem 12 points
20 years later.
Returning artists

The contest saw the return of four artists who had participated in previous editions of the contest: Frances Voting and spokespersons
representative Anne-Marie David was the winner for
Luxembourg in 1973, Netherlands Xandra represented
Portugal - Joo Abel da Fonseca[4]

the country in 1972 and 1976, Norways Anita Skorgan
represented the country in 1977, and Switzerlands Peter,
Italy - Paola Perissi

Sue and Marc represented the country in 1971 and 1976.

Conductors
Ireland - David Heernan
For each nations performance, the orchestra was conducted by the following:
Italy - no national representative
Switzerland Michel Stocker[7]
Denmark - Allan Botschinsky
Germany - Lotti Ohnesorge[8]
Ireland - Proinnsas Duinn
Israel - Dan Kaner[9]
France - Fabienne gal
Monaco - Grard Salesse

Greece - Lefteris Halkiadakis
Switzerland - Rolf Zuckowski
Germany - Norbert Daum
Netherlands - Ivo Niehe[10]
Israel - Kobi Oshrat
France - Guy Mattoni
Luxembourg - Herv Roy
Spain - Manuel Almendros
89
Commentators
Portugal - Fialho Gouveia (RTP1)[13]
Italy - Rosanna Vaudetti (Rete 1)
Turkey (Non participating country) - Blend

zveren & Baak Doru (TRT)
Yugoslavia (Non participating country) - Oliver

Mlakar (JRT)
Denmark - Jrgen de Mylius (DR TV);[5] Kjeld

Koplev (DR P3)
4.5.7
References
Ireland - Mike Murphy (RT1); Jimmy Greeley (RT Radio 1)
Finland - Anja-Maija Leppnen (YLE TV1)[14]
Monaco - Marc Menant (Tl Monte Carlo)
[2] O'Connor, John Kennedy. The Eurovision Song Contest:

The Ocial History. Carlton Books, UK. 2007 ISBN 9781-84442-994-3
Greece - Mako Georgiadou (ERT);[15]

Greece - Dimitris Konstantaras (Proto Programma)

Switzerland - Theodor Haller (TV DRS),

Georges Hardy (TSR), Giovanni Bertini (TSI)
Germany - Ado Schlier & Gabi Schnelle

(ARD Deutsches Fernsehen);[8] Wolf Mittler
(Deutschlandfunk/Bayern 2)

2012-08-10.
Israel - Yoram Arbel (Israeli Television);[16]

Yitzhak Shim'oni (Reshet Gimel)
France - Marc Menant (TF1)

[17]
[18]
Belgium - Luc Appermont (BRT TV1),

Paule Herreman (RTBF1);[17] Nand Baert & Herwig Haes (BRT Radio 1), Marc Danval (RTBF La
Premire)
Luxembourg - Jacques Navadic (RTL Tl
Luxembourg);[17] Andr Torrent (RTL Radio)
Netherlands - Willem Duys (Nederland 2)[19]
Sweden - Ulf Elfving (SR TV1);[11] Kent Finell

(SR P3)[11]
Norway - Egil Teige (NRK);[20] Erik Heyerdahl

(NRK P1)
United Kingdom - John Dunn (BBC1);[21] Ray

Moore (BBC Radio 2)
Austria - Max Schautzer (FS1);[22] Walter

Richard Langer (Hitradio 3)
[1] BC The Archaeology of the Bible Lands by Magnus Magnusson. BBC Publications London. 1977.
Spain - Miguel de los Santos (TVE1)
[23]

[10] Hallelujah: het goede liedje op de goede plaats op de
goede tijd, Leidse Courant, 2 April 1979
[13] Aleluia, venceu o balo de Israel, Dirio de Lisboa, 2
April 1979
[16] From the hebrew closing credits of the original Israeli
broadcast.
[17] Christian Masson. 1979 - Jerusalem.
Songcon-
Hong Kong (Non participating country) - Unknown
Iceland (Non participating country) - Unknown

(RV)

Romania (Non participating country) - Unknown
90
2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[22] Unterhaltungssendungen im Fernsehen Max Schautzer
Die ozielle Homepage. Max-schautzer.de. 1999-0222. Retrieved 2012-08-10.

Germany were runners-up this year. They would nish
in second place again the following year, nally winning
it in 1982. Germany would go on to nish second again
in 1985 and 1987, making the 1980s their most successful decade. United Kingdom returned to form by coming
third.
4.6.1 Location
For more details on the host city, see The Hague.

Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 19 April 1980
in The Hague. The presenter was Marlous Fluitsma, although each song was introduced by a presenter from the
participating nation. In some cases, this was the same
person providing the commentary. The contest was won
by Johnny Logan, representing Ireland with a song called
The Hague
Whats Another Year.
The Hague is the seat of government of the Kingdom
Israel, winners in 1979, declined to host the show for
the second time in a row, as the IBA could not fund
another international production, and the Israeli government turned down a request to extend the IBA budget.
Moreover, the date that was eventually set for the 1980
contest by the European Broadcasting Union coincided
with Israels Day of Remembrance for their casualties
of war, so Israel was forced to withdraw. After Spain,
the 2nd-place winner of 1979, and reportedly the UK,
refused to host, the Netherlands nally agreed to host
the show in a small-scale production. According to Yair
Lapid, son of Tommy Lapid who was then the IBA director general, Lapid called his counterpart at NOS and
convinced him to take the undesired honour, when he Nederlands Congresgebouw - host venue of the 1980 contest.
realised that the extra cost could paralyse the regular work
of the IBA.[1]
of the Netherlands and the capital city of the province
The same venue in The Hague used in 1976 - the of South Holland. It is also the third largest city of the
Congresgebouw - was chosen, with parts of the opening Netherlands, after Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Located
lm from 1976 being reused in the introduction and the in the west of the Netherlands, The Hague is in the centre
same set designer (Roland de Groot) taking charge of the of the Haaglanden conurbation and lies at the southwest
design. As with the recent 1977 and 1978 contests, there corner of the larger Randstad conurbation.
were no pre-lmed postcards between the songs, with a
guest presenter from each nation introducing the entries.
Format
NOS spent just US$725,000 on the project.
Morocco joined the Eurovision family for the rst (and so The scoring system implemented in 1975 remained the
far only) time. Monaco withdrew, and would not return same; each country had a jury who awarded 12, 10, 8,
until the 2004 semi nal.
7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 point(s) for their top ten songs. HowAustralian-born Johnny Logan representing Ireland was ever this year for the rst time, countries were required to
the winner of this Eurovision with the song, "Whats An- cast their votes in ascending order, 1,2,3 etc. This change
other Year". This was Irelands second time winning the made for the added excitement of waiting for each councompetition, having won in 1970 with "All Kinds of Ev- try to award their highest 12 points at the end of each
erything", which was also held on Dutch soil.
voting round.
4.6.2
91
Conductors
For each nations performance, the orchestra was conducted by the following:
Turkey - Atilla zdemirolu
Greece - Jick Nacassian
Luxembourg - Norbert Daum
Morocco - Jean Claudric
Italy - Del Newman
Switzerland - Peter Reber
Germany - Wolfgang Rdelberger
United Kingdom - John Coleman
Portugal - Jorge Machado
Netherlands - Rogier van Otterloo
France - Sylvano Santorio
Spain - Javier Iturralde
Belgium - no national representative
Johnny Logan performing his winning song "Whats Another

Year"
Katja Ebstein during rehearsals
4.6.3
Results
4.6.5 Returning artists
4.6.4
Score sheet
4.6.6 Song Presenters
The Netherlands gained a strong lead early on, getting the Each song was introduced by a presenter from the namaximum 'douze points from three of the rst four vot- tional country.
ing countries. This was not to last, however, as Germany
Austria - Chris Lohner

and eventually Ireland overtook them.
Turkey - ebnem Sava
12 points
Greece - Kelly Sakakou
Luxembourg - Michle Etzel
92

^All the introductions were made in the language in which
the song was performed, with the exception of Ireland.
Thelma Manseld introduced the song in Irish, whereas
the song was performed in English.
4.6.7 Commentators
4.6.8 Spokespersons
Maggie MacNeal during rehearsals
Turkey - Baak Doru
Morocco - Kamal Irassi
Denmark - Bent Henius
Sweden Arne Weise
Morocco - Mohammed Bouzidi
Norway - Roald yen[7]
Italy - Beatrice Cori
Germany - Gabi Schnelle
Denmark - Jrgen de Mylius
United Kingdom - Ray Moore
Sweden Ulf Elfving
Portugal - Teresa Cruz
Netherlands - Flip van der Schalie
Switzerland - Lyliam Stambac
Finland - Heikki Harma
Norway - se Kleveland
Ireland - David Heernan
Germany - Carolin Reiber
Spain - Alfonso Lapea
United Kingdom - Noel Edmonds
Belgium - Jacques Olivier
Portugal - Eldio Clmaco
Netherlands - Marlous Fluitsma
France - velyne Dhliat
Ireland^ - Thelma Manseld
Spain - Mari Cruz Soriano
Belgium - Arlette Vincent
4.6.9 National jury members
Spain Jos Mara Rello (tailor), Carmen Miranda (student), Emilio Machado (painter),
Mara Jos Nieto (actress), Rafael Lozano (discothque chain director), Nieves Aguado (student),
Ana Menndez (secretary), Rafael Gmez (businessman), Isabel Ortiz (gure skater), Pedro Olivares (engineer), Mari Luz Blanco (housewife)
4.6.10
93
Location
Notes
1. ^ The song was performed in Norwegian, but the
title of the song is in the North Sami dialect of
the Sami languages, translating as Sami Earth or
Sami Soil.
References
[1] Yair Lapid, Memoires After my Death, Keter Books,
Jerusalem 2010 (ISBN 978-965-07-1792-6), p. 239 (in
Hebrew)
Dublin
Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin

is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, at
the mouth of the River Liey. Founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city ex[3] Dellanoi, Dietmar (OGAE Austria)
panded rapidly from the 17th century and was briey the
second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts
[4] Eurovision Song Contest 1980 at the Internet Movie of Union in 1800. Following the partition of Ireland in
1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State,
Database
later renamed Ireland.


The Eurovision Song Contest 1981 was the 26th event
of its kind, and was held on 4 April 1981 at the Simmonscourt Pavilion of the Royal Dublin Society in Dublin.
The presenter was Doireann N Bhriain. The United
Kingdoms Bucks Fizz were the winners of this contest
with the song "Making Your Mind Up", beating second
place Germany by four points. This year is remembered
for the performance of this British band, which launched
the groups hugely successful international career, and
included a dance-routine where the two male members
ripped the skirts o the two female members only to reveal mini-skirts, and today stands as one of the dening
moments in the contests history.[1]
The contest took place under heavy guard at the 15,000

seat Simmonscourt Pavilion of the RDS, which was normally used for agricultural and horse shows.[2] Over 250
armed soldiers and police were on hand to protect against
any likely political demonstrations.
Production
Having won the year before, Ireland hosted the 1981 contest - the second time they had done so. As in 1971, the
1981 Eurovision Song Contest was produced by the countrys broadcaster RT. The presenter on this occasion was
Doireann Ni Bhriain, who was well known in Ireland at
the time as a TV presenter and for the current aairs radio
show Women Today. She was chosen for her uency in
Irish and English as well as having studied French, which
she spoke with some ease.[3] The director was Ian McGarry, while Noel Kelehan was the chief conductor for
the show.
It cost RT over 300,000 to stage, although this included
110,000 from the EBU. From this, the Irish Government
expected to make around 2,000,000 from tourism as a
result of staging the show.[4] The RDS would go on to host
the next Irish Eurovision production in 1988.
Entrants
4.7.1
Overview
This year marked the dbut of Cyprus in the contest,

who nished sixth. Returning to the contest was Israel,
94
who did not compete the previous year, despite winning

the two years previous to that. They nished seventh.
Yugoslavia also returned to the competition after a veyear absence. Italy withdrew for the rst time from the
contest, due to lack of interest, while Morocco declined
to take part after their sole entry the year before.[5]
Of the performers, many previous contestants returned
to the contest this year. Notably, Jean-Claude Pascal for
Luxembourg, who had won the contest 20 years earlier,
although could only manage 11th place this time. Repeated entrants Peter, Sue and Marc returned for the
fourth time, after 1971, 1976 and 1979. Performing
again for Switzerland, they remain the only act to sing
in four dierent languages (French, English, German and
this time, Italian). Other returnees were Marty Brem who
had taken part the year before for Austria, Tommy Seebach for Denmark, and Bjrn Skifs for Sweden. Bucks
Fizz member, Cheryl Baker had performed in 1978 with
the band Co-Co for the UK, while Sheeba member Maxi
had performed as a solo artist in 1973 for Ireland.
The 46-piece Irish TV orchestra didn't have a saxophone
as they didn't consider it an orchestral instrument, which
caused great concern with the United Kingdom entry as
a saxophone appeared heavily on their song. Andy Hill
the producer of the single - said that had they known,
they would have dropped one of the two backing singers
to be replaced by a saxophonist, there being two on the
actual recording.
Interval
The interval act was traditional Irish band Planxty, who
performed the lengthy piece Timedance, which depicted Irish music through the ages. The dancers were
from Dublin City Ballet with choreography by Iain Montague. This is seen as a precursor to Riverdance, which
became famous after its performance in 1994. The song,
which was written by Bill Whelan, went on to be released
as a Planxty single and became a No.3 hit in the Irish
charts.[6][7]
Bucks Fizz performing "Making Your Mind Up"
The UK gained eight, which meant that when the nal

jury (Sweden) were about to cast their votes, the UK
needed ve points or more to win over either country.
Switzerland were quickly eliminated by receiving just one
vote. The UK passed the ve-point mark and received
eight votes, while Germany did indeed receive the maximum 12 points, but it was too late. France nished third,
with Switzerland fourth and the hosts Ireland coming in
fth. Of these, Switzerland received the most top votes
despite only nishing fourth, while the UK only received
two. The UK did however receive points from every competing country. Meanwhile, at the other end of the board
was Norway, who nished last with no points for the third
time in Eurovision history, gaining no points in 1963 and
1978 as well.
Other memorable moments included a glitch in the scorekeeping, giving host country Ireland 310 extra points instead of the 10 designated by the Luxembourg jury. Also
of note, when host Doireann N Bhriain attempted to collect Yugoslavias votes, after repeated attempts to contact
them, Yugoslavias spokeswoman, Helga Vlahovi, who
went on to present the 1990 contest, nally answered the
phone and abruptly answered I don't have it, causing
laughter to erupt from the audience. Also during the nal
vote, Turkeys nine points suddenly disappeared from the
scoreboard.
This mix of past and present was also the theme to the
Aftermath
contests opening montage, which featured shots of Celtic
ruins, clis and castles, edited together with close-ups of
Runner-up Lena Valaitis was in good spirits while talkart, aeroplanes, architecture and horse races.
ing to the press following the contest and largely unconcerned about losing. Swedish singer Bjrn Skifs however
was more outspoken saying; This was not a song conVoting
test, it was a show all these dancing girls, they take away
The voting proved to be memorable for its closeness. The from the songs. I also think there should be a change in
UK won by four points, but leading up to this, ve coun- the rules to allow us to sing in English. Then we would
tries took pole position at various stages: UK, Germany, really be able to compete.[8] Harald Tusberg, head of
France, Switzerland and Ireland. Just before the penul- light entertainment for Norwegian television was upbeat
timate vote, three countries (UK, Germany and Switzer- about Norways 'nul points result as he claimed that their
land) were all on equal top marks. After this, Switzerland entry would be remembered above many others; Who
(who had performed second last) were unable to collect remembers who came second or third people will repoints as it was their jurys results that were being an- member us!". Finn Kalvik himself conceded graciously
nounced, while Germany failed to receive votes either. saying that he had enjoyed the weeks holiday.[9]
95
Following this years contest, France withdrew from competing the following year, with the broadcaster announcing that the songs were a monument to drivel.[10] Indeed, many comments had been made regarding the quality of the winning groups performance indicating that the
song had most likely won by style over substance.[11] Either way, Bucks Fizz went on to have a very successful
career over the next few years, and became one of the
top-selling groups of the 1980s. The winning song itself
reached No.1 in nine countries and became a top ten hit in
nations such as Australia, New Zealand and South Africa,
selling four million copies worldwide.[12][13][14]
Spain - Juan Barcons
Netherlands - Rogier van Otterloo
United Kingdom - John Coleman
Portugal - Shegundo Galarza
Belgium - Giuseppe Marchese
Germany, who had never won the contest up to this point,

were becoming increasingly frustrated with their second
placings in this and the previous years contest and made
a concerted eort for the following year. This was to
pay o, as in 1982 they nally clinched their rst victory
which was achieved in an overwhelming manner.[15]
Greece - Yiorgos Niarchos
Cyprus - Michalis Rozakis
Switzerland - Rolf Zuckowski

The UKs victory this year meant that the contest would
take place in the UK the following year - the seventh time
the country had hosted the event (a record unbeaten and 4.7.2 Returning artists
later extended by an eighth UK hosting in 1998). The
BBC opted to take it to the North Yorkshire town of 4.7.3 Results
Harrogate at a later than usual date, 24 April. The 1981
contest was held on 4 April and up to (and including) 4.7.4 Voting structure
2016 has never been as early again.
Decades later, Debbie Cameron, who represented Den- Each country had a jury who awarded 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5,
mark with Tommy Seebach, revealed in a book about 4, 3, 2, 1 point(s) for their top ten songs.
Seebach that she was contacted by a BBC employee, who
told her that Bucks Fizzs victory was planned. Accord12 points
ing to the employee, he had witnessed how BBC technicians had sabotaged the sound checks during the reBelow is a summary of all 12 points in the nal:
hearsal of the Danish, the Israeli and the Western German
[16]
performances. This claim however ignores the fact that
the BBC did not host the 1981 Contest.
4.7.5 Commentators
Conductors
Each performance had a conductor who maestro the orchestra. Host conductor in bold.
4.7.6 Spokespersons
Turkey - Baak Doru
Turkey - Onno Tun
Germany - Wolfgang Rdelberger
Israel - Dan Kaner[34]
Luxembourg - Jol Rocher
Yugoslavia - Helga Vlahovi[36]
Finland Annemi Genetz[37]
Yugoslavia - Ranko Rihtman
Finland - Otto Donner
Spain - Isabel Tenaille[38]
France - David Sprineld
Netherlands - Flip van der Schalie[39]
96
[13] Australian Chart Book, 1970-1992
[14] South African Charts
[15] Eurovision 1982 results
Portugal - Margarida Andrade
Belgium - Walter De Meyere
[16] Eriksen, Jan Have (2010-10-17). Britisk Grand Prix-sejr

i 1981 var aftalt spil (in Danish). B.T. Retrieved 201102-01.
Greece - Tatiana Darra
Cyprus - Anna Partelidou[32]
Sweden - Bengteric Nordell[42]

[18] Austrian commentator Archived October 24, 2007, at the
Wayback Machine.
[19] Luxembourgish commentator
[20] Esconnet.dk
[21] Serbia President (OGAE Serbia)
4.7.7
National jury members
Turkey Sheyla Aldoan, Hidayet Yarken,

Hatice Akba, Lftiye Duman, Nebiye Yazc,
Nesrin Demirel, Sami Ersoy, Mehmet Kute,
Mustafa Ekinci, Cengiz Doan, Ali Arslan[43]
Spain Beln Lage (shop assistant), Jos
Manuel Lozano (chief sales ocer), Carmen Ruiz
(housewife), Pablo Hardy (hairdresser), Mara Acacia Lpez-Bachiller (public relations), Andrs Pajares (actor), Lola Forner (Miss Spain and actress),
Juan Carlos Andrade (tennis player), Mara del Mar
Serrano (student), Juan Vinader (sound engineer),
Amada Quintana (student)[44]
United Kingdom Norman Harper, Neil
Hardie
[22] Klub OGAE Slovenija

[23] viisukuppila.
[24] French commentator
[25] Spanish commentator
[26] Eurovisionartists.nl
[27] NRK.nl Archived November 2, 2012, at the Wayback
Machine.
[30] Songcontest.free.fr
[31] Greek commentator
[32] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus)
4.7.8
References
[1] Eurovision 81 overview

[2] Last fm - RDS, Eurovision 1981
[3] "Sunday Times - Doireann Ni Bhriain, Keeping the faith
[4] No Sax please, We're Irish!, David Wigg, Daily Express,
4 April 1981
[33] Swedish commentator Archived July 18, 2012, at the

Wayback Machine.
[34] Tapuz.co.il Archived October 8, 2011, at the Wayback
Machine.
[35] Esconet.dk
[36] Yugoslavian spokesperson Archived April 8, 2012, at the
Wayback Machine.
[5] ESCToday - 1981
[37] Finnish spokesperson
[6] Ceolas - Planxty
[38] Spanish spokesperson
[7] Irish chart database - search Planxty Archived 2009-0603 at WebCite
[39] Artiesten op Songfestival, Leidse Courant, 4 April 1981
[8] Reprise, Ultan Macken, RT Guide 24 April 1981

[9] Fizz Kids Brian Wesley, Daily Star, 6 April 1981

[10] Eurovision 1982 (in French)
[42] Swedish spokesmen Archived July 18, 2012, at the

Wayback Machine.
[11] Time - Bucks Fizz, 1981
[43] Yarmac lkeler ve halk jrisi, Milliyet, 4 April 1981
[12] New Zealand charts
[44] Eurofestival
97
4.8.1 Location
For more details on the host city, see Harrogate.
on 24 April 1982 in Harrogate, North Yorkshire, United
Kingdom. The presenter was Jan Leeming.
The German entrant, Nicole, was winner with the song
"Ein bichen Frieden". Germany received 1.61 times as
many points as runner-up Israel, which was a record under the current scoring system until 2009, when Norway
Harrogate
received 1.78 times as many points as Iceland. The
song also cemented Ralph Siegel and Bernd Meinunger,
Harrogate is a spa town in North Yorkshire, England.
the songs composers, into German Eurovision tradition,
writing 18 Eurovision songs between them before and
after Ein bichen Frieden, 13 of which were for Germany.
This was the rst time that Germany won the contest.
They have competed in the nals every year (with exception of 1996) since the contests inception. Germany won
again in 2010.
The opening of the contest showed a map of Europe, with
the translation Where is Harrogate?" popping up onscreen from the languages of the various countries. The
question was always in the language in which the respective countrys song was performed, with the exception of
Ireland. The Irish entry was sung in English, but the translation of the question in the map was in Irish. Then the
map zoomed into Harrogates location in Yorkshire, folHarrogate International Centre, Harrogate - host venue of the
lowed by an introduction video spotlighting the town.
1982 contest.
Greece was due to participate in the contest with the song

Sarantapente Kopelies performed by Themis Adamantidis. Although drawn to perform in second place, ERT
Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, the town is
withdrew the entry a few weeks before the contest.
a tourist destination and its visitor attractions include its
In November 1981, Frances national broadcaster, TF1,
spa waters and RHS Harlow Carr gardens. Nearby is the
declined to enter the Eurovision Song Contest for 1982, Yorkshire Dales national park and the Nidderdale AONB.
with the head of entertainment, Pierre Bouteiller, saying, Harrogate grew out of two smaller settlements, High HarThe absence of talent and the mediocrity of the songs rogate and Low Harrogate, in the 17th century. The town
were annoyance set in. [Eurovision is] a monument to became known as 'The English Spa' in the Georgian Era,
insanity [sometimes translated as drivel"].[1] Antenne 2 after its waters were discovered in the 16th century. In
became the new broadcaster for Eurovision after public the 17th and 18th centuries its 'chalybeate' waters (conoutcry, returning the country to the Contest in 1983.
taining iron) were a popular health treatment, and the
The tradition of previous years winners handing over the inux of wealthy but sickly visitors contributed signiprize to current winners was not followed by Bucks Fizz, cantly to the wealth of the town.
winners in 1981.
The Harrogate International Centre was chosen as the
Irish band Chips lost out in their national nals, which
would, had they been successful, led to the unique situation of two bands in the same Eurovision with the same
name (the other being Sweden).
host venue for the contest. The grand convention and

exhibition centre opened short time prior to the contest,
and was the rst big event held in the main 2000-seat auditorium.
98
4.8.2
Results
There were 18 competitors in this years nal. No year

since has had this few competitors in the nal of the competition (excluding the junior version).
4.8.3
Voting structure
Each country had a jury who awarded 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5,

4, 3, 2, 1 point(s) for their top ten songs.
Germany had the advantage of performing last. After
coming second in 1980 and second in Dublin the year
previously, Ralph Siegel and Bernd Meinunger took the
rst Grand Prix for Germany. The winner, Nicole, beat
the nearest competition by 61 points and over 13 million
West Germans watched her victory on television. Germany was the commanding leader for nearly the entire
voting process.
Sweden - Arne Weise[8]
Austria - Tilia Herold
Spain - Marisa Naranjo
Denmark - Hans Otto Bisgaard
Yugoslavia - Mia Molk[18]
Nicole went on to sing the reprise of her song in English, 4.8.9 National jury members
French and Dutch, as well as German, to the delight of
the invited audience in Harrogate Conference Centre who
Portugal Frederico Hogan Teves

stood to applaud her. The English version of her Eurovision winner, A Little Peace, subsequently shot to No. 1
Turkey Mine Ant, Jale zkasm, Fariz Acar,

in the UK Singles Chart.
Hakan erafettinolu, Haluk Gnuur, Taner Acar,
Muammer Tosun, Sezer ktem, Glsen Nas, Dilek
Abgil, Belma Eiyok[20]
4.8.4
Score sheet
12 points
4.8.5
Conductors
Spain Marisa Coo (painter), Luis Gonzlez

(hairdresser), Estela Alcaraz (student), Colomn
Trabado (athlete), Mara ngeles Toledano
(dancer), Eusebio Poncela (actor), Mara Teresa
Portal (landlady), Leandro Martn (jeweller),
Miriam Ruiz (law graduate), Miguel Martnez
(orist), Asuncin Lpez (student)[21]
Host conductor in bold
4.8.10 References
4.8.6
Returning artists
[1] 1982 Eurovision source in French
4.8.7
Commentators

4.8.8
Spokespersons
[3] Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o forum eurovisivo portugus Archived 21 April 2012 at the
Wayback Machine.
[4] 1982 - Harrogate
Norway - Erik Diesen
Turkey - Baak Doru
[15]
[5] Hvem kommenterte fr Jostein Pedersen? - Debattforum

Archived 2 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
[6] Selostajat ja taustalaulajat lpi vuosien? Viisukuppila
[16]
Finland - Solveig Herlin
[8] Infosajten.com Archived 18 July 2012 at the Wayback

Machine.
[9] Archived copy. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2011.

[11] FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIN Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010
[12] esconnet.dk - Forside
99
lead, which they earned halfway through the jury vote. At
one point, murmurs and boos arose from the crowd at the
Greek jurys decision to give host country Germany only
one point. This was the only occasion in which Greece
didn't award any point to Cyprus.
Language troubles
[13] Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists
Due to Charells choice to announce points in three languages instead of two, the voting went on for nearly an
hour, stretching the Eurovision contest past three hours
Dyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway)
for the rst time ever.[2] In addition, Charell made 13
Selostajat ja taustalaulajat lpi vuosien? Viisukuppila language mistakes throughout the voting,[2] some as innocuous as mixing up the words for points between the
Baumann, Peter Ramn (OGAE Switzerland)
three languages, some as major as nearly awarding points
Sumnja od Jugolasvenskog glasanja Archived 8 April to Schweden (Sweden) that were meant for Schweiz
2012 at the Wayback Machine.
(Switzerland).
[14] Eurovision Song Contest 1982

[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19] Archived 8 October 2011 at the Wayback

Machine.
[20] Eurovision Trkiye jrisi belli oldu, Nuri olakolu and
Emren Vardar, Milliyet, 18 April 1982
The language problems also occurred during the contest

introductions, as Charell introduced Norwegian conductor Sigurd Jansen as "...Johannes...Skorgan...,[3] having
been forced to make up a name on the spot after forgetting the conductors name.
[21] 000webhost.com - free web hosting provider. Eurofestival.host22.com. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
4.9.2 Song success

in Munich, then West Germany, on 23 April 1983. The
presenter was Marlene Charell. Corinne Hermes was the
winner of this Eurovision with the song, Si la vie est
cadeau. This was Luxembourgs fth victory in the contest which equalled the record set by France in 1977. It
was also the second year in a row where the winning entry
was performed last on the night and the second year in a
row in which Israel won 2nd place.
The set that year was a quite small, arc-shaped stage surrounding the orchestra section, and a large background
resembling giant electric heaters, which lit up in dierent sequences and combinations depending on the nature
and rhythm of the songs. The 1983 contest was the rst
to be televised in Australia, via Channel 0/28 (now SBS
Television) in Sydney and Melbourne. The contest went
to become a very popular show in Australia, leading to
an intended one-o participation in the 60th anniversary
contest in 2015, and their invitation to return to the 2016
contest. Ireland was not in the contest because RT was
in strike action at that time.[1]
Ofra Haza from Israel, who took the second place, had
an enduring success with her song "Hi" ( )which became a hit in Europe, launching her career. This year also
marked the rst performance of Swedens Carola Hggkvist, who took the third place and went on to win the
contest in 1991 and represented her country again in 2006
(coming fth). Her song, "Frmling", became very popular in Sweden and in various other European countries.
In the Netherlands, the song reached the top ve, coupled
with a Dutch-language version (Je ogen hebben geen
geheimen) which was performed by Carola herself. The
4th placed "Duli", also became a hit in Europe. Singer
Daniel released an English-language version as Julie.
4.9.3 Nul points
This years nul points were shared by Spain and Turkey.

Spains Remedios Amaya presented a song which was
a stark departure from pop tastes and conventional perception of melody and harmony as it was a amenco
one, a style traditionally tied with the international image of Spain. Additionally, she sang her song barefoot.
Some ols were heard from the present audience when
she ended her performance. Turkeys entry, Opera, performed by etin Alp & the Short Waves, could on the
other hand be said to t in well with the spirit of Eurovision of that time. Nevertheless, the overinterpreta4.9.1 Voting
tion of the theme of the song, as well as the fact that the
Toward the end of the voting, it became evident that Lux- lyrics of the song consisted for the most part of the oftenembourg was going to win, but early on, Germany, Swe- repeated word "opera" and names of well-known operas
den, and Yugoslavia all threatened to take Luxembourgs and composers, and etins breaking into operatic lay lay
100
la, prompted extensive derision of the song, including

the usual sardonic words from BBC commentator Terry
Wogan ("a nicely understated performance there").
4.9.4
Interval act
The interval show was a dance number set to a medley

of German songs which had become internationally famous, including Strangers in the Night. The host, Marlene Charell, was the lead dancer.
4.9.5
Conductors
4.9.6
Returning artists
4.9.7
Results
4.9.8
Voting structure

4.9.9
Score sheet
12 points
4.9.10
Commentators
4.9.11
Spokespersons
Each country announced their votes in the order of performance. The following is a list of spokespersons who
announced the votes for their respective country.[19]
France - Nicole Andr
Norway - Erik Diesen[20]
Sweden - Agneta Bolme-Brjefors[8]
Italy - Paola Perissi
Turkey Fatih Orbay
Spain - Rosa Campano[21]

Finland - Solveig Herlin[23]
Greece - Irini Gavala
Yugoslavia - TBD
Germany - Carolin Reiber
Portugal - Joo Abel Fonseca[16]
United Kingdom Michael Wells

Spain Mara del Carmen Campos (clerk),
Luis Fernando Reyes (economist), Paloma Prez
(stewardess), Bautista Serra (industrialist), Mara
Rosario Cano (student), Marcial Pereira (student),
Gloria Moro (housewife), Virginia Mataix (actress),
Adelardo Cano (teacher), Antonio Hiplito Romero
(taxi driver), Antonio Prieto (athlete)[25]
4.9.13 References
[1] Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest. Best Irish Facts.
[2] Eurovision 1983 facts
[3] Boom-Bang-a-Bang: Eurovisions Funniest Moments,
BBC-TV, hosted by Terry Wogan
[5] Christian Masson. 1983 - Munich. Songcontest.free.fr.
2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[10] KleinReport.ch. Ehemalige SF-DRS-Stimme Englands Theodor Haller gestorben - Klein Report - News,
alles ber Kommunikation und Medien. KleinReport.ch.
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
101
years ago had performed their song "Waterloo" in English.
Israel withdrew from the contest due to Yom Hazikaron

(Day of Remembrance for the Fallen Soldiers of Israel
Selostajat ja taustalaulajat lpi vuosien? Viisukup- and Victims of Terrorism) being commemorated on the
same date. Iceland was going to participate but withdrew
due to lack of nancial support.[1] 1984 is also a notable
" EUROVISION (1970for the audible booing that could be heard from the audi1986)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
ence, particularly at the end of the UKs performance. It
Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists. Eurovision- was said that the booing was due to English football hooliartists.nl. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
gans having rioted in Luxembourg in November 1983
after being knocked out of the UEFA European FootSavvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus)
ball Championship. However, the song itself managed a
pretty good showing, reaching seventh place.
Forside. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 2012-08-10.

2012-08-10.
4.10.1 Location

[19] Cast in credits order. Eurovision Song Contest 1983.
IMDb. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
[21] Remedios Amaya acta en sptimo lugar en el Festival
de Eurovisin | Edicin impresa | EL PAS. Elpais.com.
Luxembourg City
The city of Luxembourg, also known as Luxembourg

[25] 000webhost.com - free web hosting provider. Eurofestival.host22.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10.

The Eurovision Song Contest 1984, the 29th event of its
kind, was held on 5 May 1984 in Luxembourg. The presenter, Dsire Nosbusch, only 19 years old at the time,
hosted the show in a lax manner, which was quite unusual for the show at the time. She manifested her uency
in four languages by switching between a strong transatlantic English, French, German and Luxembourgish in
the course of talking, often in the same sentence.
Swedens the Herreys were the winners of this contest
with the song, "Diggi-Loo Diggi-Ley". This was the
Nordic countrys second win, and the rst song performed
in Swedish. The previous Swedish winner, ABBA, ten
Grand Thtre, Luxembourg City - host venue of the 1984 contest.
City, is a commune with city status, and the capital of

the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. It is located at the
conuence of the Alzette and Ptrusse Rivers in southern Luxembourg. The city contains the historic Luxembourg Castle, established by the Franks in the Early Middle Ages, around which a settlement developed.
The Grand Thtre de Luxembourg, inaugurated in 1964
as the Thtre Municipal de la Ville de Luxembourg, became the venue for the 1984 contest. It is the citys major
venue for drama, opera and ballet.[2][3] It also hosted the
1973 edition of the Eurovision Song Contest.
102
4.10.2
Conductors
4.10.3
Returning artists
4.10.4
Results
Spain - Jos-Miguel Ulln (TVE2)[7]
Norway - Roald yen (NRK)[8]
United Kingdom Terry Wogan (BBC1)[9]
Cyprus - Pavlos Pavlou (RIK)[10]
Belgium - Jacques Mercier (RTBF1),[6] Luc

Appermont (BRT TV1)[11]
Ireland - Gay Byrne (RT1), Jimmy Greeley

(RT Radio 1)
Denmark - Jrgen de Mylius (DR TV)[12]
Netherlands - Ivo Niehe (Nederland 1)[13]
Yugoslavia - Mladen Popovi (TVB2), Oliver

Mlakar (TVZ 1), Toma Terek (TVL1)
Notes
1.^ Contains some words in English.
2.^ Contains some words in Italian.
3.^ Contains some words in German.
4.10.5
Voting structure
Before the contest, Sweden was not expected to win or

even achieve a high placing. In the run-up to the Contest, bookmakers Ladbrokes had the lowest odds on songs
from Ireland, Italy, and the United Kingdom. Sweden
was considered a "dark horse" entry with high odds.
Each country had a jury that awarded one to eight, 10 and
12 points for their top ten songs.
At the close of the penultimate jurys votes, there was only
a dierence of six points between Sweden and Ireland, at
141 and 135 respectively. However, Yugoslavia was the
only country who had not given any points to Ireland, and
Portugal, the last jury, gave that western country only two
points, crushing their chances. Portugals voting also cost
Denmark, who had been holding at a strong third position,
even leading the scoreboard for a short time, in that place,
when Portugals 12 lifted Spain from 94 to 106 points.
Portugal at the same time had only given Denmark one
point making Denmarks total 101 points. Despite this,
this was latter countrys best position in over 20 years.
Halfway through the voting, the scoreboard turned blue
and remained so until the end of the voting. This was
visible only to television viewers.
Austria - Ernst Grissemann (FS2)[14]

Germany - Ado Schlier (ARD Deutsches
Fernsehen),[15] Roger Horn (Deutschlandfunk)
Turkey - Baak Doru (TRT)
Finland - Heikki Seppl (YLE TV1)[16]
Switzerland - Bernard Thurnheer (TV DRS),

Serge Moisson (TSR), Ezio Guidi (TSI)
Italy - Antonio De Robertis (Raidue and Rai

Radio 1)
Portugal - Fialho Gouveia (RTP1)[17]
Iceland - (non participating country) - TBC

(Sjnvarpi)
Israel - (non participating country) - No commentator
4.10.6
Score sheet
12 points
France - Nicole Andr [18]
Spain - TBD
Norway - Egil Teige[19]
United Kingdom Colin Berry[20]
4.10.7
Commentators
Sweden - Fredrik Belfrage (SVT, TV1)[5]
Luxembourg - Valrie Sarn & Jacques Navadic

(RTL Tlvision),[6] TBC (RTL plus)
France - Lon Zitrone (Antenne 2)[6]
103
Netherlands - Flip van der Schalie[21]

Yugoslavia
Hadinaumova
Sneana
Austria - Tilia Herold[20]
Germany - Kerstin Schweighfer
Turkey - Fatih Orbay

Portugal - Eldio Clmaco
4.10.9
Lipkovska-

2012-08-10.
Spain Francisco Guardn (lab employee and

photography expert), Carmen Gonzlez (translator),
Rafael Rulln (basketball player), Mayte Sancho
(actress), Victoriano Valencia (former bullghter
and businessman), Andrs Magdaleno (actor and
theatre businessman), Eva Nasarre (ballet and gymnastics teacher), Luis del Val (playwright), Carmen
Garrido (public relations), Luis Fernando Abad (industrialist), Conchita Mnguez (horsewoman)[24]
4.10.10
[18] Zitrone, Lon et al. (May 5, 1984). 29me Concours Eurovision de la Chanson 1984 [29th Eurovision Song Contest
1984] (Television production). Luxembourg: RTL, Antenne 2 (commentary).
[20] The Eurovision Song Contest (1984 TV Special) : Full
Cast & Crew. IMDb.com. Retrieved 2013-10-22.
[21] Leidse Courant, 5 May 1984
References
Retrieved
[2] The Grand Thtre of Luxembourg City oers high

quality cultural events, Luxembourg National Tourist Ofce, London. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
[1] Morgunblai, 20.03.1983.

2013-04-29.
Timarit.is.
on May 4, 1985 in Gothenburg, Sweden. The presenter
was entertainer Lill Lindfors, whose jokey dress rip afRetrieved 4 March 2012.
ter the interval act (seemingly revealing her knickers be[5] Infosajten.com. Infosajten.com. Archived from the fore unfolding another dress) was said to have not amused
the wife of EBU scrutineer Frank Naef. Norwegian duo
Bobbysocks! were the winners with the song "La det
[6] Christian Masson. 1984 - Luxembourg. Songcon- swinge".
[3] Grand Thtre de Luxembourg, Thtre Info Luxembourg. (French) Retrieved 27 December 2010.
2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Bobbysocks!' win for Norway was the countrys rst.

Host Lill Lindfors congratulated the duo, Hanne Krogh
and Elisabeth Andreassen, following their victory by saying, I must say I am honestly very happy that this happened because Norway has been last on so many times
that you really deserve it!" Krogh replied, "You're happy?
What do you think we are?!" After an energetic reprise,
104
the two women embraced to a standing ovation from the Sweden and Norway did their best to keep up and by the
audience.
time the UK jury delivered their votes (only 1 point for
During the voting, it was not immediately evident that Germany and 12 for Norway), Germany had seen its lead
Norway would win the Contest. Germany took a com- smashed.
manding lead in the rst half, with Norway fth place
behind Germany, Sweden, Italy and the United Kingdom
around the end of the rst half of voting. Finally, with ve
juries left, Germany, Sweden and Norway were tightly
wrapped around the pole positions with 87, 86, and 85
points respectively.
Lill Lindfors had a wardrobe malfunction (though technically this is a misnomer, as the stunt was deliberate) as she
proceeded to the stage for the voting procedure. As she
walked on stage, the skirt of her dress came away, leaving her in just her underwear and the top half of her dress.
After a few seconds of pretending to be shocked, Lindfors unfastened the aps of her dress across her shoulders,
to reveal a full-length white gown, much to raucous audience applause.[2] Lill then took her seat to start calling in
the votes, and nonchalantly said, I just wanted to wake
you up a little.
At that point, Sweden briey took the lead away from

Germany (who received no points from Switzerland).
Sweden was the fourth-to-last jury, conceding their brief
lead by awarding Germany eight points and Norway the
maximum twelve. With only three countries left to vote,
Norway kept the lead, in one of the shortest winning
stretches during voting in the contests history.
4.11.5 Score sheet
The Netherlands and Yugoslavia did not participate in this
Contest, due to the national Remembrance of the Dead 12 points
in the Netherlands, and the anniversary of the death of
Josip Broz Tito in Yugoslavia. Despite this Yugoslavia Below is a summary of all 12 points in the nal:
did choose its song: "Pokora" (Penance) (music by Ivo
Pupai and lyrics by Zvonimir Pupai), a duet sung by
4.11.6 Commentators
Zorica Konda and Josip Genda.
1985 was also the year when no less than thirteen previous 4.11.7 Spokespersons
Eurovision artists made a comeback. This also applied
to the winners, Bobbysocks! who had attended once be
fore as soloists: Hanne Krogh performed for Norway in
Finland - Annemi Genetz[18]

1971, while Elisabeth Andreassen for Sweden (where she
is originally from) in 1982 in a duet, Chips, with Kikki

Danielsson. Kikki herself also returned this year for host

country Sweden, and was thus competing against Elisabeth Andreassen and Bobbysocks!.
Spain - TBD
Lys Assia, the winner of the rst ever Eurovision Song
France lisabeth Tordjman

Contest in 1956, was the guest of honour of this thirtieth
edition of the Eurovision Song Contest. She was intro
Turkey - Fatih Orbay
duced by the presenter Lill Lindfors. The camera zoomed
close to Lys, who rose to greet the audience, while the or
chestra played the song Refrain, her winning song.
Portugal - Maria Margarida Gaspar
4.11.1
Conductors
4.11.2
Returning artists
4.11.3
Results
4.11.4
Voting

The voting itself was exciting, the German favourites
looked to be cruising to an early victory. However both
Germany - Christoph Deumling
Italy - Beatrice Cori
Norway - Erik Diesen[20]
Austria - Chris Lohner
Luxembourg - Frdrique Ries
Greece - Kelly Sakakou[22]
4.11.8
105
Spain Mara Asquerino (actress), Eloy

Romn (industrialist), Mara Dolores Ortiz
(teacher), Jess Mara Landn (student), Adriana [16] recai: Mededeling abonnees stadscai Assen"".
Leeuwarder Courant (in Dutch). May 4, 1985.
Ferrer (actress), Agustn Trialasos (journalist),
Cristina Pea-Marn (lecturer), Francisco Umbral
(writer), gatha Ruiz de la Prada (fashion designer),
Csar Alonso (jockey), Pilar de la Huerta (tourism [17] Pioniersgeest NOS door project Olympus.
Leeuwarder Courant (in Dutch). May 6, 1985.
management technician)
De
De
United Kingdom John Inman
4.11.9
Notes
A ^ However the Eurovision Song Contest was

not broadcast on Dutch television due to the
from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved 2012-08Remembrance of the Dead, it was broadcast the next
10.
morning via satellite project Olympus.
4.11.10
References

[2] Archived July 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.

[22] "

[7] Christian Masson. 1985 - Goteborg. Bdd.eurovisioninfo.net. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
The Eurovision Song Contest 1986 was the 31st

Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 3 May 1986
in Grieghallen in Bergen, Norway. It was the rst occasion on which Norway played host to the contest. The
presenter was se Kleveland, a well-known folk guitarist
who was President of the Norwegian Association of Musicians (and a former Eurovision entrant, in 1966).

2012-08-10.
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
The 1986 contest was a rst for Eurovision in that

royalty were among the guestsCrown Prince Harald, Crown Princess Sonja, Princess Mrtha Louise and
Prince Haakon Magnus were all in attendance.
Sandra Kim was the winner of this Eurovision with the

Hvem kommenterte fr Jostein Pedersen? - Debattfo- song "J'aime la vie", representing Belgium. Aged 13,
rum. Nrk.no. Archived from the original on November Kim was the youngest ever Eurovision winner. Current
rules require Eurovision Song Contest participants to be
2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
at least 16, so unless the rule is changed, Kims record will
never be broken. In the lyrics of her song, Kim claimed
to be 15 years of age, but after the contest, it was revealed
Infosajten.com. Infosajten.com. Archived from the
that she was actually 13. Switzerland, who nished secoriginal on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
ond, appealed for her to be disqualied, but this was to
Archived October 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
no avail.
106
4.12.1
Background
For more details on the host city, see Bergen.
Norway rst hosts Eurovision

As this was the rst time Norway hosted a Eurovision
Song Contest, NRK commissioned a lavish budget for
the event, turning Grieghallen into a Viking-esque ice
palace for the live show, complete with white and pastel neon lights for the stage. In addition, NRK also had a
special diamond-encrusted dress made for presenter se
Kleveland for her opening number. The prized dress,
which weighed upwards of 15 pounds (6.8 kg), is still
available for viewing at NRKs costuming department at
Marienlyst in Oslo.
Kleveland sang the multilingual Welcome to Music as
the opening act, incorporating English and French primarily, in addition to other European languages. BBC
commentator Terry Wogan, at the close of Klevelands
number, dryly remarked, "Katie Boyle (a former Eurovision host for the UK) never sang, did she?"
Stavanger
Sandnes
Trondheim
During her opening speech, Kleveland said of Norways

road in the contest, For those of you who have followed
Norways course through the history of the Eurovision
Song Contest, you will know that it has been quite thorny,
Oslo
in fact. So, imagine our joy when last year we nally won,
and the pleasure we feel today, being able to welcome 700
million viewers to the top of Europe, to Norway, and to
Bergen.
One of the interval acts presented featured Norwegian

musicians Sissel Kyrkjeb and Steinar Ofsdal, accomBergen
panied by Norwegian national broadcasting orchestra,
Kringkastingsorkesteret (KORK). They opened with the
Locations of the candidate cities. The chosen host city is traditional song of the city of Bergen, Udsikter fra Ulriken (also known as Nystemte'n), and presented a
marked in red.
By 1985, Norway had received the unwanted distinction number of familiar tunes while showing the sights and
sounds of Bergen area. Ofsdal played a range of traditional Norwegian folk instruments such as accordion,
recorder and hardingfele.[1] The presentation launched
Kyrkjeb into a career as an internationally recognized
artist.
4.12.2 Debuts and withdrawals

Iceland competed for the rst time, as the national broadcaster RV nally cemented their satellite television connections with the rest of Europe.[2]
Grieghallen, Bergen - host venue of the 1986 contest.
Greece withdrew, having been drawn eighteenth in order

of presentation. The reason behind the withdrawal, was
that the Eurovision contest coincided with Holy Saturday.
Their entry would have been Wagon-lit ( )
performed by Polina.[3][4] The Italian broadcaster, RAI,
simply decided not to send any delegation to Bergen.
of being the nul points country, receiving 0 points three

times and coming in last six times. When they did win
the 1985 Contest, it was a source of pride among Norwegian population, and the national broadcaster, NRK, took
full advantage of being able to showcase Norway and its
achievements in front of over 500 million television viewers. By the autumn of 1985, NRK had decided to hold
the next years contest at the Grieghallen in Bergen, turn- 4.12.3 Conductors
ing down other bids from capital Oslo, and main cities of
Stavanger, Sandnes and Trondheim.
107
4.12.4
Results
4.12.5
Voting
The winning song, Belgiums J'aime la vie, received

points from every jury (Belgium received ve sets of 12
points; every country awarded Belgium at least ve points
except for Germany, which gave them just one point).
Belgium was the winner in the voting from the results
of the second jury out of twenty, in the longest winning
stretch during voting since 1974. Switzerland was behind
Belgium in nearly every part of the voting, but Belgium
had a commanding lead from the very beginning. Traditionally some juries give high points to the host countrys
entrant, but this did not happen this year; no jury gave
Norways song Romeo more than six points out of a
possible 12.
Spain - TBD
Germany - Christoph Deumling
Belgium scored an absolute record at the time, with San

dra Kim earning a never seen before amount of 176 points
(that record remained until 1993, with Ireland scoring

187 points). Kim received an average of 9,26 points per
voting nation, which, as of 2015, still ranks 7th among all
Eurovision winners.
Score sheet
As the free language rule was still cancelled, all songs

were performed in native languages to the country they
represented. All songs however, with the exception of the
song from Cyprus, have had studio versions recorded by
the original Eurovision artists in English as well as their
own languages.
Iceland - Berglind Orradttir, Dav Scheving

Thorsteinsson, Elsa Bjrnsdttir, Gujn Vigfsson, Gulaug orsteinsdttir, Karl orsteins, Margrt Stefnsdttir, Rkharur Rkharsson, Salme
orkelsdttir, Sigurdr Sigurdrsson, Svanhildur
Kristjnsdttir[24]
Turkey - Aya Eren, Ziya Anadol, Kaan Bozolu, Ayegl Soyalp, zlem Budakolu, Fatma
Dikmen, Alaaddin Torun, lhan Aslanboan, Zahide
Azl, Saadet Aktemel, Suhal Eri[28]
Spain Jos Mara To (industrialist),

Carolina Conejero (student), Rosario Cabanas
(horsewoman), Rafael Camino (bullghter), Marta
Cantn (gymnast), Emilio Aragn (comedian),
Mara Cuadra (actress), Javier Escriv (actor),
Blanca Fernndez Ochoa (skier), Antonio Imzcoz
(journalist), Pablo Prez (hairdresser)[29]
United Kingdom - David Elder (Scotland),

Gary Speirs (Wales), Sue Lloyd (London) Other
names to follow
12 points
nal:
Below is a summary of all 12 points in the
4.12.6
Returning artists
4.12.7
Commentators
4.12.8
Spokespersons
Yugoslavia - Enver Petrovci[22]
France - Patricia Lesieur
Norway - Nina Matheson[23]
Iceland - Gurn Skladttir[24]
Netherlands Joop van Zijl
Turkey - mit Tuna
4.12.10 References
[1] YouTube video of 1986 Interval with Sissel Kyrkjeb
and Steinar Ofsdal. NRK.
[2] History - Eurovision Song Contest 1986. Eurovision.tv.
[3] Polina Biography (in Greek). Retrieved 2008-08-24.
[4] ""Wagon-lit single - 1986. Sony Music. Retrieved 200808-24.
108

[28] Halley'in byk baars, Erhan Gner, Milliyet, 4 May

1986
[6] Christian Masson. 1986 - Bergen. Songcontest.free.fr.

2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
The Eurovision Song Contest 1987 was the 32nd

in Brussels, Belgium after Sandra Kim's win the previous year. The presenter was Viktor Lazlo. Johnny Lo[10] Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists. Eurovisiongan
was the winner for Ireland with the song "Hold Me
Now". That made him the rst performer to win the contest twice, as he had won also in 1980.
[11] https://eksisozluk.com/
[9] Tminn, 03.05.1986. Timarit.is. Retrieved 2012-0810.
1986-eurovision-sarki-yarismasi-$-$878663
The 1987 Eurovision was the biggest contest at that time,

with 22 countries taking part. Only Malta, Monaco and
Morocco failed to compete out of all the countries which
had entered the contest in the past. Due to the number
of countries, and the time it took for the contest to be
[13] Christian Masson. 1986 - Bergen. Songcontest.free.fr.
held, the EBU set the limit of competing countries to 22.
This became problematic over the next few years as new
[14] Adriaens, Manu & Loeckx-Van Cauwenberge, Joken. and returning nations indicated an interest in participatBlijven kiken!. Lannoo, Belgium. 2003 ISBN 90-209- ing, but could not be accommodated.[1]
5274-9
Controversy erupted in Israel after their song was selected, Shir Habatlanim by the Lazy Bums. The
comedic performance was criticised by the countrys culture minister, who threatened to resign should the duo
proceed to Brussels. They went on to perform for Israel,
placing eighth; however the culture ministers threat was
left unfullled.[1]

4.13.1 Conductors

2012-08-10.
4.13.2 Results
[22] Sumnja od Jugolasvenskog glasanja. Evropesma.org.

2012-08-10.
12 points
4.13.3 Score sheet

[24] "jviljinn, 01.05.1986. Timarit.is. Retrieved 201208-10.

4.13.5 Commentators
109
4.13.8 Possible Soviet Union participation
Belgium - Anne Ploegaerts[24]
Sweden - Jan Ellers[8]
Italy Mariolina Cannuli
Spain - TBD
Turkey - Canan Kumbasar
Greece - Kelly Sakakou[25]
Netherlands - Ralph Inbar
In 2009 Eduard Fomin, a former employee of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR, revealed that in 1987
George Veselov, the Minister of Education for the Soviet
Union, brought forward the idea of a participation of the
Soviet Union at the Eurovision Song Contest due to the
number of political reforms made by the President of the
Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev during the late 1980s.
The idea was mainly a political one, with the thought
that a win in the contest for the Soviet Union would impact on the relationships between the Soviet Union and
the capitalist countries of the west. Valery Leontyev was
suggested as a name for the Soviet Unions rst participation, however Veselovs ideas were not shared by the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union, or by Gorbachev
himself, believing it to be too radical a step to take, and
so no Soviet participation was ever made.[30] Ten former
republics of the Soviet Union would later compete in the
contest on their own in the 1990s and 2000s: Russia,
Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova,
Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan, with ve of the countries going on to win the contest.
France - Lionel Cassan[26]
Denmark - Bent Henius
Yugoslavia - Miloje Orlovi
[19]
4.13.9 References
[1] Kennedy O'Connor, John (2007). The Eurovision Song
108111. ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3.
2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
4.13.7
Iceland - sa Mara sgeirsdttir, Einar Mr

Rkharsson, Gumunda Ingimundardttir, Hildur
Karen Aalsteinsdttir, Jhannes Gulaugsson,
Nanna Lind Svavarsdttir, Oddrn Kristjnsdttir,
skar Ingimar rlygsson, Steingrmur Gujnsson,
orsteinn Ptursson, ra Sigurjnsdttir[23]
Spain Jos Fernndez (waiter), Mara
Rosa Snchez (telephone operator), Jos Miguel
Garca (underground driver), Francisco Ortega
Ayo (businessman), Mara Lanz (yachtswoman),
Feliciano Castaares (taxi driver and poet), Pilar
Zanca (businesswoman), Ral Daz (student),
Concepcin Meller (housewife), Fran de Gonari
(fashion designer), Miguel Durn (president of
ONCE)[29]
[5] Morgunblai, 09.05.1987.

2012-08-10.
Timarit.is.
Retrieved

[7] Christian Masson. 1987 - Bruxelles.
Songcon-

[9] Umberto Tozzi e Raf Gente di mare Eurofestival 1987.
YouTube. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
2012-08-10.
110
[12] 1987 eurovision ark yarmas. T Szlk. Retrieved 19

November 2014.
[14] www.eurovisionartists.nl. Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 2012-0810.
[15] Eurovision Song Contest 1987 BBC Archives. BBC.
Retrieved 19 November 2014.
[20] Whelan speaks about Eurovision to BBC. Retrieved 19
November 2014.
[23] Morgunblai, 05.05.1987.
2012-08-10.
Timarit.is.
Retrieved
[24] RadioVisie.eu. De 11-urenmis van de Wakkere Radioman (65) [ RadioVisie.eu /columns ]". Radiovisie.eu.
[25] "
[26] Concours Eurovision de la Chanson Consulter le sujet
- Porte-paroles des jurys des pays francophones. Eurovision.vosforums.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[30] !
87! (in Russian). nnm.ru.
Chapter 5
1988 to 1997 A New Era

wide angled shots of the audience, in order to create the

illusion of the venue being bigger than it actually was.
The Eurovision Song Contest 1988 was the 33rd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. The contest
took place on 30 April 1988 in Dublin, Ireland, following the countrys win at the previous 1987 edition. The
presenters were Pat Kenny and Michelle Rocca. The host
broadcaster was Radio Telefs ireann (RT) which revamped the shows production style compared to its earlier editions, in order to appeal to a younger audience.
The Postcards featured the participants doing things in

Ireland from culture, to tradition, to sports or sightseeing.
The winner was Switzerland with the song "Ne partez

pas sans moi", performed by future international superstar Celine Dion and composed by Atilla ereftu with
lyrics in French by Nella Martinetti. Switzerland beat the
United Kingdom by just a point in the last vote to win the
title. Twenty-one countries took part, after an initial plan
of twenty-two, as Cyprus withdrew its already registered
entry for breaching the contests rules by being published
few years earlier, in an attempt to represent the country
at a prior edition of the contest. The Cypriot song had
been drawn to be performed 2nd in the running order.
Lowney was also the director of the shows interval act,

introduced after the competing songs and before the votes
announcement. The interval act was a video of the popular Irish rock group Hothouse Flowers, which was lmed
in eleven countries around Europe and was the most expensive music video ever produced in Ireland at that time.
Voting
4, 3, 2 and 1 point(s) for its top ten songs.
This edition features one of the closest and ckle-ending

votes in the history of the contest. With three countries
left to vote, the UK was well in the lead with 133 points
against Switzerlands 118. With the third last country,
France, only awarding Switzerland one point, the UK
looked certain of victory, as even if Switzerland scooped
the two nal 12s, the UK would only need to gather
5.1.1 Format
eleven points from three juries combined to be unbeatable. However, France didn't award the UK any points,
Graphic design
and the following country, Portugal, gave the UK a meagre three points while giving the maximum 12 to SwitzerHost broadcaster RT employed Declan Lowney, who land, making the contest blown open between the two
was notable for being a director of music videos and youth countries until the end of the voting.
programming, as director for this edition, in order to re- With the conclusion of voting from the penultimate jury,
vamp the contest to attract and sustain a younger audi- the UK was holding a ve-point lead over Switzerland. As
ence. The traditional scoreboard was replaced with two the nal jury, that of Yugoslavia, began to award its points
giant Vidiwalls located on either side of the stage, which in the customary ascending order, a lot of excitementalso projected live images of the performers from the sighs were heard from the audience to see how the two
green room where the competitors set during the votes an- rivals for victory would fare. Switzerland was the rst
nouncements, and a new computer-generated scoreboard to be named with six points, edging it into a one-point
was used.
lead over the UK. After earlier strong votes from most
The stage itself, conceived by Paula Farrell under chief
production designer Michael Grogan, was also the largest
and most elaborate ever constructed for the Eurovision
Song Contest. To compensate for the fact that the vast
stage took up most of the room in what is really an average
size exhibition hall, the director deliberately darkened the
hall where the audience was located and refused to use
countries to the UK, it seemed highly likely that the UK

would be given one of the higher remaining set of points.
However, eventually the UK only managed to garner a
meagre three points between the last three juries, as after Yugoslavia announced its seven, eight, ten and twelve
points, it transpired that it had awarded the UK no points
at all,[n 1] and Switzerland was left with its one-point lead
111
112
CHAPTER 5. 1988 TO 1997 A NEW ERA
to savour a dramatic triumph.
Results
5.1.3 Score sheet
5.1.2
Participants
CH
Twenty-one countries took part, after an initial plan of

12
10
twenty-two, as Cyprus withdrew from the contest after
8
it had already submitted an entry. Cypriot broadcaster
7
6
CyBC had selected the song 'Thimame' sung by Yian5
nis Dimitrou, and at a late stage saw that the song was
4
3
ineligible to represent them as it had been entered into
2
the Cypriot selection for the 1984 Contest, where it had
1
0
nished in 3rd place. This was classed as a breach of
the Cypriot rules of selecting their entry at this time as
well as an infringement of the Eurovision Song Contest
rules. It was a very late decision as the song was already
drawn to perform second in the contest, advertised in the Points allocated to the winning Song from Switzerland
Radio Times information about the preview programme
of the contest, and appears as song number two in accordance to its initial performance draw, on the record
release Melodi Grand Prix 1988 the compilation disc 12 points
of the contests entries.
This was the second victory for Switzerland at the Eurovision Song Contest after winning its rst edition in 1956,
and the last time a song in French won the contest, the 5.1.4 Commentators
language having dominated the event in earlier years.
The contest helped launch an international career for two 5.1.5
artists, the winner for Switzerland Celine Dion and Lux
embourgs representative Lara Fabian. French-Canadian
Celine Dion was only famous in the French-speaking
world at the time of the contest, shortly afterwards started

recording songs in English with becoming established
worldwide and in years to follow gaining international

[1]
superstar status. Belgian-Canadian Lara Fabian started
a successful career after the contest with becoming established in various countries worldwide, with a mainly
French-sung repertoire.[1] The UK entry was written and

composed by Julie Forsyth, the daughter of the enter
tainer Bruce Forsyth who was present. When interviewed
afterwards he was particularly annoyed at the Dutch jury
not having given a vote to the UK, as they had done some
work there.
Spokespersons
The contest saw the return of seven artists who had participated in its previous editions: Denmarks Kirsten &
Sren represented the country in 1984 and 1985, Finlands Boulevard represented the country in 1987, Israels
Re'uven Gvitrz, winner of the contest in 1979 as part
of Milk and Honey returned to Eurovision as a backing
singer for Yardena Arazi, who represented the country
in 1976 as part of the group Chocolat, Menta, Mastik
and hosted the contest in 1979,[n 2] Portugals Dora represented the country in 1986, Swedens Tommy Krberg
represented the country in 1969, and Turkeys MF represented the country in 1985.

Sweden - Maud Uppling[4]
Spain - Marta Snchez
Netherlands Joop van Os
Germany - Lotti Ohnesorge
Greece - Fotini Giannoulatou[21]
Norway - Andreas Diesen[22]
Luxembourg - Jean-Luc Bertrand
France - Catherine Ceylac
Portugal - Maria Margarida Gaspar[17]
Yugoslavia - Mia Molk[23]
5.1.6
Iceland - rni Gunnarsson, sgeir Gunason, Dav Sveinsson, Eln ra Stefnsdttir,

Ell orardttir, Erla Bjrk Jnasdttir, Gurn
Kristmannsdttir, Hlmfrur Jnsdttir, Jnas Engilbertsson, Jnna Bachmann, Kjartan or Kjartansson, lafur Egilsson, Sigrn Kristjnsdttir, Sigurur Fanndal, Sigurur gisson, rds
Gararsdttir[3]
United Kingdom Terry Clark
113
[3] Fr t me vinningsglampann slgleraugunum segir

Sverrir Stormsker. Mbl.is. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Spain Pepe Barroso (businessman), Paquita

Torres (former model and Miss Europe), Mario [13] Hvem kommenterte fr Jostein Pedersen? - Debattforum. Nrk.no. Archived from the original on November
Pardo (actor), Lola Forner (actress), Jos Coron2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
ado (actor), Anala Gad (actress), Miguel Bez
El Litri (bullghter), Laura Valenzuela (actress [14] Christian Masson. 1988 - Dublin. Songcontest.free.fr.
and TV host, presenter of Eurovision Song Contest
1969), Antonio de Senillosa (writer), Cyra Toledo
(fashion model), Jos Oneto (journalist), Mara Vi- [15] Adriaens, Manu & Loeckx-Van Cauwenberge, Joken.
Blijven kiken!. Lannoo, Belgium. 2003 ISBN 90-209daurreta (PhD in Political Sciences and lecturer),
5274-9
Jorge Sanz (actor), Emma Surez (actress), Caty
Arteaga (dancer), Jaime Andrada (architect)
Netherlands Hans van den Berg
Greece Alexandros Roussos
5.1.7
Notes
[1] Yugoslavia, as being the last jury to announce its votes,

had caused the same situation to happen when after their
voting UK lost to Spain by 1 point in the 1968 Contest.
[2] With this, Yardena Arazi became the rst person to compete in the contest after hosting an earlier edition of it;
before her, there were few competitors that hosted later
editions of the contest.
5.1.8
References

Union ocial website History by year section. Retrieved
5 March 2012.
[16] Luca Barbarossa Ti scrivo Eurofestival 1988. YouTube.

2010-12-16. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
2012-08-10.
[21] "
2012-08-10.
114
Norway Sverre Christophersen[24]
The Eurovision Song Contest 1989 was the 34th annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held on 6 May 1989
in Lausanne, Switzerland, after Celine Dion's victory in
Dublin the previous year. The program was presented by
Lolita Morena and Jacques Deschenaux. Riva, representing Yugoslavia, won with the song Rock Me. This was the
only victory for Yugoslavia as a unied state.[1]
Portugal - Margarida Andrade[11]
France - Marie-Ange Nardi[26]
Spain - TBD
The United Kingdom's Ray Caruana, lead singer with

Live Report was outspoken about coming second to what
he considered a much less worthy song.[2] They had been
defeated by 7 points.
Two of the performers, Nathalie Pque and Gili Natanael
were respectively 11 and 12 years old at their time of
competing. Due to bad publicity surrounding their participation, the European Broadcasting Union introduced
the rule stating no performer is allowed to take part before
the year of their 16th birthday.[3]
The previous years winner, Celine Dion, opened the
show with a live performance of her winning song and a
mimed performance of her rst English-language single,
"Where Does My Heart Beat Now". The song went on to
become a top ten hit in the US a year later - eectively
launching her into international success.[1]
5.2.1
Results
5.2.2
Voting structure

Iceland - Erla Bjrk Skladttir[20]
Yugoslavia - Dijana uli
Belgium Jan Demulder
Portugal Vasco da Cmara Pereira
5.2.3
Score sheet
12 points
5.2.4
Commentators
5.2.5
Spokespersons
Italy - Peppi Franzelin
Ireland - Eileen Dunne
Netherlands - Joop van Os
Spain Luis Merino (Eurovision fan and

AEV president), Blanca Andreu (poet), Javier
Tomeo (playwright), ngeles Fernndez (student),
Antonio Banderas (actor), Isabel Mestres (actress),
Luis Miguel Calvo (bullghter), Emma Penella
(actress), Antonio Ozores (actor), Pitita Ridruejo
(writer), Javier Clemente (football coach), Dolly
Fontana (public relations), Carlos Ferrando (journalist), Tatiana Magdalena Garca (hairdresser),
Flix Cbez (scriptwriter), Charo Pascual (physicist
and weatherwoman)[29]
5.2.7 References
[1] Eurovision Song Contest 1989. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
[2] Grand Final: 1989. BBC.co.uk. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
Contest": The Ocial History. Carlton Books Ltd. ISBN
1847325211.
[5] Anna Oxa e Fausto Leali Avrei voluto Eurofestival

1989. YouTube. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
115
[28] "
[8] La
Yougoslavie
Decroche
L'Eurovision.
Archives.lesoir.be. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
in Zagreb, Yugoslavia on 5 May 1990. The presenters
Hvem kommenterte fr Jostein Pedersen? - Debattfo- were Helga Vlahovi Brnobi and Oliver Mlakar.[1] Toto
rum. Nrk.no. Archived from the original on November Cutugno was the winner of this contest with the song
2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
"Insieme: 1992". This was the second victory for Italy,
Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o the rst one having been "Non ho l'et", performed by
forum eurovisivo portugus. 21595.activeboard.com. Gigliola Cinquetti in 1964.
Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved The lyrics of several entries celebrated the revolution and
2012-08-10.
democratisation that had occurred in central and eastern
Infosajten.com. Infosajten.com. Archived from the Europe in the preceding months, focusing especially on
the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, such as in
the Norwegian and Austrian entries. However, the winChristian Masson. 1989 - Lausanne. Songcon- ning song was an even more sweeping evocation of Eurotest.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
pean unity, in anticipation of the completion of the European single market, due at the end of 1992.

Malta had wished to return to the contest for the rst

time in 15 years, but Eurovision rules prevented them
from returning due to a maximum of 22 entries allowed
to compete. A national nal was held in Malta, which
was won by Maryrose Mallia with Our Little World of
Yesterday.[2]
[20] Sngvakeppnin: Fjrir valdir til a syngja bakraddir.

Mbl.is. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
There was a slightly uncomfortable beginning to the rehearsal week when, oended by press comments concerning their ages (Brnobi being 45 at the time and
Mlakar being 54), the two presenters quit the show. They
were briey replaced by Rene Medveek and Dubravka
Markovi, who were much younger, but the misunderstandings were eventually allayed and Brnobi and
Mlakar returned to the contest.
5.3.1 Format


[23] Video on YouTube
The Eurovision Song Contest 1990 was the rst to implement an age rule. The European Broadcasting Union
(EBU) were forced to bring in a restriction rule after criticism arose over the ages of two performers at 1989 contest, being just 11 and 12 years old. From 1990, no artist
under the age of 16 on the day of the contest could perform on stage. This rule meant that the record for the
youngest ever winner at Eurovision could never be broken, as Sandra Kim, who won for Belgium at the 1986
competition, was just 13 years old.
A notorious mishap occurred at the start of the rst song,
when a noticeably long delay caused by problems with the
backing track was followed by the Spanish singers Azcar
116
Moreno missing their cue. They walked o the stage in

barely concealed annoyance and the audience was left in
confusion for a moment, but the song was then restarted
without any further problems.
From a musicological perspective both Spains "Bandido"
and Frances "White and Black Blues" can be said to be
the rst entries to signal a new trend at Eurovision, with
both songs fusing contemporary dance music with ethnic
inuences, from amenco and calypso respectively.
The 1990 contest was the rst to feature an ocial
mascot, Eurocat, created by Joko Marui. This mischievous purple cat popped up during the 'postcards of
each of the 22 entries, which also included travelogues
of the country about to perform, in conjunction with the
European Year of Tourism 1990.
5.3.2
Results
1.^ Play on the words Macdonienne (Macedonian woman) and mienne (mine, for females).
2.^ Song is in German, however there are some
phrases in Croatian, English and French
5.3.3
France - Valrie Maurice
Yugoslavia - Drago ulina
Portugal - Joo Abel Fonseca[16]
Sweden - Jan Ellers[17]
Italy - Paolo Frajese
Spain Amparo Mendiguren (housewife),

Pedro Calleja (clinical assistant), Paloma Gmez
(actress), Jos Ramn Gamo (student), Teresa del
Ro (actress), Emilio de Villota (racing driver),
Fiorella Faltoyano (actress), Julin Lago (journalist at Tribuna), Raquel Revuelta (fashion model
and Miss Spain 1990), Juan Carlos Arteche (footballer and businessman), Conchita de los Santos
(journalist), Alfredo Roldn (senior civil servant),
Margarita Girn (public relations), Jos Sanjun
(PhD in Chemistry), Mara Jos Olmedilla (lawyer),
Javier Morera (lawyer)[27]
Turkey Murat Trkolu, Selda Gne, Mithat

Kaya, zlem en, Sla Yavuz, Nazif Eke, Hlya
Okay, Kadir Gkdemir, Aydan zbey, zlem elik, Ziya Frat Doanay, Meltem Altnrs, Nihal
Mftolu, Zeki Tatlgil, Ahmet Hseyin Uluay,
Mustafa Sarko[28]
12 points
Below is a summary of all 12 point in the nal:
Returning artists
5.3.5
Commentators
5.3.6
Spokespersons
Spain - TBD
Turkey - Korhan Abay (presenter of the

Eurovision Song Contest 2004)
Iceland rni Snvarr[11]
Score sheet
5.3.4
United Kingdom Laura Gudim
Portugal Manuel Pinheiro
5.3.8 References
[1] Eurovision Song Contest 1990. EBU. Retrieved 200809-19.
Norway - Sverre Christophersen
[23]
117
[6] Victoire De La Canzonetta": C'Est L'Histoire Du P'Tit
Tot. Archives.lesoir.be. Retrieved 2012-08-10.

[28] http://www.cumhuriyetarsivi.com/katalog/192/sayfa/
1990/5/2/4.xhtml


Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 4 May 1991 in
Rome. Due to the Gulf War and mounting tensions in Yu[8] Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists. Eurovision- goslavia, RAI decided to move the contest from Sanremo
to Rome, which was perceived to be more secure.
[9] Christian Masson. 1990 - Zagreb. Songcontest.free.fr.
[11] Dagblai Vsir - DV, 03.05.1990. Timarit.is. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
Carola was the winner of this Contest with the song

"Fngad av en stormvind". This was the third victory
for Sweden, the last one being in 1984. There was a
tie between Carola and Frances Amina, as both had reEurovision Song Contest 1990. Ecgermany.de. Re- ceived 146 points. This necessitated a 'count-back', a tiebreaking measure introduced after the infamous four-way
trieved 2012-08-10.
tie in 1969s Contest. Both Sweden and France had reEurovizija 1990. Zagreb: Branko Uvodi zvani Car. ceived four lots of 12 points, but Sweden had received ve
lots of 10 points to Frances two, so Carola was declared
the winner. This was the closest France has ever come to
Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o
forum eurovisivo portugus. 21595.activeboard.com. winning the ESC since 1977. Had todays tie-break rule
Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved been in place, France would have won in 1969 and 1991,
as more countries voted for it.
2012-08-10.

[18] Toto Cutugno Insieme:1992 Eurofestival
1990.
[19] Mutavdzic, Sascha (OGAE Austria)

[22] "
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
This was the last event in which the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia participated. The 1992 contest saw
the participation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
(comprising only Serbia and Montenegro). It was also the
rst time that Germany was represented in their reunited
form since the East Germany joined West Germany by
the German reunication.
5.4.1 Contest overview

The presenters were Gigliola Cinquetti and Toto Cutugno, Italian winners of the ESC to date, which opened
the contest singing Insieme: 1992 and Non ho l'et (per
amarti). Cutugno had some diculty with the pronunciation of the song titles and names of the artists and conductors. Despite this, in Italy almost seven million people
watched the show. In addition to tallying the vote numbers in English and French, Cinquetti and Cutugno gave
each of the jury allotments in Italian as well.
Nearly all of the commentary during the voting was given

in Italian, which is not an ocial language of the EuroDyrseth, Seppo (OGAE Norway)
pean Broadcasting Union. (English and French are, and
in the Eurovision Song Contest it is mandatory to provide
."" Sf.tapuz.co.il. 1999-09-13. Archived
from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved 2012-08- commentary in at least one of those languages)
10.
Sara Carlson gave the opening ceremony performance,
titled Celebration, a mixture of modern dance in anBaumann, Peter Ramn (OGAE Switzerland)
cient settings of Ancient Rome, the performance featured
Selostajat ja taustalaulajat lpi vuosien? Viisukup- Carlson singing and a mixture of street dance and classipila. Viisukuppila.. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
cal dance choreographed to popular sounding music of
118
the time. At the time, Carlson had appeared numerous

times on Italian TV and this was seen as one of her largest
audiences.
The Netherlands did not participate in this contest as it
conicted with the Remembrance of the Dead national
holiday, and so Malta was allowed to participate in the
Contest for the rst time in 16 years, unable to before
due to restrictions on the number of countries allowed to
participate.
Iceland - Sigrur Ptursdttir
Malta - Dominic Micallef[16]
Austria - Gabriele Haring
Sweden - Bo Hagstrm[6]
France - Marie-France Brire[19]
During the nal vote (Italy) none of the top three contenders - Sweden, Israel and France - had received any
points up until the last 12-point vote. This vote went to
France and for the rst time in twenty-two years, there
was a tie for rst place, with France overcoming a large
decit to catch up with Sweden. However, since the fourway tie of 1969, the rules had been altered to ensure a
single outright winner. The rst step in the procedure was
to check the number of 12-point votes awarded to each
country. Sweden and France were still tied. But when
counting the number of 10-point votes, Sweden had more
and was nally declared the winner.
Portugal - Maria Margarida Gaspar[7]
Finland - Heidi Kokki[22]
Germany - Christian Eckhardt
If the tie occurred under modern tie-breaking rules,

France would have won because it had been voted for by
more countries than Sweden.
Spain - Mara ngeles Balaac[24]
Italy - Rosanna Vaudetti
5.4.2
Returning artists
5.4.3
Results
5.4.4
Voting structure

Tiebreak results
5.4.5
Score sheet
12 points
5.4.6
Postcards
The singers were asked to sing a known Italian song which

would then be used as a short clip for the postcard. The
songs were in order:
5.4.7
Commentators
5.4.8
Spokespersons
Yugoslavia - Mebrura Topolovac
Turkey - mit Erolu, Gksan Arman
Ireland Danny Guinan
Norway Christine Holm, Julie Holm, Tine

Smith, Jan Paul Brekke, Rune Arnesen, Nils
Einar Vinjor, Kristin Skaare, Vibeke Wesenlund,
Jean-Paul Choukroun, Gustavo Pollastri, Ragnhild
Vaaler, Reidun Hansen, Kari Olstad, Erik Wesseltoft, Egil Storeide, Knut Reiersrud[25]
Belgium - Nelly Byl
119
Spain Antonio Sempere (journalist and

teacher), Mara Isabel Lloret (gymnast), Marcos
Fernndez (student), Nuria Esther Martn (dancer),
Gabriel Jaraba (journalist), Mara Antonia Valls
(journalist), Paco Clavel (artist), Salom (singer,
Spanish entrant at Eurovision Song Contest 1969),
Loles Len (actress), Alfonso del Real (actor),
Mara Casal (actress), Ricardo Cantalapiedra (music critic), Celia Cosgaya (student), Jess de Vega
(doctor), Mara Eugenia Castellanos (public relations), Begoa Castro (dancer)[26]
5.4.10

[23] ESC 1991 Belgian Votes by An Ploegaerts and a jumping
Carola. YouTube. 2011-04-13. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
References

[2] Morgunblai, 04.05.1991.
2012-08-10.
Timarit.is.
Retrieved
[24] Mara ngeles Balaac. Imdb.es. 2009-05-01. Retrieved 2012-08-10.

[25] Dagbladet, 5 May 1991
[4] Obersterreichische Nachrichten, 3 May 1997

[5] Christian Masson. 1991 - Rome. Songcontest.free.fr.
5.4.11 Notes
Except the East Germany.

2012-08-10.
2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[12] Hasselt 2005: Jarige Andr Vermeulen verzorgt commentaar met Ilse Van Hoecke ". Eurosong.be. 200510-25. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[15] Peppino Di Capri Comme ddoce o mare Eurofestival
1991. YouTube. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[16] Times of Malta, 5 May 1991
[17] "

Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 9 May 1992 in
Malm, Sweden. The presenters were Lydia Cappolicchio and Harald Treutiger. Linda Martin, representing
Ireland, was the winner of this Eurovision with the song
Why Me?. The song was written by Johnny Logan, who
had won the 1980 contest as singer and the 1987 contest as singer/songwriter. The contest took place at the
indoor ice arena of Malm where the stage set was in the
shape of a Viking ships bow with a dragon in the centre
and stars on each side. The opening sequence included
women dressed in the Swedish colours of yellow and blue,
twirling ribbons. The lmic postcard tradition was continued with clips based on each country. Last years winner, Carola, appeared on stage in a white dress with sheer
sleeves, a rhinestone collar and cus and sang All The
Reasons To Live.
This contest marked the last participation of Yugoslavia,
although it was not the same country that had participated
from 1961 to 1991, but actually, Serbia and Montenegro,
formally known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
That was the countrys last entry until 2004, as it was
banned from the contest, following the sanctions on the
United Nations Security Council Resolution 757, following the Bosnian War and Croatian War of Independence.
After scoring second place consecutively (1988, 1989)
and scoring some disappointing results (1990, 1991), the
120
United Kingdom sent Michael Ball with the contemporary pop-ballad One Step Out Of Time, which was the
hot favourite to win the contest. However, the Irish sent
Linda Martin, who had the past experience of coming in
2nd place in the 1984 contest, but also paired up once
again with Johnny Logan, who won the contest twice before. In the end, Ireland won the contest with a 16-point
lead over the United Kingdom, starting the chain of Irish
wins in the 1990s. Malta with Little Child, performed
by Mary Spiteri, also scored very well coming in 3rd place
with 123 points. This was the rst time that the three
highest-placed songs had all been in English. Sweden,
the host country, nished 2nd last.
Malta - Anna Bonanno
Iceland - Gurn Skladttir
Switzerland had to replace its original choice of entry,

"Soleil, soleil" which was to have been performed by
Graldine Olivier. The song did not comply with some
of the rules of the national selection contest and so, despite having won, it did not go to Malm.
Luxembourg - TBC
Austria - Andy Lee
Italy - Nicoletta Orsomando
Yugoslavia - Veselin Mren
Returning artists
Germany - Carmen Nebel
5.5.2
Results
Netherlands - Herman Slager
5.5.3
Voting structure
5.5.1

5.5.4
Spain Roberto Gil (singer of the group

Tennessee), Brbara Rey (actress), Willy Rubio
(scriptwriter and musician), Teresa Rion (athlete), Angustias Gallardo (lawyer), Ivn Rodrguez
(student), Marisa Collado (parapsychologist and
clairvoyant), Pablo Carbonell (singer of the group
Toreros Muertos), Brbara Martn (student), Jos
Manuel Parada (journalist), Pilar Snchez (businesswoman), Fernardo Reinlein (journalist at Diario
16), Esther del Prado (actress), Santiago Palacios
(gynaecologist), Miguel ngel Barneto (economist),
Karina (singer, Spanish entrant at Eurovision Song
Contest 1971)[25]
Greece Dimitris Iatropoulos, Andreas Hatziapostolou, Antonis Papaioannou, Giorgos Kleftogiorgos, Litsa Sakellariou, Babis Antoniou, Grigoris
Lambrianidis, Evangelos Alexandropoulos, Evi
Arabatzoglou, Antonis Ioannidis, Ioannis Kapelos, Eleni-Zina Bilisi, Dimitra Boukouvala, Evgenia
Niniou, Kostas Pavlikianis, Alkiviadis Feresidis
Score sheet
12 points
5.5.5
Commentators
5.5.6
Spokespersons
Israel - Daniel Pe'er[20] (Co-host of 1979 edition)
Turkey - Korhan Abay
Greece - Fotini Giannoulatou
France - Olivier Minne
Sweden - Jan Jingryd[6]
[21]
Ireland Twink, Keith Mills

Norway Sigurd Khn, Erik Wesseltoft,
Tora Ulstrup, Vibeke Wesenlund, Solveig Ravne,
Gustavo Pollastri, Mette Lie, Bernt Finseth, Julie
Holm, Per Gudim Thorbjrnsen, Tine Mrch
Smith, Torill Jordsj, Jan Paul Brekke, Carl
Strmer, Reidar Skr, Staan William Olsson[26]
Netherlands Bernadette, Karin Vlasblom,

Robbert Landegent, Bart Ensie
5.5.8
References

121
[21] "
[25] XXXVII Edicin del Festival de Eurovisin (Ao
1992)". eurofestival.tk. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[3] Christian Masson. 1992 - Malmo. Songcontest.free.fr.

[26] Her er den norkse juryen, VG, 10 May 1992

in Millstreet, County Cork, Ireland. The presenter was
Fionnuala Sweeney. Niamh Kavanagh was the winner of
this Eurovision for Ireland with the song, "In Your Eyes".
This was Irelands fth victory, and equalled the tally of
[7] Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o ve Eurovision victories achieved by France in 1977 and
forum eurovisivo portugus. 21595.activeboard.com. Luxembourg in 1983.

2012-08-10.
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
The location for this years edition of the contest was

unique, in that Millstreet, with a population at the time of
just 1,500 people, was the smallest host town ever chosen
Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus)
for Eurovision, and indeed was the most remote. HowMorgunblai, 08.05.1992. Timarit.is. Retrieved ever, the venue, a large indoor well- equipped equestrian
2012-08-10.
centre was deemed more than suitable as the location by
Selostajat ja taustalaulajat lpi vuosien? Viisukup- RT. With huge support from local and national authorities, plus several businesses in the region, the towns inpila. Viisukuppila.. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
frastructure was greatly enhanced in order to accommoBiographie Ivan Frsard. Fresard.ch. Retrieved 2012- date an event of this scale. It was also the largest outside
08-10.
broadcast ever attempted by state broadcaster RT and
was deemed a technical triumph for all involved. The
stage was created by Alan Farquharson, who was also
chief production designer two years later in Dublin.
[14] Mia Martini Rapsodia Eurofestival 1992. YouTube.

2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[18] Klub OGAE Slovenija (OGAE Slovenia)
BBC newsreader Nicholas Witchell caused controversy

by remarking on the air, shortly before the contest, that
it would be held in a cowshed in Ireland.[1] He subsequently apologized.
The top two countries of this contest were the same as
the top two countries in the previous years contest, being
Ireland and the United Kingdom.
5.6.1 Pre-qualifying round

Main article: Kvalikacija za Millstreet
In the run-up to this contest, the European Broadcasting

Union nally started to grapple with the explosion in the
[20] ."" Sf.tapuz.co.il. 1999-09-13. Archived number of potential participating countries, caused by the
from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved 2012-08- dissolution of the Eastern bloc, and also by the disintegra10.
tion of Yugoslavia, which had traditionally been the only
122
communist country to take part in the contest. For the

rst time, then, a pre-qualifying round was introduced,
but only for countries that had either never participated
in the contest at all, or in the case of former republics
of Yugoslavia, had not previously competed as nations
in their own right. This was, however, merely a 'stickingplaster' measure that was plainly not a sustainable solution
for future years, as it would not be seen as remotely equitable. But in the meantime, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Slovenia, Slovakia, Romania and Estonia were left to battle it out in a special competition called
Kvalikacija za Millstreet in Ljubljana on 3 April for the
mere three places available at the grand nal in Millstreet.
After some extremely tight voting, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia edged through.

5.6.4 Results
5.6.5 Pre-qualifying
5.6.6 Score sheet
12 points

5.6.2
Voting structure

4, 3, 2, 1 point(s) for their top ten songs. The voting required a jury to deliberate in the midst of the ongoing war
in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Warm applause rang round
the hall as a voice on a crackling phone line was heard
to deliver the familiar greeting, Hello Millstreet, Sarajevo calling. During the announcement of the scores by
the Dutch jury, Sweeney got carried away with the audiences cheers and declared Ireland 12 points (which were
going to Portugal) when they had only been awarded 10
which was promptly corrected. By the nal few juries it
became clear that either Ireland or the United Kingdom
were going to win. After the penultimate jury had voted,
it looked to be a lost cause for second-placed Sonia of the
UK as she was eleven points behind Niamh Kavanagh.
Ostensibly due to earlier technical diculties, the nal
jury to announce their results was the Maltese jury. An
expectant Irish crowd waited to hear Malta award anything between one and ten points to either the UK or
Ireland the result of which would have made it arithmetically impossible for Ireland to be caught. However,
the name of neither country came up (the ten points instead surprisingly being awarded to Luxembourg). This
of course meant that either the UK or Ireland must have
failed to pick up any points from the nal jury, and if
it was Sonia that received the maximum twelve points,
the seemingly impossible would have happened and the
UK would snatch a single-point victory at the death. Instead it was Ireland that were awarded the nal points
of the evening, nishing with what looked in retrospect
a comfortable twenty-three-point victory. Interestingly,
given the way the votes were cast, having Maltas vote
announced last was the only way for the contest for victory to go down to the nal jury. 1993 was the last year
that the points were announced by telephone.
1.
Italy Peppi Franzelin
2.
Turkey mer nder
3.
Germany Carmen Nebel
4.
Switzerland Michel Stocker[3]
5.
Denmark Bent Henius[4]
6.
Greece Fotini Giannoulatou[5]
7.
Belgium Anne Ploegaerts
8.
Iceland Gurn Skladttir
9.
Austria Andy Lee
10.
Portugal Margarida Mercs de Mello[6]
11.
France Olivier Minne[7]
12.
Sweden Gsta Hanson[8]
13.
Ireland Eileen Dunne
14.
Luxembourg TBC
15.
Slovenia Mia Molk
16.
Finland Solveig Herlin[9]
17.
Bosnia and Herzegovina Senad Hadifejzovi
18.
United Kingdom Colin Berry
19.
Netherlands Joop van Os
20.
Croatia Veljko ureti[10]
21.
Spain Mara ngeles Balaac[11]
22.
Cyprus Anna Partelidou[12]
23.
Israel Danny Rup[13]
24.
Norway Sverre Christophersen[14]
25.
Malta Kevin Drake[15]
[N 1]
123
Commentators
Netherlands Willem van Beusekom

(Nederland 3), Danil Dekker (Radio 3)[25]
Croatia Aleksandar Aco Kostadinov (HRT
2)[26]
Italy Ettore Andenna (Raiuno), Antonio De

Robertis (Rai Radio 2)[16]
Turkey Blend zveren (TRT 1), Canan

Kumbasar (TRT Radyo 3)
Germany
Jan
Deutsches
Fernsehen),
(Deutschlandfunk/hr3)[17]
Switzerland Bernard Thurnheer (Schweizer

Fernsehen), Jean-Marc Richard (Tlvision Suisse),
Emanuela Gaggini (TV Svizzera)
Denmark Jrgen de Mylius (DR TV), Ole Jacobsen (DR P3)[4]
Greece Dafni Bokota (ET1), Giorgos

Mitropoulos (ERA ERT1)[18]
Belgium Andr Vermeulen (BRTN TV1),

Claude Delacroix (RTBF La Une), Julien Put
(BRTN Radio 2), Stphane Dupont and Patrick
Duhamel (RTBF La Premire)[19][20]
Hofer
Roger
Malta Charles Saliba (TVM)

Iceland
(Sjnvarpi)[21]
Jakob
Frmann
France Patrice Laont (France 2)[20]
Israel Daniel Pe'er (Reshet Gimel)

Norway Leif Erik Forberg (NRK), Erik
Diesen (NRK P1)[28]
Macedonia (non-participating country) Antonio Dimitrievski and Ivan Mircevski (MTV 2)
Hungary (non-participating country) Istvn

Vg
Romania (non-participating country) TBC

(TVR2)
Poland (non-participating country) Artur

Orzech and Maria Szablowska (TVP1)
Slovakia (non-participating country) Alena

Heribanov (STV1)
Yugoslavia (non-participating country) There

was no live broadcast of the contest, but later was
aired the special TV programme about the 1993
contest on RTS 3K hosted by Mladen Popovi and
Ekstra Nena. (RTS 3K)
Austria Ernst Grissemann (ORF1), Martin

Blumenau (Hitradio 3)[22]
Cyprus Evi Papamichail (RIK 1), Pavlos

Pavlou (CyBC Radio 2)[12]
Magnsson
Portugal Isabel Bahia (Canal 1)[6]
(Erstes
Horn
Spain Jos Luis Uribarri (TVE1)[27]
Sweden Jan Jingryd and Kge Gimtell

(TV2),[8] Susan Seidemar and Claes-Johan Larsson
(SR P3)
Bosnia and Herzegovina Ismeta Krvavac
Croatia Ksenija Urlii, Maja Blagdan
Ireland Pat Kenny (RT1), Larry Gogan

(RT Radio 1)
Greece Vangelis Alexandropoulos, Bessy

Argyraki, Dina Vasilakou, Dimitris Iatropoulos, Grigoris Lambrianidis, Paschalis, Giorgos
Kleftogiorgos, Andreas Hatziapostolou, Anastasios
Alatzas, Maria Alexandrou, Alexandros Varouxis,
Giorgos Kanellos, Evgenia Koutsoulieri, Giorgos
Logothetis, Maria Sotiropoulou, Elena Hounta
Luxembourg Maurice Molitor (RTL Hei

Elei)
Slovenia Tajda Leke (SLO1), via television

Tajda Leke
Finland Erkki Pohjanheimo and Kirsi-Maria

Niemi (YLE TV1), Sanna Kojo & Outi Popp
(Radiomaa)[23][24]
Bosnia and Herzegovina Ismeta DervozKrvavac (TVBiH)
United Kingdom Terry Wogan (BBC1), Ken

Bruce (BBC Radio 2)
Israel Noel Dunsky
Netherlands Angelina van Dijk, Lisa Boray
Portugal Jorge do Carmo
Spain Cristina Pons (student), Juan Ribera

(doctor), Arantxa de Benito (TV hostess), Sergio
Blanco (singer, Spanish entrant at Eurovision Song
124

Contest 1975), Estbaliz Uranga (singer, Spanish entrant at Eurovision Song Contest 1975),
Manuel Quinto (writer and lm critic), Rosita Ferrer (actress), Antonio Rebollo (sportsman), Concha
Mrquez Piquer (singer), Ren Dechamps (student), Rosi Nsue (dancer), Francesc Martnez
de Foix (president of Special Olympics Spain),
Mara Luisa San Jos (actress), Bernardo Bonezzi
(composer), Anabel Aramburu (TV and radio
scriptwriter), Miguel ngel Bermejo (lm and advertising producer)[29]
5.6.8
Footnotes
[1] Due to earlier technical diculties, the nal jury to announce their results was the Maltese jury
[1] The Times (25 August 2005). Witchell caught in o-air
spat on VJ Day interview. London. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
[4] Forside. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[5] "
EUROVISION Page 3. Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[6] Comentadores Do ESC escportugalforum.pt.vu | o
10 August 2012.
[7] Laont, Patrice et al. (May 15, 1993). 38me Concours
Eurovision de la Chanson 1993 [38th Eurovision Song
Contest 1993] (Television production). Ireland: RT,
France 2 (commentary).
original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[9] Selostajat ja taustalaulajat lpi vuosien? Viisukuppila. Viisukuppila.. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[16] Enrico Ruggeri Sole d'Europa Eurofestival 1993.

YouTube. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[17] Eurovision Song Contest 1993. Ecgermany.de. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[18] " EUROVISION (1987
2004)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[19] Hasselt 2005: Jarige Andr Vermeulen verzorgt commentaar met Ilse Van Hoecke ". Eurosong.be. 25 October 2005. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[20] Christian Masson. 1993 Millstreet.
test.free.fr. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
Songcon-
[21] Dagblai Vsir DV, 13.05.1993. Timarit.is. Retrieved 10 August 2012.

[22] Archived 24 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
[24] Julkaistu To, 29 April 2010 10:19 (29 April 2010).
YLE Radio Suomen kommentaattorit | Euroviisut | yle.
| Arkistoitu. yle.. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[25] Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[26] Pogledaj temu POVIJEST EUROSONGA: 1956
1999 (samo tekstovi)". Forum.hrt.hr. 15 May 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[27] FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIN Ver Tema
Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[28] Hvem kommenterte fr Jostein Pedersen? Debattforum. Nrk.no. Archived from the original on 2 November
[29] XXXVIII Edicin del Festival de Eurovisin (Ao
1993)". eurofestival.tk. Retrieved 10 August 2012.

Ocial website
[10] Pogledaj temu SPOKESPERSONS. Forum.hrt.hr.

29 February 2008. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
[11] Mara ngeles Balaac. Imdb.es. 1 May 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2012.

Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 30 April 1994
in the Point Theatre in Dublin, Ireland. As of 2016, it was
the last time the contest was held in April. The presenters were Cynthia N Mhurch and Gerry Ryan. The pair
hosted the evening in French, English and Irish. Once
again Ireland won the contest for the third time in a row,
when Paul Harrington and Charlie McGettigan were the
winners with a song written by Brendan Graham, Rock
'N' Roll Kids. This was a record sixth victory for Ireland, giving it the outright record number of victories at

[13]
."" Sf.tapuz.co.il. 13 September 1999.

Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved
10 August 2012.

[15] Malta eighth in Eurovision contest, The Sunday Times,
16 May 1993
125
the Eurovision Song Contest, and also the second time 5.7.1 Participating countries
Ireland won on home soil. It was also the rst time
and to date the only time that the contest had been Returning artists
won by the same country in three consecutive years.
The contest opened with a brief lm of stars oating in 5.7.2
water, reworks and caricatures dancing around, drinking coee and biking. The cameras then went live to the 5.7.3
venue itself, where dancers dressed in white and wearing
caricatured heads of well-known Irish gures, arrived on
stage carrying European countries ags. The presenters
entered the stage spectacularly from a bridge which descended from the roof of the theatre. This years video
postcards had a literary theme, showing contestants reading, shing and doing other activities around Ireland. The
stage, by Paula Farrell, was four times larger than the
Millstreet stage, and its design which included a city scene
of skyscrapers and video screens plus a backdrop of an
ever-changing night sky was based upon the concept of
what a futuristic Dublin might look like with one remaining constant being the river Liey. The oor was painted
with a dark blue reective paint to give a watery eect.
To cope with the increasing number of countries wishing to participate in the contest, for 1994 the European
Broadcasting Union ruled that the seven lowest-placed
countries from the preceding years contest would not participate. Because Italy and Luxembourg withdrew voluntarily, the bottom 5 of the 1993 Contest were relegated.
This meant that Belgium, Denmark, Israel, Slovenia and
Turkey did not participate this year opening spaces for the
new countries. This contest also saw Luxembourg withdraw from Eurovision indenitely. [1]
Results
Voting structure
The presenters Cynthia N Mhurch & Gerry Ryan

With advances in technology, this was the rst contest in
which the spokesperson for each national jury appeared
on-screen, live from their own countries.
In the early stages of the voting it looked as if Hungary
was surging to victory in its rst-ever Eurovision appearance, winning the maximum twelve points from the rst
three juries. However, this turned out to be completely
deceptive, as from that point on it was virtually one-way
trac for Ireland, which became the rst country to win
the contest for a third year in succession.
Poland took part for the rst time and caused a scandal
when Edyta Grniak broke the rules by singing her song
in English during the dress rehearsal (which is shown to
the juries who selected the winner until 1997). Only six
countries demanded that Poland should be disqualied,
though the rules required 13 countries to complain before
Poland could be removed from the competition. The proposed removal did not occur and Poland went on to come 5.7.4 Score sheet
2nd in the contest, the highest placing that any countrys
debut song had ever achieved (the winner in 1956 was 12 points
Switzerlands second song of the night).[2][3]
For the rst time in Eurovision history, voting was done
via satellite instead of by telephone, and as a result, viewers could see the spokespersons onscreen.[4]
5.7.5 International broadcasting
When the voting started, Hungary took the lead from the
rst six juries and was well ahead of all the other coun- Other involved countries
tries. However, Ireland powered their way through the
FR Yugoslavia
score board ending up the winners with a 60-point lead
After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic
over second-placed Poland.
of Yugoslavia was last participated in 1992. Third
The interval act was the rst ever performance of the Irish
channel of Radio Television of Serbia broadcast the
dancing spectacular Riverdance, featuring Michael Flatshow, although Yugoslavia did not participate.
ley and Jean Butler.
5.7.6 Commentators
126
Television
Sweden - Pekka Heino (SVT, Kanal1)[6]
Finland - Erkki Pohjanheimo & Kirsi-Maria

Niemi (YLE TV1),[7][8]
Ireland - Pat Kenny (RT1)
Cyprus - Evi Papamichail (RIK 1)[9]
Iceland (Sjnvarpi)[10]
Jakob
Frmann
Magnsson
United Kingdom - Terry Wogan (BBC1)
Croatia - Aleksandar Aco Kostadinov (HRT

Portugal - Eldio Climaco (Canal 1)[12]
Israel (non participating country) - No commentator
Slovenia (non participating country) - Tajda

Leke (SLO1)
Turkey (non participating country) - Blend

zveren (TRT 1)
Yugoslavia (non participating country) Mladen Popovi (RTS 3K)[23]
Macedonia(non participating country) - Milanka Raik (MTV 2)
Radio
Switzerland - Bernard Thurnheer (SF DRS), Some participating countries didn't provide radio broadcasts for the event, the ones who did are listed below.
Jean-Marc Richard (TSR), Wilma Gilardi (TSI)
Estonia - Vello Rand (Eesti Televisioon)
Romania - Gabriela Cristea (TVR1)
Malta - Charles Arrigo (TVM)
Denmark (non participating country) - Jrgen

de Mylius (DR TV)[22]
1)[11]
Sweden - Claes-Johan Larsson and Lisa Syrn

(SR P3)
Finland - Aki Sirkesalo (YLE Radio 1)
Ireland - Larry Gogan (RT Radio 1)
Netherlands - Willem van Beusekom

(Nederland 3)[13]
Cyprus - Pavlos Pavlou (CyBC Radio 2)
Germany - Jan Hofer (Erstes Deutsches Fernse-
United Kingdom - Ken Bruce (BBC Radio 2)
Croatia - Draginja Bala (HR 2)
hen)
[14]
Slovakia - Martin Sarva (STV2)
Estonia - Marko Reikop (Raadio 2)
Lithuania - Darius Ukuraitis (LTV)
Netherlands - Cornald Maas (Radio 2)
Norway - Jostein Pedersen (NRK)[15]
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ismeta DervozKrvavac (TVBiH)
Germany
(Deutschlandfunk/hr3)
Roger
Slovakia - pela Monik (Rdio FM)
Horn
Greece - Dafni Bokota (ET1)[16]
Greece - Giorgos Mitropoulos (ERA ERT1)
Austria - Ernst Grissemann (ORF1)[17]
Austria - Martin Blumenau (Hitradio 3)
Spain - Jos Luis Uribarri (TVE1)[18]
Hungary - TBC (Rdi Kossuth)
Hungary - Istvn Vg (MTV2)
Russia - TBC (Voice of Russia)
Russia - Vadim Dolgachev (RTR)
Poland - Artur Orzech (TVP1)[19]
Poland - Dorota Wellman (Polskie Radio Program I)
France - Patrice Laont (France 2)[20]
Belgium (non participating country) - Julien

Put (BRTN Radio 2), Patrick Duhamel (RTBF La
Premire)
Denmark (non participating country) - Ole Jacobsen (DR P3)
Belgium (non participating country) - Andr

Vermeulen (BRTN TV2),[21] Jean-Pierre Hautier
(RTBF La Une)[20]
5.7.7
Spokespersons
Sweden - Marianne Anderberg[6]
Iceland - Sigrur Arnardttir
Croatia - Helga Vlahovi (co-presenter of the

1990 Eurovision Song Contest)[25]
Portugal - Isabel Bahia[12]
Switzerland - Sandra Studer (Swiss representative in 1991)
Estonia - Urve Tiidus[26]
Romania - Cristina Topescu
Malta - John Demanuele
Slovakia - Juraj urn
Lithuania - Gitana
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Diana GrkoviForeti
Hungary - Ivn Bradnyi
Russia - Irina
Poland - Jan Chojnacki
France - Laurent Romejko[29]
127
Bosnia and Herzegovina Ismeta Krvavac
Croatia Ksenija Urlii
Greece Evangelos Alexandropoulos,

Nikolaos Tsolakis, Giorgos Vrouvas, Giorgos
Kleftogiorgos, Kosmas Athousis, Maria Alefanti,
Eleftherios Apostolopoulos, Christos Venetidis,
Georgia Giannopoulou, Anna Gliati, Rozy Kasparian, Evgenia Koutsoulieri, Ekaterini Ligoni,
Stamatis Panagiotaras, Ourania Papakonstantopoulou, Archontia Harismidou
Spain Beln Casla (economist), Daniel Santos

(Eurovision Network delegate), Puricacin Blanco
(journalist at El Semanal TV), lex Sister (actor), Susana Garca (actress), Andrs Vzquez (bullghter), Alejandra Botto (actress), Serafn Zubiri
(singer, Spanish entrant at Eurovision Song Contest 1992), Elena Benarroch (fashion designer),
Francisco (singer), Dora Dora (TV hostess), Francisco Herrera (director of Cadena Dial), Victoria
Rodrguez (student), Manuel Litor (businessman),
Sofa Balseiro (bank branch manager), Javier de la
Vega (student)[30]
5.7.9 References
[1] Eurovision Song Contest history. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
[2] Eurovision Song Contest 1994 facts.
contest.eu. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
eurovision-
[3] Eurovision Song Contest 1994. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 9 November 2014.

[4] Winners of the 1990s - What happened to them?". Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
[8] It-Eurooppa rynnii Euroviisuihin, Helsingin Sanomat, 30
April 1994
[10] Morgunblai, 28.04.1994.
2012-08-10.
Timarit.is.
Retrieved
[11] Pogledajte temu - POVIJEST EUROSONGA: 1956 1999 (samo tekstovi)". forum.hrt.hr. Retrieved 2012-0421.
128

2012-04-21.
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]

Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists. Eurovision- in the Point Theatre in Dublin, Ireland. The presenter
was Mary Kennedy. This years competition was the
last with only one host until 18 years later in 2013 in
Eurovision Song Contest 1994. Ecgermany.de. ReMalm, Sweden. This contest broke the chain of victotrieved 2012-04-21.
ries that Ireland enjoyed in 1992, 1993, and 1994. This
Alt du trenger vite om MGP - Melodi Grand Prix - was Irelands 3rd year in succession to host the contest
Melodi Grand Prix - NRK. Nrk.no. Retrieved 2012-04- - and to mark the 40th show, it was opened with a 4minute retrospective showing images from the contests
21.
history. The Norwegian group Secret Garden was the
" EUROVISION (1987- winner of this contest with the mostly instrumental song,
2004)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-04-21.
"Nocturne". Incidentally, Secret Gardens violinist was
Fionnuala Sherry, who is Irish.
Two of Irelands winners attended the contest; Dana, who

was Irelands rst winner, winning the contest in 1970
with All Kinds of Everything, and Mr Eurovision himself, Johnny Logan, winning the contest as a singer in
[19] Zobacz temat - Eurowizyjna gra. Eurowizja.Com.Pl. 1980 and 1987 (Whats Another Year?" and Hold me
Now respectively), and also for writing Linda Martin's
1992 winning song Why Me?". It was his birthday
[20] 1994 - Dublin. Songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 2012-04- that night, but according to host Kennedy, He wouldn't
21.
say which one!" Nonetheless, the audience sang "Happy
Birthday" for him, assisted by the orchestra.
After winning the 1994 contest, RT were worried about

whether they could aord to host a third consecutive contest in 1995. The BBC had oered to take on the respon[22] Danske kommentatorer og pointsoplsere. Esconsibility of hosting the contest, and had even proposed that
net.dk. Retrieved 2012-04-21.
the contest be staged as a joint production in Belfast, cap[23] Nostalgini RTV press clipping. rtvforum.net. Re- ital of Northern Ireland. In the end RT decided to stage
the contest on its own. However they did ask the EBU
trieved 2015-09-02.
that, should Ireland win once more, that they would not
[24] Selostajat ja taustalaulajat lpi vuosien? Viisukup- be expected to host the event for a fourth year in a row.[1]
[25] Pogledajte temu - SPOKESPERSONS. forum.hrt.hr.

[26] Archived August 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
[27] "
[30] XXXIX Edicin del Festival de Eurovisin (Ao 1994)".
eurofestival.tk. Retrieved 2012-04-21.
5.7.10
External links
Ocial website
The favourite to win the contest, according to bookmakers, was Sweden with the pop-ballad Se p mig.
Other countries in contention for the win were Croatia,
Denmark, Israel, Spain, and the eventual winner,
Norway. The winning song was something new at Eurovision in that it contained only 24 words accompanied
by long violin solos. The United Kingdom contributed a
modern rap number, while the previous years runner-up,
Poland, went for something that completely contrasted
with their dbut entry.
After the voting was completed, Norway was the winner
with 148 points, followed by Spain's Vuelve conmigo
with 119 points, and Sweden gaining 100 points.
The stage was designed by Alan Farquharson who also
designed the set of the 1993 contest that took place in
Millstreet, Ireland. Although it was quite dark and often gloomy in appearance, it did form the basis for a
spectacular opening whereby a giant screen rotated to reveal the presenter who descended a stairway which ultimately disappeared to allow for the arrow shaped stage
to come together amid reworks. The interval act con-

sisted of several well known Irish performers including
Clannad, Brian Kennedy (who would go on to actually
represent Ireland 11 years later as well as collaborate with
the winning group) and was composed by leading musician Michael O'Suilleabhan.
The EBU decreased the number of participants back to
23 to make sure the show wouldn't last longer than 3
hours. 5 of the 6 countries that were relegated the previous year came back to the contest, Luxembourg decided
to stop participating completely and Italy withdrew voluntarily, as in 1994.
There was much speculation in Ireland as to whether RT
had deliberately chosen a song perceived as not having
a good chance of winning in order to avoid hosting the
contest for a fourth time in a row - although this was
never veried. This rumour did, however inspire a popular episode of Father Ted. In any event, RT ended up
hosting the contest once again in 1997.
5.8.1
Returning artists
5.8.2
Results
5.8.3
Voting structure
Each country had a jury that awarded 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5,

5.8.4
Score sheet
129
Russia - Marina Danielian
Iceland - slaug Dra Eyjlfsdttir
Spain - Beln Fernndez de Henestrosa
Turkey - mer nder
Croatia - Danijela Trbovi[24]
France - Thierry Beccaro[25]
Hungary - Katalin Bogyay
Belgium - Marie-Franoise Renson Soda[25]
Portugal - Serenella Andrade[12]
Cyprus - Andreas Iakovidis[13]
Sweden - Bjrn Hedman[14]
Slovenia - Mia Molk
12 points
5.8.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Diana GrkoviForeti
Israel - Daniel Pe'er (co-presenter of the 1979

Eurovision Song Contest)[26]
Malta - Stephanie Farrugia
International broadcasting
Other involved countries

FR Yugoslavia
of Yugoslavia was last participated in 1992. Third
channel of Radio Television of Serbia broadcast the
show, although Yugoslavia did not participate.
5.8.6
Commentators
5.8.7
Spokespersons
Poland - Andrzej Marzec (music producer),

Magorzata Gelo, Marek Bieliski (composer), Ewa
Zychowicz, Irena Santor (singer), Marek acucki,
Edyta Grniak (singer, Polish entrant and runner-up
of Eurovision Song Contest 1994), Mariusz Jagoda,
Janusz Rzeszewski, Justyna Kucharska, Czesaw
Niemen (singer and composer), Mirosawa Zamojska, Janusz Stokosa (composer, pianist, co-author
of Metro (musical) and Tony Award nominee),
Agnieszka Jakocewicz, Robert Janson (composer,
leader of Varius Manx), Wiesawa Siudara[28]
Ireland Joe Delaney
Bosnia and Herzegovina Ismeta Krvavac,
Dijana Grkovi-Foreti
130
Spain ngel Lacalle (journalist), Mara

Kosty (actress), Roberto Antoln (bullghter), Sara
Salazar (singer), Valentn Paredes (actor), Pilar Socorro (journalist at RNE), Lucio Blzquez (restaurant manager), Cuca Garca de Vinuesa (communication expert), Alejandro Abad (singer and
composer, Spanish entrant at Eurovision Song
Contest 1994), Marily Coll (fashion designer),
Arturo Beltrn (businessman), Silvia Abascal (actress), Enrique Cosano (Eurovision fan), Agustina
Lpez de los Mozos (businesswoman), Justo Molinero (journalist and music critic), Vernica Magaz
(student)[29]
United Kingdom Daniel Beach
2012-08-10.
Portugal Anabela, Lus Filipe, Vasco da Cmara Pereira
Greece Grigoris Lambrianidis, Stamatis

Mazaris, Lida Halkiadaki, Takis Antoniadis,
Agni Hatzikotaki, Antonis Papaioannou, Andreas
Hatziapostolou, Angeliki Segditsa, Filia Anastasiadou, Evangelia Vagopoulou, Filippos Varanakis,
Anastasia Doul, Fotini Theologou, Kostas Kapiris,
Panos Kourmouzis, Stavros Moles
[19] Article Window. Letempsarchives.ch. Retrieved 201208-10.
5.8.9
[20] Nostalgini RTV press clipping. rtvforum.net. Retrieved 2015-09-02.

[21] Begegnung in der Box | Das Erste: Eurovision Song Contest - News - Mein Grand Prix. Eurovision.de. 2011-0514. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[22] Song Contest mit Stermann & Grissemann.
ORF.at. 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
References

ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3.
[3] Zobacz temat - Eurowizyjna gra. Eurowizja.Com.Pl.
wien
[23] Bruce, Ken. Gin for lunch, whiskey for tea: Radio 2s
Ken Bruce reveals his midlife crisis and the days when
one drink was not enough. Daily Mail.
[24] Pogledaj temu - SPOKESPERSONS. Forum.hrt.hr.
2008-02-29. Retrieved 2012-08-10.

[5] Alt du trenger vite om MGP - Melodi Grand Prix Melodi Grand Prix - NRK. Nrk.no. 2003-05-27. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[27] "
[6] Morgunblai, 11.05.1995.

2012-08-10.
[28] ArchiwumEurowizji (2011-04-27). Przed Eurowizj '95

- Prezentacja polskiego jury. YouTube. Retrieved 201208-10.
Timarit.is.
Retrieved

[8] Pogledaj temu - Eurosong komentatori. Forum.hrt.hr.
[9] Pogledaj temu - POVIJEST EUROSONGA: 1956 1999 (samo tekstovi)". Forum.hrt.hr. 2009-05-15. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
[10] Christian Masson. 1995 - Dublin. Songcontest.free.fr.
[29] XL Edicin del Festival de Eurovisin (Ao 1995)". eurofestival.tk. Retrieved 2012-08-10.

Ocial website
Eurovision Song Contest 1995s channel on
YouTube
131
tory of the ESC in which Germany did not participate in
the nal.[1]

in Oslo Spektrum in Oslo, Norway. The presenters were
Ingvild Bryn and Morten Harket. Harket, lead singer of
a-ha, opened the show with a performance of his single
"Heavens Not for Saints". Twenty-three countries participated in the contest, with Eimear Quinn of Ireland
crowned the winner after the nal voting, with the song,
"The Voice". The song was written by Brendan Graham,
who also composed the 1994 winner "Rock 'n' Roll Kids".
It was also a record seventh win for Ireland and the last
win of Ireland.
The 1996 contest also featured two novelties which

similarly failed to become a tradition rstly a short
'good luck message' for each entry, recorded by a political leader or ocial from their country. The seniority of
the gure who delivered the message varied wildly from
country to country, ranging from Presidents and Prime
Ministers on one end of the spectrum to junior ministers or ambassadors on the other, but a few very signicant European political gures did appear, including
long-serving Swedish premier Gran Persson and President Alija Izetbegovi of Bosnia and Herzegovina. But
of course the only good luck wish that was fully rewarded
A non-televised audio-only pre-qualication round was in the end was that of Irish Taoiseach John Bruton, who
song that took his country to a fourth win
organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), in introduced the
[1]
in
ve
years.
order to shortlist the number of participating nations that
would compete in the televised nal from twenty-nine, Secondly, the voting section was conducted using blue
to a more manageable twenty-three.[1] Germany, Israel, screen virtual reality technology provided by Silicon
Denmark, Hungary, Russia, Macedonia, and Romania all Graphics. The host Ingvild Bryn introduced the viewers
failed to qualify. Macedonia eventually went on to make to the 'blue room', upon which a 3D scoreboard, views
their debut in 1998.[1] The 1996 contest remains the only of the green room, the jury spokespersons and counEurovision without a German entry.
try graphics appeared. The only physical aspects were
Ingvild herself and two podiums. For the rst time in
the Eurovision history, during the voting a spokesperson
came to stage (exactly the blue room) down next to In5.9.1 Format
gvild: the Norwegian one, Ragnhild Slthun Fjrtoft.[1]
The European Broadcasting Union continued to experiment in their eorts to nd a broadly acceptable method
of whittling down the large number of potential participating countries to a more realistic gure.[1] This year,
they reverted to the pre-qualifying round that had been
used for the 1993 contest, but this time with just one
country exempt from the process - the host Norway. The
audio-only pre-qualication round, which was never televised, was used by the EBU in order to shortlist the number of participating nations that would compete in the
televised nal.[1] With exception to the hosts Norway,
audio entries from twenty-nine countries were played to
national juries, of which only twenty-two proceeded to
the televised nal in Oslo.[1] Germany, Israel, Denmark,
Hungary, Russia, Macedonia, and Romania all failed to
qualify. As a result, Macedonias submission was never
classied as a debut entry by the EBU, the nation eventually went on to make their ocial televised debut in
1998.[1]
It rapidly became evident that this system was no more
sustainable than any other the EBU had tried, as it meant
that several countries had gone through their traditional
full-blown national selection procedure to come up with
an entry, only to suer the anti-climax of having their
challenge quietly extinguished without even having had
the opportunity of presenting the song to an international
audience. As a leading nancial contributor to the contest, Germany were particularly aggrieved that their entry,
the techno song Planet of Blue performed by Leon, was
one of the seven cast aside. It was the only year in the his-
Returning artists
5.9.2 Results
Pre-qualifying round
Countries listed below submitted entries for the audioonly pre-qualication round, which was never televised,
and was used by the EBU in order to shortlist the number
of participating nations that would compete in the televised nal. Despite a submitted entry from Macedonia,
it was never classied as an ocial debut entry, although
the nation would eventually make their ocial televised
debut in 1998.[1]
Shaded countries were eliminated from the competition[3][4]
5.9.3 Voting structure

Each country had a jury that awarded 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5,
4, 3, 2, 1 point(s) for their top ten songs. One year later,
televoting would be introduced in only some countries,
such as Sweden and the United Kingdom. When Beln
Fernndez de Henestrosa, the Spanish spokesperson, announced the votes of the Spanish jury, she awarded
two points to Czechoslovakia (while meaning 'Slovakia'). Furthermore, she awarded six points to Hol-
132
land (the Netherlands), which host Ingvild Byrn misheard as Poland. The ocial results table corrected
this error, and the Netherlands seventh-place result was
restored at the expense of the United Kingdom, who
ultimately nished eighth. Because originally Poland
awarded six points from Spain, Greece was placed 14th
over Poland after the ocial results table corrected this
error.[1] Norways entry, "I evighet", is notable for being the only runner-up not to receive a single 12 points
score in a Eurovision nal since the current voting method
was introduced in 1975.
5.9.4
Estonia - Tiit Vhi, Prime Minister of Estonia

(Estonian)
Norway - Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime

Minister of Norway (Norwegian)
France - Philippe Douste-Blazy, Minister of

Culture of France (French)
Slovenia - Milan Kuan, President of Slovenia

(Slovene)
Netherlands - Aad Nuis, State Secretary of

Education, Culture and Science of the Netherlands
(Dutch)
Belgium - Luc Van den Brande, Prime Minister of Flanders (Dutch)
Ireland - John Bruton, Taoiseach (Prime Minister of Ireland) (English)
Finland - Riitta Uosukainen, Speaker of

Parliament of Finland (Finnish)
Iceland - Dav Oddsson, Prime Minister of

Iceland (Icelandic)
Poland - Aleksander Kwaniewski, President

of Poland (Polish)
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Alija Izetbegovi,

Chairmen of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnian)
Score sheet
12 points
Below is a summary of all 12 point in the nal:[5]
5.9.5
Good luck wishes
In 1996 all contestants were wished good luck by a

politician from their own country in their own language.
Those wishes were shown right before their performance.
This was the only year in Eurovision with such wishes.
These are the people who wished their countrys participant good luck (language in parentheses):
Turkey - Sleyman Demirel, President of

Turkey (Turkish)
United Kingdom - Virginia Bottomley, UK

Secretary of State for National Heritage (English)
Slovakia - Vladimr Meiar, Prime Minister

of Slovakia (Slovak)
Spain - Don Alberto Escudero Claramunt,

Spanish ambassador (Spanish)
Sweden - Gran Persson, Prime Minister of

Sweden (Swedish)
Portugal - Antnio Guterres, Prime Minister

of Portugal (Portuguese)
Cyprus - Glafkos Klerides, President of

Cyprus (Greek)
Malta - Edward Fenech Adami, Prime Min- The order in which each country announced their votes
was determined by order of performance in the contest.
ister of Malta (Maltese)
The spokespersons are shown alongside each country.
Croatia - Zlatko Matea, Prime Minister of

Croatia (Croatian)
1.
Turkey - mer nder
Austria - Elisabeth Gehrer, Federal Minister of Education, Science and Culture of Austria
(German)
2.
3.
Switzerland - Michel Coquoz, Swiss Charg

d'aaires (French)
4.
Portugal - Cristina Rocha
5.
Cyprus - Marios Skordis[6]
6.
Malta - Ruth Amaira
Greece - Caterna Dimaki, Greek Charg

d'aaires (Greek)

7.
Croatia - Danijela Trbovi[7]
8.
Austria - Martina Rupp
9.
Switzerland - Yves Mnestrier[8]
10.
Greece - Niki Venega[9]
11.
Estonia - Annika Talvik
12.
Norway - Ragnhild Slthun Fjrtoft
13.
France - Laurent Broomhead[8]
14.
Slovenia - Mario Galuni
15.
Netherlands - Marcha (Dutch representative in

1987)
133
France - Olivier Minne (France 2); Laurent

Boyer (France Inter)[8]
Germany (non participating country) - Ulf

Ansorge (Das Erste (relayed)/ WDR (live) / N3
(live));[14] Thomas Mohr(Deutschlandfunk/NDR
2)[15]
Greece - Dafni Bokota (ET1);[9] Giorgos

Mitropoulos (ERA ERT1)
Hungary (non participating country) - Istvn

Vg (MTV2)
Iceland - Jakob Frmann Magnsson

(Sjnvarpi);[16] Jakob Frmann Magnsson
Ireland - Pat Kenny (RT One); Larry Gogan

(RT Radio 1)
Israel (non participating country) - No commentator
Macedonia (non participating country) - Vlado

Janevski (MTV 1)
16.
Belgium - Anne Ploegaerts[8][10]
17.
18.
19.
Iceland - Svanhildur Konrsdttir
20.
21.
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Segmedina Srna
22.
Slovakia - Alena Heribanov
23.
Sweden - Ulla Rundquist

(Nederland 1); Hijlco Span (Radio 2)[17]
Norway - Jostein Pedersen (NRK1); Andreas

Diesen (NRK P1)[18]
Commentators
Austria - Ernst Grissemann (ORF1); Stermann

& Grissemann (FM4)[12]
Belgium - Michel Follet & Johan Verstreken
(BRTN TV1),[13] Jean-Pierre Hautier & Sandra
Kim (RTBF La Une);[8] Julien Put (BRTN Radio
2), Alain Gerlache & Adrien Joveneau (RTBF La
Premire)[8]
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Suad Bejtovi (BHT)

2); Draginja Bala (HR 2)
Cyprus - Evi Papamichail (RIK 1);[6] Pavlos

Denmark (non participating country) - Jrgen

de Mylius (DR TV); Camilla Miehe-Renard (DR
P3)
Malta - Charles Saliba (TVM)
Poland - Dorota Osman (TVP1)[19]
Portugal - Maria Margarida Gaspar (RTP1)
Russia (non participating country) - Vadim

Dolgachev (RTR)
Slovakia - Juraj urn (STV1)
Slovenia - Mia Molk (SLO1)
[7]
Estonia - Jri Pihel (Eesti Televisioon); Marko

Reikop (Raadio 2)
Finland - Erkki Pohjanheimo & Sanna Kojo
(YLE TV1);[11] Aki Sirkesalo & Kati Bergman (Yle
Radio Suomi)
Sweden - Bjrn Kjellman (SVT1), Claes-Johan

Larsson and Lisa Syrn (SR P3)
Switzerland - Sandra Studer (SF DRS), Pierre

Grandjean (TSR),[8] Joanne Holder (TSI)
Turkey - Blend zveren (TRT 1); mit

Tuna (TRT Radyo 3)
United Kingdom - Terry Wogan (BBC1); Ken

Bruce (BBC Radio 2)
Yugoslavia (non participating country) Mladen Popovi (RTS2) (one day later)[21]
134
[6] Savvidis, Christos. OGAE Cyprus. OGAE Cyprus.
United Kingdom James Cohen, Kevin Pilley
Spain Montserrat Marial (businesswoman),

Juan Diego Arranz (psychologist and teacher),
Elvira Quintill (actress), lvaro de Luna (actor), Mnica Pont (actress), Mikel Herzog (singer),
Mara Mayor (model), Jos Mara Purn (composer), Anabel Conde (singer, Spanish entrant
at Eurovision Song Contest 1995), Jos Sancho
(actor), Asuncin Embuena (TV hostess), Pedro
Bermdez Azuquita (singer), Adriana Vega (actress), Antonio Pinilla (student), Mabel Alfonso
(singer and composer), Manuel Redondo (make-up
artist and gemologist)
Malta Adrian Muscat Inglott
Netherlands Coot van Doesburgh, Frank

Wetsteyn, Miron Komarnicki, Bart de Wit
Iceland Paul Oscar
Poland Justyna,
Ciechowski, Ewa Bem
[9] " EUROVISION (19872004)" (in Greek). retromaniax. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
[10] ESC 1996 Belgian votes by An Ploegaerts. mathiasehv.
YouTube. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
[11] Selostajat ja taustalaulajat lpi vuosien?" (in Finnish). viisukuppila. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
ORF.at. 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
wien
[14] 41. Eurovision song contest 1996 (in German). ECGermany OGAE club. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
Estonia Urmas Lattikas

songcontest.free.fr. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
[13] Eurosong (in Dutch). mediawatchers.be. Retrieved 24

July 2012.
Greece Agni Hatzikotaki, Antonis Papaioannou, Litsa Sakellariou, Giannis Dimitras,

Andreas Hatziapostolou, Spiros Papavasiliou,
Stamatis Mazaris, Nikos Tsolakis, Artemi Plessa,
Soa-Marina Athanasiou, Eleni-Zina Bilisi,
Sokratis Rousopoulos, Kiriaki Tzekou, Nikolaos
Papanikolaou, Ioannis Trahanas, Panagiota Kesari
[7] POVIJEST EUROSONGA: 1956 - 1999 (samo tekstovi)" (in Croatian). HRT. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
Kayah,
Grzegorz

Dijana Grkovi-Foreti
[15] Thomas Mohr: Mit Dschinghis Khan im Garten. Eurovision.de. 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
[16] Television listings. Dagskr (in Icelandic). 16 May
1996. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
Songfestival (in Dutch). eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved
24 July 2012.
[18] Alt du trenger vite om MGP (in Norwegian). NRK.
[19] Konkurs Piosenki Eurowizji (in Polish).
izja.com.pl. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
Eurow-
[20] Uribarri commentator Eurovision 2010 (in Spanish).

Foro EuroSong Contest. Retrieved 24 July 2012.

5.9.7
References
The Eurovision Song Contest 1997, was the 42nd

Eurovision Song Contest and it was held at the Point Theatre Dublin, Ireland, on 3 May 1997. Carrie Crowley
and Boyzone member Ronan Keating were the presen[1]
Eurovision Song Contest 1996 Languages. The Dig- ters of the show. Twenty-ve countries took part in the
1997 Contest, which saw Italy return after a three-year
giloo Thrush. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
absence,[2] along with Denmark, Germany, Hungary, and
O'Connor, John Kennedy (2010). The Eurovision Song Russia, who last took part in the 1995 Contest, deContest - The Ocial History. United Kingdom: Carlton
spite having taken part in the non-televised 1996 preBooks. ISBN 978-1-84732-521-1.
qualifying round in which they failed to qualify and there[3]
Eurovision 1996 pre-qualication results.
esc- fore were absent. Belgium, Finland, and Slovakia withhistory.com. ESC History. Retrieved 21 October drew from the contest due to the relegation rule.[1] The
2014.
United Kingdom won the competition, thanks to Katrina
and the Waves, (Katrina Leskanich) making it the second
Eurovision Song Contest 1996: Scoreboard. eurovitime that the British won the Eurovision on Irish soil.[1]
[1] Eurovision Song Contest 1996. eurovision.tv. European

Broadcasting Union. 18 May 1996. Retrieved 21 October
2014.
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
sion.tv. European Broadcasting Union. 18 May 1996.

Retrieved 21 October 2014.
[4]
5.10.1
Location
135
tries were, in some cases, dierent from those that used a
jury. Iceland received 16 of its 18 points from these ve
countries.[1]
Also, for the rst time in Eurovision history, there was a
country where not one, but two spokespeople gave votes
- France. Television reporter Frdric Ferrer and 1977
Eurovision winner Marie Myriam each took turns at giving results from that country. Long-time Irish conductor
Noel Kelehan was not the host conductor this year, the
duty being fullled by Frank McNamara. However, from
this year, entrants were allowed to use singback without orchestra accompaniment, and in 1999, the orchestra
would be abolished completely.[1]
Dublin

Ireland hosted the contest for the fourth time in ve years
after winning the 1996 Contest in Oslo. Dublin was chosen to be the host city, making it the sixth time that the
Eurovision Song Contest was staged in the Irish capital.
The venue for the contest was the Point Theatre located
on the North Wall Quay of the River Liey, amongst
the Dublin Docklands. The theatre previously hosted the
1994 and 1995 contests.[1]
Alma ardi returned for Bosnia and Herzegovina

after last representing the nation in 1994.[5] MaarjaLiis Ilus and ebnem Paker both returned for a
second-consecutive year representing Estonia and Turkey
respectively.[6][7]
5.10.4 Results
5.10.2
Format
1.^ The Norwegian entry also featured some

lyrics in English.
After the controversy over the 1996 pre-qualifying round,

the European Broadcasting Union introduced a new sys2 ^ The Austrian entry also featured some
tem for 1997: countries with the lowest average scores
lyrics in English.
over the previous four years would be excluded from the
1997 contest, and those with the lowest averages over the
previous ve years would be excluded from future contests (save that every country so excluded for one year 5.10.5 Scoreboard
would automatically be allowed to participate the following year), with so many countries being omitted as would Each country had a jury that awarded 12, 10, 8, 7, 6,
reduce the number of participants each year to 25.[1]
5, 4, 3, 2, 1 points for their top ten songs, or a televote,
Israel declined to participate, as the Contest was held where the top ten most voted for songs were awarded the
on its Holocaust Remembrance Day, granting a reprieve 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 points. Iceland got most
to Bosnia and Herzegovina, which would otherwise have of its 18 points from the 5 countries that used televotbeen excluded owing to its low point average over the pre- ing. Ireland was ostensibly the best scoring country across
vious four years.[1] RT once again produced a highly the televoting countries, except they were able to score
spectacular show, with a stage that had a smaller perfor- points from all 5 televoting countries. The United Kingmance space for the artists than in previous years. This dom was only eligible to receive points from 4 of them,
was the third Eurovision set to be designed by Paula Far- since they couldn't vote for themselves. In fact, the UK
rell, who had previously been involved with the 1988 and received 12 points from all the other televoting countries
except Germany, from whom they received 10 points: in
1994 contests.[1]
other words, the UK earned 46 of 48 possible televote
There was a wide array of dierent styles this year. Den- points that year; Ireland earned 47 of 60 possible televote
mark brought a rap song, Croatia came with their ver- pointsincluding their only 12 from the UK.[10]
sion of the Spice Girls and Sweden brought a mid-1980s
style boy band. The music was in general more modern
than before, and for the rst time in six years, an uptempo song won.[1] This year, televoting was tested in ve 12 points
countries: Austria, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland and
the United Kingdom. The results of the televoting coun- Below is a summary of all 12-point in the nal:[10]
136
5.10.6
Winners
Katrina and the Waves, (with lead vocalist Katrina

Leskanich) representing the United Kingdom, were the
winners of the contest with the song "Love Shine a Light",
written by that bands lead guitarist Kimberley Rew, and
Marc Roberts from Republic of Ireland came second with
"Mysterious Woman". Despite being the runner-up, it remarkably received only one 12-point score, which came
from the United Kingdom. The UK spokesman Colin
Berry remarked: You're going to like this one: Ireland,
twelve points!" causing Terry Wogan to reply: Well, tit
for tat!" The winning song scored an unprecedented 227
points; it received points from all participating countries,
including ve sets of 10 points and a record-breaking ten
sets of the maximum 12 points. Love Shine a Light
is still regarded as one of the most successful Eurovision winners,[N 1] and was the closing song in the medleys
that opened the 50th anniversary show "Congratulations"
in Copenhagen in 2005, and the ESC 2006 semi-nal in
Athens. With this victory, the United Kingdom has ve
Eurovision wins and it is to date the countrys last win in
the Contest.
5.10.7
Barbara Dex Award
For the rst time, the fansite House of Eurovision presented the Barbara Dex Award, a humorous award given
to the worst dressed artist each year in the contest. It is
named after the Belgian artist, Barbara Dex, who came
last in the 1993 contest, in which she wore her own self
designed dress. House of Eurovision would continue to
provide the Barbara Dex Award until 2016, when another
Eurovision fansite, songfestival.be, took the reigns of the
award and will present it every year starting with the 2017
Eurovision Song Contest in Ukraine.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Slovenia - Mojca Mavec

Switzerland - Sandy Altermatt
Netherlands - Corry Brokken (Dutch representative in 1956, 1957 and 1958, and host in 1976)
Italy - Peppi Franzelin
10.
11.
Germany - Christina Mnz
12.
13.
Estonia - Helene Tedre[12]
14.
15.
Portugal - Cristina Rocha[13]
16.
Sweden - Gsta Hanson[14]
17.
Greece - Niki Venega[15]
18.
Malta - Anna Bonanno
19.
Hungary - Gyrgyi Albert
20.
Russia - Arina Sharapova
21.
22.
France - Frdric Ferrer & Marie Myriam[17]
23.
Croatia - Davor Metrovi[18]
24.
25.
Iceland - Svanhildur Konrsdttir
Debbie Scerri of Malta was the 1997 Barbara Dex Award Commentators
winner.
5.10.8
Austria - Ernst Grissemann (ORF1);[19]

Stermann & Grissemann (FM4)[20]
Belgium (non-participating country) - Andr

Vermeulen (BRTN TV1),[21] Jean-Pierre Hautier
(RTBF La Une);[22] Julien Put & Michel Follet
(BRTN Radio 2), Alain Gerlache & Adrien Joveneau (RTBF La Premire)
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Diana Grkovi Foreti (BHT)

1);[23] Draginja Bala (HR 2)
Cyprus - Evi Papamichail (RIK 1); Pavlos

Denmark - Jrgen de Mylius (DR1); Ole Jacobsen (DR P3)[16]

The order in which each country announced their votes
was determined by order of performance in the contest.
The spokespersons are shown alongside each country.
1.
Cyprus - Marios Skordis[11]
2.
Turkey - mer nder
3.
4.
Austria - Adriana Zartl
5.
137
United Kingdom - Terry Wogan (BBC 1); Ken

Bruce (BBC Radio 2)
Yugoslavia (non-participating country) Nikola Nekovi (RTS2)[34] [N 2]
Estonia - Jri Pihel (Eesti Televisioon); Marko

Reikop (Raadio 2)
Finland - (non-participating country) - Aki

Sirkesalo & Olli Ahvenlahti (YLE TV1)[24]
France - Olivier Minne (France 2); Frdric National jury members

Tadde (France Inter)[22]
Germany - Peter Urban (Das Erste);[25]

Thomas Mohr (Deutschlandfunk/NDR 2)[26]
Greece - Dafni Bokota (ET1); Giorgos

Mitropoulos (ERA1)[27]
Ireland - Pat Kenny (RT One); Larry Gogan

(RT Radio 1)
Italy - Ettore Andenna (Raiuno); Antonio De

Robertis (Rai Radio 2)[29]
Macedonia(non-participating country) - Dragan B. Kostik (MTV 1)
Netherlands Maxine, Maggie McNeal, Chiel

van Praag, Ruud van Dulkenraad
Spain Fernando Gonzlez (racing driver),

Mara Esteve (actress), Manuel del Rosario (student), Yolanda Flores (journalist at RNE), Antonio
Carbonell (singer, Spanish entrant at Eurovision
Song Contest 1996), Beatriz Rojo (student),
Fernando Arias (riding instructor), Miryam Fultz
(singer), Mari Carrillo (actress), Javier Lpez de
Guerea (composer), Eva Santamara (singer,
Spanish entrant at Eurovision Song Contest 1993),
Pepe Rubio (fashion designer), Ana Ojeda (doctor),
Jos Moreno Josele (comedian), Pilar Darder
(housewife), Manuel Hernndez Manolo HH
(radio host)[35]
Poland Wioleta Machowiec, Jacek Skubikowski, Patrycja Markowska, Robert Janson,

Magda Makarewicz, Wojciech Karolak, Olga
Kurek, Pawe Brodowski, Danuta Baejczyk,
Micha Borkowski, Anita Lipnicka, Grzegorz
Szczyrba, Joanna Rawik, Jacek Makowski, Hanna
Banaszak, Artur Jaworski
Hungary - Istvn Vg (MTV1)
Jakob
Frmann
Magnsson
Malta - Gino Cauchi (TVM)

Netherlands - Willem van Beusekom (TV2);
Danil Dekker & Hijlco Span (Radio 2)[30]
Norway - Jostein Pedersen (NRK1)[31]
Poland - Jan Wilkans (TVP1); Artur Orzech
(Polskie Radio Bis)
Portugal - Carlos Ribeiro (RTP1)[13]
Russia - Philip Kirkorov & Sergei Antipov
(Public Russian Television); Vadim Dolgachev
(Voice of Russia)
Spain - Jos Luis Uribarri (TVE1)

Dijana Grkovi-Foreti, Segmedina Srna

Slovakia - (non-participating country) - Juraj
urn (STV2)
Estonia Koit Toome
Portugal Raul Mendes

Greece Fotini Dourou, Andreas Hatziapostolou, Litsa Sakellariou, Petri Salpea, Giorgos
Vrouvas, Thomas Bakalakos, Evangelos Alexandropoulos, Grigoris Lambrianidis, Loukas Anapliotis, Natalia Giakoumi, Pelagia Gialitaki, Maria
Grigoriou, Katerina Kalohereti, Chrisostomos Kontakiotis, Nikolaos Lenos, Maria Sipsa
[32]
Sweden - Jan Jingryd (SVT2);[14] Claes-Johan 5.10.9

Larsson and Susan Seidemar (SR P3)
Switzerland - Roman Kilchsperger & Heinz

Margot (SF DRS), Pierre Grandjean (TSR),[33]
Jonathan Tedesco (TSI)
Turkey - Blend zveren (TRT 1); Fatih Orbay

(TRT Radyo 3)
Notes
[1] As noted on a TOTP2 Eurovision special, it ranks third in

the rankings of points achieved as a percentage of maximum available with 227 out of 288 or 78.81%, behind
Nicole's "Ein bichen Frieden" in 1982 (161 out of 204
or 78.92%) and Brotherhood of Man's "Save Your Kisses
for Me" in 1976 (164 out of 204 or 80.39%). For comparison, Elena Paparizous 2005 win took 230 points out
of a possible 456, or only 50.04%.
138
[2] After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia last participated in 1992. RTS2 broadcast the
show, although Yugoslavia did not participate.
5.10.10
References

2014.
[2] Italy 1993. esc-history.com. ESC History. Retrieved 21
October 2014.
2014.
[21] Hasselt 2005: Jarige Andr Vermeulen verzorgt commentaar met Ilse Van Hoecke ". Eurosong.be. 25 October 2005. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
[22] Christian Masson. 1997 - Dublin. Songcontest.free.fr.
[23] Pogledaj temu - POVIJEST EUROSONGA: 1956 1999 (samo tekstovi)". Forum.hrt.hr. 15 May 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
[25] Dr. Peter Urban kommentiert - Dsseldorf 2011. Duesseldorf2011.de. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
[26] Thomas Mohr: Mit Dschinghis Khan im Garten. Eurovision.de. 14 May 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
[4] http://euromusica.org/2010/02/04/
esce-il-libro-di-gigi-vesigna-jalisse-boicottati-dalla-rai-alleurofestival-1997-attacchi-alle-giurie-di-sanremo/
[27] " EUROVISION (19872004)". Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
[5] Bosnia & Herzegovina. eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
[28] Dagblai Vsir - DV, 03.05.1997. Timarit.is. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
[6] Estonia. eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union.
[29] Jalisse Fiumi di parole Eurofestival 1997. YouTube.
[7] Turkey. eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union.
[30] Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
[31] Alt du trenger vite om MGP - Melodi Grand Prix Melodi Grand Prix - NRK. Nrk.no. 27 May 2003. Re[9] Eurovision Song Contest 1997 | Year page | Eurovision
trieved 9 August 2012.
Song Contest - Baku 2012. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 9
August 2012.
[32] FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIN Ver Tema Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010. Eurosongcon[10] Eurovision 1997: Scoreboard. eurovision.tv. European
test.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
[33] Article Window. Letempsarchives.ch. Retrieved 9 Au[11] Savvidis, Christos (OGAE Cyprus)
gust 2012.
[12] Archived 22 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
9 August 2012.
[15] "
EUROVISION - Page 3. Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
[16] Forside. esconnet.dk. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
- Porte-paroles des jurys des pays francophones. Eurovision.vosforums.com. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
[18] Pogledaj temu - SPOKESPERSONS. Forum.hrt.hr. 29
February 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
[20] Song Contest mit Stermann & Grissemann. wien
ORF.at. 1 May 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.

[35] XLII Edicin del Festival de Eurovisin (Ao 1997)".
eurofestival.tk. Retrieved 9 August 2012.

Ocial website
YouTube
Chapter 6
1998 to 2003 Televoting arrives

6.1.1 Location
For more details on the host city, see Birmingham.
The Eurovision Song Contest 1998 was the 43rd annual Eurovision Song Contest. The contest took place in
Birmingham in the United Kingdom, following Katrina
and the Waves's win in the 1997 contest in Dublin with
"Love Shine A Light". It was the UKs fth win, and
the eighth time that the UK hosted the contest, the last
being in Harrogate in 1982. The UK has not won or
hosted the contest since. The contest took place in the
National Indoor Arena on 9 May 1998, and the city
played host to the G8 summit one week later, so much
so that presenter and commentator Terry Wogan's hotel
Birmingham
room was later occupied by Bill Clinton.[1] Twenty-ve
countries participated in the contest,[2] with Macedonia Location of the host city.
The United Kingdom, along with their national broadmaking their ocial dbut, even though they had submitted an entry in the non-televised 1996 pre-qualifying
round, which failed to qualify into the televised nal of
that contest.[3] Belgium, Finland, and Slovakia returned
to the contest after a one-year absence. Despite having
also taken part in the non-televised 1996 pre-qualifying
round, in which they failed to qualify, Romania and Israel
returned ocially after their last participations in 1994
and 1995 respectively.[4][5] Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, and Russia all withdrew
from the contest due to the relegation rule. Italy did not
return until 2011.[6]
There was much controversy in the lead-up to the contest, mostly surrounding the entries from Greece, Israel,
and Turkey: the Greek composer, Yiannis Valvis, was
unhappy with the way that the director, Geo Posner,
intended to lm his song;[7] many Orthodox Jews objected to the selection of transsexual Dana International
for Israel;[8] Turkey struggled during rehearsals to get
their song within the three-minute time limit.[7] Dana International eventually went on to win the contest, scoring
172 points,[N 1] with the song "Diva", written by Svika
Pick and Yoav Ginai. The singer had attracted much
media attention both in Israel and Europe since she had
undergone gender reassignment in 1993, being the rst
openly transgender performer to enter the competition.[8]
National Indoor Arena, Birmingham - host venue of the 1998

contest. (pictured in 2005)
caster the BBC, hosted the contest at the National Indoor

Arena in the city of Birmingham. It was the rst time
since the 1982 Contest that the Eurovision Song Contest
was staged in the United Kingdom,[9] and the last to date.
This was a record-breaking eighth time that the United
Kingdom staged the contest, having done so for the 1960,
1963, 1968, 1972, 1974, 1977, and 1982 contests.[10]
The National Indoor Arena had been used for several major events in the past, including counting no less than eight
constituencies in the hall for the 1992 general election.[11]
139
140
CHAPTER 6. 1998 TO 2003 TELEVOTING ARRIVES
The week after the Eurovision Song Contest, the city was past ve years. Israel could have returned in 1997, but
to host the 24th G8 summit, with Terry Wogan vacating opted not to due to Holocaust Remembrance Day, meanhis hotel room to make way for Bill Clinton.[1]
ing they returned for the rst time in three years. The
Italian broadcaster, RAI, decided to withdraw from the
contest, a move that would see Italy absent from the con6.1.2 Format
test for 13 years before their return in 2011.[6]
Russia and Italy did not broadcast the event due to withdrawals. In 1998 the Russian broadcaster ORT prepared
to run internal preselections, but soon organisers realised
that because of low average results in previous years
Russia would not qualify to compete in 1998 (though
there were rumours that Channel One had planned to
name Tatyana Ovsienko as their representative, performThis was the rst year in which televoting was used en ing Solntse moyo). Because Russia did not participate,
masse: viewers were given ve minutes after the end Channel One decided not to broadcast the 1998 contest.
of the songs to vote for the song they wanted to win, According to other sources Channel One had expected
with Terry Wogan remarking that you'll have nobody to Channel Russia to broadcast the contest.[2]
blame but yourself, which, ironically, was the reason that
Wogan quit the commentary job ten years later.[12] Ironically, the contest was held in an English speaking country 6.1.4 Returning artists
for the last time the contest was run without the free language rule, so only the UK, Malta, and Ireland performed Danijela returned for Croatia after last taking part in 1995
in English.[13]
as part of the group Magazin. Egon Egemann who was
Following a format change in 1997 where acts were
allowed to use purely backing tracks, no less than
eight countries either partially or wholly used backing
tracks: Germany, Slovenia, Switzerland, Malta, Israel
and Belgium purely used backing tracks, whilst Greece[1]
and France partially used the orchestra.
the violinist for Gunvor this year, last participated for

Switzerland at the 1990 contest. Jos Cid part of Alma
Postcards
Lusa in 1980 returned for Portugal; and Paul Harrington
The postcards continued with the opening theme of who was a backing singer for Dawn Martin in 1998, reBirmingham old and new, looking at a traditional ob- turned for Ireland after having won the 1994 contest with
ject and then its contemporary. Finally, the ag of the Charlie McGettigan.
country about to perform was formed, and then faded into
either the conductor bowing or the beginning of the performance of the country about to perform. For example, 6.1.5 Results
Croatia's postcard looked at association football then and
now, culminating in Temur Ketsbaia scoring a goal, be- 6.1.6 Scoreboard
fore a section of the crowd held up small cards, which
formed the ag of Croatia.
12 points
Voting
Each country had a televote except Turkey, Romania,

Slovakia and Hungary, where the top ten most voted for 6.1.7 Incidents
songs were awarded the 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1
points, with a back-up jury in case of mistakes. A jury Miscalculated result
was used if there were exceptional reasons not to use a
Spain originally gave its 12 points to Israel and 10 to Nortelevote.
way. After the broadcast it was announced that Spanish broadcaster wrongly tallied the votes and Germany
should have got the top mark - 12 points - instead of
6.1.3 Participation
receiving zero points, as in the broadcast. The misMacedonia, participating as Former Yugoslav Republic take was corrected after the contest and so Germany was
of Macedonia, took part for the rst time, after their placed 7th over Norway. Israel and Norway both received
1996 entry did not make it past the internal selection 2 points less than originally and Croatia, Malta, Portuby the European Broadcasting Union (EBU).[3] Belgium, gal, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Belgium, Estonia and
Finland, Romania and Slovakia all participated after their Turkey all received one point less than indicated during
break from the previous years contest; Austria, Bosnia the broadcast. Originally Estonia, Cyprus and Portugal
and Herzegovina, Denmark, Russia and Iceland could not tied for 11th place with 37 points but because Portugal
participate because of their low average scores from the and Estonia received one point less than indicated during
141
the broadcast, Cyprus was placed 11th over Estonia and Geo Posner, intended to lm his song, specically a sePortugal.[2]
ries of six heavily-emphasised chords accompanied by six
dance moves which Valvis felt the director was not placing enough emphasis upon. After a meeting where Valvis
Dramatic nish
attempted to ask for the Greeks to have full control over
their performance and this request was rejected, Valvis
With just one country left to vote, it was anyones guess launched a formal protest at the Greek press conference.
as to who was going to prevail, with Israel and Malta After making no progress, Valvis protested more actively
locked in battle and the United Kingdom just a few points at the dress rehearsal, standing on the stage during the
behind. When Macedonia came to award the decisive Greek song, claiming that he was supposed to be playing
points, Israel was the rst of the three contenders to be bass but had not been given an instrument.[7]
mentioned, receiving eight points. That was enough to
knock the UK out of contention for victory, but left plenty This proved to be the nal straw for the EBU, the BBC,
of room for Israel to be overtaken by their principal rival, and ERT: Valvis was refused entry to the arena on the
Malta. Next, the ten points went to the UK, nudging them date of the contest. In response, ERT threatened to withinto what looked like being an extremely eeting spell draw from the competition, which would promote France
in second place, since most of the audience assumed the to second in the running order and reduce the number of
twelve points were destined for Malta. Instead, there were entrants to twenty-four. However, minutes later, they regasps as Macedonia sent the nal points of the evening to versed their decision. Greece earned only 12 points in
fellow Balkan nation Croatia, handing Israel their rst win the end, all of which came from Cyprus, ranking Greece
in the contest since "Hallelujah" in 1979. It is also note- 20th by the end of the broadcast, her worst result till 1998.
worthy that Israel only received points from 21 of the 24 (Greece would again be ranked 20th in 2014's edition at
other countries, whereas the United Kingdom received at Denmark with 35 points.) Watching from a hotel room,
least one point from every country, but nished second. Valvis accused the BBC of favouritism, as "Diva" had
Furthermore, whilst Israel received three sets of 12 points similar chords and moves, which had been given empha[7]
compared to Malta and the United Kingdom who both re- sis by the BBC.
ceived four sets of 12 points, Israel received seven sets of
10 points to help seal the win.
Dana International
Nul points
Orthodox Jews were unhappy with the fact that Dana International, the rst singer at the contest ever to have unFor the second year in a row, at least one country went dergone gender reassignment surgery in 1993, was reprehome empty-handed; Switzerland's Gunvor Guggisberg senting Israel, due to religious obligations.[7][8]
with her composition Lass Ihn failed to score a single
point.
Turkey timing issues
Guildo Horn
Other notable participants were Germany's Guildo Horn,
whose shocking comedic act culminated in his climbing
the scaolding on the side of the stage. Controversially
chosen to represent Germany, he was criticised for his
lack of seriousness by the German press. However, after winning by 60% of the vote, the German people were
rmly on Horns side. Guildo-Fever spread throughout
Germany during the weeks leading up to the contest, with
Horn becoming front-page material in Germany. He was
also noticed in countries around Europe, and the early
criticism that had existed in Germany arose in those countries. Even though his 7th place was disappointing, to
some Germans it was a revival for the contest in Germany,
and was the beginning of 4 consecutive top-ten nishes.
After the rst rehearsal, the Turkish conductor was found

to be playing the tempo too slowly, and so the Turkish song exceeded three minutes, with the rst rehearsal
performance being three seconds too long. The next rehearsal performance was, alarmingly, even slower, with
the Turkish conductor claiming to a camera that due to a
series of hemi-demi-semi-dim-dams it was impossible
for him to play the song quicker. The third performance
came in at 3:07, leading to speculation that Turkey would
be disqualied from the contest. The conductor then said
that a metronome would be useless due to a number of
tempo changes in the song. The nal performance on the
night was timed at 2:59, which was enough to keep Turkey
in the competition.[7]
Ulrika Jonsson ageism row

Greece
In a BBC interview, future Eurovision entrant Nicki
After the rst rehearsals, the Greek composer, Yian- French said that one of her most memorable Eurovinis Valvis, was unhappy with the way that the director, sion moments was Jonssons infamous faux pas during
142
the voting. On hearing that the Dutch lady announcing the Netherlands votes had previously been a contestant in Eurovision, Jonsson replied, A long time ago,
was it?" which was followed by much laughter from the
audience.[16] In fact Conny van den Bos who sang for
the Netherlands in 1965 said that she had gone to the
contest many years ago; unfortunately for both van den
Bos and Jonsson, this wasn't heard above the noise of
the audience.[16] What was heard, however, was Jonssons
seemingly insulting comment.[2]
18.
6.1.8
Barbara Dex Award
Netherlands Conny Vandenbos (representative

for Netherlands in 1965)
19.
Sweden Bjrn Hedman[23]
20.
Belgium Marie-Hlne Vanderborght[19]
21.
Finland Marjo Wilska[24]
22.
Norway Ragnhild Slthun Fjrtoft
23.
Estonia Urve Tiidus[25]
24.
Turkey Osman Erkan
Macedonia Evgenija Teodosievska[26]

For the second year, the fansite House of Eurovision pre- 25.
sented the Barbara Dex Award, a humorous award given
to the worst dressed artist each year in the contest. It is
Commentators
named after the Belgian artist, Barbara Dex, who came
last in the 1993 contest, in which she wore her own self
Austria (Non-participating country) Ernst

designed dress.
Grissemann (ORF2), Stermann & Grissemann
(FM4)[27][28]
Guildo Horn of Germany won the 1998 Barbara Dex
Award.
Belgium Jean-Pierre Hautier (RTBF La Une),

Andr Vermeulen & Andrea Croonenberghs (VRT
TV1), Alain Gerlache & Adrien Joveneau (RTBF
La Premire), Julien Put & Michel Follet (VRT Radio 2)[29][30]
1.
Croatia Davor Metrovi[17]
2.
Greece Alexis Kostalas[18]
3.
France Marie Myriam[19] (winner for France in
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Non-participating

country) Ismeta Dervoz-Krvavac (BHT)
Croatia Aleksandar Aco Kostadinov (HRT

1), Draginja Bala (HR 2)[31]
Cyprus Evi Papamichail (RIK 1), Pavlos

Denmark (Non-participating country) Jrgen

de Mylius (DR1)[32]
Estonia Reet Linna (Eesti Televisioon),

Marko Reikop (Raadio 2)
Finland Maria Guzenina & Sami Aaltonen

(YLE TV1), Aki Sirkesalo & Kati Bergman (Yle
Radio Suomi)[33]
France Chris Mayne & Laura Mayne

"Native" (France 2), Franois Kevorkian & Michel
Field (France Inter)[29]
Germany Peter Urban (Das Erste), Thomas

Mohr (Deutschlandfunk/NDR 2)[34][35]
Greece Giorgos Mitropoulos (ET1), Dimitris

Konstantaras (ERA1)[36]
Hungary Gbor Gundel Takcs (MTV1)
Iceland (Non-participating country) Pll

skar Hjlmtsson (Sjnvarpi)[37]
1977)
4.
5.
Spain Beln Fernndez de Henestrosa

Switzerland Regula Elsener
6.
Slovakia Alena Heribanov
7.
Poland Jan Chojnacki
8.
Israel Yigal Ravid[20] (co-presenter in 1999)
9.
Germany Nena
10.
Malta Stephanie Farrugia
11.
Hungary Barna Hder
12.
Slovenia Mojca Mavec
13.
Ireland Eileen Dunne
14.
Portugal Lcia Moniz[21] (representative for

Portugal in 1996)
15.
Romania Anca urcaiu
16.
United Kingdom Ken Bruce
17.
Cyprus Marina Maleni[22]
Ireland Pat Kenny (RT One), Larry Gogan

(RT Radio 1)[38]
Israel Television: No Commentator (Haarutz

Ha-Rishon) Radio: Daniel Pe'er (Reshet Gimel)
Macedonia Milanka Raik (MTV 3)
Malta Gino Cauchi (TVM)
Netherlands Willem van Beusekom (TV2),

Danil Dekker & Hijlco Span (Radio 2)[39]
143
[2] After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was last participated in 1992. Third channel of
Radio Television of Serbia broadcast the show, although
Yugoslavia did not participate.
References
[1] The Eurovision Song Contest 1998, BBC, 9 May 1998
2014.
2014.
Norway Jostein Pedersen (NRK1)[40]
Poland Artur Orzech (TVP1)[41]
Portugal Rui Unas (RTP1)[21]
[4] Romania 1994. esc-history.com. ESC History. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
Romania Leonard Miron (TVR2)
[5] Israel 1995. esc-history.com. ESC History. Retrieved

21 October 2014.
Slovakia Juraj urn (STV2)
Slovenia Mia Molk (SLO1)
[6] Jiandani, Sanjay (2 December 2010). Italy returns to

the Eurovision Song Contest!". esctoday.com. ESCToday. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
Spain Jos Luis Uribarri (TVE1)[42]
[7] Naked Eurovision, BBC, 31 December 1998
Sweden Pernilla Mnsson & Christer Bjrkman (SVT2),[23] Claes-Johan Larsson & Anna
Htzel (SR P4)
Switzerland Roman Kilchsperger & Heinz

Margot (SF 1), Jean-Marc Richard (TSR 1),
Jonathan Tedesco (TSI 1)[29]
[8] Special Report (10 May 1998). Transsexual singer stirs

up passions. news.bbc.co.uk. BBC News. Retrieved 21
October 2014.
Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
[10] United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest. escchat.com. ESC Chat. Retrieved 21 October 2014. Contests hosted by the United Kingdom
Turkey mer nder (TRT 1), Fatih Orbay

[11] Election 92, BBC, 9 April 1992
(TRT Radyo 3)
United Kingdom Terry Wogan (BBC One),

Ken Bruce (BBC Radio 2)
Yugoslavia (Non-participating country) Vojislav Panti (RTS 3K)[43] [N 2]
6.1.10
Footnotes
[1] After the broadcast it was announced that Spanish broadcaster wrongly tallied the votes and Germany should have
got the top mark - 12 points - instead of being snubbed,
as it happened. The mistake was corrected and so Germany was placed 7th over Norway. Israel and Norway
both received 2 points less than originally and Croatia,
Malta, Portugal, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Belgium,
Estonia and Turkey all received one point less than indicated during the broadcast. Originally Estonia, Cyprus
and Portugal tied for 11th place with 37 points but because Portugal and Estonia received one point less than
indicated during the broadcast, Cyprus was placed 11th
over Estonia and Portugal.
[12] Terry Wogan 'very doubtful' about presenting Eurovision

again. NME. Retrieved 12 August 2008.
[14] Eurovision Song Contest 1998: Results. eurovision.tv.
European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 21 October
2014.
[15] Eurovision Song Contest 1998 | Year page | Eurovision
Song Contest - Baku 2012. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved
2012-08-09.
[16] Nicki French speaks about Eurovision. BBC News.
2005-05-20. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
[17] Pogledaj temu - SPOKESPERSONS. Forum.hrt.hr.
2008-02-29. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[18] "
144


2012-08-09.

[26] FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIN Ver Tema 98 Malta - The one that I love - Chiara. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[27] Archived January 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
ORF.at. 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
[29] Christian Masson. 1998 - Birmingham.
wien
Songcon-
[30] mathiasehv (2009-11-19). ESC 1998: Melanie Cohl

Belgi twaalf punten/Belgique douze points. YouTube.
[31] Pogledaj temu - POVIJEST EUROSONGA: 1956 1999 (samo tekstovi)". Forum.hrt.hr. 2009-05-15. Retrieved 2012-08-09.

Eurovision Song Contest, held on 29 May 1999 in
Jerusalem, Israel after Dana International won the contest the previous year in the United Kingdom. The venue
for the contest was the International Convention Center,
the same place that hosted the 1979 contest. Television news anchor Yigal Ravid, singer and 1992 contestant
Dafna Dekel and model/actress Sigal Shahamon were the
shows hosts, and it was the rst time that three presenters were used to host the Contest. Israels two previous
winners, Izhar Cohen, who won in 1978 with A-Ba-NiBi and Milk and Honey's Gali Atari who won it the next
year with Hallelujah attended as spectators. The winner of the Contest was Charlotte Nilsson, representing
Sweden with "Take Me to Your Heaven", which scored
163 points. This was Swedens fourth win in the Contest and the second in the 1990s (after Carola's win for
Sweden in 1991).
6.2.1 Location
For more details on the host city, see Jerusalem.

[34] Dr. Peter Urban kommentiert - Dsseldorf 2011. Duesseldorf2011.de. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[36] Archived May 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
[37] Morgunblai, 09.05.1998.
2012-08-09.
Timarit.is.
Retrieved
[38] betelgeuseIE (2010-02-07). Eurovision Song Contest

1998 opening sequence. YouTube. Retrieved 2012-0809.
Jerusalem
In the run-up to the Contest, many speculated that it
[40] Alt du trenger vite om MGP - Melodi Grand Prix would not be held in Israel, but would be moved to either
Melodi Grand Prix - NRK. Nrk.no. 2003-05-27. ReMalta or the United Kingdom (the countries that comtrieved 2012-08-09.
pleted the top 3 of the 1998 Contest). This came about
[41] Zobacz temat - Eurowizyjna gra. Eurowizja.Com.Pl. after major concerns over funding for the event from the
Israeli government arose, alongside the opposition from
145
peting in 1998. Lithuania also returned to the Contest for
the rst time in ve years. The Lithuanian delegation had
had budget problems to contend with, and so the EBU allowed the Lithuanians to arrive in Israel a day later than
everyone else. The rst delegation on the other hand to
walk the Holy Land were Estonia.[2]
International Convention Center, Jerusalem - host venue of the

1999 contest.
Orthodox Jews that they would attempt to stop the Contest from coming to Israel after Dana International won
the previous years Contest. This, however, provided no
hindrance for IBA or to the organising team of the event,
and the International Convention Center in Jerusalem was
selected as the venue for the 44th Contest.[1]
6.2.2
Format
Long-standing rules in place for decades were abolished

during this Contest: rules that each country had to sing
in one of their national languages was abolished for the
rst time since 1977. A majority of the participating
countries, fourteen out of twenty-three, chose to sing entirely or partly in English and only eight entirely in their
respective national languages; Lithuania, Spain, Croatia, Poland, France, Cyprus, Portugal and Turkey. Furthermore, live music became optional for the rst time
in the Contests history. IBA took advantage of this
and decided to drop the orchestra from the Contest as a
way to conserve money for the show. This meant that
for the rst time all entries used backing track during
their performances.[2] This caused controversy for Eurovision traditionalists, with three-time winner Johnny
Logan criticising the move, describing the event now as
karaoke.[1]
It was announced in 1999 that, as of the 2000 Contest, the
four biggest nancial contributors to the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) Germany, Spain, France and the
United Kingdom would all be given automatic entry into
the Contest, regardless of their average scores over the
past ve years.[1][2]
Latvia had attempted to participate in the Contest for the
rst time, but withdrew at a late stage. This gave Hungary
a chance to enter the Contest; however, Magyar Televzi
decided not to take part. This allowed Portugal to compete as the 23rd country.[2]
Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark and Iceland
returned to the Contest after being relegated from com-
After being relegated from the 1998 Contest, Russia's

Channel One had decided not to broadcast that years contest, in order to allow for a strong comeback in Israel.
However, as only countries which had broadcast the previous years contest were allowed to enter the next years
contest, Russia was forced to miss another year. They
were joined by Finland, Greece, Macedonia, Romania,
Slovakia and Switzerland; the countries with the lowest
average scores over the previous ve years.
The favourites to win the Contest came from Iceland's
Selma with "All Out of Luck", and Cyprus's Marlain
with "Tha 'Ne Erotas", after an internet poll by fans.
But, while Iceland nished second to Sweden (the countrys best showing in the contest), Cyprus failed to inspire
televotes, nishing second last with only two points, both
from the United Kingdom.[1][2]
6.2.3 Incidents
A number of controversies occurred before the Contest. Two songs selected to compete in Israel were found
to be ineligible: Bosnia and Herzegovina's Hari Mata
Hari were disqualied after their entry was discovered
to have been released in Finland some years previously;
Germany's Corinna May was also disqualied after her
song was revealed to have been released in 1997 by a different singer.[1][3] Both artists would eventually represent
their countries in Eurovision, in 2006 and 2002 respectively.
Croatias entry attracted objections from the Norwegian
delegation, due to synthesised male vocals being used on
the backing track of Doris Dragovi's entry. The EBU
decided to reduce the countrys score by a third for the
purpose of calculating its ve-year average to determine
participation in future contests, though it was decided to
leave its placement in the 1999 result unaected.[1][2]
The interval act was provided by Dana International, who
performed a cover of the Stevie Wonder song Free,
which caused some controversy in Israel due to the songs
lyrics. Dana International also appeared at the end of
the show, handing the winning trophy to Nilsson. After pretending that the trophy was too heavy to lift, she
fell to the stage, bringing down the winning composers
with her.[1][2] The show nished with the three presenters
inviting everyone on stage to sing a rendition of the English version of "Hallelujah", the Israeli winner from the
1979 Contest, as a tribute to the victims of the Balkan
War, who were unable to view the contest after bombings destroyed television transmitters.[1]
146
6.2.4
Returning artists
6.2.5
Results
6.2.6
Voting structure
Each country had a televote, where the top ten most

voted-for songs were awarded the 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4,
3, 2, 1 points, with the exceptions of Turkey, Lithuania,
Ireland and Bosnia & Herzegovina who used juries.
19.
Israel - Yoav Ginai (Lyricist of 1998 Eurovision

winner "Diva")[12]
20.
Malta - Nirvana Azzopardi
21.
Germany - Renan Demirkan
22.
23.
Estonia - Mart Sander[13]
Commentators
6.2.7
Score sheet
12 points
Belgium - Andr Vermeulen & Bart Peeters

(VRT TV1),[15] Jean-Pierre Hautier (RTBF La
Une)[16]
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ismeta DervozKrvavac (BHT)

1)[17]
6.2.8
Austria - Andi Knoll (ORF1)[14]
1.
Lithuania - Andrius Tapinas
2.
Belgium - Sabine De Vos[5]
3.
Spain - Hugo de Campos
Denmark - Keld Heick (DR1)[7]
4.
Croatia - Marko Raica[6]
Estonia - Marko Reikop (Eesti Televisioon)
5.
6.
Slovenia - Mira Berginc
7.
Turkey - Osman Erkan
8.
9.

Denmark - Kirsten Siggaard (Danish representative in 1984, 1985 and 1988 as member of Hot
Eyes)[7]
10.
France - Marie Myriam (Eurovision winner for

France in 1977)[8]
11.
Netherlands - Edsilia Rombley (Dutch representative in 1998 and 2007)
Finland (Non participating country) Jani Juntunen (YLE TV1)[18]
France - Julien Lepers (France 3)[16]
Germany - Peter Urban (Das Erste)[19]
Greece (Non participating country) Dafni

Bokota (ET1)[20]
Gsli
Marteinn
Baldursson
Ireland - Pat Kenny (RT One)[22]
Lithuania - Darius Ukuraitis (LTV)
12.
13.
Iceland - slaug Dra Eyjlfsdttir
14.
Cyprus - Marina Maleni[9]
Malta - Charlo Bonnici
15.
Sweden - Pontus Grdinger[10]
Netherlands - Willem van Beusekom (TV2)[23]
16.
Portugal - Manuel Lus Goucha[11]
17.
Ireland - Clare McNamara
18.
Austria - Dodo Roi
Portugal - Rui Unas (RTP1)[11]
Macedonia (Non participating country) Ivan

Mircevski (MTV 1)
147
Romania (Non participating country)

Leonard Miron (TVR2)
Russia (Non participating country) Yuri
Aksyuta (Public Russian Television)
Spain - Jos Luis Uribarri (TVE1)
Germany
Thomas
(Deutschlandfunk/NDR 2)[31]
Bosnia and Herzegovina - N/A
Estonia - N/A
Sweden - Pekka Heino & Anders Berglund 6.2.9

(SVT1)[10]
Switzerland (Non participating country)
Sandra Studer (SF2), Jean-Marc Richard (TSR 1),
Jonathan Tedesco (TSI 2)
Turkey - Glah Banda (TRT 1)
United Kingdom - Terry Wogan (BBC One)[27]
Radio commentators
Malta - N/A
Mohr
[26]
Lithuania - N/A
Belgium - Julien Put & Michel Follet (VRT Radio 2), Didier Mlon (RTBF La Premire)
References

156159. ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3.
[2] History Eurovision Song Contest 1999. European
Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
[3] GERMAN NATIONAL FINAL 1999. 50webs.com.
[5] mathiasehv (2009-09-30). Eurovision 1999 Belgian Voting VRT by Sabine De Vos. YouTube. Retrieved 201208-09.
2008-02-29. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
Spain - N/A
Croatia - Draginja Bala (HR 2)

Porte-paroles des jurys des pays francophones. Eurovision.vosforums.com. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
United Kingdom - Ken Bruce (BBC Radio

2)[28]
Slovenia - N/A
Turkey - Fatih Orbay (TRT Radyo 3)
Norway - N/A
Denmark - N/A
France - N/A
Netherlands - Danil Dekker & Hijlco Span

(Radio 2)

2012-08-09.
Poland - N/A
Iceland - N/A
Cyprus - Pavlos Pavlou (CyBC Radio 2)
Sweden - Carolina Norn (SR P3)[29]
Portugal - Joo David Nunes (RDP Antena 2)
Ireland - Larry Gogan (RT Radio 1)
Austria - Stermann & Grissemann (FM4)[30]
Israel - Daniel Pe'er (Reshet Gimel)
[14] Archived February 20, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.

[15] Bart Peeters co-commentator op songfestival : showbizz. Mijnnieuws.skynetblogs.be. Retrieved 2012-0809.
[16] Christian Masson. 1999 Jerusalem.
Songcon-

1999 (samo tekstovi)". Forum.hrt.hr. 2009-05-15. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
148
the only exception is the postcard for Sweden, which is

lmed before Expo 2000 in Hanover, Germany. The logo
for the contest, a pair of open mouth lips, was chosen by
SVT, and was described by its designers as a sensual, yet
stylistically pure mouth representing song, dialogue and
[21] Morgunblai, 29 May 1999. Timarit.is. Retrieved speech, and was later one of the possible choices for the
2012-08-09.
generic logo introduced at the 2004 Contest.[1]
[19] Dr. Peter Urban kommentiert Dsseldorf 2011.
Duesseldorf2011.de. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
The favourite in this years contest was Estonia, who was

also a fan favourite and praised by the press.[1] However, as the voting results came in, Denmark immediately took control of the scoreboard, beating Russia
[23] www.eurovisionartists.nl. Welkom op de site van Eurointo second place and Latvia into 3rd place. Slovakia,
vision Artists. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 2012-08Greece and Hungary decided not to compete for nan09.
cial reasons.[1] The countries with the ve lowest aver[24] Alt du trenger vite om MGP Melodi Grand Prix age scores over the previous ve contests who had parMelodi Grand Prix NRK. Nrk.no. 2003-05-27. Re- ticipated in 1999, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lithuania,
trieved 2012-08-09.
Poland, Portugal and Slovenia were excluded meaning
[25] Zobacz temat Eurowizyjna gra. Eurowizja.Com.Pl. that ve countries could return. These countries were:
Finland, Macedonia, Romania, Russia and Switzerland.
Latvia also joined contest as the only country to debut.
[22] betelgeuseIE (2010-02-08). Eurovision Song Contest
1999 opening sequence. YouTube. Retrieved 2012-0809.

Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
For the rst time, an ocial CD compilation was released;

it contained all of the songs of the participating nations
and was available throughout Europe.[1] Such a disc was
attempted in the previous year, however it lacked four of
the competing songs.
6.3.1 Format
[29] Swedes stay at home with Eurovision fever. The Local.

2009-05-16. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
ORF.at. 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
wien

at the Globe Arena in Stockholm, Sweden, following Globe Arena, Stockholm - host venue of the 2000 contest.
Charlotte Nilsson's victory in Jerusalem the previous
SVT announced on July 7, 1999 that the contest would be
year.
hosted by the Globe Arena in Stockholm. Other possible
It was the rst time since 1996 that the contest was held on candidates had been Scandinavium in Gothenburg and
mainland Europe. The contest was the second to be held Malmmssan in Malm. They had previously hosted
in Stockholm, and the fourth held in Sweden. The pre- Eurovision Song Contest 1985 and 1992 respectively.
senters were Kattis Ahlstrm and Anders Lundin, and the The Globe was said to be chosen because Stockholm
contest was won by the Olsen Brothers who represented hadn't hosted the contest since 1975 and that it would be
Denmark with the song "Fly on the Wings of Love" (orig- somewhat cheaper than the other options.[2]
inally: Smuk som et stjerneskud). The song was written by
one of the brothers, Jrgen Olsen. The Globe Arena was,
at the time, the largest venue chosen to host the contest Design
with a capacity of 16,000 spectators. The postcards used
to introduce each country participating involved Swedish The graphic design programme for this years contest
themes that incorporated each nation in some respect. All was developed by Stockholm Design Lab and was centhe postcards are lmed in Stockholm, Sweden, however, tred around a stylised mouth symbol. It was given the
149
Excellent Swedish Design award later that year.[3] The In exceptional circumstances where televoting was not
softness of the mouth was contrasted with a pointy type- possible, a jury was used instead:[7] Russia, Macedonia,
face, made specically for the contest.
Turkey and Romania.
The intermission during the nale of the ESC was
Once Upon a Time Europe Was Covered With Ice,
a movie/song directed, composed and edited by Johan
Sderberg and produced by John Nordling.[4] For the lm
Sderberg had traveled all over Europe to record children performing the score. On stage were violinist Caroline Lundgren, drummer Strngns Trumkorps plus street
musicians from Stockholm and dancers from the Bounce
Street Dance Company.
The Dutch votes were the votes of the backup jury due to
interrupted broadcasting of the contest in the Netherlands
because of the reworks disaster in the Dutch town of
Enschede.
Incidents
6.3.5 Commentators
There were some controversies concerning some participating countries. Israel, who opened the contest, entered
a group who waved Israeli and Syrian ags advocating
peace between the two nations. The two male singers in
the group also ran up to each other and kissed for a brief
moment. The Russian delegation petitioned for the winning Olsen Brothers to be disqualied, after they had used
a vocoder to give Jrgen Olsen an electronic sound to his
voice, during one of the verses of their performance. This
issue was rejected by the European Broadcasting Union
(EBU).[1]
6.3.6 Spokespersons
12 points
6.3.7 Ocial album

Eurovision Song Contest: Stockholm 2000 was the ofcial compilation album of the 2000 Contest, put together by the European Broadcasting Union and released
by EMI Records and CMC International on 13 May
2000.[37] The album featured all 24 songs that entered
in the 2000 contest, and was the rst time that the EBU
had produced such merchandise.[6]
In the Netherlands, NOS decided to take the Contest o

air halfway through because of the Enschede reworks
disaster that happened earlier that day, so it could use 6.3.8 References
the channel for continuous news broadcasts. Later, NOS
declared that it was both for practical reasons as well as [1] Bakker, Sietse (2009-12-21). The end of a decade:
Stockholm 2000. European Broadcasting Union. Rebecause they found it inappropriate to broadcast a light
trieved 21 December 2009.
entertainment programme on the night of such a catastrophic event. As a result, televoting had to be sus- [2] Eurovision Song Contest 2000 placeras i Stockholm
pended and the Dutch votes were given by a stand-by jury
(Press release). Sveriges Television. July 5, 1999.
instead.[1]
Archived from the original on 2003-01-14.
The contest was also broadcast in Canada, Australia,
Japan, the United States and via the internet for the rst
time.
6.3.2
6.3.3
Returning artists
Results
1.^ The chorus contains only the word Be

Happy in English.
6.3.4
Scoreboard
[3] Fin form frn webbdesign till toor. Sydsvenskan. January 21, 2001.
[4] Johan Sderberg CV at hammarbyartport.com. Archived
April 26, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
[6] Eurovision Song Contest 2000. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
wien
ORF.at. 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2012-09-29.

According to the EBU rules of the 45th Eurovision Song
Contest 2000 (published on 23 September 1999), all par[9] Christian Masson. 2000 Stockholm. Songconticipating countries should have used televoting, where
the top ten most voted for songs were awarded the 12,
10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 point(s). In the televoting house- [10] Congratulations: 50 jaar Songfestival!". VRTFansite.be.
hold shall not be permitted to vote more than three times.
150

1999 (samo tekstovi)". Forum.hrt.hr. 2009-05-15. Retrieved 2012-08-09.

[14] https://web.archive.org/web/20110902174838/http:
//ww.escfans.com/news/read/11322?id=11322&offset=
27. Archived from the original on September 2, 2011.
Retrieved February 7, 2016. Missing or empty |title=
(help)
Duesseldorf2011.de. Retrieved 2012-08-09.

[35] ESCforum.net. ESCforum.net. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[37] Eurovision Song Contest: Stockholm 2000. allmusic.com. Allmusic. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
The Eurovision Song Contest 2001 was the 46th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. The contest
took place in Copenhagen, Denmark, following the Olsen
[20] RT so lonely after loss of Gerry Marty. 20 May Brothers' win at the 2000 contest in Stockholm, Sweden
2010. Retrieved 29 May 2010. He has been providing with the song "Fly on the Wings of Love". The hostcommentary for Irish viewers since 2000 and maintains ing marked only the second time the contest was held on
great enthusiasm for the much lampooned contest.
Danish soil, after the 1964 contest - 37 years earlier. 23
countries took part in the contest, which was held on 12
[21] Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists. EurovisionMay 2001. The host venue was the Parken Stadium - the
largest venue to ever host the contest (as of 2016). A to[22] Alt du trenger vite om MGP Melodi Grand Prix tal of 35,000 spectators saw the show live from within
Melodi Grand Prix NRK. Nrk.no. 2003-05-27. Re- the stadium, breaking the record of 16,000 held by the
trieved 2012-08-09.
previous years hosts Sweden.[1]
[19] Dagblai Vsir DV, 13 May 2000. Timarit.is. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[23] Zobacz temat Eurowizyjna gra. Eurowizja.Com.Pl.

The show was opened by the Olsen Brothers, with a snippet from their winning song "Fly on the Wings of Love",
[24] Comentadores Do ESC escportugalforum.pt.vu | o followed by their latest single Walk Right Back, which
forum eurovisivo portugus. 21595.activeboard.com. was already a smash hit in Denmark at the time. The
Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved presenters were Danish journalist and TV-show presenter Natasja Crone Back and the famous Danish actor
2012-08-09.
Sren Pilmark who spoke most of their announcements
[25] FORO FESTIVAL DE EUROVISIN Ver Tema in rhyming couplets.
Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
France, Greece and Slovenia were the heavy favourites

to win the contest; however, as the voting progressed it
became a two-horse race between Estonia and the host
country Denmark.[2]
2009-05-16. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
The contest was won by Estonia, represented by Tanel

Padar, Dave Benton & 2XL with the song Everybody,
which scored a total of 198 points. The host nation, Den[28] 2000 Spain televoting results. YouTube. 19 April 2007.
mark, nished in 2nd place with 177 points - beaten by 21
[29] Nostalgini RTV press clipping. rtvforum.net. Re- points. Coming 3rd were Greece with 147 points - givtrieved 2015-09-02.
ing the country their best result up till this point. France
[30] Concours Eurovision de la Chanson Consulter le sujet came 4th with 142 points, and in 5th place were Sweden
Porte-paroles des jurys des pays francophones. Euro- with 100 points.
vision.vosforums.com. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
2008-02-29. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
Dave Benton, who was born and raised in Aruba, was the
rst black person and, at the age of 50 years and 101 days,
the oldest contestant at the time to win the contest.[1]
6.4.1
Location
151
15 placed countries would qualify for next years competition. The other spots for 2002 would be lled by countries that were excluded from the 2001 contest because
of their low point average for the years 19962000.[2]
Incidents
Controversy was again rife in the contest: the United
Kingdom TV commentator Terry Wogan repeatedly
made critical comments about the hosts and dubbed
them Doctor Death and the Tooth Fairy/The Little
Mermaid after providing their entire commentary in
Copenhagen rhyming couplets.[3] The Danes were so oended that
the BBC was obliged to issue an apology on Wogans
Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark was the host city comments.[3] Controversy also surrounded the Swedish
song, "Listen To Your Heartbeat", which was repeatedly
accused as a plagiarism of the Belgian entry for the 1996
Contest, "Liefde is een kaartspel".[4] Eventually the EBU
decided for the matter to be settled in court, with the song
allowed to compete as long as the courts did not declare
the song as plagiarism.[2][5] At rst this was denied by the
Swedish songwriters, one of whom was Thomas G:son,
but after the Belgian songwriters and the authors organisation SABAM pressed for legal action, a cash settlement
was agreed.[6][7]
Parken Stadium, Copenhagen - host venue of the 2001 contest.
During the voting the Danish band Aqua performed with

a medley of their singles, with percussion ensemble Safri
Duo performing in the medley.[2] Although enjoyable,
people complained about it being a little bit rude as
there was some swearing during the performance, both
at the beginning and end of "Barbie Girl".
for the 46th edition of Eurovision. The venue choice for

the contest was Parken Stadium, a football stadium in
the Indre sterbro district of Copenhagen, Denmark, 6.4.3
built from 19901992.
6.4.2
Format
The logo of the 2001 Eurovision Song Contest was made

out of four circles, placed in the shape of a heart. The
four circles were also present in the stage design, with the
light construction was made of the same four rings.[2]

Song Contest
Due to the EBUs relegation rule of the lowest ranked
countries from the contest had to miss the follow years
contest, meant several countries had to withdraw, while
relegated countries from the 1999 contest were able
to return this year. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece,
Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, and Slovenia returned,
while Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, Macedonia,
Romania, and Switzerland, the seven countries with the
lowest average result in the past ve contests, were relegated. This brought the total number of participating
countries to twenty-three.[1]
The Danish national broadcaster faced some problems

whilst organising the contest such as the lack of funds and
the search for a suitable venue. The event was eventually
located in the football stadium Parken, after the company
running the stadium agreed to add a retractable roof to the
building. This solution made it the biggest venue ever to
host a Eurovision Song Contest, but the scale of it wasn't
entirely a success: many of the 38,000 people in the audience could not see the stage, and for many entries the
hall appeared to be too big.[2]
Returning artists
Changes occurred in the qualication process for the
2002 Contest: along with the Big 4 countries, the top Tanel Padar was a backing vocalist for Ines in 2000.
152
6.4.4
Results
6.4.5
Scoreboard
by EMI Records and CMC International on 5 May 2001.

The album featured all 23 songs that entered in the 2001
contest.[38]
The majority of participating countries held a televote,

where the top ten most voted for songs were awarded 6.4.8 References
the 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 points. This year the
EBU introduced for the rst time a mix of voting sys2012.
tems (50% televoting and 50% jury) for those countries
that didn't want to use 100% televoting. Only three votes [2] Bakker, Sietse (2009-12-22). The end of a decade:
Copenhagen 2001. European Broadcasting Union. Rewere allowed per household.[9] According to the EBU
trieved 22 December 2009.
rules (published on 05/10/00), every broadcaster was free
to make a choice between the full televoting system and [3] Evensen, Geir (16 May 2001). Wogan i hardt vr. NRK
the mixed 50-50 system. In exceptional circumstances,
(in Norwegian). Retrieved 16 September 2014.
where televoting was not possible at all, only a jury was
used: Bosnia & Herzegovina, Turkey and Russia. Only a [4] Eriksen, Jan (22 March 2000). The Swedish song a
rip-o?". Eurovision Song Contest 2001 ocial website.
few countries are conrmed to have used the mixed votArchived from the original on 12 March 2001. Retrieved
ing system: Croatia, Greece and Malta.
16 September 2014.
12 points
[5] Swedish song cleared for Copenhagen by EBU. Eurovision Song Contest. Archived from the original on 18 April
2001. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
[6] ESCtoday.com, Swedish entry 2001 now ocially plagiarism
6.4.6
[7] Leif Thorsson. Melodifestivalen genom tiderna ["Melodifestivalen through time"] (2006), p. 290. Stockholm:
Premium Publishing AB. ISBN 91-89136-29-2
was responsible for announcing the votes for their respec- [8]
tive country. Each national broadcaster also sent a commentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of [9]
[10]
1.^ Although Australia is not itself eligible to
enter, the event was broadcast on SBS. As is
the case each year, it did not however broadcast
it live due to the dierence in Australian time
zones. This year, the broadcast contained a locally produced addition of a studio audience
of young representatives from the competing
countries. However, a number of complaints
saw the United Kingdoms broadcast, including commentary from Terry Wogan, shown a
few weeks later.[37]
2.^ After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia was last participated in
1992. YU Info channel broadcast the show, although Yugoslavia did not participate.
6.4.7
Ocial album
Eurovision Song Contest 2001. The Diggiloo Thrush.

Rules of Eurovision Song Contest 2001 (PDF). myledbury. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
www.eurovisionartists.nl. Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 2012-0809.

from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 2012-0809.
2009-05-16. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
[16] BNS. "etadien Kopenhagoje - Eurovizijos konkursas
- DELFI Pramogos. Pramogos.del.lt. Retrieved 201208-09.
[17] " Pogledaj temu - SPOKESPERSONS. Forum.hrt.hr.
2008-02-29. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
Eurovision Song Contest: Copenhagen 2001 was the ofcial compilation album of the 2001 Contest, put to- [18] " Pogledaj temu - EUROSONG 2009. Forum.hrt.hr.
gether by the European Broadcasting Union and released
153

2012-08-09.
[20] RT so lonely after loss of Gerry - Marty. 20 May 2010.
Retrieved 29 May 2010. He has been providing commentary for Irish viewers since 2000 and maintains great enthusiasm for the much lampooned contest.

of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. The contest took
place in Tallinn, Estonia, following Tanel Padar, Dave
Benton & 2XL's win at the 2001 contest in Copenhagen,
Denmark with the song Everybody.
There had been worries early in the proceedings whether

Estonian broadcaster ETV would be able to fund the contest; however, worries were put to rest when a combination of fundraising activities and the Estonian Govern[22] Concours Eurovision de la Chanson Consulter le sujet ment enabled them to host the event. For the rst time,
- Porte-paroles des jurys des pays francophones. Eurovi- a slogan (or theme) was implemented. This years theme
was called 'A Modern Fairytale', which was evident in the
sion.vosforums.com. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
postcards aired between the songs, which showed classic
[23] Christian Masson. 2001 - Copenhague. Songcon- fairytales ending in modern Estonian situations.[2][3]
The nal took place on the 25 May 2002 at the Saku

Suurhall. Opening the show were the reigning champions; Tanel Padar and Dave Benton, performing a shorter
[25] Dr. Peter Urban kommentiert - Dsseldorf 2011. Dues- reprise of their winning entry. The hosts for the evening,
Annely Peebo and Marko Matvere, gave a performance
seldorf2011.de. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
of A Little Story in the Music, composed by Raimond
[26] Thomas Mohr: Mit Dschinghis Khan im Garten. Euro- Valgre and arranged especially for the event, during the
vision.de. 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
commercial break between the songs from Sweden and
Finland.[3]
[27] Archived 2 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
[28] Archived 24 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine.

[29] "
ORF.at. 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
The contest was won by Latvia, represented by Marie N

with the song "I Wanna", which scored a total of 176
points, beating the runner-up Malta by a tight margin of
12 points. The United Kingdom and host country Estonia
shared 3rd place with 111 points each, while France nished in 5th place with 104 points.
Despite being one of the favourites to win the contest,
Denmark nished last with just 7 points and had to sit
out of the following years contest.
wien
[33] Congratulations: 50 jaar Songfestival!". VRTFansite.be.

6.5.1 Location
For more details on the host city, see Tallinn.

[38] Eurovision Song Contest: Copenhagen 2001. allmusic.com. Allmusic. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
Tallinn
6.4.9
External links
Ocial website
Coordinates:
554208.89N
55.7024694N 12.5722028E
123419.93E
Tallinn is the capital and largest city of Estonia. It is situated on the northern coast of the country, on the shore of
the Gulf of Finland, 80 km (50 mi) south of Helsinki in
/ Finland, east of Stockholm in Sweden, and west of Saint
Petersburg in Russia.
154
Founded in 1248 but the earliest human settlements date

back to 3000 years BC, making it one of the oldest capital
cities of Northern Europe. Due to its important strategic
location the city soon became a major trade hub, especially between the 14th to 16th century when it grew to be
a key center of commerce within the Hanseatic League.
Tallinns Old Town is one of the best preserved and intact medieval cities in Europe and is listed as a UNESCO
World Heritage Site.[4]

Results
6.5.4 Voting structure

Half of the participating countries organized a televote
where the top 10 songs received the points, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12, but Macedonia, Romania, Russia,
Turkey and Bosnia and Herzegovina used juries, while
Cyprus, Greece, Spain, Croatia, Finland, Malta, Slovenia
and Lithuania used a 50-50 mix of both televoting and
jury votes.
In the televoting household shall not be permitted to vote
more than three times.[10]
This was used as it had become apparent that the public
vote favoured songs in the later part of the running order
in comparison to the songs nearer to the start - particularly in the preceding 2001 contest. This year saw allegations that the juries in use were guilty of swapping votes
between each other(Cyprus, Greece, Russia, Macedonia,
Malta and Romania).[11]
Saku Suurhall, Tallinn - host venue of the 2002 contest.
6.5.5 Score sheet
12 points
The Saku Suurhall was chosen as the venue for the contest. It is the largest arena in Estonia, built in 2001 and Below is a summary of all 12 points in the nal:
holds up to 10,000 people. It is named after the Estonian
brewery and soft drink company Saku.
6.5.6 Marcel Bezenon Awards

6.5.2
A total of 24 countries competed in the 2002 Contest,

which included the top 17 countries from the previous
years contest, alongside the seven returning countries
which had been relegated from competing in the 2001
Contest. These countries replaced the bottom 6 countries
from the 2001 contest, which were relegated from taking
part in this years Contest.
The total participants had originally been 22, but when
the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) increased their
participation number for the Contest to 24 this granted
Israel and Portugal the opportunity to enter. Portugal declined to enter the Contest due to internal problems in the
Portuguese broadcaster RTP. This allowed Latvia (who
went on to win the Contest) to enter.[3][5]
For the rst time, the Marcel Bezenon Awards were

handed out to the best competing songs in the nal.
Founded by Christer Bjrkman (Sweden's representative
in the 1992 Eurovision Song Contest and current Head of
Delegation for Sweden) and Richard Herrey (member of
the Herreys, Eurovision Song Contest 1984 winner from
Sweden), the awards are named after the creator of the
annual competition, Marcel Bezenon.[12] The awards are
divided into 3 categories; Press Award; Artistic Award;
and Fan Award.[13]
6.5.7 International broadcasting

As had been the case every year since the mid-1980s, the
contest was broadcast in Australia on SBS-TV with the
BBC commentary. Within a few years, the contest would
grow to be so popular in Australia, it would warrant SBS
sending its own commentators.
Controversy erupted during the competition over remarks by commentators on Swedish and Belgian TV,
both of whom told the audience not to vote for the Israeli Other involved countries
singer Sarit Hadad. Hadad received zero points from the
Swedish audience but earned two from the Belgians, nSerbia and Montenegro
ishing 12th overall.[6]
155
Israel - Michal Zoharetz
Switzerland - Diana Jrg
Finland - Marion Rung (Finnish representative

in 1962 and 1973)[39]
Denmark - Signe Svendsen (Danish representative as member of Rollo & King in 2001)[21]
Belgium - Geena Lisa Peeters
France - Marie Myriam (Eurovision winner for

France in 1977)[40]
Germany - Axel Bulthaupt
Turkey - Meltem Ersan Yazgan
Malta - Yvette Portelli[41]
Romania - Leonard Miron
Laura Voutilainen, Winner of Fan Award
Sweden - Kristin Kaspersen[19]
Slovenia - Nua Derenda (Slovene representative in 2001)

Latvia - riks Niedra
Lithuania - Loreta Tarozait

of Yugoslavia last participated in 1992. Radio
Television of Serbia broadcast the show. Originally,
rst time as Serbia and Montenegro had planned 6.5.10 Ocial album
debuts, but the EBUs late changes to the relegation
procedure meant that they could not compete. They Eurovision Song Contest: Tallinn 2002 (also known as
made their debut in 2004
Eurovision Song Contest: Estonia 2002) was the ocial
compilation album of the 2002 Contest, put together by
the European Broadcasting Union and released by Ariola
6.5.8 Commentators
Records on 18 May 2002. The album featured all 24
songs that entered in the 2002 contest.[42]
6.5.9
Spokespersons
Cyprus - Melani Steliou[14]

United Kingdom - Colin Berry (his nal year
as spokesperson)
Austria - Dodo Roi
Greece - Alexis Kostalas[36]
Spain - Anne Igartiburu
Croatia - Duko urli[37]
Russia - Arina Sharapova
Estonia - Ilomai Kttim Elektra
Macedonia - Biljana Debarlieva[38]
6.5.11 References
[1] Eurovision Song Contest 2002 Interval Act. YouTube.
[2] Bakker, Sietse (2002-05-23). Postcards about fairytales
compared with Estonia. ESCToday. Retrieved 2002-0523.
[3] Bakker, Sietse (2009-12-23). The end of a decade:
Tallinn 2002. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved
23 December 2009.
[4] Historic Centre (Old Town) of Tallinn. UNESCO
World Heritage Centre. 7 December 1997. Retrieved 29
September 2013.
[5] Bakker, Sietse (2002-11-29). EBU conrmed: Portugal
resigns, Latvia is in. ESCToday. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
156
[6] Ringby, Daniel. Israeli government investigates ESC.

ESCToday. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
[8] Fairytales about love - lyrics - Diggiloo Thrush. Diggiloo.net. 2010-03-21. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[9] Eurovision Song Contest 2002 | Year page | Eurovision
Song Contest - Baku 2012. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved
2012-08-09.
[11] http://esctoday.com/1498/cheating_at_the_eurovision_
song_contest_2002/
[12] Marcel Bezenon Award - an introduction. Poplight.
[13] Winners of the Marcel Bezenon Awards 2012 | News
| Eurovision Song Contest - Baku 2012. Eurovision.tv.
2012-08-09.
ORF.at. 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
wien

2009-05-16. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
pageId=3445288&lang=is&q=Sngvakeppni evrpskra/

[17] " Pogledaj temu - EUROSONG 2009. Forum.hrt.hr.
[18] Archived September 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
[23] Christian Masson. 2002 - Tallinn. Songcontest.free.fr.
[26] RT so lonely after loss of Gerry - Marty. 20 May 2010.
[36] "
2008-02-29. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[42] Eurovision Song Contest: Tallinn 2002. amazon.co.uk.
Amazon. Retrieved 5 November 2014. Product Details:
Released 18 May 2002

Eurovision 2003 redirects here. For the Junior Contest,
see Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2003.
The Eurovision Song Contest 2003 was the 48th annual Eurovision Song Contest. The contest took place
in Riga, Latvia on 24 May 2003, following Marie N's
win in the 2002 contest with the song "I Wanna". It was
the rst win and hosting of the competition for Latvia
with only their third participation after debuting at the
2000 contest. Latvijas Televzija (LTV) chose the Skonto
Hall as the venue after conducting a bidding process
among several cities and venues in Latvia. The hosts
for the contest were the previous years winner Marie

N and former Latvian representative at the 2000 contest, Renrs Kaupers, who competed in the contest as
part of the band Brainstorm.[1] The design of the contest
was built around the theme Magical rendez-vous, which
represented the meeting of the various European nations coming to Latvia and encountering Latvias versatile
landscapes.[2][3] Twenty-six countries participated, which
saw the return of Iceland, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway
and Poland after having been relegated from competing
the previous year, Portugal returning to the contest after withdrawing the previous year, while Ukraine participated in the contest for the rst time.[4] Denmark,
Finland, Lithuania, Macedonia and Switzerland were required to withdraw due to their poor results in the 2002
contest.
157
the contest, but additional funds would be needed for infrastructure, hotels and other nancial issues.[8]
The Government of Latvia allotted 5.3 million for the
event with a further 1.1 million being provided by the
Riga City Council covering the anticipated organisational costs for the contest.[9] A task force that included
members from LTV, the National Radio and Television
Council and state secretaries was formed to explicitly
work on organisation of the contest and report on the estimated expenses.[8]
Bidding phase
The winner for 2003 was Turkey with the song "Everyway
That I Can" sung by Sertab Erener, which scored 167
points, narrowly beating Belgium into second place with a
margin of 2 points and Russia into third place with a margin of 3 points.[5] This was the rst win for Turkey at the
Eurovision Song Contest. Norway and Sweden rounded
out of the top ve, placing fourth and fth respectively.
The United Kingdom achieved their worst result to date,
Jrmala
coming in last place (26th) and scoring no points from
[6]
any of the twenty-six voting nations. The 2003 contest was the last contest to take place on one evening.
The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) revealed that
Riga
it would be adding a semi-nal show to the competition
in order to accommodate the growing number of interested countries wishing to take part in the contest.[7] This
Ventspils
was also the last contest in which a relegation system was Locations of the candidate cities. The chosen host city is
used to determine which countries would participate in marked in red.
the following years contest. The contest also marked the
Three cities were considered as host city of the confth time in the history of the competition where all participants were participating for the rst time; there were
no returning artists that had already competed in the contest on a previous occasion.
6.6.1
Location
For more details on the host city, see Riga.

On 22 August 2002, Latvian public broadcaster Latvijas
Televzija (LTV) announced that it had chosen the Skonto
Hall in Riga as the host venue for the 2003 contest.[8]
Latvia won the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 on 25 May
2002 in Tallinn, Estonia with the song I Wanna performed by Marie N. This was Latvias rst victory in the
contest, which also carried the right for LTV to organise
the 2003 contest. LTV initially had budgetary concerns
with staging the contest. The chairman of the National
Radio and Television Council Ojrs Rubenis stated that
if the government presented no budget guarantees, the
council, which owns shares in LTV, would vote against
organising the contest. Rubenis elaborated that LTV was
prepared to cover the creative side and broadcasting of
Skonto Hall, Riga - host venue of the 2003 contest.
test: Riga, Ventspils and Jrmala.[10] LTV requested proposals from the three cities concerning how they plan
to organise the contest. Riga City Council oered the
Meaparks Open-air Stage, Skonto Hall and the psala International Exhibition Centre as potential venues
for hosting the contest.[8] Ventspils bid to host the contest at the Ventspils Olympic Centre with a pledge of
support from city mayor Aivars Lembergs, who added
that Ventspils could also provide two cruise ferries that
158
could be used to accommodate up to 8,000 guests.[11] Jrmala City Council oered the Dzintari Concert Hall with
plans to expand and upgrade the facility and surrounding
infrastructure.[10]
and Yuri Malenchenkogave their greetings from the

International Space Station.[20][21][22] The interval act for
the contest was a short lm directed by Anna Viduleja
that featured a sequence of performances by Latvian postLTVs organisational task force later decided to proceed folklore group Ii, Renrs Kaupers band[23]Brainstorm,
with the bids from Riga and Ventspils, eliminating Jr- Marie N and piano player Raimonds Pauls.
mala and the Meaparks Open-air Stage in Riga.[8] On On the day of the contest, bookmaker William Hill's
15 June 2002, the EBU Reference Group decided in con- odds placed Russia as joint favourites to win the conjunction with the organisational task force in Latvia that test with Spain. Ireland, Slovenia, Estonia, Norway
Riga would host the 2003 contest with the venue option and Iceland were behind in third, fourth and joint
between the Skonto Hall and psala International Ex- fth respectively.[24] At the conclusion of the conhibition Centre being decided upon by LTV.[8][12] LTV test, favourites Russia placed third and Spain placed
ultimately chose the Skonto Hall as the venue to stage the eighth, while outsiders Turkey (20-1) and Belgium (501) claimed the rst and second places, respectively. Auscontest.[8]
tria, at 100-1, were favourites to nish last, however, they
scored their best result since 1989, placing sixth.[24]
6.6.2
Format
An ocial compilation album, featuring all twenty-six

competing entries from the contest, was released for the
The EBU released the rules for the 2003 contest in
rst time on the EMI/CMC label.[25]
November 2002, which detailed that twenty-six countries
would participate, making it the largest number of participants to take part in the contest up to this point.[13] Graphic design
The rules also modied the eligibility criteria for entries,
changing the date of release cut-o point for songs from LTV launched a competition in order to nd the logo for
1 January 2003 to 1 October 2002.[14] There was also the contest. At the close of the competition, high ina change in the tie-break rule, which would now resolve terest from the public translated into 204 logo submissuch a case in favour of the nation that received points sions, which were ultimately judged by a jury panel confrom a higher number of countries rather than taking into sisting of Uldis-Ivars Grava (general director of LTV),
account the amount of top scores (12 points) received.[14] Arvds Babris (then executive producer of the contest),
The draw for running order was held on 29 November Ugis Brikmanis (director), Laimonis teinbergs (artist),
2002 in Riga, hosted by Marie N and Renrs Kaupers, Ingna Rbena (architect), Arta Giga (LTV representawith the results being revealed during a delayed broad- tive) and Juhan Paadam (EBU representative).[26] On 16
cast of the proceedings later that day.[15]
November 2002, LTV and the EBU presented the logo
The ocial sponsors for the contest were Latvian mobile telecom provider Latvijas Mobilais Telefons and
Latvian bank company Parex Banka.[16] LTV selected
Latvia Tours as its ocial partner to provide lodging,
travel and recreation for the contest delegations and other
guests.[17] Riga City Council was also responsible for offering promotion and activities during the week preceding
the contest.[18]
Full preparations for the 2003 contest began on 18 May
2003 at the Skonto Hall. There were rehearsals, press
conferences and participants were also involved in an internet chat.[19] Two dress rehearsals were held on 23 May,
in front of an estimated 12,000 people. The organisers
of the contest held a press conference; one of the issues
complained about was the lack of invitations for the afterparty. The nal dress rehearsal was held on 24 May, the
day of the contest. A simulation of the voting procedure
was also held, in which the presenters linked up with all
twenty-six countries by satellite for the rst time.[19]
The contest featured special guests that communicated
with the hosts via satellite: Lys Assia, winner of the 1956
Contest greeted the hosts and spectators from Nicosia,
Elton John spoke to the presenters live from the Life Ball
in Vienna and one astronaut and one cosmonautEd Lu
for the contest which was designed by the director of the

Computer Graphics Department of LTV, Maris Kalve
with further elaboration by LTVs chief artist Kristaps
Skulte.[14][27] The logo was named upes, the Latvian word
for rivers, and carried the slogan All rivers ow toward the sea, all songs ow toward the Eurovision Song
Contest.[14]
The postcards shown between the entries were directed
by Ugis Brikmanis and featured the artists competing at
the contest interacting with Latvias various landscapes:
forests, rivers, lakes and towns.[28] The postcards were
recorded during the preceding week of the contest and ran
behind schedule, leading to some postcards featuring only
footage from the rehearsals and press conferences.[29]
The stage design was created by Aigars Ozoli and based
on the concept called Planet Latvia.[30][31] The stage used
several light and video eects and included an innovation
new to the contest - a video screen stage oor that could be
used to give each entry a unique look.[31] The green room
where the delegations and competitors awaited the results
of the contest was placed directly behind the stage and unveiled shortly before the voting portion of the show commenced, allowing the audience to view the representatives
of the competing nations as they received points.[31]

National host broadcaster
Initially, Arvds Babris, head of the Latvian delegation at
the 2002 contest, was appointed as executive producer for
the contest, however, after production fell behind schedule and the EBU applied pressure upon LTV, he was dismissed and Brigita Rozenbrika took over the position, receiving additional support from the Swedish broadcaster
Sveriges Television (SVT) and Estonian broadcaster Eesti
Televisioon (ETV).[3][32][33] SVT was also the technical producer of the contest for the second year running
with Sven Stojanovic as director and the Swedish lighting company Spectra+ contracted for the contest.[34][35]
159
remaining spots in the nal.
6.6.3 Incidents
Organisational issues
In January 2003, German news magazine Der Spiegel

reported that Guntars Kukuls, spokesperson of the city
council of Riga, stated that Riga was suering from serious nancial problems that could possibly lead to a breach
of contract and that the contest needed to be moved to
another city.[40] Ilona Brzia, spokesperson of LTV, denied that potential nancial issues the city council of Riga
may be facing would interrupt the organisation of the
Voting
contest.[41] In February 2003, The Baltic Times reported
that a committee of Riga municipality rejected the proThe EBU reintroduced televoting as an obligatory voting posal to withdraw the promised funds it pledged in supmode in all participating countries, which awarded 1, 2, 3, port of organising the contest.[42]
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12 points to their ten favourite songs,
in ascending order. Countries voted in the same order In March 2003, Danish newspaper B.T. published an artias they had performed. Bosnia and Herzegovina and cle based on accusations that the EBU television director
Russia were granted an exception to holding a televote Bjrn Erichsen made in reference to LTV suering from
as they cited that their telecommunications penetration organisational chaos which could result in the removal of
duties since they were running behind
was less than 80%.[5][13] Polish broadcaster Telewizja Latvias hosting
[43]
schedule.
The
general director of LTV, Uldis-Ivars
[36]
Polska opted to use only SMS-voting.
In the televotGrava,
replied,
saying:
A few weeks ago, the EBU's legal
ing/smsvoting household shall not be permitted to vote
director,
Werner
Rumphorst,
was in Riga, and I spent an
[37]
more than three times. All other countries planned to
entire
day
with
him
and
with
the
former general director
use a televote. This contest was also the rst to introof the Danish broadcaster DR, Bjrn Erichsen. We talked
duce a computer-generated scoreboard which rearranged
itself in order as the points were awarded. Broadcasters about co-operation and about programme exchanges, and
neither of them said a single word that would indicate
were required to assemble back-up juries that consisted
[44]
of eight voting members, with age and gender equally dis- any doubts, lack of trust or accusation. Ingrida Smite,
head of press for the Eurovision Song Contest 2003, reaftributed, in the case of televote failure on the night of
would take place in Riga despite
[13]
the competition. Four members of the jury had to be rmed that the contest [44]
reports to the contrary.
members of the general public and the other four members had to be music professionals.[13]
Controversies surrounding Russian artists
Future changes in contest format
With the increased amount of potential participating
countries, the EBU began to review the format of the
contest with potential changes being considered such as
adding extra evenings for the show, holding a regional
pre-selection, or putting a limit to number of participating countries by increasing the entrance fee.[38] On 29
January 2003, the EBU unveiled a two-night system for
the contest in 2004: a semi-nal would be held before
a grand nal. The "Big Four", along with the top ten
from the 2003 contest, would automatically qualify for
the 2004 nal.[39] The format change eliminated the relegation system, allowing all countries to send an artist and
song to the contest. The fourteen eventual countries from
the 2003 contest that qualied to compete directly in the
2004 nal were Turkey, Belgium, Russia, Norway, Sweden, Austria, Poland, Spain, Iceland, Romania, Ireland,
Germany, France and the United Kingdom. All other
countries would have to compete in the semi-nal for ten
Upon the selection of the Russian artists t.A.T.u., the duo

gave an interview to German tabloid Bild in March 2003
where they claimed that they would win the contest without a doubt and criticised the German entrant Lou calling
her a witch with duo member Julia Volkova (also referring
to Germanys 2002 entrant) stating, In Russia we nurse
blind and old people, but we don't send them to the Grand
Prix. This must be dierent in Germany.[45][46] Lou
later responded to the comments stating, I don't know
whether bitching, ghting and boozing kids are the right
representatives for such a beautiful country as Russia.[47]
t.A.T.u.'s rst rehearsal dominated proceedings on 20
Maythe band were supposed to rehearse the day before, but had turned up a day late, claiming that Julia
Volkova was suering from a sore throat.[48] The group
were booed by journalists during their press conference
where they complained about the productions poor lighting and stage. EBU supervisor Sarah Yuen said They are
the bad girls of popwe shouldnt have expected them to
160
come here and be nice and pleasant.[49] The EBU had

originally planned to have a pre-recorded performance
of the Russian entry ready to substitute during the live
broadcast in case the duo performed a lesbian publicity stunt on stage, which they deemed inappropriate for
a family entertainment show.[50] The EBU later stated
that the performance would be broadcast live without any
interruption.[51][52]
Russian complaint against Irish vote
Twenty-four countries participated in the 2002 contest

in Tallinn; of these, fourteen were expected to compete in 2003. The bottom ten in Tallinn would be
relegated, to allow countries to compete for the rst
time.[58] In reality, only ve countries were relegated
nineteen countries that entered in 2002 competed in
Riga. Macedonia, Finland, Switzerland, Lithuania and
Denmark were forced to sit out the contest. The nineteen
qualiers were joined by the six countries that had sat
out the 2002 contest: Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands,
Norway, Poland and Portugal. The twenty-sixth contestant was Ukraine, making its debut at the contest.[59]
Originally, Serbia and Montenegro, Albania and Belarus
had planned 2003 debuts, but the EBUs late changes
to the relegation procedure meant that they could not
compete.[60] All three countries eventually made their debuts in 2004. RTBF was the Belgian broadcaster at the
forty-eighth contest, marking the rst Walloon entry since
2000. Twenty-six entries was the highest number in the
nal of the contests history at that point; subsequently
equalled nine years later in 2012 and then beaten in 2015,
when twenty-seven countries participated in the nal that
year. The draw for the running order took place in December 2002 in Riga: Iceland would open the contest and
Slovenia would complete it.[61]
After the contest, Russian broadcaster Channel One complained that Irish broadcaster RT had used a back-up
jury, and that it had cost them victory. A statement by
Channel One said Considering [the] insignicant dierence in points between the rst and third places, there are
grounds to believe that the contest results could be much
dierent for Russia.[53][54] On the night of the competition, the voting polls operated by Irish telecommunications company Eircom suered a delay in delivering the
results on time, which prompted RT to use the votes
of the back-up jury instead.[55] The EBU cleared RT
of any potential wrongdoing after an investigation on the
matter and stated that the rules concerning substituting
the back-up jury in place of the televote were correctly
applied.[55] RT later published the unused results of the
televote, which showed that had the jury not been used,
Turkey would still have won, and Irelands voting partners, the United Kingdom, would still have no points. 6.6.5 Results
Russia did not receive any points from the televote, however, since Belgium only received 2 points from the Irish
1.^ Specically Styrian, a Southern Bavarian
televote as opposed to 10 points awarded by the Irish jury,
dialect spoken in Styria.
Russia would have placed second.[56]
2.^ The chorus contains a few words in English,
Greek, French and Spanish.
United Kingdoms last place nish
The United Kingdoms last-place nish was greeted with
much consternation in the British media. Terry Wogan,
long-time commentator on the contest for the BBC, said
that the UK was suering from post-Iraq backlash.[5]
Chris Cromby from Jemini said, in reference to the
groups o-key vocals, The monitors were o. Maybe it
was sabotage, but we couldn't hear anything...we used the
oor monitors, the others used their own.[57] The UKs
result was their worst-ever at Eurovision; by contrast,
Turkeys win was their rst. Alf Poiers sixth place was
Austrias best result for fourteen years, Polands seventh
place was their best in nine, and Romanias tenth place
was one place behind their best-ever. Belgiums second
place was their rst top-ve nish in seventeen years, but
Latvias third-from-bottom nish was their worst result
in four attempts; it was also the worst placing for a host
country since 1992, until 2015 when host country Austria received 0 points and came second to last (Germany
also received nil points but because of the running order
Austria placed ahead of them).
6.6.6 Scoreboard
12 points
6.6.7 Marcel Bezenon Awards

The Marcel Bezenon Awards were rst handed out during the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn, Estonia
honoring the best competing songs in the nal. Founded
by Christer Bjrkman (Sweden's representative in the
1992 Eurovision Song Contest and current Head of Delegation for Sweden) and Richard Herrey (member of
and Fan Award.[64]
6.6.8
Spokespersons
The voting order in the 2003 contest was the order in
which the countries had been drawn to perform. The
spokespersons for each country were:
1.
Iceland - Eva Mara Jnsdttir
2.
Austria - Dodo Roi
3.
Ireland - Pamela Flood
4.
5.
Malta - Sharon Borg[65]
6.
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ana Vilenica
7.
Portugal - Helena Ramos[66]
8.
Croatia - Davor Metrovi[67]
9.
Cyprus - Loukas Hamatsos[68]
10.
Germany - Axel Bulthaupt
11.
Russia - Yana Churikova
12.
13.
Israel - Michal Zoharetz
14.
161
Commentators
Albania - (TVSH)[74]
Armenia - (Armenia TV)[75]
Andorra - Meri Picart and Albert Roig

(ATV)[76]
Austria - Andi Knoll (ORF1); Martin Blumenau (Hitradio 3)
Belarus - Ales Kruglyakov and Tatyana Yakusheva (BTRC)[78]
Belgium - Dutch: Andr Vermeulen and

Anja Daems (TV1);[79] Julien Put & Michel Follet
(Radio 2), French: Jean-Pierre Hautier (La Une);[80]
Patrick Duhamel and Sophie Brems (La Premire)
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Dejan Kukri

(BHTV1)
Croatia - Danijela Trbovi (HRT 2);[81] Draginja Bala (HR 2)
Cyprus - Evi Papamichail (RIK 1);[68] Pavlos

Pavlou (RIK Deftero)
15.
United Kingdom - Lorraine Kelly
16.
Ukraine - Lyudmyla Hariv[69]
17.
Greece - Alexis Kostalas[70]
18.
Norway - Roald yen
19.
France - Sandrine Franois[71]
Estonia - Marko Reikop (ETV);[83] Vello Rand

(Raadio 2)
Finland - Maria Guzenina and Asko Murtomki (YLE TV2)[84]
France - Laurent Ruquier and Isabelle Mergault

(France 3);[80] Laurent Boyer (France Bleu)
Germany - Peter Urban (Das Erste);[85]

Thomas Mohr (Deutschlandfunk and NDR 2)[86]
Greece - Dafni Bokota (ET1);[87] Giorgos

Mitropoulos (ERA1)
Ireland - Marty Whelan (RT One);[89] Gerry

Ryan (RT Radio 1)
Israel - No commentator (Channel 1); Daniel

Pe'er (Reshet Gimel)
Italy - Fabio Canino and Paolo Quilici

(GAY.tv)[90]
(French representative in the 2002 Contest)
20.
Poland - Maciej Oro
21.
Latvia - irts Lcis[72]
22.
Belgium - Corinne Boulangier[71]
23.
Estonia - Ines
(Estonian representative in the 2000 Contest)
24.
Romania - Leonard Miron
25.
Sweden - Kattis Ahlstrm[73]
26.
Denmark - Jrgen de Mylius (DR1)[82]
Netherlands - Marlayne
(Dutch representative in the 1999 Contest)
Australia - Des Mangan (SBS)[77]
Gsli
Marteinn
Baldursson
(Co-presenter of the 2000 Contest)
Latvia - Krlis Streips (LTV1)
Slovenia - Peter Poles
Lithuania - Darius Ukuraitis (LTV2)
162
Macedonia - Milanka Raik (MTV 3)
Malta - John Bundy (TVM)
6.6.10 References

(Nederland 2);[91] Wessel van Diepen (Radio
3FM)
Portugal - Margarida Mercs de Mello

(RTP1)[66]
[1] Bakker, Sietse (1 December 2002). Renars Kaupers and

Marie N hosts 2003 show. ESCToday.com. Retrieved
16 November 2013.
[2] Bakker, Sietse (26 November 2002). Eurovision 2003
theme will be rendez-vous. ESCToday.com. Retrieved
16 November 2013.
[3] Bakker, Sietse (24 December 2009). The end of a
decade: Riga 2003. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
[4] Bakker, Sietse (27 November 2002). EBU released list
of participant for 2003. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 16
November 2013.
Puerto Rico - (MSN)[75]
[5] Turkish delight at Eurovision win. BBC News. BBC

News. 24 May 2003. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
Romania - Andreea Demirgian (TVR1)
[6] UK act hits Eurovision low. BBC News. BBC News. 25

May 2003. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
Russia - Yuri Aksyuta and Yelena Batinova

(Channel One); Vadim Dolgachev (Voice of Russia)
[7] Barak, Itamar (22 May 2003). EBU press conference

about the contests future. ESCToday.com. Retrieved
16 November 2013.
Serbia and Montenegro - Mladen Popovi

(RTS2)[74][94]
[8] Mikheev, Andy (22 August 2002). Archived news. Part

1.. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
Slovenia - Andrea F (SLO1)
Sweden - Pekka Heino (SVT1);

Norn (SR P3)[96]
[73]
[9] Vstul noliedz Eirovzijas nansu problmas (in Latvian). Del. 31 January 2003. Retrieved 27 October
2013.
Carolina
[10] Dzintaru koncertzles prbve Eirovzijas rkoanai izmakstu trs miljonus latu (in Latvian). TVNET. 6 June
2002. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
[11] Lvalde, Vsma (3 June 2002). Ventspils dome vlas
Eirovzijas rkoanu Ventspil (papildints)" (in Latvian).
db.lv. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
Switzerland - Roman Kilchsperger (SF2), JeanMarc Richard and Alain Morisod (TSR 1), Daniele
Rauseo (TSI 1)
[12] Eirovzija izmakss 4,7 vai 5,5 miljonus latu (in Lat-
Turkey - Blend zveren (TRT 1); Canan

Kumbasar (TRT Radyo 3)
Ukraine - Pavlo Shylko (First National TV

Channel)
vian). TVNET. 2 July 2002. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
United Kingdom - Terry Wogan (BBC One);

Ken Bruce (BBC Radio 2)[97]
United States - Sisi Fleitas and Ana Maria
Canseco (Univision)
6.6.9
Ocial album
[13] RULES OF THE 2003 EUROVISION SONG CONTEST (PDF). European Broadcasting Union. European
Broadcasting Union. 20 November 2002. Retrieved 16
November 2013.
[14] Mikheev, Andy (20 November 2002). Archived news.
Part 4.. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
[15] Bakker, Sietse (28 November 2002). Draw to be made
public Friday 17:00 CET. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 16
November 2013.
[16] Bakker, Sietse (30 November 2002). Latvijas Mobilais
and Parex sponsor 2003 contest. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
[17] Bakker, Sietse (27 November 2002). Latvia Tours selected as cooperation partner. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
Eurovision Song Contest: Riga 2003 was the ocial

the European Broadcasting Union and released by CMC [18] Medinika, Aija (25 March 2002). The preparation for
International on 19 May 2003. The album featured all 26
Eurovision Song Contest 2003. ESCToday.com. Resongs that entered in the 2003 contest.[98]
trieved 16 November 2013.
163
[19] Event at the Wayback Machine (archived June 2, 2003).

Eurovision.tv. Retrieved on 22 March 2008.
[38] Mikheev, Andy (17 September 2002). Archived news.

Part 2.. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
[20] Bakker, Sietse (1 December 2008). Artists and fan sites

campaign on World AIDS Day. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved
17 November 2013.
[39] Bakker, Sietse (29 January 2003). EBU conrms new

Eurovision Song Contest format. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
[21] Bakker, Sietse (21 May 2008). 1956 winner Lys Assia:
It will go on!"". Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 17 November
2013.
[40] Rau, Oliver (28 January 2003). Financial problems in

Riga. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
[22] Tarm, Michael (2003). Turks beat back Russia and Belgium to win; Baltics and Britain bomb.. City Paper. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
[41] Bakker, Sietse (29 January 2003). LTV: 'Eurovision

Song Contest not in danger'". ESCToday.com. Retrieved
16 November 2013.
[23] Eirovzijas veidotji prcluies uz 'Skonto' halli (in Latvian). Del. 6 May 2003. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
[42] Barak, Itamar (2 February 2003). Riga municipality

won't cut Eurovision budget. ESCToday.com. Retrieved
16 November 2013.
[24] Bakker, Sietse (24 May 2003). William Hill: update

of the betting gures!". ESCToday.com. Retrieved 22
March 2008.
[43] Ringby, Daniel (15 March 2003). Danish newspaper

writes about LTVs chaos. ESCToday.com. Retrieved
16 November 2013.
[25] Eurovision Song Contest Riga 2003: CD available now.

[44] Bakker, Sietse (16 March 2003). LTV: Eurovision will

take place in Riga!"". ESCToday.com. Retrieved 16
November 2013.
[26] Medinika, Aija (27 November 2002). 204 logo propositions for ESC 2003. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 18
November 2013.
[45] Mikheev, Andy (19 March 2003). Archived news. Part

7.. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
[27] Bakker, Sietse (27 November 2002). Logo for Eurovision 2003 selected. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 18
November 2013.
[46] Grand-Prix sensation: t.A.T.u. participate against Lou*.

(Blind - Germany)". 19 March 2003. Retrieved 16
November 2013.
[28] Mikheev, Andy (7 October 2002). Archived news. Part

3.. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
[47] Mikheev, Andy (20 March 2003). Russia. Retrieved 16

November 2013.
[29] Jordan, Paul (11 January 2013). Whats Another Year?

Ten Years On From Riga. ESCInsight. Retrieved 16
November 2013.
[48] Eurovision row over Tatu. BBC News. 21 May 2003.

[30] Bakker, Sietse (27 March 2003). Eurovision Song Contest 2003 on Planet Latvia. ESCToday.com. Retrieved
16 November 2013.
[49] tATu plan to take Eurovision by storm. BreakingNews.ie. 23 May 2003. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
[50] Tatu Lesbian Stunt Feared (SkyNews)". 22 May 2003.
[31] Barak, Itamar (7 May 2003). Magical encounter on

the Eurovision stage. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 16
November 2013.
[51] Rau, Oliver (24 May 2003). t.A.T.u.'s performance

will not be interrupted. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 20
November 2013.
[32] Bakker, Sietse (28 November 2002). Arvids Babris will

produce the contest in Latvia. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
[52] Eurovision to Brave All with Live t.A.T.u. Show

(Reuters)". 25 May 2003. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
[33] Barak, Itamar (18 March 2003). Riga 2003: A new executive producer. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
[34] Opheim, Bjrn Erik (13 December 2002). SVT to produce 2003 Eurovision Song Contest. ESCToday.com.
[35] Spectra+ lands third Eurovision contract. Live Design.
17 April 2003. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
[53] Walsh, Nick Paton (30 May 2003). Vote switch 'stole
Tatus Eurovision win'". The Guardian. Retrieved 20
November 2013.
[54] Russia launches Eurovision appeal. BBC News. 29 May
2003. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
[55] Rodrigues, Andr (20 June 2003). EBU approves use
back-up jury of Irish television. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
[36] Medinika, Aija (24 May 2003). Poland will use SMSvoting only. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 23 March 2008.
[56] Bakker, Sietse (27 June 2003). Irish televoting results

nally announced. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 22 March
2008.
[57] Eurovision ops blame equipment. BBC News. 26 May

2003. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
164
[58] Sietse Bakker (25 May 2002). Latvia won the 47th Eurovision Song Contest. ESCtoday.com. Retrieved on 23
March 2008.
[78] "2003 (in Russian).

Komsomolskaya Pravda. 24 May 2003. Retrieved 23
November 2013.
[59] Sietse Bakker. EBU released list of participant for 2003.

ESCtoday.com. Retrieved on 23 March 2008.

[60] Sietse Bakker. No new countries at next Eurovision Song

Contest. ESCtoday.com. Retrieved on 23 March 2008.
[80] Christian Masson. 2003 - Riga. Songcontest.free.fr.

[61] Sietse Bakker (1 December 2002). Draw of running order

nally available. ESCtoday.com. Retrieved on 23 March
2008.
2012-08-09.
2008-02-29. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[69] """ 1 //".
Day.kiev.ua. 2007-11-28. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[81] " Pogledaj temu - Eurosong komentatori. Forum.hrt.hr.

[88] Frttablai, 24.05.2003. Timarit.is. Retrieved 201208-09.
[89] RTE so lonely after loss of Gerry - Marty. 20 May 2010.
[90] Lombardini, Emanuele; Pigliavento, Alessandro (2012).
Guida all'EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 2012
(PDF). Eurovision Italia. Eurovision Italia. Retrieved 23
November 2013.
[70] "

[72]
[93] Turcja, nie Polska zwycizc Eurowizji 2003 - Onet

Muzyka. Muzyka.onet.pl. 2003-05-25. Retrieved 201208-09.

[74] Opheim, Bjrn Erik (22 February 2003). 50th Anniversary won't aect annual Eurovision. ESCToday.com.
[75] Barak, Itamar (22 May 2003). EBU press conference
about the contests future. ESCToday.com. Retrieved
23 November 2013.

2009-05-16. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
[76] ATV Eurovisio. Rdio i Televisi d'Andorra. 9 October

2003. Archived from the original on December 10, 2003.
[77] Jinman, Richard (24 May 2003). Lesbian kiss could be

Russias Waterloo. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
[98] Eurovision Song Contest: Riga 2003. amazon.co.uk.

Amazon. Retrieved 5 November 2014. Product details:
released 19 May 2003
6.6.11
External links
Ocial website
Ocial rules for 2003
Eurovision Song Contest 2003 at the Internet Movie
Database
Coordinates: 565656N 240623E / 56.94889N
24.10639E
165
Chapter 7
2004 to 2014 Seminals and beyond

Location
For more details on the host city, see Istanbul.

Eurovision Song Contest and it was held in the Abdi
peki Arena in Istanbul, Turkey.
This was the rst occasion in which the contest was held Location of the host city.
in Turkey after they had won the competition in 2003
with Sertab Erener singing "Everyway That I Can". The
hosting national broadcaster of the contest was Turkish
Radio and Television Corporation (TRT).
Istanbul
Ukrainian singer Ruslana won the contest with "Wild

Dances". It is notable that this was only Ukraines second
participation in the contest. This was also the third year
in a row in which the contest was won by a woman, performing a song composed at least partially by herself (being the previous two Marie N and Sertab Erener, which
co-wrote their winning songs for the 2002 and 2003 contests). 2nd Place went to Serbia & Montenegro in their
debut entry, 3rd to Greece, 4th to host nation Turkey, 5th
to Cyprus (being their most successful entry to date) 6th
to Sweden and 7th to Albania (also a debuting country).
To accommodate the increasing number of countries who
wished to participate, a semi-nal was introduced. The
countries which didn't qualify for the nal are normally
calculate like participating countries, as well semi nals
are a part of the competition. For the second consecutive year, no returning acts were present - only the sixth Abdi peki Arena, Istanbul - host venue of the 2004 contest.
time (including 1956) in the history of the contest that
this happened and it was the rst time this had happened
The contest was held in Istanbul following Turkey's vicin two consecutive years.
tory in the 2003 contest in Riga, Latvia with Sertab
Originally the
Erener's "Everyway That I Can".
Mydonose Showland was chosen by TRT to host the
event, but was changed to the Abdi peki Arena as the
contest approached due to its bigger capacity.[1]
7.1.1
Hosts
Korhan Abay and Meltem Cumbul were presenters of the

show.
In the semi-nal and the nal, Meltem Cumbul warmed
up the audience with a sing-a-long of Eurovision classic
166

"Nel blu dipinto di blu (Volare)", originally by Domenico
Modugno. Sertab Erener returned to the stage in the nal to perform Everyway That I Can, the 2003 winning song, and one of her new songs called "Leave".
Sertab also interviewed contestants in the green room.
The Turkish dance ensemble Fire of Anatolia performed
as the interval act.[1] An ocial CD was released and,
for the rst time, the entire contest was released on DVD
which included the Semi-Final and the Grand Final.
7.1.2
Firsts
The contests new ocial generic logo was used for the
rst time this year, with the heart-shaped ag in the centre due to be changed for future contests. The slogan
for Istanbuls contest was Under The Same Sky, which
communicated the importance of a united Europe and
Turkish integration.
This year was also notable as it was the rst year that
Turkey voted for Cyprus and the second year in a row
that Cyprus voted for Turkey. Nevertheless, in a move
that angered some Cypriots, when the country presented
its votes no map of the island was shown (all other presenters were preceded with their country being highlighted
on a map). This was due to Turkeys recognition of the
northern half of the island as an independent republic (not
recognised by any other state). It is likely Turkey pulled
out of showing the map because it would have only highlighted the southern portion of the island, and thus angered the international community.[1]
This was also the rst year that the scores were only reread by the hosts in one language. Before 2004 every
point was repeated in French and English, but due to 36
countries voting, and more in years to come, in 2004 to
save time the hosts only re-read each score in one language. This was in the opposite of the original country
representative spoke in.
Also, this year was the rst time in which a non-winning
entry scored over 200 points. Prior to this contest, only
Rock 'n' Roll Kids and Love Shine a Light, the winners
on 1994 and 1997 had passed this mark. In this contest,
all songs in the top 3 got over 200 points.
7.1.3
This years Eurovision contest was the rst to be a twoday event, with one qualifying round held on a Wednesday and the grand nal held on the following Saturday.
Under this new format, byes into the nal were given to
the 'Big 4'; France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom (as the largest nancial contributors to the European
Broadcasting Union) and the ten highest placed nishers in the 2003 contest. Andorra, Albania, Belarus and
Serbia and Montenegro participated in the Contest for
the rst time, with Monaco returning after a 25-year ab-
167
sence. Luxembourg were due to return after an absence
of 11 years, but later pulled out after money issues arose
between RTL and the EBU. All participating countries
had the right to vote in both the qualifying round and the
grand nal. This was the rst year in which all 36 participating countries voted based on a public phone vote.
However France, Poland and Russia did not broadcast the
semi-nal (as they were not participating in it) and therefore did not give votes for it like the other thirty-three
countries.
7.1.4 Problems
Just before the Slovenian entry was about to be performed, the Turkish broadcaster accidentally took a commercial break which meant the Slovenian song was not
heard by Turkish viewers and consequently, Turkey gave
no votes for the song.[1] There were technical problems
when in a short hiatus halfway through the songs, (used
for the advertising break), the hosts tried to contact various parties in Europe. They tried contacting Germany,
Spain and Turkey, but in the end were only able to get a
response from Germany. During the Romanian postcard
introduction, the information for the Romanian entry appeared on the screen, but was quickly taken away. A nal
minor hiccup occurred when, on her way to present the
winner the trophy, Sertab Erener got her shoe stuck in a
speaker grill by the side of the stage and had to be freed by
stagehands. However this didn't delay proceedings, and
other than the above the show ran smoothly.
An hour after the semi-nal had been aired, the European Broadcasting Union discovered that there had been
problems with the vote counting in Monaco and Croatia.
Digame, an aliate of Deutsche Telekom, who had been
responsible for processing all the votes(from 2004), reported that they had encountered problems with their calculation software, and there was a problem with text message voting in Croatia. When the votes were counted,
results showed that Croatia had awarded themselves 4
points, which is against Eurovision rules. Later, an ofcial EBU statement read that there had been technical problems at the side of the Croatian mobile service
provider, who neglected to delete the illegal votes from
the results. Consequently, some votes were not counted
in the results announced at the end of the broadcast of
the semi-nal. When the results were corrected to include these additional votes, they were found not to have
aected which countries had qualied for the Final.[1]
7.1.5 Format
Voting structure
Every country in the competition, including those who
did not qualify for the nal, were allowed to vote for other
countries. After all performances were completed, each
168
CHAPTER 7. 2004 TO 2014 SEMIFINALS AND BEYOND
country opened their phone lines to allow their viewers

to vote for their favourite song. Voting for the country
in which you are situated is not allowed, however. Each
country awarded points based on the number of votes cast
for each song: the song which received the most viewer
votes was awarded 12 points, the second 10 points, the
third 8 points and then 7, 6, 5, etc. down to 1.
In the event of a tie, the number of countries to vote for
the tying songs would be counted, and the song having the
most countries awarding points to it, would be the winner. In the event of a further tie, then the previously used
method of counting back on the number of 12 points, 10
points etc., would be used to nd an eventual winner.
2.
Albania
3.
Austria
4.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
5.
Belgium
6.
Belarus
7.
Switzerland
8.
Serbia and Montenegro
9.
Cyprus
10.
Germany
11.
Denmark
Semi-nal
12.
Estonia
The semi-nal was held on 12 May 2004 at 21:00 (CET).

22 countries performed and all participants voted except
France, Poland and Russia. This was the rst ever seminal in Eurovision history.
13.
Spain
14.
Finland
15.
France
Shaded countries qualied for the Eurovision Final
16.
United Kingdom
17.
Greece
18.
Croatia
19.
Ireland
20.
Israel
21.
Iceland
22.
Lithuania
23.
Latvia
24.
Monaco
7.1.6
Results
A new ABBA video was shown in the semi nal, briey

outlining how ABBA started and what the response was
of the rst record company they approached. It featured
small puppets of the band performing snippets of their
songs (the voices being the ones of the band) and featured
Rik Mayall as the record company manager.[1] This was
cut from the Eurovision Song Contest DVD and released
separately. References to the video that were made running up to the showing of it were also cut.
Final
The nalists were:
the four automatic qualiers France, Germany,
Spain and the United Kingdom;
the top 10 countries from the 2003 contest (other
than the automatic qualiers);
the top 10 countries from the 2004 semi-nal.
The nal was held on 15 May 2004 at 21:00 (CET) and
was won by Ukraine.
Countries in bold automatically qualied for the
Eurovision Song Contest 2005 Final.
Voting during the nal Countries revealed their votes
in the following order:
1.
Andorra
25.
Macedonia
26.
Malta
27.
Netherlands
28.
Norway
29.
Poland
30.
Portugal
31.
Romania
32.
Russia
33.
Sweden
34.
Slovenia
35.
Turkey
36.
Ukraine
7.1.7
Score sheet
169
Finland - Finnish: Markus Kajo and Asko Murtomki (YLE TV2),[12] Swedish: Thomas Lundin
(YLE FST), Sanna Kojo & Jorma Hietamki (YLE
Radio Suomi)[13]
France - Laurent Ruquier and Elsa Fayer (Final - France 3),[7] Jean-Luc Delarue (Final - France
Bleu)
Germany - Peter Urban (All - Das Erste),[14]

Semi-nal
12 points
semi-nal:
Final
12 points
nal:
7.1.8
AP Awards
7.1.9
and Composer Award.[5]
7.1.10
Commentators
Andorra - Meri Picart & Josep Llus Trabal

(RTVA)
Austria - Andi Knoll (ORF2), Martin Blumenau (Final - Hitradio 3)
Belarus - Ales Kruglyakou (Belarus 1)

Belgium - Dutch: Andr Vermeulen and Bart
Peeters (VRT TV1),[6] Julien Put and Michel Follet
(Final - VRT Radio 2), French: Jean-Pierre Hautier
(La Une),[7] Patrick Duhamel and Serges Otthiers
(Final - La Premire)
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Dejan Kukric

(BHTV1)
Croatia - Aleksandar Aco Kostadinov[8]
Denmark - Jrgen de Mylius (DR1)[10]
Ireland - Marty Whelan (All - RT One),[18]

Brendan Balfe (Final - RT Radio 1)
Estonia - Marko Reikop (ETV)[11] and Vello

Rand (Raadio 2)
Gsli
Marteinn
Latvia - Krlis Streips
Lithuania - Darius Ukuraitis
Macedonia - Milanka Rasic
Malta - Eileen Montesin[19]
Baldursson
Mexico - Andrea Legarreta and Eugenio Derbez (Canal de las Estrellas)
Monaco - Bernard Montiel & Gnie Godula

(TMC Monte Carlo)
Netherlands - Willem van Beusekom and

Cornald Maas (Nederland 2),[20] Hijlco Span and
Ron Stoeltie (Radio 3)
Albania - Leon Menkshi (TVSH)
Greece - Dafni Bokota (NET)[16]
Portugal - Eldio Clmaco (RTP1)[23]
Russia - Yuri Aksyuta and Yelena Batinova

(Channel One)
Serbia and Montenegro - Duka Vuini-Lui

(RTS1), Draen Baukovi & Tamara Ivankovi
(TVCG2))
Slovenia - Andrea F
Spain - Beatriz Pcker (seminal TVE2, nal

TVE1)[24]
Sweden - Pekka Heino (SVT1),[25] Carolina

Norn (SR P3)[26]
170

20.
Ireland - Johnny Logan (the only double ESC

winner at that time - in 1980 and 1987; he also wrote
1992 winner Why Me?" for Linda Martin)
Switzerland - German:
Marco Fritsche
(SF1),[27] French: Jean-Marc Richard and Alain
Morisod (TSR1), Italian: Daniela Tami and
Claudio Lazzarino (TSI 1)
21.
Israel - Merav Miller
Turkey - Blend zveren and Didem Tolunay

(TRT 1),[28] mit Tuna, Osman Erkan and Glah
Banda (Final - TRT Radyo 3)
22.
Iceland - Sigrn sk Kristjnsdttir
23.
Lithuania - Rolandas Vilkonius
Ukraine - Rodion Pryntsevsky (First National

TV Channel),[29]
24.
United Kingdom - Paddy O'Connell (SemiFinal - BBC Three), Terry Wogan (Final - BBC
One), Ken Bruce (Final - BBC Radio 2)
United States - Juana Acosta y Valentina

Acosta (Univision)
7.1.11
Spokespersons
Each country appointed a spokesperson to announce the

points of each country.[30]
25.
26.
27.
Latvia - Lauris Reiniks (Latvian representative

in 2003 Contest as a part of F.L.Y.)
Malta - Claire Agius
Monaco - Anne Allegrini
Netherlands - Esther Hart (Dutch representative
in the 2003 contest)
28.
Norway - Ingvild Helljesen
29.
Poland - Maciej Oro
30.
Portugal - Isabel Angelino
1.
Andorra - Pati Moln
31.
Romania - Andreea Marin
2.
Albania - Zhani Ciko
32.
Russia - Yana Churikova
3.
Austria - Dodo Roscic
33.
Sweden - Jovan Radomir
34.
35.
4.
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Mija Martina

(Bosnian representative singer in 2003 contest)
5.
Belgium - Martine Prenen
6.
Belarus - Denis Kurian
7.
Switzerland - Emel Aykanat
8.
Serbia and Montenegro - Nataa Miljkovi
9.
Cyprus - Loukas Hamatsos
36.
Ukraine - Pavlo Shylko (DJ Pascha) (Would be

the presenter of the Eurovision Song Contest 2005
held in Kiev following Ruslana's victory.)
7.1.12 Ocial album
Eurovision Song Contest: Istanbul 2004 was the ocial

the European Broadcasting Union and released by EMI
11.
Denmark - Camilla Ottesen
Records and CMC International on 26 April 2004. The
album featured all 36 songs that entered in the 2004 con12.
Estonia - Maarja-Liis Ilus (Estonian representest, including the semi-nalists that failed to qualify into
tative singer in the 1996 and 1997 contests)
the grand nal.[31]
10.
Germany - Thomas Anders
13.
14.
Finland - Anna Stenlund
15.
France - Alex Taylor
16.
Macedonia - Karolina Petkovska
17.
United Kingdom - Lorraine Kelly
18.
Greece - Alexis Kostalas
19.
Croatia - Barbara Kolar
7.1.13 References
[1] Bakker, Sietse (2009-12-25). The end of a decade: Istanbul 2004. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved
25 December 2009.
[3] Eurovision Song Contest 2004. EBU. Retrieved 200911-09.
171


2009-05-16. Retrieved 2012-09-29.

[27] Marco Fritsche kommentiert Eurovision Song Contest"". persoenlich.com. Retrieved 2016-02-17.

[7] Christian Masson. 2004 - Istanbul. Songcontest.free.fr.
[8] " Pogledaj temu - Prijedlog - Eurosong veer(i) na HRTu!". Forum.hrt.hr. 2011-03-27. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[28] 2004 seminal Meltem Cumbul and Korhan Abay.

[29] " "":
- ,
, ,

"2005"?". Telekritika.ua. Retrieved
2013-10-22.
[31] Sietse Bakker (31 March 2004). 2004 album to be released as double cd. esctoday.com. ESCToday. Retrieved 5 November 2014.

[12] Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
[13] Julkaistu To, 29/04/2010 - 10:19 (2010-04-29). YLE
Radio Suomen kommentaattorit | Euroviisut | yle. | Arkistoitu. yle.. Retrieved 2012-08-09.

Media related to Eurovision Song Contest 2004 at
Wikimedia Commons
Ocial website
EBU press notice regarding voting problems in the
semi-nal
Details about the 2004 Eurovision Song Contest in
Istanbul
Video Clips (BBC Eurovision 2004) (RealPlayer)
Coordinates: 410044N 285834E / 41.01222N
28.97611E
[19] Archived February 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.


The Eurovision Song Contest 2005 was the 50th annual

Eurovision Song Contest. The contest took place at the
Palace of Sports in Kiev, Ukraine, following Ruslana's
[22] Pliki uytkownika Eurowizja. Chomikuj.pl. Retrieved win in the 2004 Contest with the song "Wild Dances".
The contest consisted of two shows: the semi-nal and
2012-08-09.
nal, which took place on 19 and 21 May 2005, respec[23] Comentadores Do ESC - escportugalforum.pt.vu | o tively. The shows were hosted by Maria Efrosinina and
Pavlo Shylko. Thirty-nine countries participated, includArchived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved
ing the dbuts of Bulgaria and Moldova and the return of
2012-08-09.
Hungary, which was last represented in 1998.
Organizers hoped that this event would boost Ukraines

image abroad and increase tourism, while the countrys
new government hoped that it would also give a modest
[25] Infosajten.com. Infosajten.com. Archived from the boost to the long-term goal of acquiring European Union
membership.
172
The winner for 2005 was Greece with the song "My
Number One" performed by Helena Paparizou, written
by Christos Dantis and Natalia Germanou, both successful singer-songwriters in Greece. It scored 230 points,
beating Malta into second place by a margin of 38 points.
This was the rst victory for Greece at the Eurovision
Song Contest. Romania, Israel and Latvia rounded out
the top ve. The "Big Four" countries (France, Germany,
Spain and United Kingdom) ended up as the Last Four,
all placing in the bottom four position of the scoreboard
in the nal.
7.2.1
Overview
The ocial logo of the contest remained the same from

the 2004 contest with the countrys ag in the heart being changed. Following Istanbul's 'Under The Same Sky',
the slogan for the 2005 show was 'Awakening', which
symbolised the awakening of the country and city ready
to present itself to Europe. The postcards (short clips
shown between performances) for the 2005 show illustrated Ukraines culture and heritage along with a more
modern and industrial side to the country.
The hosts of the Eurovision Song Contest in Kiev were
television presenter Maria Masha Efrosinina and DJ
Pavlo Pasha Shylko. Previous winner Ruslana returned
to the stage in Kiev to perform in the interval act and to
interview the contestants backstage in the 'green room'.
The famous Ukrainian boxers Vitali and Wladimir Klitschko opened the televoting, while a special trophy was
presented to the winner by Ukraines president, Viktor
Yushchenko.
7.2.2
Publicity
An ocial CD and DVD was released and a new introduction was an ocial pin set, which contains heartshaped pins with the ags of all thirty-nine participating countries. The EBU also commissioned a book
The Eurovision Song Contest The Ocial History
by British/American author John Kennedy O'Connor to
celebrate the contests ftieth anniversary.[1] The book
was presented on screen during the break between songs
12 and 13 (Serbia and Montenegro, Denmark). The
book was published in English, German, French, Dutch,
Swedish, Danish and Finnish.
quit after her producer admitted manipulating the countrys pop charts with mass purchases of her single. Gracia
Baur defended her producer David Brandes, also behind Swiss entry Vanilla Ninja, and said she would go to
the nals in Kiev despite complaints from other German
singers. Bulgarias debut was overshadowed by a scandal.
The song "Lorraine" by Kae was accused of plagiarism.
The song sounded too similar to another one released by
Ruslan Mainov in 2001. There were also problems in
Malta with the electricity supply during the contest, so
TV viewers were unable to watch their national selection
from the very beginning. There was a controversy regarding the Turkish entry: TRT got a false jury which led to
the victory of the song Glseren, which the 2003 winner
Sertab Erener said was not the best choice. There were
similar controversies in Macedonia which led to an eventual victory for Martin Vui. The Ukrainian song had
to be changed because it would bring a political message
to the people, and EBU stated that no politics could be
involved in the contest. The entry for Serbia and Montenegro was also overshadowed by a scandal and an accusation of plagiarism. Portugals entry, "Amar", had very
poor sound quality, with the female singers microphone
failing many times on stage.
It is also notable that the programme lasted just short of
3.5 hours. This was mainly due to the extremely long
voting procedure, where 39 countries voted, reading out
every single score. Many people, including United Kingdom commentator Terry Wogan, noticed this and commented about the marathon-like voting procedure, when
Russia voted he stated How many more [countries] have
we got to go? What time is it?". Because the show overran so badly, the EBU changed the way the votes were
announced in 2006 into a much shorter method, where
only the top 3 scores were read out (the rest appeared on
the scoreboard automatically).
Ruslana was also intended to be a presenter for the show,
but was pulled out before the contest for numerous reasons, including her poor English skills. She opened the
contest, and did do a few brief interviews in the green
room at a few dierent stages in the event.
Thirty-nine countries participated in the 2005 Contest.

Hungary returned to the contest after a six-year absence,
last competing in 1998. Bulgaria and Moldova competed
During the semi nal, there were a few volume falls in the in the contest for the rst time.
sound, most notably during the Norwegian song, shortly
after the intro. These were not xed for the DVD release.
Returning artists
7.2.3
Incidents
Constantinos Christoforou represented Cyprus for the

third time, having previously represented the nation at
2005 was no exception for scandals regarding the rep- the 1996 contest as a solo artist and at the 2002 contest
resentatives from the countries participating. Germanys as part of the group One. Helena Paparizou previously
entrant in the Eurovision Song Contest rejected calls to represented Greece in 2001 as part of the duo Antique.
173
Notes
1.^ The song also contained phrases in
Czech, French, German, Polish, Russian and
Spanish.[5]
7.2.6 Scoreboard
The EBU introduced an undisclosed threshold number of
televotes that would have to be registered in each voting
country in order to make that countrys votes valid. If that
number was not reached, the countrys backup jury would
vote instead. In the semi-nal this aected Monaco, Andorra and Albania, and Andorra, Monaco and Moldova
in the nal.
Semi-nal
12 points
semi-nal:
Ruslana performing at the opening of the nal
Final
12 points Below is a summary of all 12 points in the

Selma previously represented Iceland in 1999. Chiara nal:
previously represented Malta in 1998. Anabel Conde,
who represented Spain in 1995, returned as a backing vo7.2.7 Other countries
calist for Andorra.
7.2.5
Results
Czech Republic Czech broadcaster esk

televize (T) initially applied to participate in the
2005 Contest, however, the broadcaster reconsidered dbuting in the contest and later withdrew their
application on 3 December 2004.[6]
Lebanon Lebanese broadcaster Tl Liban

conrmed Lebanons dbut in the contest and selected the song Quand tout senfuit performed by
Aline Lahoud as their entry. However, the broadcaster announced their withdrawal from the competition on 18 March 2005 after the EBU informed
them that the rules of the competition require them
to broadcast the Israeli entry during the live show
and enable viewers to vote for the nation, which contravened a Lebanese law prohibiting any acknowledgement of Israel. As the withdrawal period for
the contest had passed, Tl Liban forfeited the return of their participation fee and potentially faced
further nes from the EBU.[7]
Semi-nal
25 countries performed and all 39 participants voted.
Final
The nalists were:
the top 10 countries from the 2004 nal (other than
the automatic qualiers);
The nal was held on 21 May 2005 at 21:00 (CET) and 7.2.8
was won by Greece.
Awards
174
11.
Andorra Ruth Gumbau
12.
Bulgaria Evgenia Atanasova
Barbara Dex Award
13.
Ireland Dana Rosemary Scallon

(winner for Ireland in 1970)
14.
Slovenia Katarina as
15.
Poland Maciej Oro
16.
Hungary Zsuzsa Demcsk
17.
United Kingdom Cheryl Baker

(winner for United Kingdom in 1981 as part of Bucks
Fizz)
18.
Malta Valerie Vella
Further information: Barbara Dex Award
19.
Romania Berti Barbera
The Barbara Dex Award has been annually awarded by

the fan website House of Eurovision since 1997, and is
a humorous award given to the worst dressed artist each
year in the contest. It is named after the Belgian artist,
Barbara Dex, who came last in the 1993 contest, in which
she wore her own self designed (awful) dress.[10]
20.
Norway Ingvild Helljesen
21.
Turkey Meltem Ersan Yazgan
22.
Moldova Elena Camerzan
23.
Albania Zhani Ciko
24.
Cyprus Melani Steliou
25.
Spain Ainhoa Arbizu
26.
Israel Dana Herman
27.
Serbia and Montenegro Nina Radulovi
7.2.9

was compiled by placing the countries that failed to qualify from the semi-nal rst in the running order they performed in during the semi-nal, followed by the nalists which voted in the order they performed in during
the nal. The spokespersons are shown alongside each
country.[12]
28.
29.
30.
1.
Austria Dodo Roscic
2.
Lithuania Rolandas Vilkonius
3.
Portugal Isabel Angelino
4.
Monaco Anne Allegrini
Ukraine Maria Orlova
32.
Germany Thomas Hermanns
33.
Croatia Barbara Kolar
34.
Greece Alexis Kostalas
35.
Russia Yana Churikova
6.
Netherlands Nancy Coolen
7.
Iceland Ragnhildur Steinunn Jnsdttir
8.
Belgium Armelle Gysen
37.
9.
Estonia Maarja-Liis Ilus
38.
36.
Bosnia and Herzegovina Ana Mirjana

Raanovi
Switzerland Ccile Bhler
Latvia Marija Naumova
(winner for Latvia in 2002 and co-presenter in 2003)
(participant for Estonia in 1996 and 1997)
Finland Jari Sillanp
Macedonia Karolina Goeva
31.
Belarus Elena Ponomareva
(participant for Finland in 2004)
Sweden Annika Jankell

(participant for Macedonia in 2002 and in 2007)
5.
10.
Denmark Gry Johansen

(participant for Denmark in 1983)
39.
France Marie Myriam

(winner for France in 1977)

Commentators
Albania Leon Menkshi (TVSH)
Andorra Meri Picart and Josep Llus Trabal

(RTVA)
Austria Andi Knoll (ORF2) and Martin Blumenau (Hitradio 3)
Moldova TBC
Monaco Bernard Montiel and Gnie Godula

(TMC Monte Carlo)[13]
Netherlands Willem van Beusekom and

Cornald Maas (Nederland 2),[27] Hijlco Span and
Ron Stoeltie (Radio 3FM)
Norway Jostein Pedersen (NRK1)[28]
Poland Artur Orzech (TVP1)[29]
Belgium French: Jean-Pierre Hautier (La

Une),[13] Patrick Duhamel and Carlo de Pascale
(La Premire), Dutch: Andr Vermeulen and Anja
Daems (Dutch, n),[14] Julien Put and Michel Follet (Dutch, Radio 2)
Portugal Eldio Clmaco (RTP1)[30]
Romania Andreea Demirgian (TVR1)
Russia Yuri Aksyuta and Yelena Batinova

(Channel One)
Bosnia and Herzegovina Dejan Kukric

(BHT1)
Serbia and Montenegro Duka VuiniLui (Serbian, RTS1), Draen Baukovi, Tamara
Ivankovi (semi-nal & nal) & Danijel Popovi (nal) (Montenegrin, TVCG 2)
175
Belarus Denis Kurian (Belarus 1)
Bulgaria Elena Rosberg and Georgi Kushvaliev
Croatia Aleksandar Aco Kostadinov[15]
Slovenia Mojca Mavec
Cyprus Evi Papamichail (RIK 1)[16]
Spain Beatriz Pcker (TVE1)[31]
Denmark Jrgen de Mylius (DR1)[17]
Estonia Marko Reikop[18]
Finland Finnish: Jaana Pelkonen, Heikki

Paasonen and Asko Murtomki (YLE TV2),[19]
Swedish: Thomas Lundin (YLE FST), Sanna Kojo
and Jorma Hietamki (YLE Radio Suomi)[20]
France Julien Lepers and Guy Carlier (France
3, Final), Peggy Olmi (France 4, Semi-Final),[13]
Jean-Luc Delarue (France Bleu, nal)
Germany Peter Urban (All, Das Erste),[21]
Sweden Pekka Heino (SVT1),[32] Carolina

Norn (SR P3)[33]
Switzerland German: Sandra Studer (SF

1), French: Jean-Marc Richard and Marie-Thrse
Porchet (TSR 2),[13] Italian: Daniela Tami and
Claudio Lazzarino (TSI 1)
Turkey Blend zveren (TRT 1), mit

Tuna and Canan Kumbasar (Final, TRT Radyo 3)
Ukraine Yaroslav Chornenkyi (First National

TV Channel),[34] Galyna Babiy (National Radio)
United Kingdom Terry Wogan (Final, BBC

One), Paddy O'Connell (Semi nal, BBC Three),
Ken Bruce (Final, BBC Radio 2)
Greece Alexandra Pascalidou (NET)

Hungary Zsuzsa Demcsk, Andrs Fber and 7.2.10 Ocial album
Dvid Sznt[23]
Eurovision Song Contest: Kyiv 2005 was the ocial
Iceland Gsli Marteinn Baldursson compilation album of the 2005 Contest, put together by
(Sjnvarpi)[24]
Records and CMC International on 2 May 2005. The
[25]
Ireland Marty Whelan (All, RT One),
album featured all 39 songs that entered in the 2005
Ronan Collins (All, RT Radio 1)
contest, including the semi-nalists that failed to qualify
into the grand nal.[35] The original cover designed for
Israel No commentator
the album was changed after Lebanon's withdrawal from
Latvia Krlis Streips
the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 after announcing they
would show advertisements over the Israeli entry. Had
Lithuania Darius Ukuraitis
they entered, they would have been on track 4, disc 2 with
the song "Quand tout senfuit" by Aline Lahoud.[36] It was
Macedonia Milanka Rasic
reported that sales of the 2005 Eurovision merchandise
Malta Eileen Montesin[26]
reached record-breaking levels.[37]
176
7.2.11
See also
The Eurovision Song Contest The Ocial History

by John Kennedy O'Connor. Carlton Books, UK
ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3
7.2.12
References

The Ocial History. Carlton Books, UK ISBN 978-184442-994-3
[3] Zauvijek moja info (in Montenegrin).
Thrush. Retrieved 2009-05-30.
[20] Julkaistu To, 29/04/2010 - 10:19 (2010-04-29). YLE

Diggiloo
[4] Eurovision Song Contest 2005 Final | Year page | Eurovision Song Contest - Baku 2012. Eurovision.tv. 200505-21. Retrieved 2012-07-04.

[25] RTE so lonely after loss of Gerry Marty. 20 May
2010. Retrieved 29 May 2010. He has been providing
commentary for Irish viewers since 2000 and maintains
[26] Archived 12 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
[28] Adresse Kiev - NRK. Nrk.no. Retrieved 2012-07-04.
[5] Lyrics of Razom nas bahato"". Lyricstranslate.com.

[6] Bakker, Sietse (3 December 2004). CZECH REPUBLIC WITHDRAWS. Esctoday.com. Retrieved 13
September 2014.
[7] Bakker, Sietse (18 March 2005). BREAKING NEWS:
LEBANON WITHDRAWS. Esctoday.com. Retrieved
9 August 2008.
[10] van Thillo, Edwin. Barbara Dex Award. Retrieved 24
June 2014.
[11] Van Bedts, Raf (25 May 2005). Martin Vucic wint
Barbara Dex-award 2005. eurosong.be (in Dutch). eurosong.be. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
[29] Pliki uytkownika Eurowizja. Chomikuj.pl. Retrieved

2012-07-04.
2012-07-04.
2009-05-16. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
[34] 10 14
,
- 2000.
Kiev2000.com. 2005-05-20. Retrieved 2012-07-04.
[12] Philips, Roel (2005-05-17). The 39 spokespersons!".

ESCToday. Retrieved 17 May 2005.
[35] Sietse Bakker (9 March 2005). Pre-order the ocial

2005 album and DVD. esctoday.com. ESCToday. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
[13] Christian Masson. 2005 - Kiev. Songcontest.free.fr.

[36] Sietse Bakker (18 March 2005). Lebanon withdraws.

esctoday.com. ESCToday. Retrieved 5 November 2014.

[37] Phillips, Roel (19 May 2005). Record sales of Eurovision merchandising. esctoday.com. ESCTOday. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
[15] Pogledajte temu - Prijedlog - Eurosong veer(i) na HRTu!". forum.hrt.hr. Retrieved 2012-07-04.

Ocial website

Database

YouTube
177
7.3.1 Location
For more details on the host city, see Athens.
Athens
The venue that was chosen as the host venue, was the
Eurovision 2006 redirects here. For the Junior Contest, Olympic Indoor Hall in Athens, the capital city of Greece.
Eurovision Song Contest, held at the Olympic Indoor Hall
in Athens, Greece on 18 May (for the semi-nal) and 20
May 2006 (for the nal). The hosting national broadcaster of the contest was Ellinik Radiofona Tilerasi
(ERT). The Finnish band Lordi won the contest with the
song "Hard Rock Hallelujah", written by lead singer Mr.
Lordi. Hard Rock Hallelujah was the rst ever hard
rock song to win the contest, since Eurovision is normally
associated with softer pop music and schlager. This was
Finland's rst victory in Eurovision after waiting fortyve years. It is also noted that they scored the same Olympic Indoor Hall, Athens - host venue of the 2006 contest.
amount of points in the semi-nal and the grand nal.
The hosts of the Eurovision Song Contest in Athens were
Greek singer Sakis Rouvas, the Greek representative at
Eurovision in 2004 and 2009, and the Greek American
television presenter and actress, Maria Menounos.[1] In
the semi-nal, both the hosts sang Katrina and the Waves'
contest-winning Love Shine A Light. For one of the
intervals, Sakis Rouvas sang an English version of his
Greek hit S'eho Erotefthi called I'm in love with you.
Helena Paparizou, who performed the winning song in
Kiev, returned to the Eurovision stage in Athens. Following the examples of Sertab Erener, Ruslana and Marie
N in the last three years, she sang twice in the nal,
"My Number One" in the opening and her current song
"Mambo!" in the interval (which was also a smash hit in
Greece at the time); Greek dancers were also present in
the interval acts, as well as other Greek elements. An ofcial CD and DVD was released and a new introduction
was an ocial fan book released from this year, and every
year to come with detailed information of every country.
The 2006 contest also saw the 1,000th song to be performed in the contest, when Every Song Is a Cry for
Love by Irelands Brian Kennedy was rst sung in the
semi-nal. Armenia also entered for the rst time in the
contest.
7.3.2 Format
Visual design
The ocial logo of the contest remained the same from
2004 and 2005 with the countrys ag in the heart being changed. The 2006 sub-logo created by the design
company Karamela for Greek television was apparently
based on the Phaistos Disc which is a popular symbol of
ancient Greece. According to ERT, it was inspired by
the wind and the sea, the golden sunlight and the glow of
the sand. Following Istanbuls Under The Same Sky
and Kievs Awakening, the slogan for the 2006 show
was Feel The Rhythm. This theme was also the basis
for the postcards for the 2006 show, which emphasized
Greeces historical signicance as well as being a major
modern tourist destination.
Voting
To save time in the nal, the voting time lasted ten minutes and the voting process was changed: points 1-7 were
shown immediately on-screen. The spokespersons only
178
announced the countries scoring 8, 10 and 12 points. Despite this being intended to speed proceedings up, there
were still problems during voting EBU imaging overrode Maria Menounos during a segment in the voting
interval and some scoreboards were slow to load. The
Dutch spokesperson Paul de Leeuw also caused problems,
giving his mobile number to presenter Rouvas during the
Dutch results,[2] and slowing down proceedings, also by
announcing the rst seven points. Constantinos Christoforou (who also represented Cyprus in 1996, 2002 and
2005) saluted from "Nicosia, the last divided capital in
Europe"; during Cyprus reading, the telecast displayed
Switzerland by mistake. This voting process has been
criticized because suspense was lost by only reading three
votes instead of ten. And for the rst time, the display
for the Macedonian entry had the title spelled out in its
entirety (as Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia)
instead of being abbreviated as it has been in previous
years (as FYR Macedonia).
1.
2.
Andorra - Xavi Palma
3.
4.
5.
7.
Sweden - Jovan Radomir
8.
Finland - Nina Tapio
9.
Belgium - Yasmine (Hilde Rens)
10.
12.

Final
The nalists were:
the top 10 countries from the 2005 nal (other than
Croatia - Mila Horvat

Serbia and Montenegro - Jovana Jankovi (Host
of the 2008 Contest)
Norway - Ingvild Helljesen
13.
Estonia - Evelin Samuel (Estonian singer in

the 1999 Contest and veteran of several 1990s
Eurolauls)
14.
Ireland - Eimear Quinn (Irish winner of the

1996 Contest)
15.
Malta - Moira Delia (Presenter of the Junior

Eurovision Song Contest 2014)
Semi-nal
23 countries performed and all 37 participants and Serbia
& Montenegro voted.
Latvia - Mrti Freimanis (Latvian singer in

the 2003 Contest as part of F.L.Y.)
Portugal - Cristina Alves
Participating countries in a Eurovision Song Contest must

be active members of the EBU.
Denmark - Jrgen de Mylius
6.
11.
7.3.3
Romania - Andreea Marin Bnic (Presenter

of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006)
16.
17.
Lithuania - Lavija urnait

Cyprus - Constantinos Christoforou (Cypriot
singer in the 1996, 2002 and 2005 Contests)
18.
Netherlands - Paul de Leeuw
19.
Switzerland - Jubaira Bachmann
20.
21.
The nal was held on 20 May 2006 at 21:00 (CET) and

was won by Finland.
Ukraine - Igor Posypaiko

Russia - Yana Churikova (Commentator of the
2009, 2011, 2013 and 2015 contests for Channel
One)

22.
Poland - Maciej Oro
23.
United Kingdom - Fearne Cotton
Voting during the nal and spokespersons The following people were the spokespersons for their countries.
A spokesperson delivers the results of national televoting
during the nal night, awarding points to the entries on
behalf of his or her country.[7] A draw was held to determine each countrys voting order. Countries revealed
their votes in the following order:
24.
Armenia - Gohar Gasparyan (Co-presenter of

the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2011)
25.
France - Sophie Jovillard
26.
Belarus - Corrianna
27.
Germany - Thomas Hermanns
179
29.
Moldova - Svetlana Coco
30.
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Vesna Andreeannual competition, Marcel Bezenon.[8] The awards are
Zaimovi
31.
Iceland - Ragnhildur Steinunn Jnsdttir
28.
Spain - Sonia Ferrer
32.
Monaco - glantine Emy
33.
Israel - Dana Herman
34.
Albania - Leon Menkshi
35.
Greece - Alexis Kostalas
Barbara Dex Award


36.
Bulgaria - Dragomir Simeonov
37.
Macedonia - Martin Vui (Macedonian singer year in the contest. It is named after the Belgian artist,
in the 2005 Contest)
she wore her own self designed (awful) dress.
38.
Turkey - Meltem Yazgan
Although Serbia & Montenegro did not compete in the 7.3.6 Other countries
contest, they still regained voting rights due to a scandal
that was caused during their National Selection.
Withdrawals
7.3.4
Score sheet
Televoting was used in all nations except Monaco and

Albania. Monaco used a jury as the chances of getting
enough votes needed to validate the votes were low. Albania used a jury since there were problems with their
televote. In the semi nal, Monaco and Albania used the
jury voting due to insucient televoting numbers. Coincidentally, Albania and Monaco were two of the three
countries that didn't vote for the winning entry, the third
one was Armenia.
Austria - On 18 June 2005, Austrian newspaper

Kurier reported that the Austrian broadcaster ORF
would not be taking part in the 2006 contest.
Czech Republic - On 6 October 2005 esk

televize announced that the Czech Republic would
not participate, however also made its debut Next
Year.
Georgia - On 5 October 2005 the managing director of Georgia Television & Radio Broadcasting
stated that Georgia would not enter the 2006 contest,
however made its debut next year.
Hungary - On 9 December 2005 Hungarian

broadcaster Magyar TV announced that Hungary
would not participate for nancial reasons.
Italy - Italy did not take part in the Contest between 1997 and 2011.
Serbia and Montenegro - Serbia and Montenegro withdrew from the contest due to a scandal in
the selection process, which has caused tensions between the Serbian broadcaster, RTS, and the Montenegrin broadcaster, RTCG. Serbia and Montenegro did retain voting rights for the contest. Serbia
and Montenegro's withdrawal left a vacancy in the
nal. In the delegations meeting on 20 March, it
was decided that Croatia, who nished 11th in the
2005 Contest, would ll the empty spot.
Semi-nal
12 points
semi-nal:
Final
nal:
7.3.5
Other Awards

180
7.3.7
Ratings
After the Contest, EBU ocials that the overall ratings

for the Semi-Final were 35% higher than in 2005, and
for the Final had risen by 28%.
In France, average market shares reached 30.3%, up by
8% over the 2005 gure. Other countries that showed
a rise in average market shares included Germany with
38% (up from 29%), United Kingdom with 37.5% (up
from 36%), Spain with 36% (up from 35%), Ireland with
58% (up from 35%) and Sweden, which reached over
80% compared to 57% the year previously.
Both Turkey (91) and Finland (292) received the

same number of points in the seminal and the nal.
Despite having withdrawn from the 2006 contest,
Serbia and Montenegro retained their voting rights.
During the announcement of their votes, spokesperson Jovana Jankovi said So, as you know, we
don't have a song for you this year, but we promise
that next year we will give you the best one.
Her promise was fullled when Marija erifovi
of Serbia won the contest the following year.[10]
Jankovi would also host the 2008 Contest.
Voting revenues had also risen from the Kiev Contest,

and the ocial Eurovision website, www.eurovision.tv,
reported visits from over 200 countries and over 98 million page views, compared with 85 million in 2005.
Alexis Kostalas, the long-time Greek spokesman,

jokingly described Finland's Lordi beautiful, gorgeous, sweet-looking creatures before giving them
the maximum twelve points, which eventually cemented their victory.
7.3.8
The Norwegian entry "Alvedansen" performed by

singer, songwriter Christine Guldbrandsen, is the
rst and until now, the latest entry performed in Norwegian Language since the end of the language-rule
in 1999.
Noteworthy occurrences and records
From the Final

Finland had to wait forty-four years since their debut
in 1961 to achieve their rst victory. They had only
received three 12 points in the history of the contest
up to the 2006 contest, and none since 1977.
For the rst time ever, "Spidercam" technology was

used in Eurovision
Lordis winning score of 292 points was a record,

Dima Bilan would come back in 2008, this time with
the highest number of points in the contests hisa dierent song and a dierent television channel
tory at the time, only surpassed by Alexander Ryand he won that year.
bak in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009, Loreen in
the Eurovision Song Contest 2012, Mns Zelmerlw and Polina Gagarina, (the latter two both in the 7.3.9 Returning artists
2015 Eurovision Song Contest) with larger number
7.3.10 Broadcasting
of voting countries in 2009, 2012 and 2015.
Bosnia & Herzegovina reached third place, its high- International broadcasts
est position ever. The seventh place reached in 1999
had been its most successful entry.
Australia
Although Australia is not itself eligible to enter, the
Swedens Carola obtained 170 points without resemi-nal and nal were broadcast on SBS. As is
ceiving 12 points from any one country and reached
the case each year, they were not however broadcast
5th place.
live due to the dierence in Australian time zones.
Though Turkey was the fourth country with the
Australia aired the United Kingdoms broadcast,
most 12s (received from France, Germany and the
including commentary from Paddy O'Connell and
Netherlands), the entry by Sibel Tzn only reached
Terry Wogan. Before the broadcasts, viewers
11th place with 91 points.
were told by an SBS host that the Eurovision Song
Contest was one of their most popular programmes.
Lithuania waited 12 years to receive their rst 12
The nal rated an estimated 462,000, and was
points. This was nally realised by points from Ireranked 21st of the broadcasters top rating programs
land.
for the 2005/06 nancial year.
Runner-up Russia and 4th placed Romania were
Azerbaijan
voted for by 35 countries, more than winner FinAzerbaijan were willing to enter the contest but
land, who received votes from 34 countries.
since AzTV applied for active EBU membership
The United Kingdom placed 19th, receiving points
but was denied on June 18, 2007, they missed the
from 10 countries, while Macedonia (12th), Croatia
contest and have to wait until they're accepted.
(13th) and Denmark (18th) were voted for by 9, 8
Another Azerbaijan broadcaster, OTV, broadcast
and only 5 countries respectively.
the contest. It is a passive EBU member, and has

broadcast it for the last 2 years. It was the only
non-participating broadcaster this year to send its
own commentators to the contest.
Italy
Italian television did not enter because RAI, the
national broadcaster, is in strong competition with
commercial TV stations and they believe that the
Eurovision Song Contest would not be a popular
show in Italy. They have not broadcast the contest
in recent years, although an independent Italian
channel for the gay community has shown the show.
Worldwide A live broadcast of the Eurovision Song
Contest was broadcast worldwide by satellite
through Eurovision streams such as Channel One
Russia, ERT World, TVE Internacional, TVP Polonia, RTP Internacional and TVR i. The ocial Eurovision Song Contest website also provided a live
stream without commentary using the peer-to-peer
transport Octoshape.
Gibraltar
Gibraltar screened only the nal.
7.3.11
Commentators
Albania Leon Menkshi (TVSH)
Andorra - Meri Picart and Josep Llus Trabal

(RTVA)
Armenia - Gohar Gasparyan and Phelix

Khachatryan
Austria - Andi Knoll (ORF2)
Belarus - Denis Kurjan (Belarus 1)
Belgium - Dutch: Andr Vermeulen & Bart

Peeters (n), Michel Follet & Sven Pichal (Radio
2). French: Jean-Pierre Hautier (La Une),[11]
Patrick Duhamel & Thomas Gunzig (La Premire)
181
Finland - Finnish: Heikki Paasonen, Jaana

Pelkonen and Asko Murtomki (YLE TV2),[16]
Sanna Kojo and Jorma Hietamki (YLE Radio
Suomi),[17] Swedish: Thomas Lundin (YLE FST)
France - Peggy Olmi and ric Jean-Jean (seminal, France 4), Michel Drucker, Claudy Siar (nal,
France 3)[11] and Alexandre Devoise (nal, France
Bleu)
Germany - Peter Urban (Das Erste),[18]

Greece - Giorgos Kapoutzidis and Zeta Makrypoulia (NET)
Iceland - Sigmar Gumundsson (Sjnvarpi)[20]
Ireland - Marty Whelan (RT One),[21] Larry

Gogan (RT Radio 1, nal)
Latvia - Krlis Streips
Lithuania - Darius Ukuraitis
Macedonia - Karolina Petkovska
Malta - Eileen Montesin[22]
Moldova - TBC
Monaco - Bernard Montiel and glantine

Emy (TMC Monte Carlo)[23]
Netherlands - Cornald Maas and Paul de Leeuw

(Nederland 2),[24] Ron Stoeltie (Radio 2)
Portugal - Eldio Clmaco (RTP1)[27]

Bosnia and Herzegovina - Dejan Kukri

(BHT1)
Bulgaria - Elena Rosberg and Georgi Kushva-
Russia - Yuri Aksyuta and Tatiana Godunova

(Channel One)
Croatia - Duko urli[12]
Serbia and Montenegro - Duka VuiniLui (Serbian, RTS1), Draen Baukovi & Tamara
Ivankovi (Montenegrin, TVCG2)
liev
Cyprus - Evi Papamichail and Pampina

Themistokleous (semi-nal), Evi Papamichail and
Vasso Komninou (nal) (RIK 1)[13]
Denmark - Mads Vangs and Adam Duv Hall
(DR1)[14]
[15]
Estonia - Marko Reikop
Slovenia - Mojca Mavec
Spain - Beatriz Pcker (TVE1)[28]
Sweden - Pekka Heino (SVT1),[29] Carolina

Norn (SR P3)[30]
182
Switzerland - German: Sandra Studer (SF zwei),

French: Jean-Marc Richard and Alain Morisod
(TSR 1), Italian: Sandy Altermatt and Claudio Lazzarino (TSI 2)
Turkey - Blend zveren (TRT 1)

Ukraine - Pavlo Shylko (First National TV
Channel)
United Kingdom - Paddy O'Connell (BBC
Three, semi-nal), Terry Wogan (BBC One, nal)
and Ken Bruce (BBC Radio 2, nal)
7.3.12
Ocial album

[16] Eurovision 2006 Voting Part 1/3 With Finnish Commentary. YouTube. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[17] Julkaistu To, 29/04/2010 - 10:19 (2010-04-29). YLE
[20] Morgunblai, 20.05.2006.
2012-08-09.
Timarit.is.
Retrieved
Eurovision Song Contest: Athens 2006 was the ocial [21] RTE so lonely after loss of Gerry Marty. 20 May
the European Broadcasting Union and released by CMC
International on 28 April 2006. The album featured all
37 songs that entered in the 2006 contest, including the [22] Archived February 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
semi-nalists that failed to qualify into the grand nal.[31]
[23] Christian Masson. 2005 - Kiev. Songcontest.free.fr.
7.3.13
References
[1] In pictures: Eurovision 2006. BBC News. 2006-05-21.

[2] Eurovision Songcontest Dutch tele-votes. YouTube.
[4] The song is sung prociently in English, Polish, Russian
and German, but also contains some words in Spanish.
[5] We are the winners - lyrics - Diggiloo Thrush. Diggiloo.net. 2010-03-21. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[6] Eurovision Song Contest 2006 Final | Year page | Eurovision Song Contest - Copenhagen 2014. Eurovision.tv.
2006-05-20. Retrieved 2013-10-22.

[25] Adresse Athen - NRK. Nrk.no. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[26] Pliki uytkownika Eurowizja. Chomikuj.pl. Retrieved
2012-08-09.
2012-08-09.
[7] Archived June 3, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.

[10] Video on YouTube
[11] Christian Masson. 2006 - Athnes. Songcontest.free.fr.
[12] " Pogledaj temu - Prijedlog - Eurosong veer(i) na HRTu!". Forum.hrt.hr. 2011-03-27. Retrieved 2012-08-09.

2009-05-16. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
[31] Sietse Bakker (28 April 2006). Athens 2006 album available in stock now!". esctoday.com. ESCToday. Retrieved
5 November 2014.

Ocial Eurovision Website Audio and video clips
available in the Multimedia Lounge
Eurovision Record Book
183

Eurovision 2007 redirects here. For other uses, see
Eurovision 2007 (disambiguation).
The Eurovision Song Contest 2007 was the 52nd edition of the Eurovision Song Contest. It was won by rsttime appearance as an independent country Serbia [2] and
was held at the Hartwall Areena in Helsinki, Finland from
10 May to 12 May. The host broadcaster was Yle. Finland earned the right to host the event after heavy metal
band Lordi's victory at the Eurovision Song Contest 2006.
It was the rst time the Contest had been held in Finland.
A budget of 13 million was presented for arranging the
contest. Other bids to host the contest came from Espoo,
Turku and Tampere. The hosts were Finnish television
personality Jaana Pelkonen and Finnish musician, stage
performer and actor Mikko Leppilampi. Krisse Salminen acted as guest host in the green room, and reported
from the crowds at the Senate Square.
Hartwall Areena, Helsinki - host venue of the 2007 contest.
lege. All countries opted for spots in the second half of

both evenings. Shortly after the draw, the entries were
approved by the EBU, ending the possibility of disqualication for the Israeli song. The United Kingdom chose
A record number of 42 countries participated. The Eu- their entry after the deadline because they were granted
ropean Broadcasting Union (EBU) put aside its limit of special dispensation from the EBU.
40 countries, which would have meant excluding some The contest saw some minor changes to the voting timecountries using a ranking order scheme.[3]
frame. The compilation summary video of all entries
After Lordi scored the rst ever Eurovision victory with a including phone numbers was shown twice. The vothard rock song in 2006, several countries sent rock songs ing process was the same as 2006 except there was fto the Contest rather than the soft pop and schlager styles teen minutes to vote, an increase of ve minutes on the
more closely associated with Eurovision. This trend con- 2006 Contest. In the nal, the results from each country
were once again shown from one to seven points autotinued at the 2008 and 2009 Contests.
matically on screen and only eight, ten and twelve were
read by the spokespeople. For the rst time, the winner was awarded a promotion tour around Europe, vis7.4.1 Format
iting Denmark, Spain, Sweden, the Netherlands, Greece
and Germany. The tour was held between 16 May and
21 May. The event was sponsored by European communications group TeliaSonera, and as with several
previous contests Nobel Biocare. Apocalyptica were
the interval act, and played a medley of songs: Worlds
Collide, Faraway and nally Life Burns!, but without the
usual lyrics.
Visual design
The hosts Jaana Pelkonen and Mikko Leppilampi
On 12 March 2007, the draws for the running order for

the semi-nal, nal and voting procedure took place. A
new feature allowed ve wild-card countries from the
semi-nal and three countries from the nal to choose
their starting position. The heads of delegation went on
stage and chose the number they would take. In the seminal, Austria, Andorra, Turkey, Slovenia and Latvia were
able to choose their positions. In the nal, Armenia,
Ukraine and Germany were able to exercise this privi-
The ocial logo of the contest remained the same as

2006; the ag in the centre of the heart was changed
to the Finnish ag. The European Broadcasting Union
and YLE announced that the theme for the 2007 contest would be True Fantasy, which embraced Finland
and Finnishness in terms of the polarities associated
with the country.[4] The design agency Dog Design was
responsible for the design of the visual theme of the
contest which incorporated vibrant kaleidoscopic patterns formed from various symbols including exclamation
marks and the letter F.[5] The stage was in the shape of
a kantele, a traditional Finnish instrument. On 20 February 2007 a reworked ocial website for the contest was
184
launched marking the rst public exhibition of this years

theme. An ocial CD and DVD were released (but no
HD DVD or Blu-ray, despite the event being broadcast
in high denition for the rst time). An ocial fan book
was also released. The themes of the postcards (short
videos between the acts) were short stories happening in
dierent Finnish places.
7.4.2
7.4.3 Scoreboard
All countries participating in the contest were required to
use televoting and/or SMS voting during both evenings
of the contest. In the event of technical diculties, or if
the votes of the country did not meet the EBU threshold,
then a back-up jurys results were to be used. Albania
and Andorra were the only countries that used juries. A
draw was held in Helsinki to establish the order in which
the countries presented their votes during the nal.
Participating countries in a Eurovision Song Contest must

Semi-nal
be active members of the EBU.
42 countries submitted preliminary applications. Although in previous years the maximum number of participating countries was 40, the EBU allowed all 42 to participate in 2007. The Czech Republic, Serbia, Montenegro
and Georgia all entered the contest for the rst time in
2007.[6] Monaco announced its withdrawal on 12 December 2006,[7] and the EBU announced the nal lineup of
42 countries on 15 December 2006.
12 points
semi-nal:
Returning artists
7.4.4 Other Awards
Evridiki returned to represent Cyprus, having previously

represented the nation in 1992 and 1994. Eirkur Hauksson previously represented Iceland in 1986 as part of the
vocal trio ICY and he previously represented Norway in
1991 as part of the group Just 4 Fun. Karolina Goeva
previously represented Macedonia in 2002. Edsilia
Rombley previously represented the Netherlands in 1998.
Final
12 points
nal:
Semi-nal
The semi-nal was held on 10 May 2007 at 21:00 (CET). divided into 3 categories; Press Award; Artistic Award;
28 countries performed and all 42 participants voted.
Countries qualied for the nal are highlighted.
OGAE
Final
The nalists were:
Further information: OGAE
Organisation Gnrale des Amateurs de l'Eurovision

(more commonly known as OGAE) is an international
the four automatic qualiers France, Germany, organisation that was founded in 1984 in Savonlinna,
Finland by Jari-Pekka Koikkalainen.[12] The organiSpain and the United Kingdom;
sation consists of a network of 40 Eurovision Song
the top 10 countries from the 2006 nal (other than Contest fan clubs across Europe and beyond, and is
a non-governmental, non-political, and non-protable
company.[13] In what has become an annual tradition for
the OGAE fan clubs, a voting poll was opened allowing
members from dierent clubs around the world to vote
for their favourite songs of the 2007 contest. Below is
The nal was held on 12 May 2007 at 21:00 (CET) and the top ve overall results, after all the votes had been
was won by Serbia.
cast.[14]
185
Barbara Dex Award
20.
Slovenia Peter Poles
21.
Israel Jason Danino-Holt

22.
Germany Thomas Hermanns
23.
Lithuania Lavija urnait
24.
Norway Synnve Svab
25.
Switzerland Sven Epiney
7.4.5

was determined in a draw during the heads of delegation
meeting. The spokespersons are shown alongside each
country.[15]
1.
Montenegro Vidak Latkovi
2.
Belarus Juliana
3.
27.
28.
Czech Republic Andrea Savane

Netherlands Paul de Leeuw and Edsilia
Rombley
Ireland Linda Martin
(Irish representative in the 1984 Contest and winner of the
1992 Contest)
29.
Malta Mireille Bonello
Armenia Sirusho
(Armenian representative in the 2008 Contest)
4.
26.
30.
Estonia Laura Pldvere

(Estonian representative in the 2005 Contest
as part of Suntribe)
Andorra Marian van de Wal

(Andorran representative in the 2005 Contest)
5.
Austria Eva Plzl
31.
Georgia Neli Agirba
6.
France Vanessa Dolmen
32.
Bulgaria Mira Dobreva
33.
Sweden Andr Pops
34.
Ukraine Katya Osadchaya
35.
Russia Yana Churikova
7.
Denmark Susanne Georgi

(Andorran representative in the 2009 Contest)
8.
Greece Alexis Kostalas
9.
Spain Ainhoa Arbizu
10.
Serbia Maja Nikoli
11.
Finland Laura Voutilainen
36.
(Finnish representative in the 2002 Contest)
12.
13.
Latvia Jnis ipkevics

(Latvian representative in the 2006 Contest as part of
Cosmos)

Bosnia and Herzegovina Vesna Andree Zaimovi
37.
38.
Poland Maciej Oro
39.
Moldova Andrei Porubin

United Kingdom Fearne Cotton
14.
Belgium Maureen Louys
15.
Portugal Francisco Mendes
16.
Albania Leon Menkshi
40.
17.
Romania Andreea Marin Bnic
41.
18.
Cyprus Giannis Haralambous
19.
Macedonia Elena Risteska

(Macedonian representative in the 2006 Contest)
42.
Hungary va Novodomszky
186
Other involved countries

Australia
Although Australia was not itself eligible to enter,
the semi-nal and nal were broadcast the event
on SBS.[16] As is the case each year, they were not
broadcast live due to the dierence in Australian
time zones. Australia aired the United Kingdoms
broadcast, including commentary from Paddy
O'Connell, Sarah Cawood and Terry Wogan.
Before the broadcasts, viewers were told by an SBS
host that the Eurovision Song Contest was one of
their most popular programmes. The nal rated an
estimated 436,000 viewers, and was ranked number
20 on the broadcasters top rating programs of the
2006/2007 nancial year.
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan were willing to enter the contest, but
since AzTV applied for active EBU membership
but was denied on 18 June 2007, they missed the
contest and had to wait until they were accepted.
Another Azerbaijani broadcaster, ctimai Televiziya v Radio Yaymlar irkti, broadcast the
contest. It was a passive EBU member at the time,
and had broadcast it for the previous two years. It
was the only non-participating broadcaster this year
to send its own commentators to the contest.[17]
High-denition broadcast
YLE produced the event in 1080i HD and 5.1 Surround
Sound.[19] This was the rst year that the event was broadcast live in HD. The BBC in the United Kingdom broadcast the nal in high denition on BBC HD.[20] Swedish
broadcaster SVT broadcast both the semi-nal and the nal on their HD-channel SVT HD.[21] However the event
is only available to buy on standard-denition DVD, with
no HD DVD or Blu-ray version available in high denition.
Commentators
Commentators for participating countries
The
commentators of the 42 participating countries are as follows:
Commentators for non-participating countries The
commentators of the non-participating countries are:
7.4.6 Ocial album

Eurovision Song Contest: Helsinki 2007 was the ocial
the European Broadcasting Union and released by CMC
International on 20 April 2007. The album featured all
42 songs that entered in the 2007 contest, including the
semi-nalists that failed to qualify into the grand nal.[44]
Italy
Italian television had not entered since 1997. National broadcaster RAI is in strong competition 7.4.7 References
with commercial TV stations and believes that
Eurovision would not be a popular show in Italy, [1] Opening and interval acts known. esctoday.com. 13
April 2007. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
although the 1991 edition (held in Rome) was
followed by 6 million people. They have not [2] Marija from Serbia wins Helsinki 2007, Eurovision.tv
broadcast the contest in recent years, although an
independent Italian channel for the gay community [3] Eurovision EBU Press conference. esctoday.com.
has shown the show.[18]
[4] The 2007 Eurovision Song Contest theme is True Fantasy,
27 November 2006, YLE
Monaco
Monaco broadcast the nal on TMC after having
withdrawn from this competition in December
2006, opening the possibility of returning for the
2008 contest. However TMC did not return in
2008.
[5] Eurovision.tv meets dog design, Eurovision.tv

[6] ESC 2007 Event page, ESCKaz.com
[7] EXCLUSIVE: Monaco withdraws, 12 December 2006,
ESCtoday.com
Worldwide A live broadcast of the Eurovision Song [9] Eurovision Song Contest 2007. EBU. Retrieved 30 July
Contest was broadcast worldwide by satellite
2009.
through Eurovision streams such as Channel One
Russia, ERT World, TVE Internacional, TVP Polo- [10] Marcel Bezenon Award an introduction. Poplight.
nia, RTP Internacional and TVR i. The ocial Eurovision Song Contest website also provided a live [11] Winners of the Marcel Bezenon Awards 2012 | News
stream without commentary using the peer-to-peer
| Eurovision Song Contest Baku 2012. Eurovision.tv.
transport Octoshape.
187
[12] Eurovision Fanclub Network. OGAE. Retrieved 15

June 2012.
[13] Klubi-info: Mik ihmeen OGAE?" [The club info: What
on Earth is OGAE?] (in Finnish). OGAE Finland. 5 June
2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
[14] OGAE International (2007). OGAE Poll Results 2007.
OGAE.
[15] Viniker, Barry (12 May 2007). The voting running order
revealed. ESCToday. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
[16] Eurovision to be aired in Australia 1 April 2007, ESCtoday.com
[17] Eurovision Song Contest Germany 2011 | News Azerbaijan to debut in 2008?". Esctoday.com. Retrieved 30
May 2010.
[18] ESC Today, 2003 Archived 20 July 2015 at the Wayback
Machine.
[19] Technical Partners Appointed for Eurovision Song Contest, 16 March 2007
[20] Eurovision Song Contest 2007 schedule, BBC
[36] Archived 12 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine.

[37] www.eurovisionartists.nl. Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 9 August
2012.
[39] DODAJ OGOSZENIE Ogoszenie ju od 200z! (10
May 2007). Eurowizja 2007 w Jedynce. Wirtualnemedia.pl. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
9 August 2012.
Uribarri comentarista Eurovision 2010. Eurosongcontest.phpbb3.es. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
16 May 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
[22] Imprimir. Normalitzacio.cat. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
[44] Hoyler, Steve (23 April 2007). The Ocial Eurovision

Song Contest Album is here. esctoday.com. ESCToday.
[23] Christian Masson.

2007 Helsinki.
test.free.fr. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
[21] HDTV. svt.se.
Songcon-
[24] " Pogledaj temu Prijedlog Eurosong veer(i) na HRTu!". Forum.hrt.hr. 27 March 2011. Retrieved 9 August
2012.
Ocial website

Database
[26] Vi tager MGP ddsens alvorligt, BT.dk
Ocial channel on YouTube
[27] Archived copy. Archived from the original on 2

September 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2016.

[29] Julkaistu To, 29 April 2010 10:19 (29 April 2010).
YLE Radio Suomen kommentaattorit | Euroviisut | yle.
| Arkistoitu. yle.. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
Duesseldorf2011.de. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
[31] Thomas Mohr: Mit Dschinghis Khan im Garten. Eurovision.de. 14 May 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
[32] Tim Frhling: Protokoll eines Dramas. 18 April 2011.
[33] Frttablai, 12 May 2007. Timarit.is. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
[35] Eurovision Song Contest 2007. RT News.

The Eurovision Song Contest 2008 was the 53rd edition of the Contest. It was hosted in Belgrade, Serbia
after Marija erifovi won the 2007 Contest in Helsinki,
Finland. This year was the rst time there were three
contests; two semi-nals which were held on 20 and 22
May, and the traditional grand nal which was held on 24
May 2008. The shows were hosted by Jovana Jankovi
and eljko Joksimovi at the Belgrade Arena which had
a total capacity of 25,000 seats. The host broadcaster was
RTS.[5]
After a total of 272 points, Dima Bilan representing
Russia (for the second time) was declared the winner,
with the song "Believe" written by American Jim Beanz
188
and Bilan himself. So far this has been the only time Visual design
Russia has won the contest. Russia came third in the
semi-nal, making it the winner with the worst semi-nal
result.
Ukraine were runners up for the second year running,
with 3rd place going to Greece, 4th to Armenia seeing
their best result so far and 5th to Norway. Azerbaijan
landed 8th place in its debut contest.
2008 also saw for the rst time ever, Eurovision.tv
streamed national nals live on ESCTV with broadcasters permission.[6]
On 30 January 2008, Eurovision.tv revealed the theme of
the Contest: The Conuence of Sound,[7] which was
inspired by Belgrades location at the conuence of the
Sava and Danube rivers.
7.5.1
Venue
Belgrade Arena, Belgrade - host venue of the 2008 contest.
Serbia gained the right to host the Contest after Marija

erifovi won the 2007 Contest in Helsinki, Finland.
Since Serbia was the winner of the preceding contest, the
2008 contest was subsequently held there. The Belgrade
Arena was chosen as the venue for the contest,[8] and is
among the largest indoor arenas in Europe, with a total
capacity of 25,000 seats. On 14 September 2007, the
Mayor of Helsinki handed over the Eurovision keys to
the Deputy of Belgrade. This ceremony is meant to be a
tradition from the 2008 contest and onward, and the ring
contains a key from every city that has ever hosted the
competition.[9]
Due to problems and riots in Belgrade following the unilateral declaration of independence by Kosovo on 17
February 2008, the EBU held a phone conference to decide if the contest should be moved to a dierent country. Ukraine was considered an option since they came
second in Eurovision Song Contest 2007. YLE were another option, as they hosted the previous years competition in Helsinki, Finland.[10] Greeces Ellinik Radiofona
Tilerasi (ERT) also oered the EBU to host the contest
in Athens, Greece again.[11] It was later decided that the
contest would stay in Belgrade, with the EBU giving support. RTS would gain a guarantee of safety and security
from the government of Serbia for all visitors and participants of the contest.[12] The delegations of Albania,
Croatia and Israel had special security.[13]
Presenters eljko Joksimovi and Jovana Jankovi during the rst

semi-nal
RTS ran a competition that led to the creation of the 2008

Contests branding, logo and the stage.[14] The theme of
the Contest was based around the conuence of sound.
This was symbolic as Belgrade lies on the conuence of
two European rivers, the Sava and Danube. The logo chosen, a treble clef, formed the graphical basis of the design
created by Boris Miljkovi.[15]
The postcards in the rst and second semi-nal were
based around the creation of the ag of the nation that
was to perform next. Each post card had a short story
related to each country and its people. During each postcard a short letter was displayed. All were in the national
language of the artists country, with the exception of the
Serbian postcard, which consisted of Welcome to Belgrade and Welcome to Serbia in various languages and
the Belgian postcard which was written in the constructed
language the Belgian group performed in. The postcards
were brought to an end by a stamp with this years Eurovision logo.
According to RTS the stage represented native identities, history and modern themes, symbols and universally
recognised messages. The conuence-themed stage also
contained a large number of television and LCD display
screens. The stage had settings for all new electronic possibilities including some movable parts of the stage.[16] It
was designed by Chicago-based David Cushing.
The rst semi-nal was created around a city theme. The
189
contest opened with a panorama of the city of Belgrade

forming in the stages background with two waves sliding
down the stage to meet in the centre at the conuence,
the overall theme of the contest.
conducted by the hosts of the contest Jovana Jankovi

eljko Joksimovi. First, two envelopes with 'Semi-Final
1' and 'Semi-Final 2' were drawn. Then, three countries
from each pot were chosen randomly to take part in the
The second semi-nal was based around the theme of wa- rst semi-nal and the other three in the second one. The
ter, which was enhanced by the look of the stage during country left in Pot 5 took part in the rst envelope that
While, the country left in Pot 6 in the second
the interval act where the water formed the main colours is drawn.
[19]
one.
of the stage.
The nal was based on the theme of the conuence. Construction of the stage lasted several days
and was carried out by various teams from across Europe. Pyrotechnics were heavily used for the entries
from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Finland, Germany, Turkey,
the Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Switzerland. The stage
received positive feedback from the media and fans describing it as one of the best looking stages in the history
of the competition.
The automatic nalist countries chose whether they would

broadcast both semi-nals or just one, but viewers from
these countries could only vote in one. From the draw
conducted, it was decided which of the ve nalist countries would broadcast and have voting rights in either of
the events. The semi-nals were webcast live through
Eurovision.tv.[20] The top nine songs from the televoting qualied for the nal, and a tenth was determined by
the back-up juries. Twenty-ve songs competed in the
nal.[21]
7.5.2
Semi-nal allocation
Format
On 24 January 2008, all 38 countries in the semi-nals

were separated into the following pots based on voting
history and geographical location:
Running order
The draw to decide the running order of the songs in each
Semi-Final and the Final was conducted at the Heads of
Delegation meeting on 17 March 2008.[22]

On 21 December 2007, the EBU conrmed that 43 countries would be present in Belgrade.[23] San Marino, as well
Countries in the rst semi-nal
as the newest EBU member, Azerbaijan, made its debut
Countries in the second semi-nal
at the 2008 contest. Austria did not compete; its broadCountries voting in the rst semi-nal
caster, ORF, said we've already seen in 2007 that its not
Countries voting in the second semi-nal
the quality of the song, but the country of origin that determines the decision.[4] Italy, which had not competed
since 1997, and which would have been an automatic At a press conference in Helsinki in May 2007, Svante
nalist, was again absent. Slovakia was absent due to budStockselius, executive supervisor of the Contest for the
get problems.
EBU, announced that the competitions format may be
expanded to two semi-nals in 2008 or 2009.[17] On 28 The following countries competed in two semi-nals
September 2007 it was announced that the EBU had ap- which were broadcast live on Tuesday 20 May and Thursday 22 May 2008. In addition to this, automatic nalproved the plan of hosting two semi-nals in 2008.[18]
ists Germany and Spain exercised voting rights at the rst
Based on research conducted by the EBUs tele-voting
semi-nal. France, the United Kingdom and Serbia expartner Digame, the semi-nalists were sorted into the
ercised voting rights at the second semi-nal. Spain and
two heats through the drawing of lots, which was seeded
France each broadcast only the semi-nal in which they
to keep countries that have a signicant history of voting
participated; Germany, Serbia and the UK screened both
for each other apart. Each broadcaster had to broadcast
semi-nals (with Germany broadcasting on a delay).
the semi-nal in which they took part, with the broadcasting of the other semi-nal being optional. The draw
for the semi-nal allocation occurred in the Belgrade City 7.5.4 Results
Hall on Monday 28 January 2008 at 13:00 CET and was
190

10.
Latvia Kristne Virsnte[32]
The rst semi-nal was held on 20 May 2008.
11.
Bulgaria Valentina Voykova
Germany and Spain voted in this semi-nal.
12.
Serbia Duica Spasi[33]
Flax denotes the entry chosen by the jury to go to

the nal.
13.
Israel Noa Barak-Weshler
14.
Cyprus Hristina Marouhou[34]
15.
Moldova Vitalie Rotaru
The second semi-nal was held on 22 May 2008
16.
Iceland Brynja orgeirsdttir
The United Kingdom, France and Serbia voted in

this semi-nal.
17.
France Cyril Hanouna[35]
18.
Romania Alina Sorescu
19.
Portugal Sabrina[36]
Semi-nal 1
Semi-nal 2

the nal.
(Portuguese representative in the 2007 Contest)
Final
20.
Norway Stian Barsnes Simonsen

(Co-Presenter of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest
2004)
The nalists were:

21.
22.
Andorra Alfred Llah
23.
Poland Radek Brzzka[37]
24.
Slovenia Peter Poles[38]
the top nine countries from the second semi-nal

plus one wildcard from the juries (marked in ax)
25.
Armenia Hrachuhi Utmazyan
26.
Czech Republic Petra ubrtov
The nal was held on 24 May 2008 and was won by Russia.
27.
Spain Ainhoa Arbizu[39]
28.
Netherlands Esther Hart[40]
the big four France, Germany, Spain and the United

Kingdom
the host country Serbia
the top nine countries from the rst semi-nal plus
one wildcard from the juries (marked in ax)
Voting during the nal

The voting order and
spokespersons during the nal were as follows:[25]
1.
United Kingdom Carrie Grant[26]
Macedonia Ognen Janeski[27]
3.
Ukraine Marysya Horobets
4.
Germany Thomas Hermanns[28]
5.
29.
30.
(UK representative in the 1983 Contest as part of Sweet

Dreams)
2.
(Dutch representative in the 2003 Contest)
Turkey Meltem Ersan Yazgan[41]

Malta Moira Delia[42]
(Presenter of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2014)
31.
Ireland Niamh Kavanagh[43]

(Winner of the 1993 and representative in the 2010 Contest)
[29]
32.
Switzerland Ccile Bhler[44]
33.
Azerbaijan Leyla Aliyeva[45]
Estonia Sahlene
(Co-Presenter of the 2012 Contest)
(Estonian representative in the 2002 Contest)
6.
Bosnia and Herzegovina Melina Garibovi[30]
7.
34.
35.
Finland Mikko Leppilampi[47]

[31]
8.
Belgium Sandrine van Handenhoven
36.
9.
San Marino Roberto Moretti
37.
Sweden Bjrn Gustafsson[48]

38.
Belarus Olga Barabanschikova
39.
Lithuania - Rolandas Vilkonius
40.
Russia Oxana Fedorova
41.
Montenegro Nina Radulovi[33]
42.
Georgia Tika Patsatsia[49]
43.
Denmark Maria Montell
7.5.5
Scoreboards
191
the top ve overall results, after all the votes had been
cast.[55]
Barbara Dex Award

rst semi-nal:
she wore her own self designed dress.
Semi-nal 2
Semi-nal 1
12 points Below is a summary of all 12 points in the 7.5.7 Broadcasting

second semi-nal:
Semi-nals broadcasts
As stated above, a country only has to broadcast the nal
and the semi-nal when it is one of the competitors or
12 points Below is a summary of all 12 points in the voters. The United Kingdom,[56] San Marino, Greece,
nal:
Croatia,[57] Ireland, Germany,[58] the Netherlands,[59]
Norway,[60] Malta,[61] Serbia,[62] Finland,[63] Bosnia and
Herzegovina,[64] Denmark,[65] Portugal,[66] Cyprus,[67]
7.5.6 Other Awards
Israel,[68] Estonia,[69] Turkey,[70] Latvia,[71] Slovenia,[72]
Russia,[73] Ukraine,[74] Lithuania, the Czech RepubMarcel Bezenon Awards
lic,[75] Andorra,[76] Albania,[77] Bulgaria, Iceland,[78]
Sweden,[79] Romania[80] and Australia conrmed they
The Marcel Bezenon Awards were rst handed out dur- would broadcast both semi-nals (some in delay and
ing the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn, Es- some live).
tonia honoring the best competing songs in the nal.
in the 1992 Eurovision Song Contest and current Head International broadcasts
of Delegation for Sweden) and Richard Herrey (memAustralia
ber of the Herreys, Eurovision Song Contest 1984 winAlthough Australia was not eligible to enter, the
ner from Sweden), the awards are named after the cre[50]
contest was broadcast on SBS. The rst semi-nal
ator of the annual competition, Marcel Bezenon. For
was broadcast on Friday 23 May at 19:30 local time,
the only time, the awards were divided into 4 categories;
with the second semi-nal on Saturday 24 May 2008
Press Award; Poplight Fan Award; Artistic Award; and
[51]
at 19:30 local time, and the Final on Sunday 25 May
Composer Award.
2008 at 19:30 local time,[81] amongst a weekend
of Eurovision-themed programming.[82] SBS local
OGAE
host, Julia Zemiro, provided introductory and concluding segments with SBS otherwise broadcasting
the BBCs coverage and commentary.[83] In recent
years the contest has been one of SBSs highestrating
programmes in terms of viewer numbers.[84]
The nal rated well for SBS with 427,000 viewers
tuning in for the nal with 421,000 for the second
organisation that was founded in 1984 in Savonlinna,
[53]
semi-nal and 272,000 for the rst semi-nal.[85]
Finland by Jari-Pekka Koikkalainen.
The organisation consists of a network of 40 Eurovision Song
Contest fan clubs across Europe and beyond, and is
Austria
Final
192

In Austria, ORF broadcast the contest live and re- The commentators of the 43 participating countries are
ceived extremely high TV ratings, despite its as follows:
withdrawal. However, it did not broadcast the
seminals on 20 and 22 May, though Austrians Non-participating countries
were able to watch these on German television via
ARD.[86]
The commentators of the non-participating countries are:
Italy
No Italian broadcaster proper showed the contest,
but San Marinese SMRTV, which broadcast live
the full event on both TV and radio, is available in
some parts of Italy: Romagna (and a small part of
Emilia, including Bologna), northern Marche, and
southern Veneto, including Venice.[87]
7.5.9 Ocial album
Eurovision Song Contest: Belgrade 2008 was the ocial

Records and CMC International on 12 May 2008.The album featured all 43 songs that entered in the 2008 consemi-nalists that failed to qualify into
Worldwide A live broadcast of the Eurovision Song test, including the
[125]
the
grand
nal.
Contest was available worldwide via satellite
through European streams such as TVRi, ERT
World, ARMTV, TVE Internacional, TRT International, TVP Polonia, RTP Internacional, RTS 7.5.10 Notes
Sat and SVT Europa. The ocial Eurovision
A ^ Irelande Douze Pointe is mostly in English,
Song Contest website also provided a live stream
but includes words and phrases in French, German,
without commentary via the peer to peer medium
Italian and Spanish.
Octoshape.
High-denition broadcasts
RTS broadcast the event in 1080i high-denition (HD)
and 5.1 Surround Sound. The new high-denition television system was in place at the Belgrade Arena by
April 2008.[88] This is the second year that the event was
broadcast live in HD. BBC HD broadcast the contest in
High Denition in the United Kingdom. Swedish broadcaster SVT broadcast both the semi-nal and the nal on
their HD-channel SVT HD. Lithuanian broadcaster LRT
broadcast both the semi-nal and the nal in 1080i highdenition (HD) on their channel LTV. The same occurred
on Swiss HD channel HD suisse; on this channel viewers were able to choose the language of the commentary
while viewing a semi-nal or nal of the Eurovision Song
Contest. However, all other countries broadcast the show
only in standard denition, and the event will only be
available to buy on a standard-denition DVD; it will not
be released on Blu-ray Disc.
7.5.8
B ^ Hasta la Vista is in English, but contains three

words in Spanish.
C ^ Vodka is in English, but also includes 2 Russian
words excluding 'vodka': /Na zdorovye
(Cheers).
D ^ Poland, the United Kingdom and Germany all
received a total of 14 points. Whilst the rules of the
contest describe mechanisms to break a tie should
it be for rst place, it is ambiguous as to whether
the procedure applies to other rankings. Should the
rules apply, Germany having received more twelve
points than the others would be ranked 23rd, Poland
having scored more ten points than the UK would
be ranked 24th, leaving the UK in 25th and last
place. A table located at the contests ocial website, Eurovision.tv, shows the ties as broken, however in all previous years the same source has shown
unbroken ties. Since 2009 the rules have stated that
all ties, regardless of position, are now broken.[126]
Returning artists
Commentators
Most countries sent commentators to Belgrade or commentated from their own country, in order to add insight
to the participants and, if necessary, provide voting information.
7.5.11 References
[1] Ukrajinka digla Arenu na noge.
[2] "ERIFOVIEVA I BREGOVI U FINALU
EVROVIZIJE. evropesma.org. 2008-04-21. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
[3] San Marino in Belgrade conrmed. ESCToday.com. 21
November 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
193
[4] Austria will not go to Belgrade. ESCToday.com. 200711-20. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
[25] Floras, Stella (2009-11-24). Tonights voting order. ESCToday. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
[5] Jovana Jankovi & eljko Joksimovi the hosts. Oikotimes.com. 2008-03-04. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
[26] Talking Shop: Carrie Grant. BBC News. 2008-05-21.

[6] Revamped eurovision.tv site launched!".

day.com. 2008-01-15. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
ESCTo-
[7] Belgrade 2008: The Conuence Of Sound. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 2008-01-30.

[8] Welcome to Belgrade Arena.. Eurovision.tv. 2007-0513. Archived from the original on 2007-11-23. Retrieved
2007-05-14.
[28] Schrg und schrill: Das Grand Prix-Fieber kehrt

zurck. quotenmeter.de. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
[29] Estonia: Sahlene to be ETVs spokesperson. esctoday.com. Archived from the original on October 18,
2008. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
[30] Laka u utrci za stari mikrofon. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
[9] Belgrade received Helsinki city keys. Eurovision.tv.

2007-09-14. Archived from the original on 2007-10-16.
[31] Belgium: Sandrine to announce Belgian votes. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
[10] "'Helsinki could host Eurovision again'". ESCToday.com.

2008-02-22. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
[32] AKTUALITTES > Eirovzij triumf Dima Bilans no

Krievijas, Pirti vienpadsmitie / divpadsmitie. eirovizija.lv. Archived from the original on 2008-06-12. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
[11] WEBU holds phone conference to decide host city.

Oikotimes. 2008-02-02. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
[12] Eurovision 2008: Set to stay in Belgrade. esctoday.com.
2008-02-22. Retrieved 2008-02-22.

2012-08-09.
[13] " :
". vreme.com.mk. 2008-0222. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
[14] Serbia 2008: THE WINNER OF THE LOCAL
OPEN COMPETITION FOR THE SUBLOGO CODE
MAMA 2008. RTS.co.yu. 2007-07-05. Retrieved
2007-07-05.
[15] Izabran novi logo za Evrosong u Beogradu. blic.co.rs.
2007-07-05. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
[16] Eurovision 2008: Full stage image The Sava, the
Danube & Kalemegdan. ESCToday.com. 2007-10-10.
[17] Two semi nals in 2008. ESCToday.com. 2007-07-31.
[18] Eurovision: 2 semi nals conrmed!". ESCToday.com.
2007-07-31. Retrieved 2007-07-31.
[19] All you need to know for Mondays draw!". Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 2008-01-24.

Porte-paroles des jurys des pays francophones. Eurovision.vosforums.com. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[36] Sabrina to announce Portuguese votes. oikotimes.com.
[37] Radek Brzzka przekae gosy do Belgradu. Archived
from the original on 2008-05-01. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
[38] Slovenia: Rebeka danes na poti v Beograd (Rebeka will
today go to Belgrade)". RTVSLO.SI. Retrieved 2008-0510.
[39] Uribarri vuelve a ser la voz de Eurovisin cuatro aos
despus (Uribarri is the voice of Eurovision again after
four years)". vertele.com. Retrieved 2008-05-13.
[40] Esther Hart, the new Dutch spokeswoman.
day.com. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
escto-
[41] "tesi nal. Hrriyet. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
[21] Eurovision 2008 format conrmed!". ESCToday.com.

[42] https://web.archive.org/20160124012146/
http://www.escflashmalta.com/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article&id=1033:
breaking-news-and-the-spokesperson-is&catid=2:
latest-news-international&Itemid=2. Archived from the
original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved February 7,
2016. Missing or empty |title= (help)
[22] Sietse Bakker (2008-03-17). Belgrade 2008: The running order!". Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
[43] Quick update. allkindsofeverything.ie. Retrieved 200805-21.
[23] 43 Countries for Eurovision 2008. ESCToday.com.

[44] Details zur Sendung. sf.tv. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
[20] Svante Stockselius explains the new format.

times.com. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
Oiko-

[45] Floras, Stella (7 May 2008). Azerbaijan: Azerbaijan:

Elnur, Samir & Ruslana in Istanbul. ESCToday.com.
194
[46] "
EUROVISION Page 3. Retromaniax.gr. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[69] Estonia: Sahlene to be ETVs spokesperson. esctoday.com. Archived from the original on October 18,
2008. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
[47] Mikko and Jaana are back!". Retrieved 2008-05-07.
[70] Turkey: TRT will broadcast both semi-nals live. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
[48] Bjrn Gustafsson to announce SVT viewers vote. oikotimes.com. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
[49] Georgia: Tika Patsatsia spokesperson for 2008. esctoday.com. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
[50] Marcel Bezenon Award an introduction. Poplight.
| Eurovision Song Contest Baku 2012. Eurovision.tv.
[52] Viniker, Barry (2008-03-11). Marcel Bezenon Award
for fans. ESCToday. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
June 2012.
[55] OGAE International (2008). OGAE Poll Results 2008.
OGAE.
[56] During the UK national nal (Eurovision: Your Decision),
Terry Wogan conrmed both semi-nals would be broadcast on BBC Three.
[71] Latvia: Wolves of the Sea release rst CD. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
[72] Slovenia: Rebeka danes na poti v Beograd (Rebeka will
today go to Belgrade)". RTVSLO.SI. Retrieved 2008-0510.
[73] Eurovision: Rossija. Rossija. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
[74] Eurovision: fair play. NTU. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
[75] Czech Republic: Broadcasting both semi nals. esctoday.com. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
[76] RTVA Ocial Schedule for Thursday has slot marked for
Semi Final 2 as well. RTVA. Archived from the original
on 2007-07-01. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
[77] TVSH Ocial Schedule for Tuesday has slot marked for
Semi Final 1 as well. TVSH. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
[78] RUV Ocial Schedule for Tuesday has slot marked for
Semi Final 1 as well. RUV. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
[79] SVT Ocial Schedule for Tuesday has slot marked for
Semi Final 1 as well. SVT. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
[80] TVR1/29 May 2008 30 May 2008.
[81] Australia: SBS to air both Eurovision semi nals. TVtonight.com.au. 2008-04-26. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
[57] Croatia: We will broadcast both semi nals.

[58] Supporters of German nalists and broadcast details revealed. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
[59] Netherlands: We will broadcast live both semi-nals.
ESCToday.com. Retrieved 2007-03-07.
[82] Mitchell, Simone (2008-05-23). Eurovision 2008. The

Vine. Fairfax Digital. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
[83] Nicholson, Sarah (2008-05-21). Top of the Euro pops.
Courier Mail. news.com.au. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
[60] VG Nett TV-guiden, VG, May 22, 2008

[61] exclusive PBSmalta to air both seminals.
malta.com. Retrieved 2008-05-07.
ogae-
[62] Oba polunala u direktnom prenosu. evropesma.org.

[63] Finland: YLE to broadcast both semi nals. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 2008-03-29.
[64] BHRT goes Euromaniac. oikotimes.com. Retrieved
2008-03-29.
[65] Denmark: DR to broadcast both semi nals. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
[66] RTP to broadcast both Eurovision semi-nals. oikotimes.com. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
[67] Cyprus: CyBC to air both semis and preview shows.
[68] OGAE Israel: 12 points to Sweden!". ESCToday.com.
[84] Broadcasting of Eurovision in Australia. OZEurovision.

2008-02-07. Retrieved 2008-02-07.
[85] The Who We Are update: week 24. smh.com.au. 200805-26. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
[86] ORF to broadcast the Eurovision nal live.
times.com. 2008-03-16. Retrieved 2008-03-29.
oiko-
[87] San Marino to air both Eurovision semi nals. ESCtoday.com. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
[88] Tijani: Sa RTS-a proterane panske serije.
Mondo. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
MTS
[89] Sandrine geeft de Vlaamse punten op het Songfestival.

eurosong.be. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
[90] RTBF La 1 Concours Eurovision de la chanson.
rtbf.be. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
[91] Archived May 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
[92]
195
[93] " , !". eurovisionclub.com. [112] EUROWIZJA.COM.PL Konkurs Piosenki EurowRetrieved 2012-08-09.
izji. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
[94] Eurosong / Eurovision Song Contest 2008 TV pro- [113] Commentator revealed by RTP, updated news. oikotimes.com. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
gram esk televize TV program esk televize. Ceskatelevize.cz. 2010-02-19. Retrieved 2012[114] Eurosong nale. b92.net. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
08-09.
[95] Nicolaj Molbech til beograd. esconnet.dk. Retrieved [115] Slovenci padamo na alostna besedila. rtvslo.si. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
2008-04-30.
[96] Julkaistu To, 29/04/2010 10:19 (2010-04-29). YLE
[116] Uribarri vuelve a ser la voz de Eurovisin cuatro aos

despus (Uribarri is the voice of Eurovision again after
four years)". vertele.com. Retrieved 2008-05-13.
[117] SVT tableau. svt.se. Retrieved 2008-05-19.

[118] Bjrn gr comeback (in Swedish). Retrieved 2008-0524.
[98] Der ESC 2008 im Fernsehen. NDR.de. Retrieved
2008-05-01.
2009-05-16. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
[99] Tim Frhling: Protokoll eines Dramas. 2011-04-18.
[120] Programme TV. tsr.ch. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
[100] Thomas Mohr: Mit Dschinghis Khan im Garten. Euro- [121] Eurovision 2008 ark Yarmas Finali. TRT. Revision.de. 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
trieved 2008-05-24.
[101] The press conference at the Athens Hilton hotel. Oik- [122] UK: Caroline Flack to Commentate. esctoday.com.
Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved
itimes.com. Archived from the original on February 11,
2008-05-09.
2010. Retrieved 2008-01-22.
[102] Information on Hungarian broadcasting.
gary.extra.hu. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
eschun- [123] Eurovision Song Contest 2008: BBC coverage. BBC.

[103] Frttablai, 24 May 2008. Timarit.is. Retrieved 2012- [124] Der Eurovision Song Contest am 24. Mai live aus Belgrad. kundendienst.orf.at. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
08-09.
[104] Millions to tune in for Eurovision nal. Break- [125] Eurovision Song Contest: Belgrade 2008. amazon.co.uk. Amazon. Retrieved 5 November 2014. ProdingNews.ie. 2009-05-16. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
uct detail: release date 12 May 2008
Retrieved 29 May 2010. He has been providing commen- [126] Rues for the Eurovision Song Contest 2009, p. 7 Section
Five: Procedure in case of a tie
tary for Irish viewers since 2000 and maintains great enthusiasm for the much lampooned contest.
[106] Marty heads to nal of 'Celebrity Bainisteoir'".
EuroVisionary.com. Retrieved 2008-05-13.
[108] Ireland: Eurovision week schedule of events on RT".
//www.oikotimes.com/v2/index.php?file=articles&id=
5462. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010.
Retrieved May 11, 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)

Eurovision Song Contest
RTS Evrosong (Serbian)
Ocial Serbian Eurovision website (Serbian)
Coordinates: 444914N 202744E / 44.82056N
20.46222E

[111] Hanne Hoftun blir MGP-kommentator.

trieved 2008-04-08.

of the annual Eurovision Song Contest and was hosted by
NRK. Re-
196
Russia after their win in 2008. It took place between futed rumours of emergency reconstruction of the build12 and 16 May 2009 at the Olympic Indoor Arena in ing, saying: It will not be required for the Eurovision
Moscow, Russia.
Song Contest. We now can take up to 25 thousand
[6]
The contest was won by Norway's Alexander Rybak with spectators.
his self-penned "Fairytale", which received a recordbreaking 387 points out of 492, at the time the highest total score in the history of the contest and with a
margin of 169 points over the second place which went
to Iceland.[A] Third place went to Azerbaijan, fourth to
Turkey, and the United Kingdom taking 5th, seeing their
best placing since 2002.
After criticism of the voting system after the 2007 Contest, changes in the voting procedure were made with
the re-introduction of a national jury alongside televoting
while the format of the semi-nals remained the same.
Forty-two countries participated in the contest; Slovakia
announced that it would return to the contest, while
San Marino withdrew due to nancial issues. Latvia
and Georgia originally announced their intention to withdraw, but it was later stated by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) that both countries would indeed
participate.[2] However, Georgia later decided to withdraw after the EBU rejected its selected song as being
a breach of contest rules.
7.6.2 Format
The contest nal took place on 16 May 2009 at the
Olympic Indoor Arena in Moscow, Russia with two seminals preceding it on 12 and 14 May.[3][5][7] Thirty-seven
countries participated in one of the two semi-nals of the
contest, with the "Big Four" countries (France, Germany,
Spain and the United Kingdom) and the host pre-qualied
for the nal.[2] In addition to those pre-qualied, the nal
also included the ten selected countries from each seminal, making a total of twenty-ve participants.
A discussion on changes to the format of the 2009 Eurovision Song Contest had taken place at an EBU meeting in
Athens, Greece in June 2008 where a proposal was made
that could have resulted in the Big Four losing their automatic place in the nal of the contest.[8] However, it was
conrmed that the Big Four countries would continue to
automatically qualify for the nal at the 2009 contest.[9]
For the very rst time in Eurovision history, there were

four hosts, each divided in two sets: Natalia Vodianova Graphic design
and Andrey Malahov were the hosts of the semi-nal,
while the nal was presented by Ivan Urgant and Alsou
Abramova.
7.6.1
Location
The stage of the contest
Olympic Indoor Arena, Moscow - host venue of the 2009 contest.
The contest was held in Russia following its victory in

the 2008 contest in Belgrade, Serbia, with Dima Bilan's
"Believe".[3] Vladimir Putin, Prime Minister of Russia,
stated that the contest would be held in Moscow.[4]
It was proposed by Channel One that the contest be
held in Moscows Olympic Indoor Arena, and this proposal was evaluated by the European Broadcasting Union
(EBU) and conrmed on 13 September 2008.[4][5] The
Director-General of the venue, Vladimir Churilin, re-
Host broadcaster Channel One presented the sub-logo

and theme for the 2009 contest on 30 January 2009.[10]
The sub-logo is based upon a "Fantasy Bird", which can
be used with many colours. As in previous years, the sublogo was presented alongside the generic logo.[10] 2009
was the rst year since 2001 that there was no slogan for
the contest.
The stage was designed by New York-based set designer
John Casey, and was based around the theme of contemporary Russian avant-garde. Casey, who had previously designed the stage for the Eurovision Song Contest
1997 in Dublin, was also involved in design teams for the
1994 and 1995 contests. He explained that even before
[he] worked with the Russians on the TEFI Awards in
Moscow in 1998, [he] was inspired by and drawn to art
from the Russian Avant Garde period, especially the constructivists... [He] tried to come up with a theatrical de-
197
sign for the contest that incorporates Russian avant-garde

art into a contemporary setting, almost entirely made up
of dierent types of LED screens.[11] Casey explained
that together, the various LED shapes form the nished
product. Furthermore, large sections of the stage can
move, including the circular central portion of curved
LED screens, which can be moved to eect and allow
each song to have a dierent feel.
contest, with the possibility of a change in the voting system for 2009. Contest organisers sent a questionnaire
regarding the voting system to participating broadcasters, and a reference group incorporated the responses into
their suggestions for next years format.[15] Telewizja Polska (TVP), the Polish broadcaster, suggested that an international jury similar to the one used in the 2008 Eurovision Dance Contest be introduced in the Eurovision Song
Contest to lessen the impact of neighbourly voting and
The postcards (short videos between the acts) were as folplace more emphasis on the artistic value of the song.[16]
lows:
A jury would lead to less political and diaspora voting
as the jury members, mandated to be music industry ex Miss World 2008, Ksenia Sukhinova appeared;
perts, would also have a say in addition to random members of the public.[17]
A group of famous buildings, monuments and landscapes from the corresponding country were shown, It was decided that for the contest nal, each countrys votes would be decided by a combination of 50%
similar to 3-D pages of a book;
televoting results and 50% national jury.[18] The method
Sukhinova reappeared wearing a hat comprising the of selecting the semi-nal qualiers remained the same
above (as well as a dierent hairstyle & make-up for the most part, with nine countries, instead of the ten as
each time) and a T-shirt with the colours of the in years past, qualifying from each semi-nal based on the
countrys ag. On the right the ESC 2009 logo televoting results.[19][20] For the tenth qualier from each
appeared with the name of the country; The Rus- semi-nal, the highest placed country on the back-up jury
sias video had the exact appearance of Sukhinova scoreboard that had not already qualied, was chosen for
shown in the rst part of every video and no dier- the nal.[18] At the nal, each country combined their 1ent hairstyle was shown for Russia.
7, 8, 10,12 points from the televote with their 1-7,8,10,12
jury points to create their national scorecard. The coun Finally a phrase in transliterated Russian and its try with the most points received 12 points, the second
English translation were shown (e.g. Spasibo and placed country received 10 points, the third placed counThank You).
try received 8 points and so on to 1 points. If a tie arose,
the song with the higher televote position was given the
advantage and the higher point value.[18] National juries
Semi-nal allocation draw
were originally phased out of the contest beginning in
1997, with televoting becoming mandatory for nearly all
On Friday 30 January 2009, the draw to decide which
participants since 2003.
countries would appear in either the rst or second seminal took place. The participating countries excluding Edgar Bhm, director of entertainment for Austrias pubthe automatic nalists (France, Germany, Russia, Spain lic broadcaster sterreichischer Rundfunk (ORF), has
& the United Kingdom) were split into six pots, based stated that the 2008 format with two semi-nals still
upon how those countries have been voting. From these incorporates a mix of countries who will be politically
pots, half (or as close to half as is possible) competed in favoured in the voting process, and that, unless a clear
the rst Semi Final on 10 May 2009. The other half in guideline as to how the seminals are organised is made
that particular pot will compete in the second Semi Final by the EBU, Austria will not be taking part in Moscow
[21][22]
Despite the inclusion of jury voting in the
on 12 May 2009.[12][13][14] The draw for the running order 2009.
[23]
of the semi-nals, nals, and the order of voting, occurred nal, Austria did not return to the contest in 2009.
on 16 March 2009.[2]
Juries
1.^ Georgia withdrew approximately a month
and a half after the semi-nal allocation draw.
In each of the 42 participating countries, a jury of ve

music industry professionals (including one jury chairperson) will judge the entries taking part in the Final.
Voting
Their decision will be based on the second dress rehearsal. The names of the jury members must be revealed
See also: Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest and List by the respective participating broadcasters before or durof Eurovision Song Contest 2009 jurors
ing the Final.
In response to some broadcasters continued complaints
about politically charged, neighbourly and diaspora voting, the EBU evaluated the voting procedure used in the
Each jury member of each national jury will make a

ranking of his ten favourite songs and award points
from 1 to 8, 10 and 12 points. The chairperson will
198

allocate 12 points to the song having obtained the
highest number of votes from all jury members, 10
points to the song having obtained the second highest number of votes, 8 points to the song having obtained the third highest number of votes, 7 points to
the next, and so on down to 1 point for the song having obtained the tenth highest number of votes from
all jury members. In the event of a tie for any of the
above positions, the order of the tying songs shall be
ascertained by a show of hands by the jury members
(abstentions are not allowed).
The jury should consist of a variety of members

in terms of age, gender and background. All jury
members must be citizens of the country they are
representing.
None of the jury members must be connected with
any of the participating songs/artists in such a way
that they cannot vote independently. The participating broadcasters must send a letter of compliance
with the voting instructions together with signed
declarations by each jury member stating that they
will vote independently. The jury voting will be
monitored by an independent notary and auditor in
each country. - Quotes from Eurovision.tv [24]
7.6.3
ing the monument displayed on a video screen in the

background, and having presenter Sirusho read the results from a clipboard decorated with a photo of the
monument.[29]
There were also allegations that no number had been
shown for the public to call and vote for Armenias entry during the telecast in Azerbaijan. Representatives denied these allegations by showing a video that showed an
untampered signal during the Armenian performance.[30]
However, a subsequent EBU investigation found that the
Azerbaijani broadcaster, Ictimai TV, had blurred out the
number for Armenias entry and distorted the TV signal when the Armenian contestants were performing on
stage. The EBU ned Ictimai TV an undisclosed sum and
is said to have threatened to exclude the broadcaster from
the competition for up to three years if further infractions
of the Eurovision Song Contest rules are made.[31]
In August 2009, a number of Azerbaijanis who had voted
for Armenias entry during the 2009 Contest were summoned for questioning at the Ministry of National Security in Baku, during which they were accused of being
unpatriotic and a potential security threat. This incident initiated an EBU investigation that resulted in a
change to the Eurovision rules to allow a countrys participating broadcaster to be liable for any disclosure of
information which could be used to identify voters.[32]
Incidents
The 2009 contest experienced several controversies and

incidents during its lead-up, including the interpretation
of over Georgias entry as an attack against the Russian prime minister,[25] conicts between Armenia and
Azerbaijan stemming from the inclusion of a monument
in a disputed region to represent Armenia in a video
introduction,[26] Spains broadcaster showing a semi-nal
on tape delay after a scheduling conict,[27] and protests
over Russias treatment of LGBT people to coincide with
the contest.[28]
Broadcast delays in Spain
Due to its commitments to broadcast the Madrid Open

tennis tournament, Spanish broadcaster Televisin Espaola (TVE) broadcast the second seminal on a tape
delay on its channel La 2, approximately 66 minutes after the show began in Moscow.[33] As a result of the tape
delay, the broadcaster also utilized a backup jury rather
than televoting to decide its votes.[27][34] TVE had already
switched to voting in the second semi-nal due to another
scheduling conict, which had already sparked criticism
Armenia and Azerbaijan
from the neighboring Andorran and Portuguese delegaMain articles: ArmeniaAzerbaijan relations in the Eu- tions, who stated that a Spanish vote would have positively
rovision Song Contest and Azerbaijan in the Eurovision inuenced their performance in the rst seminal.[34]
Song Contest
On the day following the seminal, local newspaper El
Mundo speculated that RTVE may have administered the
Armenia and Azerbaijan experienced several conicts delay on purpose in order to prevent Spain from winduring the 2009 contest.
ning the contest, claiming that the broadcaster would not
[35]
A
After the rst semi-nal, representatives for Azerbai- be ready to host the contest if Spain were to win.
ABC
had
cited
technical
diculties
for
the
statement
in
jan complained to the EBU over the introductory post[33]
card preceding the Armenian entry, since the video clip delay.
had included a depiction of We Are Our Mountains, a
monumental statue located in the unrecognized NagornoKarabakh republic, which is considered to be a de jure
part of Azerbaijan.[26] As a result of the complaint, the
statue was edited out during the nals.[29] However, Armenia retaliated during the results presentations by hav-
After the semi-nals, the EBU announced that Spain

would face sanctions for their actions in the contest, but
also stated that their participation in the 2009 contest in
Moscow would not be aected.[27] The Spanish entry, "La
noche es para m", did not fare well in the contest itself,
placing 24th during the nals.[36]

Georgia: We Don't Wanna Put In
After being placed to compete in the rst semi-nal on
12 May, a national nal was held in Georgia to select its
entry. The selected entry, Stefane & 3G with "We Don't
Wanna Put In" gained coverage and controversy due to
perceived political connotations within its lyrics relating
to Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin.[37] The EBU
rejected the song due to these political connotations, calling it a clear breach of the contests rules. The EBU then
asked the Georgian broadcaster Georgian Public Broadcaster (GPB) on 10 March to change either the lyrics
of the song, or to select a new song to compete for the
country.[38][39] GPB refused to change the lyrics or the
song, claiming that the song contained no political references, and that the rejection by the EBU was due to
political pressure from Russia. As such, GPB withdrew
Georgia from the contest on 11 March.[40][41] The EBU
never made a comment on the countrys withdrawal. On
11 May the band admitted the political content of the
song and their intention was just to embarrass Putin in
Moscow.[25] As a result of refusing to change the song
lyrics and decision to withdraw the song developed in an
idea to start an AlterVision Open Air Song Contest. First
Open Air AlterVision Song Contest was held in Tbilisi
(Georgia) on May 1517, 2009.
LGBT protests
Russian gay rights activist Nikolai Alekseev used the
Contests presence in Russia as a platform for promoting the countrys position on the rights of LGBT people, countering Moscow mayor Yury Luzhkov's view that
homosexuality is satanic.[42] Alekseev announced that the
2009 edition of Moscow Pride, the citys annual gay pride
parade, would coincide with the nals on 16 May, the
day before the International Day Against Homophobia.
The parade was also renamed "Slavic Pride", to promote gay rights and culture across the entire Slavic region of Europe.[43] The parade was denied authorisation
by Moscow ocials on the basis that it would destroy
morals in society[28] and statements were issued stating
that protesters would be treated toughly,[44] and that
tough measures would be faced by anyone joining the
march.[45]
199
self the biggest gay parade.[48]
The Dutch group De Toppers made news by member
Gordon threatening to boycott the nal of Eurovision
2009 if the gay parade was violently beaten down. However, the groups failure to qualify for the nal left this
threat redundant.

Countries voting in the rst semi-nal
Following the release of the nal participants list by the

EBU, 42 countries conrmed their participation in the
2009 contest, including Slovakia, which returned to the
contest after 11 years.[2][49] Georgia originally announced
that it was to withdraw from the contest due to the 2008
South Ossetia war in protest of the foreign policies of
Russia,[50][51][52] but later decided to return to the contest,
inspired by its win at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2008, as well as Russias 12 points to it in the same
contest.[53][54] The country eventually withdrew from the
contest due to its entry being deemed to contain political references, including in the title a play on words of
Russias prime ministers surname.[40]
Rumours arose surrounding the participation and return
of San Marino and Monaco. Tl Monte Carlo (TMC),
the Monegasque broadcaster, conrmed that there were
talks with the EBU over a Monegasque return to the 2009
contest.[55] At the same time, rumours spread that San
Marinos broadcaster, Radiotelevisione della Repubblica
di San Marino (SMRTV), would withdraw from the contest due to poor placing at the 2008 contest.[56] In the
end, after originally conrming their intent to participate
in Moscow, SMRTV was forced to withdraw from the
event due to nancial diculties that prevented a second
entry.[57][58]
The rally was broken up by Moscow police, and 20

protesters were arrested including Nikolai Alekseev[28]
and human rights campaigner Peter Tatchell, who exclaimed that this shows the Russian people are not free
as he was taken away by police.[46] Swedens representative Malena Ernman supported the cause saying that she
is not homosexual herself but would be proud to call herself gay to support her fans, stating that she was sad that
the Moscow government would not allow a tribute to
love to occur.[47] The winner of the contest, Norways
Alexander Rybak, also referred to the controversy in an
interview when he called the Eurovision Song Contest it- The Latvian broadcaster, Latvijas Televzija (LTV), had
200

Valeriya and Wenche Myhre. Before mainstream international success Kosovar-British singer Rita Ora was a
nalist on Your Country Needs You for the United Kingdom.
Returning artists
By the completion of the 2009 selection processes, three
countries had chosen artists who had previously participated in the contest. Returning artists included Chiara,
who represented Malta in 1998 and 2005, Sakis Rouvas, who represented Greece in 2004 and presented the
2006 Contest. Fririk mar, part of the Euroband duo in
2008, was part of the choir in Iceland's entry and Martina
Majerle, who represented Slovenia with Quartissimo, had
participated as a backing vocalist in the 2003 Croatian
and 2007 Slovenian entries.
7.6.5 Results
Semi-nals
Thirty-seven countries participated in one of the two
semi-nals of the contest.[2] The semi-nal allocation
draw took place on 30 January 2009,[13][14] while the
reportedly withdrawn from the 2009 contest on 17 De- draw for the running order was held on 16 March
[64][65]
cember 2008, three days after the nal participation 2009.
deadline. This came about due to budget cuts of over 2
million lati (2.8 million euros) from the LTV budget, hindering their ability to pay the participation fee.[59] LTV Semi-nal 1
conrmed that they had informed the EBU of their in The rst semi nal took place in Moscow on 12 May.
tent to withdraw based solely on nancial diculties.
LTV then went into discussions with the EBU in an at The United Kingdom and Germany voted in this
tempt to nd a solution that would keep the country in the
semi-nal.[66]
[60][61]
Contest.
On 20 December 2008, LTV announced
that it would be withdrawing from the contest, and that
both the EBU and Channel One had agreed not to force a
the nal.
nancial penalty on the late withdrawal of the broadcaster
from the 2009 contest. LTV also announced its intent
to be at the 2010 contest.[62][63] However, on 12 January Semi-nal 2
2009, it was announced that Latvia would participate in
the 2009 contest.[2] Each country chose its entry for the
The second semi nal took place in Moscow on 14
contest through its own selection process. Some countries
May.
selected their entry through an internal selection, where
the representing network chose both the song and artist,
France and Russia voted in this semi-nal.[66] Spain
while others held national nals where the public chose
was also scheduled to televote in this semi-nal, but
the song, the artist, or both.
due to scheduling errors at TVE, the semi-nal was
aired late and Spanish viewers were not able to vote,
so the Spanish jurys vote was used instead.[71]
Notable artists that did not qualify
Notable artists that participated in one of the national
the nal.
song selection shows, but did not manage to qualify for
the Eurovision Song Contest include Agnes Carlsson,
Alcazar, Alexey Vorobyov, Ana Bebi, Anita Hegerland, Final
Anna Semenovich, Bambir, Emilia Rydberg, Hera Bjrk,
Hurriganes, Jari Sillanp, Kaliopi, Marie Serneholt, The nalists were:
Alexander Rybak after winning the nal.
201
The Big Four (France, Germany, Spain and the 12 points Below is a summary of the maximum 12
United Kingdom).
points each country awarded to another in the nal:
Below is a summary of the split number one selection,
by respectively each countrys jury and televoters in the
The top nine countries from the rst semi-nal plus Grand Final:
one wildcard from the juries.
The host country, Russia.
The top nine countries from the second semi-nal

7.6.7
plus one wildcard from the juries.
The nal took place in Moscow on 16 May at 23:00 MST
(19:00 UTC) and was won by Norway. They received
points from every voting country (lowest score was 2
points from Bulgaria) and led the vote from the beginning to the end. Norway also got 36 nations top 3 scores
(no less than 8 points).
Other Awards
7.6.6 Scoreboards
In this years Eurovision Song Contest there were a few
glitches out of the 84 total televote counts from the two
[75]
semi nals and Grand nal.
Semi-nal 1
OGAE
No problems were reported in the rst Eurovision Further information: OGAE

Song Contest semi-nal.
12 points Below is a summary of the maximum 12 (more commonly known as OGAE) is an international
points each country awarded to another in the 1st semi- organisation that was founded in 1984 in Savonlinna,
Finland by Jari-Pekka Koikkalainen.[82] The organinal:
sation consists of a network of 40 Eurovision Song
Semi-nal 2
In the second semi nal, Spains and Albanias de- the OGAE fan clubs, a voting poll was opened allowing
lays in broadcasting the show meant that their results members from dierent clubs around the world to vote
were provided by the back-up juries.
cast.[84]
12 points Below is a summary of the maximum 12
points each country awarded to another in the 2nd seminal:
Barbara Dex Award
Final
In the Grand Final, SMS voting was the only method

used to provide the Hungarian public voting scores
as the televotes could not be counted due to a technical problem.

Norways jury vote was used because a technical Barbara Dex, who came last in the 1993 contest, in which
mistake by the local telephone operator rendered the she wore her own self designed dress.
televotes and SMS texts unusable.
The full split jury/televoting results were announced 7.6.8
by the EBU in July 2009.[76]
202
27.
Serbia Jovana Jankovi[89]

The voting order and spokespersons during the nal were

as follows:[85]
1.
2.
28.

2008)
Spain Iaki del Moral[86]

Belgium Maureen Louys
2005)
3.
Belarus Ekaterina Litvinova
4.
Malta Pauline Agius[87]
5.
Germany Thomas Anders
6.
Czech Republic Petra ubrtov
7.
Cyprus Sophia Paraskeva[92]
29.
Poland Radek Brzzka
30.
Netherlands Yolanthe Cabau van Kasbergen
31.
Estonia Laura Pldvere

(Estonian representative in the 2005 Contest as part of
Suntribe)
32.
Croatia Mila Horvat
Sweden Sarah Dawn Finer
33.
Portugal Helena Coelho
8.
Iceland ra Tmasdttir
34.
Romania Alina Sorescu
9.
France Yann Renoard[88]
35.
Ireland Derek Mooney
36.
Denmark Felix Smith[93]
37.
Moldova Sandu Leanc
38.
Slovenia Peter Poles
10.
Israel Ofer Nachshon
11.
Russia Ingeborga Dapknait
12.
Latvia Roberto Meloni

(Latvian representative in the 2007 and 2008 Contests as
part of Bonaparti.lv and Pirates of the Sea respectively)
13.
Montenegro Jovana Vukevi[89]
39.
Armenia Sirusho
14.
Andorra Brigits Garca
15.
Finland Jari Sillanp

(Finnish representative in the 2004 Contest)
16.
17.
Switzerland Ccile Bhler

Bulgaria Yoanna Dragneva
(Bulgarian representative in the 2008 Contest as part of
Deep Zone)
18.
19.
Lithuania Ignas Krupaviius

United Kingdom Duncan James
(British representative in the 2011 Contest as part of Blue)
20.
Macedonia Frosina Josifovska[90]
21.
Slovakia ubomr Bajank
22.
23.
Bosnia and Herzegovina Laka

(Bosnian representative in the 2008 Contest)
24.
Ukraine Marysya Horobets
25.
26.
40.
41.
Azerbaijan Hsniyya Maharramova
42.
Norway[C] Stian Barsnes Simonsen

2004)
Commentators
Most countries sent commentators to Moscow or commentated from their own country, in order to add insight
to the participants and, if necessary, provide voting information.
The commentators of the 42 participating countries are
as follows:

Broadcasting
203
local prime time, about 10 hours after the show has
nished in Moscow.[123]
Australia
Although Australia is not eligible to enter, the con- Worldwide A commentated live broadcast of the Eutest was broadcast on Special Broadcasting Service
rovision Song Contest was available worldwide via
(SBS) as in previous years.[116] The rst semi-nal
satellite by broadcaster streams such as
was broadcast on Friday 15 May 2009, the second
semi-nal on Saturday 16 May 2009, and the nal
Belgium: BVN[124]
on Sunday 17 May 2009, with all shows broadcast
Bulgaria: BNT Sat[125]

at 19:30 local time (09:30 UTC). This year, instead
Croatia: HRT Sat[126]

of airing the United Kingdom's commentary,
the broadcaster sent its own commentators, Julia
Cyprus: RIK Sat

Zemiro and Sam Pang. They also anchored a
Greece: ERT World

number of behind the scenes and interview pieces,
Lithuania: LTV World

which were inserted during assigned the various
broadcasts.[117] In recent years the contest has been
Macedonia: MKTV Sat[127]

one of SBSs highest-rating programmes in terms
Montenegro: TVCG Sat

of viewer numbers. The contest rated well for SBS
Netherlands: BVN
with 482,000 viewers tuning in for the nal,[118]
with 414,000 for the second semi-nal and 276,000
Poland: TVP Polonia

for the rst semi-nal.[119]
Portugal: RTP Internacional

SBS also broadcast the Junior Eurovision and
Eurovision Dance Contests for 2008 in the
lead-up to the 2009 Eurovision Song Contest. The Eurovision Dance Contest 2008
was broadcast on SBS on Wednesday 6 May
2009 at 13:00 local time (03:00 UTC), while
the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2008 was
broadcast on Wednesday 13 May at 13:00 local time (03:00 UTC). SBS also broadcast the
EBU produced Eurovision Countdown shows
on 13, 14 and 15 May 2009 at 17:30 local
time (07:30 UTC) before the semi-nals and
nal.[120]
Romania: TVR International
Serbia: RTS Sat[128]
Spain: TVE Internacional
Turkey: TRT AVAZ
Additionally, the ocial Eurovision Song Contest website

also provided a live stream without commentary via the
peer-to-peer medium Octoshape.[129]
7.6.9 Ocial album
Eurovision Song Contest: Moscow 2009 was the ocial

Austria
sterreichischer Rundfunk (ORF) conrmed that, Records and CMC International on 11 May 2009. The
despite having no Austrian entry in the competition, album featured all 42 songs that entered in the 2009 conthey would broadcast the Contest on television. test, including the semi-nalists that failed to qualify into
Both semi-nals were broadcast on ORF on a the grand nal.[130]
time delay, beginning past midnight CET. A song
presentation show was broadcast on the night of
the nal, before broadcasting live the voting in the 7.6.10 Notes
nal. The entire Eurovision nal was broadcast
A ^ Until then, the highest winning score had been
later that night. In all three shows the commenFinland in 2006 with 292 points.[131]
tator was Hitradio 3 radio presenter Benny
Hrtnagl.[121][122]
B ^ Dm Tek Tek is onomatopoeic for the sound
generated by a drum; with boom bang bang beNew Zealand
ing an English equivalent.[132] Graham Norton, the
Although New Zealand was not eligible to enter, the
commentator for the BBC broadcast of the contest
nal of the contest was broadcast on Triangle TV's
said that Dm Tek Tek also meant With Every
satellite channel STRATOS on 17 May 2009. They
Heartbeat.
also did a compilation of the two 2008 semi-nals
C ^ Norway was originally scheduled to announce
on 3 May 2009 and the Eurovision Song Contest
2008 nal on 10 May 2009. This was the rst time
its votes as the 17th country, but instead voted 42nd
in 30 years that the contest has been broadcast in
(last). This was due to a technical error, and only
New Zealand. The 2009 nal was broadcast in
the jurys votes were appointed.
204
7.6.11
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Exclusive: Split
jury/televoting results out!". eurovision.tv. European
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[59] Supranavicius, Alekas (2008-12-17). Latvia: LTV withdrew or just cancelled the national selection?". Oikotimes.
[60] Viniker, Barry (2008-12-18). Latvia conrms withdrawal request. ESCToday. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
[61] Latvia: LTV conrms withdrawal from the 2009 Eurovision edition. Oikotimes. 2008-12-18. Retrieved 200812-18.

June 2012.
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[83] Klubi-info: Mik ihmeen OGAE?" [The club info: What [104] Valerie Vella chosen as commentator. Oikotimes.com.
on Earth is OGAE?]. Club History (in Finnish). OGAE
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[84] OGAE International (2009). OGAE Poll Results 2008. [105] Welkom op de site van Eurovision Artists. Eurovisionartists.nl. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
OGAE.
[85] Klier, Marcus (2009-03-16). Live: Draw of the running [106] As the Eurovision entrants return home, the home crowds
weigh in. MND. 2009-05-18. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
[86] Iaki del Moral ser el portavoz de los votos de TVE en [107] Z moskiewskim pozdrowieniem Artur Orzech o pnaach Eurowizji - Telewizja Polska SA. Tvp.pl. 2009Eurovisin. RTVE.es. 2009-05-06. Retrieved 2011-0705-13. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
05.
[87] Breaking News: And the Spokesperson Is. Escash- [108] Commentator revealed by RTP; other updated news.
Oikotimes.com. 2009-04-01. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
malta.com. 2011-07-01. Archived from the original on
January 24, 2016. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
[109] Atlas, a. s. Eurovzia stla miliardu korn! (3D FOTO)"
(in Slovak). Dnes.atlas.sk. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
- Porte-paroles des jurys des pays francophones. Eurovi- [110] TVE Commentator claims Soraya will make Top 5.
Oikotimes.com. 2009-05-07. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
[89] Sumnja od Jugolasvenskog glasanja. Evropesma.org. [111] New Commentators For Swedish Broadcaster SVT For
Eurovision Song Contest 2009. Eurovisionary.com.
2012-08-09.
2009-04-24. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
[90] Eurovision spokespersons 1957-2010. Escforum.net. [112]
[113]
[91] "
EUROVISION - Page 3. Retromaniax.gr. Re[114]
trieved 2011-07-05.
Swedes stay at home with Eurovision fever. thelocal.se.

The Eurovision Song Contest 2009 coverage. BBC.
2009-05-01. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
Osborn, Michael (2009-05-15). Norton takes the Eurovision mic. BBC News. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
[115] Australia & New Zealand: Full Eurovision schedule.

Esctoday.com. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
[93] Eurovision 2009 - British Commentator Graham Norton Makes Fun Of The Danish Spokesperson. YouTube.
[116] Murray, Gavin (2009-02-17). Australia: SBS will air all
2010-06-29. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
Eurovision nals. ESCToday. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
[94] Aysel & Arash - Eurovision 2009 commentators!!!". Eu[117] Knox, David (2009-04-16). Airdate: Eurovision 2009.
rovisionfamily.tv. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
TV Tonight. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
[95] Finally! Eurovision commentary in English in Cyprus.
[118] Knox, David (2009-05-18). Sunday ratings no simple
Cyprus-Mail.com. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
song & dance. TV Tonight. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
[96] Danske kommentatorer og pointsoplsere.
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Escon- [119] Knox, David (2009-05-11). Week 20. TV Tonight. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
[97] Asiasanat - Euroviisut - yle. - Arkistoitu. yle..

[98] Eurovision commentators revealed by FR3
[120] Murray, Gavin (2009-04-26). Australia & New Zealand:

Full Eurovision schedule. ESCToday. Retrieved 200904-26.
[99] Dr. Peter Urban kommentiert - Dsseldorf 2011. Dues- [121] Klier, Marcus (2009-04-09). Austria: Conrmed - Only
seldorf2011.de. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
the voting will be broadcast live. ESCToday. Retrieved
2009-04-09.
[100] ERT commentator makes hilarious & hysteric statements
[101] DV ehf. Sigmar: Bora selli me rttri mareneringu.
DV.is. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[122] Costa, Nelson (2009-04-09). Austria: Only the voting

of the 2009 Eurovision to be broadcast live. Oikotimes.
[102] Millions to tune in for Eurovision nal. Break- [123] Eurovision broadcast returns to New Zealand after 30
ingNews.ie. 2009-05-16. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
years.. ESCToday. 2009-04-14. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
[103] RTE so lonely after loss of Gerry - Marty. 20 May 2010. [124] BVN | Programma. Bvn.nl. 2007-12-05. Retrieved
Retrieved 29 May 2010. He has been providing commen2010-05-30.
tary for Irish viewers since 2000 and maintains great en[125] bnt.bg Program.
thusiasm for the much lampooned contest.
[126] EUROSONG 2009. - nalna veer. HRT Forum. Retrieved 2009-05-04.

[127] "
?". Vest. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
[128] " ". Radio Television Serbia. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
[129] Streaming (ESCTV)". EBU. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
[130] Eurovision Song Contest: Moscow 2009.
amazon.co.uk. Amazon. Retrieved 6 November 2014. Product details: release date 11 May 2009
[131] Daily Mail Reporter (2009-05-17). Norways baby-faced
ddler wins Eurovision... but Jade Ewen does the UK
proud and turns the tide of tactical voting. London: Daily
Mail. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
207
Thirty-nine countries took part in the contest,[3] with
Georgia[5] returning after a one-year hiatus, and
Andorra,[6] the Czech Republic,[7][8] Hungary,[9] and
Montenegro[10][11] withdrawing. Lithuania originally
announced its withdrawal from the competition, but
was later among the 39 participants conrmed by the
EBU.[3][12] A global nancial crisis aected how the
event was run; several countries elected not to compete
due to budget cuts, and host broadcaster NRK sold its
broadcast rights for the 2010 FIFA World Cup to TV2
and Viasat to nance the event.[13]
7.7.1 Venue
[132] Dm Tek Tek - lyrics. The Diggiloo Thrush. 2009-0101. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
7.6.12
External links
Media related to Eurovision 2009 at Wikimedia Commons

Eurovision Song Contest ocial site
Lyrics from Diggiloo Thrush
Screenshot from the rehearsals where the design can be seen

The Eurovision Song Contest 2010 was the 55th annual Eurovision Song Contest, broadcast from the Telenor
Arena in Brum, Greater Oslo, Norway. Norway gained
the rights to host the contest after achieving a record
breaking victory in Moscow the previous year. It was the
third time Norway had hosted the contest, having previously done so in 1986 and 1996. The 2010 winner was
Germany with Lena singing "Satellite", written by American Julie Frost and Denmarks John Gordon. It was Germanys rst win in twenty-eight years, its second since the
Contests inception, and its rst win as a unied country.
It was also the rst time a "Big Four" country won the
contest since the rules introduction in 2000.
The semi-nals took place on 25 and 27 May 2010
while the nal was scheduled for 29 May 2010.[1][4] The
European Broadcasting Union (EBU) announced that the
voting system used in the semi-nals would change from
previous years to balance jury voting with televoting. A
return of accompaniment by orchestra was also proposed,
but did not happen.
Telenor Arena, Oslo - host venue of the 2010 contest.
150 million Norwegian kroner (17 million) was originally the venue budget agreed upon by Trond Giske and
Hans-Tore Bjerkaas, respectively the Norwegian Minister for Culture and the head of Norwegian Broadcasting
Corporation (NRK).[14][15] This represents a larger budget than that allotted in the 2007 Contest in Helsinki, but
is not as much as the budget in Moscow for 2009.[14] The
revised estimated cost for the concert now stands at 211
million kroner (24 million).[16] At a press conference
in Oslo on 27 May 2009, it was announced that the show
was to be held in the Oslo metropolitan area. NRK argued that Oslo was the only city with the required capacity, venues, and infrastructure to hold the show. On 3 July
2009, it was decided that the venue would be the newly
constructed Telenor Arena, in the municipality of Brum
neighbouring Oslo.[17] The Oslo Spektrum was ruled out
to host the contest due to its smaller size and capacity[1]
as was Valhall in Oslo and the Hamar Vikingskipet.
208
Visual design
NRK announced the theme art, slogan and design for the
Contest on 4 December 2009, during the Host City Insignia Exchange between the Mayors of Moscow, Oslo
and Brum, marking the ocial kick-o of the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 season.[18] The theme art, a series
of intersecting circles, was selected to represent gathering people and the diversity of emotions surrounding
the Eurovision Song Contest.[19] In addition to the base
colour of white, the logo was created in black, gold, and
pink.[20] A preview of the stage design was released on 6
May 2010, featuring no LED screens, opting instead for
various other lighting techniques.[21]
Postcards
On 11 October 2009 the European Broadcasting Union

(EBU) announced that the format of the semi-nals was
to be changed so that the results would be determined by
a combination of 50% national jury and 50% televoting,
making it more consistent with the nal. Each countrys votes were determined by combining the jury votes
and the televoting results; the countries with the top ten
highest points in each semi-nal then qualify to participate in the nal of the contest.[23] This replaces the seminal format used in the 2008 and 2009 contests in which
the countries with the top nine highest points from the
televoting results in each semi-nal qualied for the nal. The tenth semi-nal place was then given to the
country with the highest number of points from the jurys
votes which had not already qualied for the nal from
the televoting results.[24] On 26 October 2009 the EBU
announced that the voting would be open throughout the
competition and would conclude 15 minutes after the end
of the very last song.[25]
Unlike the 2009 and the 2008 postcards, the 2010 postcards were based in simplicity but also included an innovative idea, they are shown like they could be seen right
in the venue, over the crowds heads.
Possible return of the orchestra
The basic synopsis of the postcards is a numerous group
of little golden balls (the theme of the ESC 2010) forms
the shape of each country. Then, they move and form a
screen where we can see a pre-recorded video of a little
crowd from in a city of the country (usually the capital)
about to perform supporting and cheering their act. After
that, a few seconds of the performer of the country getting
ready in the stage are shown; and then, the balls form the
ag of the country supported.
A number of fans began a campaign on social networking

site Facebook for the return of an orchestra to the contest in Oslo, for the rst time since 1998, with more than
5,000 people joining [26] An orchestra, which had been
used since the rst contest in 1956, was dropped after the
1998 contest due to rapid developments in music technology, which made backing tracks more useful.[27][28]
Jan Fredrik Heyerdahl of the Norwegian Radio Orchestra said that they were interested in participating in the
In the part of the shape of the country, there were little 2010 Contest if the EBU and NRK approved the return
discrepancies: some countries shapes, such as those for of an orchestra.[27][28] However, no such change to the
Serbia, Israel, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, weren't comcontest had been approved.
pletely shown, due to territorial or border disputes in
those areas.
Interval
7.7.2
Presenters
NRK announced the hosts of the contest on 10 March

2010. Those chosen were Erik Solbakken, Haddy Jatou N'jie, and Nadia Hasnaoui. Solbakken and N'jie
opened the three shows, introduced the artists, and reported from the green room during the voting, with
Hasnaoui presenting the voting section and scoreboard
announcements.[2][22] This was the second time that more
than two hosts were presenting the shows, after the 1999
Contest.
The interval act involved a number of live public outdoor

dance events from across Europe, which were planned for
promotional purposes, but done in the style of a series of
spontaneous ashmobs. The outdoor footage was intercut
with webcam footage from individual private households.
Peter Svaar, Head of Press for the contest on behalf of
broadcaster NRK, said: We want to share the Eurovision
Song Contest, rather than just broadcast it.[29] The seven
and a half minute long song, called Glow, was produced
and co-written by the Element team and performed and
co-written by Madcon.[30]
7.7.3
Pot allocations
Voting
Format
On Sunday 7 February 2010, the draw to decide which

countries were to appear in either the rst or second semiSee also: Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest and List nal took place. The participating countries excluding
of Eurovision Song Contest 2010 jurors
the automatic nalists (France, Germany, Norway, Spain
& the United Kingdom) were split into six pots, based

upon how those countries had been voting. From these
pots, half (or as close to half as is possible) competed in
the rst Semi Final on 25 May 2010. The other half in
that particular pot will compete in the second Semi Final on 27 May 2010. This draw also doubled up as an
approximate running order, in order for the delegations
from the countries to know when their rehearsals commenced. The draw also determined in which Semi Final
the automatic nalists voted in.[31][32] The draw for the
running order of the semi-nals, nals, and the order of
voting, took place on 23 March 2010.[3]
7.7.4

209
informed Austria would not take part in the competition stating that the contest has been ruined by the
regulations.[38] Tl Monte Carlo (TMC) has also declared that Monaco would not be returning to the Eurovision Song Contest for the 2010 Edition, mainly due to a
lack of nances to send a Monegasque entry.[39] The RTL
Group had announced that they were having serious discussions regarding a possible comeback for Luxembourg
in the contest for the rst time since 1993, but later conrmed that the country would not be present for the 2010
Contest either.[40] San Marino also considered returning
to the competition in 2010. However, after deliberations with Italian artists, including Italian sister duo Paola
& Chiara, Sammarinnese broadcaster Radiotelevisione
della Repubblica di San Marino (SMRTV) was informed
to withhold returning after failing to receive funding from
the Sammarinnese parliament or sponsors.[41]
EBU had talks to Liechtenstein's only broadcaster 1FLTV
(1 Frstentum Liechtenstein Television) for them to join
the EBU, and become a part of the Eurovision Song Contest. 1FLTVs programme director Peter Kolbel had conrmed interest in Liechtensteins participation in the Eurovision Song Contest as soon as full EBU membership
is granted, which may have happened in December 2009.
Thus they were getting ready to debut in 2010, considering a national nal concept similar to the German version of the Idol series Deutschland sucht den Superstar
(DSDS).[34][42] In November 1FLTV decided against applying for EBU membership in December for nancial
reasons, ruling out a debut in at the 2010 contest. The
broadcaster will now look at other options for funding
EBU membership in the future.[43][44]
In 2009, Jillian Evans, a representative of the European
Parliament from Wales, stated her interest in securing
Wales a place in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 in
Norway. but in the end it was decided they would not
to participate in the competition. Because their debut
was rejected because Wales isn't a sovereign state and the
BBC has the exclusive right to represent the United Kingdom. Wales could be represented by either BBC Cymru
Wales, ITV Cymru Wales or S4C.
A total of 39 countries conrmed their participation for

the 2010 Eurovision Song Contest, including Georgia,
which returned to the contest after its withdrawal in 2009
when its entry, "We Don't Wanna Put In" (by Stephane &
3G), was disallowed owing to political references to the
newly elected Russian President Vladimir Putin, which
violated contest rules.[5]
From July to December 2009, ve countries who particThe EBU announced that they would work harder to bring ipated in the 2009 contest announced their withdrawal,
back Austria, Italy, and Monaco to the 2010 Contest.[33] and non-participation in the 2010 contest. The Czech ReIn September 2009 the EBUs director Bjrn Erichsen public declared that it was to withdraw due to a lack of
successive semistated during an EBU press conference that Austria will interest from Czech viewers after three[7][8]
2007.
nal
failures
since
their
debut
in
be back, and that the EBU has reasons to believe that
Luxembourg and Monaco were also to participate and
that now we are only missing Italy.[34][35][36] In late
October 2009, the 2010 Contest project manager Jon
Ola Sand has stated that countries such as Monaco and
Luxembourg have indicated that they wish to participate
in next years competition in Norway.[34][37] However,
the representatives of broadcasters of Austria, Monaco
and Luxembourg denied participation in the 2010 contest. Wolfgang Lorenz, the programme director of the
Austrian broadcaster sterreichischer Rundfunk (ORF),
Andorra's broadcaster Rdio i Televisi d'Andorra

(RTVA) announced a 10% reduction in its spending budget for 2010.[45] RTVA had submitted a preliminary application to take part in the contest.[46] However, being unable to secure extra funds by 11 December 2009,
it decided to withdraw from the 2010 Contest.[6] After
its withdrawal many former Andorran Eurovision Song
Contest contestants expressed their disappointment in
RTVAs decision to withdraw, and the lack of publicity
210
the country will now receive by not being contestants in

Norway and the United Kingdom voted in this semithe contest.[47] Hungary withdrew from the 2010 Contest,
nal.[52][53]
due to nancial diculties of the national broadcaster
Magyar Televzi (MTV).[9] Montenegro and the Montenegrin broadcaster Radiotelevizija Crne Gore (RTCG) Final
also withdrew because of nancial problems, in a way to
reach nancial consolidation after three years as an independent state.[10][11]
Lithuania's broadcaster Lithuanian National Radio
and Television (LRT) initially announced its formal
withdrawal from the contest after failing to achieve
the necessary funds of 300,000 litas (90,000) for
participation.[12] It was later conrmed by the EBU that
Lithuania would indeed participate in Oslo.[3] Funding
was eventually given by Lithuanian company Teo LT,
which allowed Lithuania to participate in the contest.[48]
7.7.5
Results
Lena performing the winning entry, "Satellite, for Germany.
Semi-nals
Thirty-four countries participated in the semi-nals of the
contest. The semi-nal allocation draw took place on 7
February 2010, while the draw for the running order was
held on 23 March 2010.
To keep tension high, the qualiers were announced in
random order, and scores were published online only after
the nal took place.[49]
Semi-nal 1
The rst semi-nal took place in Oslo on 25 May
2010.
The nal took place on 29 May 2010 at 21:00 CEST

in Telenor Arena, Brum, Akershus, Greater Oslo,
Norway.
'The Big Four' and the host country, Norway, qualied directly for the nal.
From the two semi-nals on 25 and 27 May 2010,
twenty countries qualied for the nal. A total of
twenty-ve countries competed in the nal.
The voting system used was similar to that used in
the 2009 contest (with a combination of televotes
and jury votes), but viewers were able to vote during the performances; the voting window ended 15
minutes after the conclusion of the songs.
The ten countries in this semi-nal with the highest scoring points, according to a combination of
televotes and jury votes from each voting country, Notes
qualied for the nal. The Wildcard option from
1.^ Contains one phrase in English.
the previous contest has been dropped.
France,[50][51] Germany and Spain voted in this
semi-nal.[52][53]
Notes
A ^ Spain was given a second chance to perform

after Denmark, following a stage invasion by Jimmy
Jump, during their performance.
[127][128][129][130][131]
1.^ Contains one phrase in English.

Semi-nal 2
The second semi-nal took place in Oslo on 27 May
2010.
The ten countries in this semi-nal with the highest scoring points, according to a combination of
televotes and jury votes from each voting country,
qualied for the nal.
Voting during the nal Countries revealed their votes

in the following order:[132]
1.
Romania
2.
Ireland
3.
Germany
4.
Serbia
211
5.
Albania
7.7.6 Scoreboards
6.
Turkey
Semi-nal 1
7.
Croatia
8.
Poland
9.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
10.
Finland
11.
Slovenia
12.
Estonia
13.
Russia
14.
Portugal
15.
Azerbaijan
16.
Greece
17.
Iceland
18.
Denmark
19.
France
20.
Spain
21.
Slovakia
22.
Bulgaria
23.
Ukraine
24.
Latvia
25.
Malta
26.
Norway
27.
Cyprus
28.
Lithuania
29.
Belarus
In the rst seminal, one unknown country had only a

jury because the votes of the country did not meet the
EBU threshold.[133]
The split jury/televoting results were announced by
the EBU in June 2010. Only the split totals received by each country were given, not the full
breakdown[134]

points each country awarded to another in the 1st seminal:
Semi-nal 2
The jury/televoting results were announced by the
EBU in June 2010. Only the split totals received by
each country were given, not the full breakdown[134]

points each country awarded to another in the 2nd seminal:
Final
The split jury/televoting results were announced by
the EBU in June 2010. Unlike in 2009, only the split
totals received by each country were given, not the
full breakdown.[134]

30.
Switzerland
31.
Belgium
32.
United Kingdom
33.
Netherlands
34.
Israel
35.
Macedonia
36.
Moldova
37.
Georgia
38.
Sweden
39.
Armenia
The Marcel Bezenon Awards were rst handed out during the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn, Estonia honoring the best competing songs in the nal.
in the 1992 Eurovision Song Contest and current Head
of Delegation for Sweden) and Richard Herrey (member of the Herreys, Eurovision Song Contest 1984 winner from Sweden), the awards are named after the creator of the annual competition, Marcel Bezenon.[136]
The awards are divided into 3 categories; Press Award;
Artistic Award; and Composer Award.[137]
7.7.7 Other Awards
212
OGAE
Finland by Jari-Pekka Koikkalainen.[138] The organisation consists of a network of 40 Eurovision Song
cast.[140]
Armenia Nazeni Hovhannisyan
Azerbaijan - Tamilla Shirinova
Belarus Aleksei Grishin
Belgium Katja Retsin (Eurovision Contestant

in 2008 part of Ishtar)
Bosnia and Herzegovina Ivana Vidmar
Bulgaria Desislava Dobreva
Croatia Mila Horvat
Cyprus Christina Metaxa (Eurovision Contestant in 2009)
Barbara Dex Award
Denmark Bryan Rice[142]
Estonia Rolf Junior[156]
Finland Johanna Pirttilahti[157]
France Audrey Chauveau[158]
Georgia Mariam Vashadze
Germany Hape Kerkeling[159]

7.7.8
Incidents
The performance of Daniel Diges representing Spain was

disrupted by Catalan pitch invader Jaume Marquet Cot,
also known as Jimmy Jump. The performance continued as Marquet, wearing a barretina, joined in with the
carefully choreographed routine, but he ran o when security personnel appeared on the stage. Spain was subsequently allowed to perform their song a second time after Denmarks entry - the 25th and nal song - had been
performed.[127][128][129][130][131]
7.7.9
Commentators
Most countries sent commentators to Oslo or commentated from their own country, in order to add insight to
the participants and, if necessary, provide voting information.
Iceland Yohanna (Eurovision runner-up in

2009)
Latvia Krlis Bmeisters (Eurovision contestant in 2005 as half of Valters and Kaa)
Lithuania Giedrius Masalskis[161]
Macedonia Maja Daniels[162]
Malta Chiara Siracusa (Eurovision contestant

in 1998, 2005 and 2009)[163]
Moldova Tanya Cerga
Netherlands Yolanthe Cabau van Kasbergen
Norway Anne Rimmen
Poland Aleksandra Rosiak
Portugal Ana Galvo[164]
Romania Malvina Cservenschi
as follows:
Serbia Maja Nikoli[165]
Slovakia ubomr Bajank
Slovenia Andrea F
Spain Ainhoa Arbizu[166]
213
New Zealand
Although New Zealand is not eligible to enter the
contest, the contest was broadcast on Triangle TV's
satellite channel STRATOS. It broadcast both the
Eurovision Song Contest 2010 semi nals as well
as the nal as a delayed broadcast.[169]
Sweden Eric Saade (Eurovision contestant in

2011)
Switzerland - Christa Rigozzi[167]
Ukraine Iryna Zhuravska
United Kingdom Scott Mills[168]
7.7.11
Hungary
It was announced at the Reference Group meeting on 22 March 2010 that Hungary would be
broadcasting the contest.[174] Duna TV, currently
an approved member of the EBU, has been conrmed as broadcasting the contest in Hungary
after Magyar Televzi, the current Hungarian
broadcaster, pulled out. They have also announced
that they will attempt to send a Hungarian entry to
the 2011 contest.[175]
Broadcasting
Kazakhstan
It was announced at the Reference Group meeting
on 22 March 2010 that Kazakhstan would be
broadcasting the contest.[174]
Australia
Even though Australia is not eligible to enter, the
contest was broadcast on Special Broadcasting
Service (SBS), a free-to-air television station, as
in previous years.[169] As in 2009, the coverage
featured local commentary and segments from Julia
Zemiro and Sam Pang.[154]
The rst semi-nal was broadcast on 28
May 2010, the second semi-nal on 29 May
2010, and the nal on 30 May 2010, with
all shows broadcast at 19:30 AEST (09:30
UTC). The rst semi nal rated a respectable
316,000 viewers, the second semi-nal rated
415,000 viewers and the nal rated 366,000,
a solid result considering Sunday night offers tough competition on the commercial
networks.[170][171]
The nal was also simulcast on a special Digital
Radio Channel, set-up by the network, which
is aired classic Eurovision songs, in the lead-up
to the event. SBS also aired the EBU-Produced
'Countdown To Eurovision' specials on 14 May
and 21 May at 4 pm.[172]
For the 2010 contest, SBS broadcast a special
TV programme The A to Z of Eurovision
one week before Eurovision. This programme
was a 20 to 1 style show that plays the craziest, campest and most controversial moments
of Eurovision with great guests and performers. It also featured as a form guide to nd out
who was hot that year, and what to look out for
the following weekend. The A to Z of Eurovision featured Eurovision performers including Johnny Logan and Dima Bilan as well as
Australian celebrities. The show was hosted by
Julia Zemiro and Sam Pang.[173]
Kosovo
It was announced at the Reference Group meeting on 22 March 2010 that Kosovo would be
broadcasting the contest.[174]
Montenegro
Despite not participating in 2010s Eurovision Song
Contest due to nancial trouble, the national
broadcaster of Montenegro, RTCG, aired both
semi nals and the nal live on its main channel
RTCG2.[176]
Worldwide The ocial Eurovision Song Contest website provided a live stream without commentary via
the peer-to-peer medium Octoshape.[177]
Eurovision 2010 was also broadcast worldwide
through European streams such as BVN,[178]
RTS SAT,[177] HRT SAT,[177] RTP Internacional,[179] TVE Internacional, TVP Polonia,[180] TRT Avaz,[181] BNT Sat,[182] ERT
World[183] and SVT World, among others.
Some radio stations such as Bosnian Radio,
Croatian Radio[184] and Radio Tirana broadcast live through their internet websites as well
as on their satellite channels.
High-denition broadcasts
For the third time, the contest was broadcast in highdenition. Some countries, through their high-denition
channel, allowed their country to watch the contest in HD:
Australia SBS HD
214
Belgium En HD
Denmark DR HD
Germany Das Erste HD
Hungary - Duna TV HD
Israel Hot HD and Yes HD
Netherlands Nederland 1 HD
Norway NRK HD
Poland TVP HD
Portugal RTP HD
Romania TVR HD
Serbia RTS HD
Spain TVE HD (deferred)
Sweden SVT HD
Turkey TRT HD
United Kingdom BBC HD
[12] Hondal, Victor (2009-12-15). Lithuania seeking funding

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219
to make it into the top 10, with the United Kingdom close
behind at 11th place; France and Spain, failed to make
it into the top half of the leader board coming 15th (82
points) and 23rd (50 points) respectively. 2010 Hosts
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Norway
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BVN | Programma. Bvn.nl. 2007-12-05. Retrieved won the jury voting, with Azerbaijan in second place and
2010-05-30.
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7.7.16
External links
Eurovision ocial website

Coordinates: 595600N 104523E / 59.93333N
10.75639E

of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in
Dsseldorf, Germany, following Lena's win at the 2010
contest in Oslo, Norway with the song "Satellite". This
was the rst contest to take place outside of the host nations capital city since the 2004 contest in Istanbul. The
event was held at the Esprit Arena, with semi-nals held
on 10 and 12 May, and the nal held on 14 May 2011.[2]
Berlin
Cologne
Dsseldorf
Frankfurt am Main
Forty-three countries participated in the contest,[3] with

Gelsenkirchen
those returning including Austria, which last participated
Hamburg
Hanover
in 2007; Hungary, which last competed in 2009; and San
Marino, which last participated in 2008. Italy also reMunich
turned to the Contest, marking its rst participation since Locations of the eight candidate cities (unsuccessful
1997. No country withdrew from the contest.
cities are marked with blue dots)
The winner was Azerbaijan with the song "Running
Scared" performed by Ell & Nikki. The runner up was Following Lena's win at the 2010 contest with the song
Italy, and Sweden nished in third place. Italy (2nd) and "Satellite", Germany became host nation for the 2011
Germany (10th) were the only members of the "Big Five" edition.
220
Bidding phase
Esprit Arena Dsseldorf
Twenty-three cities submit ocial bids to the German For more details on the host city, see Dsseldorf.
broadcaster Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR), in order to The Esprit Arena in Dsseldorf was announced by Gerbe the host city for the 2011 contest.[5] Eight of these
cities continued to show interest in hosting the event
including Berlin, Hamburg, Hanover, Gelsenkirchen,[6]
Dsseldorf, Cologne, Frankfurt and Munich.[7] NDR announced on 21 August 2010 that four of those cities
had ocially applied to host the 2011 Contest: Berlin,
Hamburg, Hanover, and Dsseldorf.[8] Possible locations
within the cities included the following:[9]
Key
Host venue
Media reports regarding host city

Berlin
Concerns were raised about Berlins bid concept which
consisted of an inatable tent to be built on Tempelhof's
hangar area. Decision makers at NDR reportedly
doubted the venues ability to provide advantageous
acoustic conditions. Berlins speaker Richard Meng
neither conrmed nor denied that because, he stated,
secrecy about the bid concepts was promised to the
NDR.[10]
Dsseldorf
On 24 September 2010, it was announced that Fortuna
Dsseldorf football club had applied to the Deutsche
Fuball Liga for permission to move its home matches to
the Paul-Janes-Stadion if the Esprit Arena in Dsseldorf
was awarded the 2011 Song Contest. This message indicated that talks with Dsseldorf to host the song contest
in the Esprit Arena were already at an advanced stage.[11]
The club later announced on 6 October 2010 that it had
obtained permission to move its games if necessary.[12]
The Neue Ruhr Zeitung newspaper reported on 12 December 2010 that Fortuna Dsseldorf were to be moved
to the Paul-Janes-Stadion due to the contest. Fortuna
Dsseldorfs training venue next to the Esprit Arena
would be equipped with mobile stands from a Swiss event
construction specialist, Nussli Group, creating 20,000 extra seats.[13] This decision was made because the Arena
Sportpark Dsseldorf holds better logistic qualications.
Esprit Arena, Dsseldorf - host venue of the 2011 contest.
man broadcaster Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR) as the

venue for the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest on 12 October 2010.[15][16] This was the rst Eurovision Song Contest held in Germany since German reunication, with
West Germany having previously hosted the contest in
1957[17] and 1983.[18] Germany was also the rst member of the Big Five to host the Contest since the implementation of the rule in 2000 that permits the ve largest
contributors to the European Broadcasting Union (EBU)
Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Spain and Italy
to qualify automatically for the nal alongside the previous years winner.
That the stadium acquired a rental period of six weeks,
in order to allow construction and dismantling work
within the Esprit Arena to be carried out.[19] The stadium accommodated a capacity of 38,000 for spectators during the Eurovision Song Contest.[20] Dsseldorf
oered 23,000 hotel beds and 2,000 additional beds in
the Dsseldorf surroundings and on ships on the River
Rhine.[21]
7.8.2 Format
The four countries that were part of the Big Four, along
with the host of the contest, automatically qualify for a
place in the nal. Since Germany was both a Big Four
country and the host for the 2011 contest, there was a vacant spot in the nal. At a Reference Group meeting in
Belgrade it was decided that the existing rules would remain in place, and that the number of participants in the
nal would simply be lowered from twenty-ve to twentyHamburg
four.[22] On 31 December 2010, the ocial participation
list was published by the EBU, which stipulated that with
On 2 October 2010 the Hamburger Abendblatt newspa- the return of Italy to the contest, this nation would beper announced that Hamburg would be unable to host the come a member of the Big Five. This change permit2011 Song Contest, because the city could no longer full ted Italy automatic qualication into the nals, alongside
the required nancial conditions.[14]
France, Spain, the United Kingdom, and host nation Ger-
221
many, restoring the number of participants for the nal to living in Germany or tourists from that country. The contwenty-ve nations.[23]
tests motto, 'Feel your heart beat', was then shown or said
[28]
On 30 August 2010 it was announced that Svante Stock- in the countrys national or native language. For examselius, Executive Supervisor of the Eurovision Song Con- ple, in the rst postcard shown (Polands), the boyfriend
test, would be leaving his position on 31 December drops a piece of paper. The camera then pans down to
2010.[24] On 26 November 2010, EBU reported that Jon the paper, to show the Polish phrase Poczuj bicie serca
Ola Sand would be the new Executive Supervisor of the handwritten on it. In the second postcard shown (Norways), a mountain climber from Norway climbs to the
Eurovision Song Contest.[25]
top of a mountain and yells the Norwegian phrase Kjenn
ditt hjerte sl.. Then, the heart appeared once again,
and the stage and the crowd could be seen, with heartSemi-nal allocation draw
beat sounds and pink lights pulsating in rhythm with the
The draw to determine the semi-nal running orders was heartbeat, before the performance started.
held on 17 January 2011. All of the participating countries excluding the automatic nalists were split into six
pots, based on the voting history of those countries in previous years. From these pots, half (or as close to half as
was possible) competed in the rst semi-nal on 10 May
2011. The other half in that particular pot competed in
the second semi-nal on 12 May 2011. This draw doubled as an approximate running order, in order for the delegations from the countries to know when their rehearsals
commenced. The draw also determined in which of the
semi-nals the automatic nalists would be able to cast
their votes.[26]
Israeli broadcaster IBA requested to take part in the second semi-nal due to the Israeli Memorial Day, which
was held during the rst semi-nal. German broadcaster
NDR also requested that it be allowed to vote in the second semi-nal for scheduling reasons.[26]
The main colours of the letterboxes were black and pink.

The scoreboard showed a spokesperson from the country giving their votes on the right, while showing a table
of results on the left. The large points (8, 10 and 12)
were highlighted in pink, whilst the lower points, (17)
were in purple.[29] This scoreboard design was used again
the following year, with minor changes such as the large
points appearing progressively larger in size compared to
the lower points and the highlighted colours changed to
match the 2012 theme, Light your re!"[30]
Graphic design
Anke Engelke, Judith Rakers and Stefan Raab hosted the 2011
edition.
Ell & Nikki of Azerbaijan, during the ESC 2011
The design of the contest was built around the motto Feel
your heart beat, with the logo and on-screen graphics
designed by Turquoise Branding.[27] The postcard introducing each performance included the logo in the colours
of the performing country (e.g. the United Kingdom in
red, white and blue); then a German place was shown in a
toy-like view using tilt-shift photography and a story happened there, whose main characters were people either
ARD, the European Broadcasting Union member to

broadcast the Eurovision Song Contest in Germany, is a
joint organisation of Germanys regional public-service
broadcasters. The ARD has 10 members. The venues
that were in consideration are located in the areas of three
dierent members: Berlin is located within the Rundfunk
Berlin-Brandenburg (RBB) member area, Hamburg and
Hanover within the Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR)
area and Dsseldorf within the Westdeutscher Rundfunk
(WDR) broadcasting area. While NDR has been responsible for the transmission of the Eurovision Song Contest in recent years when the nal took place in other
countries, the nancial scope of the three broadcasters
seemed to have become a decisive factor in the application procedure for the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest.
The Tagesspiegel reported on 7 October 2010 that the
costs for hosting this event resulted in a tense discussion about necessary savings on other programme con-
222
tents made by the three broadcasters.
Hosts
On 16 December 2010, NDR announced that Anke Engelke, Judith Rakers, and Stefan Raab were to be the presenters for the contest. It was the third time three people
would host the contest, the previous such contests being
1999 and 2010.[31] Raab is known as the German representant in 2000 with "Wadde hadde dudde da?", whereas
Engelke is an actress and comedian, and Rakers journalist and television presenter.
Event concept and ticket sale

On 13 October 2010 Thomas Schreiber, coordinator at
ARD, outlined details of Dsseldorfs event concept. The
Esprit Arena was to be split in two parts separated from
each other. On one side of the stadium the stage would
be installed while the other side would function as background dressing rooms for the artist delegations. An athletics arena next to the Esprit Arena would serve as the
press centre for the event. The Esprit Arena oered
comfortable seats relatively near to the stage that created
an indoor event arena atmosphere rather than a footballstadium ambiance. There were plans to allow the public
the chance to attend the dress rehearsals.[32] Altogether,
tickets were sold for seven shows (the nal, two seminals and four dress rehearsals).[33]
He also said in that interview that tickets for the event
were likely to go on sale within the next four weeks (by
mid-November 2010). NDR had already opened a preregistration e-mail-newsletter on its website for all people
interested in tickets for the event.[34]

edition saw the returns of Austria, which had last participated in 2007; Italy, which had last participated in
1997; San Marino, which had only taken part in 2008;
and Hungary, which had last participated in 2009.[23]
Montenegro had applied to take part in the contest on
4 December, but decided against participation and withdrew its name on 23 December, two days before the 25
December no-strings-attached deadline.[37]
Slovakia initially withdrew from the 2011 Contest due
to nancial reasons, despite holding a public poll on
the Slovensk televzia (STV) website on its Eurovision participation which received an 87.5% positive vote.
STV announced that it planned to return in the 2012
contest.[38][39] However, Slovakias application remained
on the provisional list, leading to Slovakias continued
participation in the 2011 contest.[23] STV announced in
January 2011 that Slovakia would, in fact, withdraw from
the contest due to nancial reasons and organisational
changes.[40] However the country was listed by the EBU
as one of the semi-nalist countries in the semi-nal allocation draw on 17 January, and STV later conrmed
they would continue their participation to avoid receiving
a ne for late withdrawal.[26][41] Thus, in this edition, no
country withdrew.
Ticket sales started on 12 December 2010 at 12:12

CET on the website www.dticket.de, the only authorised
seller.[35] However, the ticket page opened for sales approximately two hours earlier than originally advertised;
this announcement was made by an email newsletter sent
to preregistered buyers minutes before opening, giving
them a slight benet in acquiring tickets. The nal 32,000
tickets that were put on sale on 12 December sold out in
less than six hours. Once camera positions had been determined, a few thousand extra tickets were put on sale. At a meeting in Belgrade on 28 August 2010, the EBU
decided that each country had to choose its artist and song
Tickets for the semi-nals were put on sale in midbefore 14 March 2011. On 15 March 2011, the draw
January, when it was known which countries would take
for the running order took place in the host city.[42] The
part in each semi-nal.[36]
semi-nal allocation draw took place on 17 January in
Dsseldorf.[23]
7.8.3
Returning artists
Song Contest
Several artists made their return to the Eurovision Song
On 31 December 2010, the EBU conrmed that 43 coun- Contest, including Dino Merlin,[43] who had represented
tries would compete in the 2011 Contest.[3][23] The 2011 Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1999. Gunnar lason (part of
223
France, Germany and Italy voted in this semi-nal.
Final
The nal took place on 14 May 2011.
Only the Big Five countries automatically qualied for the nal.
From the two semi-nals on 10 and 12 May 2011,
twenty countries qualied for the nal. A total of
twenty-ve countries competed in the nal.[42]
Israeli backing vocalists, at Eurovision 2011
Sjonnis Friends)[44] for Iceland had last appeared in 2001

as part of Two Tricky.[45] Moldova's 2005 entrant Zdob
i Zdub also returned.[46] TWiiNS from Slovakia also return, they were backing vocalists for the Czech Republic
in 2008.[47]
Along with those artists, two previous Eurovision winners also returned to the contest: Dana International who
won for Israel in 1998, and Lena[2] who won for Germany
in 2010 and brought the contest to Dsseldorf. Stefan
Raab, who represented Germany in 2000 and appeared as
a conductor and backing artist for other German entries,
hosted the contest. This was the rst time since 1958 and
only the second time in the history of the contest that two
former winners returned on the same year.
7.8.4
Results
The voting system used was the same as in the

2010 contest, with a combination of televotes and
jury votes selecting the winner. Viewers were able
to vote during the performances; the voting window ended 15 minutes after the conclusion of the
songs.[49]
Background music for
"Wonderful" by Gary Go.
the
show
included
1.^ Includes two phrases in French. American

Sign Language was also used during the live
televised performance.[56]
2.^ Includes two words in Russian.
3.^ Spanish idiom which literally means Let
them take away from me what I've danced.
7.8.5 Scoreboard
Semi-nals
The split jury/televoting results were announced by the
Semi-nal 1 The full split jury/televoting results were EBU in May 2011. As in 2010, only the split totals received by each country were given, not the full
announced by the EBU in May 2011.[48]
breakdown,[48] although the BBC revealed the details of
The rst semi-nal took place in Esprit Arena in the United Kingdom vote on 26 May 2011.[57]
Dsseldorf on 10 May 2011.
The ten countries in this semi-nal with the high- Semi-nal 1
est scoring points, according to a combination of
televotes and jury votes from each voting country, 12 points Below is a summary of the maximum 12
qualied for the nal.[49]
points each country awarded to another in the rst semi Spain and the United Kingdom voted in this semi- nal:
nal.
Semi-nal 2
Semi-nal 2 The full split jury/televoting results were
announced by the EBU in May 2011.[48]
points each country awarded to another in the second
The second semi-nal took place in Esprit Arena in seminal:
Dsseldorf on 12 May 2011.
The ten countries in this semi-nal with the high- Final
est scoring points, according to a combination of
televotes and jury votes from each voting country, 12 points Below is a summary of the maximum 12
qualied for the nal.[49]
224
7.8.6
Other awards
Incidents
During the rst seminal, many broadcasters lost contact with their commentators due to a technical glitch.
Dropouts in the multichannel sound connections were the
Further information: Marcel Bezenon Awards
cause of this fault, which was corrected, with a second
backup system put into place, and tested extensively beThe Marcel Bezenon Awards were rst handed out durfore the second seminal.[64]
ing the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn, Estonia honouring the best competing songs in the nal.
Founded by Christer Bjrkman (Sweden's representative Voting and spokespersons
in the 1992 Eurovision Song Contest and current Head
of Delegation for Sweden) and Richard Herrey (mem1.
Russia Dima Bilan[65]
ber of the Herreys, Eurovision Song Contest 1984 winner
(Russian representative in the 2006 and winner of the
from Sweden), the awards are named after the creator of
2008 Contest)
the annual competition, Marcel Bezenon.[59] The awards
2.
Bulgaria Maria Ilieva
are divided into three categories: Press Award; Artistic
Award; and Composer Award.[60]
3.
Netherlands Mandy Huydts[66]
(Dutch representative in the 1986 Contest as part of

Frizzle Sizzle)
OGAE
the OGAE fan clubs, a voting poll was opened allowing members from the respective clubs to vote for their
favourite songs of the 2011 contest. Below are the top
ve overall results, after all the votes had been cast.[63]
Barbara Dex Award
4.
Italy Raaella Carr[67]
5.
Cyprus Loukas Hamatsos[68]
6.
Ukraine Ruslana[69]
(Winner of the 2004 Contest)
7.
Finland Susan Aho[70]

(Finnish representative in the 2010 Contest as part of
Kuunkuiskaajat)
8.
Norway Nadia Hasnaoui

(Co-Presenter of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2004
and the Eurovision Song Contest 2010)
9.
Armenia Lusine Tovmasyan
10.
Macedonia Kristina Taleska[71]
11.
12.
Slovakia Mria Pietrov
13.
United Kingdom Alex Jones[72]
14.
Denmark Lise Rnne[73]

7.8.7
Unlike previous years, the voting order was not drawn

with the order of presentation of songs. Rather, the voting order was calculated just before the event, to reduce
the likelihood of there being an outright winner from the
start. Each national broadcaster also sent a commentator
to the contest, to provide coverage of the contest in their
15.
Austria Kati Bellowitsch[74]
16.
Poland Odeta Moro-Figurska
17.
Sweden Danny Saucedo[75]

(Swedish representative in the Eurovision Dance Contest
2008)
18.
San Marino Nicola Della Valle

(Sammarinese representative in the 2008 Contest as part
of Miodio)
19.
Germany Ina Mller[76]

20.
225
Azerbaijan Safura Alizadeh[77]
Commentators
(Azeri representative in the 2010 Contest)
21.
Slovenia Klemen Slakonja[78]
22.
Turkey mer nder
23.
Most countries sent commentators to Dsseldorf or commentated from their own country, in order to add insight
to the participants and, if necessary, the provision of voting information.
Switzerland Ccile Bhler[79]

as follows:
24.
Greece Lena Aroni[80]
25.
Georgia Soa Nizharadze[81]

(Georgian representative in the 2010 Contest)
26.
France Cyril Fraud[82]
27.
Serbia Duica Spasi[83]
28.
29.
Broadcasting
[71]
Croatia Nevena Rendeli
Armenia The semi-nals and the nal were

broadcast live on ARM 1.[128]
Australia Even though Australia is not eligible to enter, the contest was broadcast on SBS One
and SBS HD, with the rst semi-nal on 13 May,
the second semi-nal on 14 May and nal on 15
May.[127]
Austria The semi-nals and the nal were

broadcast live on ORF eins.
Azerbaijan The semi-nals and the nal were

broadcast live on ctimai TV.
Belarus The semi-nals and the nal were

broadcast live on Belteleradio First Channel.[129]
Belgium The semi-nals and the nal were

broadcast live on RTBF and VRT.[130]
Bosnia and Herzegovina The semi-nals and

the nal were broadcast live on BHT1, division of
BHRT.[131]
Bulgaria The semi-nals and the nal were

broadcast live on BNT.
China - As a non-participating country, the nal was broadcast on CCTV-15 on 24 January 2014.
The nal was shortened to two hours, and the voting
details and interval acts were ignored.
Croatia The semi-nals and the nal were

broadcast live on HRT and Croatian Radio.
Denmark The semi-nals and the nal were

broadcast live on DR and DR HD.[132]
Estonia The semi-nals and the nal were

broadcast live on ETV, Raadio 2 and online.[133]
Belarus Leila Ismailava

2010)[84]
30.
Romania Malvina Cservenschi[69]
31.
32.
Malta Kelly Schembri[85]
33.
Portugal Joana Teles[86]
34.
Hungary va Novodomszky[87]
35.
Lithuania Giedrius Masalskis

[71]
36.
Bosnia and Herzegovina Ivana Vidmar
37.
38.
Spain Elena S. Snchez[88]
39.
Israel Ofer Nachshon[89]
40.
Estonia Piret Jrvis[90]

(Swiss representative in the 2005 Contest as part of
Vanilla Ninja)
41.
Moldova Geta Burlacu[65]

(Moldovan representative in the 2008 Contest)
42.
Belgium Maureen Louys[91]
43.
Latvia Aisha[92]
(Latvian representative in the 2010 Contest)
226
Faroe Islands Although not eligible to take

part as an independent region, the semi-nals and
the nal were broadcast on timeshift on Kringvarp
Froya with Danish commentary from DR.[134]
Finland The semi-nals and the nal were

broadcast live on YLE TV2.[135]
France The second semi-nal (in which

France voted) was broadcast on France , with the
nal on France 3 and France Bleu.[104]
Netherlands The semi-nals and the nal were broadcast live on Nederland 1 for
TROS.[141][142][143]
New Zealand Despite not being eligible to

take part, the contest was broadcast on Stratos, with
the rst semi-nal on 11 May, the second semi-nal
on 13 May, and the nal on 15 May.[144]
Norway The semi-nals and the nal were

broadcast live on NRK1 and NRK1 HD.[145]
Portugal The rst semi-nal and the nal were

broadcast live and semi-nal 2 on delay on RTP1,
RTP HD and RTP Internacional.[115]
Romania The semi-nals and the nal were

broadcast live on TVR1, TVR International and
TVR HD.[146]
Russia The semi-nals and the nal were

broadcast live on Channel One.[147]
Serbia The semi-nals and the nal were

broadcast live on RTS1, RTS Digital, RTS HD, RTS
SAT and Radio Belgrade 1.[117]
San Marino As in 2008, the whole event was

broadcast live on San Marino RTV.[67]
Slovakia The rst semi-nal and the nal were broadcast live by Slovensk televzia on
Jednotka and the second semi-nal on Dvojka. The
semi-nals and the nal were broadcast live on
Rdio FM.
Slovenia The semi-nals were broadcast live

on RTV SLO 2 and the nal was broadcast live on
RTV SLO 1, both channels from Slovenian national
television.[148]
Italy The second semi-nal (where Italy

votes) was broadcast on Rai 5 and Rai Radio 2, the
nal on Rai 2.[67]
Spain Both semi-nals were broadcast live

on La 2, and the nal was broadcast live on La 1 and
TVE Internacional and deferred on TVE HD.[149]
Sweden The semi-nals and the nal were

broadcast live on SVT1 and SVT1 HD.[150]
Latvia The semi-nals and the nal were

broadcast live on LTV.[92]
Lithuania The semi-nals and the nal were

broadcast live on LRT.[110]
Macedonia The semi-nals and the nal were

broadcast live on MTV 1.[140]
Malta The semi-nals and the nal were

broadcast live on TVM.
Switzerland For the French-speaking part of

the country, TSR 2 broadcast the rst semi-nal and
the nal; SF zwei broadcast the rst semi-nal and
the nal for the German-speaking regions; for the
Italian-speaking regions RSI La 2 broadcast the rst
semi-nal while RSI La 1 broadcast the nal. HD
Suisse also broadcast the nal, but with no commentary. The second semi-nal was not broadcast by
Swiss channels.
Moldova The semi-nals and the nal were

broadcast live on Moldova 1.
Turkey The semi-nals and the nal were

broadcast live on TRT 1, TRT HD, TRT Avaz, TRT
Mzik and TRT Radyo 3.[151]
Georgia The semi-nals and the nal were

broadcast live on 1 TV GPB.
Germany Host broadcaster, NDR, produced

the programme for ARD.[136] Einsfestival (without a
commercial break) and ProSieben (including commercial break) broadcast the rst semi-nal, while
Das Erste and Das Erste HD broadcast the second semi-nal and the nal.[137] The nal was also
broadcast on NDR Radio 2, WDR 1LIVE and hr3
for Deutschlandfunk.
Greece The semi-nals and the nal were

broadcast live on NET and ERT HD.
Greenland Although not eligible to take part

as an independent region, The semi-nals and the
nal were broadcast on timeshift on KNR.[138]
Hungary The semi-nals and the nal were

broadcast live on m1.[139]
Ireland The semi-nals were broadcast live

on RT Two, with the nal broadcast live on RT
One. RT Radio 1 also broadcast the second seminal and the nal. RT website
Israel The second semi-nal and the nal

were broadcast live on IBA. The rst semi-nal was
broadcast on IBA on 12 May 12.
Ukraine The semi-nals and the nal were

broadcast live on NTU First National Channel,[152]
as well as on UR1 and UR2 channels of National
Radio.[153]
United Kingdom The semi-nals were broadcast on BBC Three and BBC HD while the nal was
broadcast on BBC One, BBC One HD and on BBC
Radio 2.[126][154]
7.8.8
Ocial album
227
[11] Ho, Rdiger (23 September 2010). Wenn Lena in Dsseldorf singt, weicht Fortuna (in German). Retrieved 24
September 2010.
[12] DFL genehmigt Umzug in den Flinger Broich, Fortuna
Dsseldorf, 6 October 2010 (German)
[13] NUSSLI builds interim stadium for Fortuna Dsseldorf
(PDF).
[14] Renner, Kai-Hinrich (2 October 2010). Hamburg kann
den Eurovision Song Contest abhaken. Hamburger
Abendblatt (in German). Retrieved 2 October 2010.
[15] Der ESC 2011 in Dsseldorf , Das Erste: Eurovi-
Eurovision Song Contest: Dsseldorf 2011 was the osion Song Contest Event Finale. Eurovision.ndr.de.
Archived from the original on 21 December 2010. Recial compilation album of the 2011 Contest, put together
by the European Broadcasting Union and released by
EMI Records and CMC International on 15 April 2011.
[16] And the winner is... Dsseldorf! , News , Eurovision
The album featured all 43 songs that entered in the 2011
Song Contest Dsseldorf 2011. Eurovision.tv. 12 Occontest, including the semi-nalists that failed to qualify
tober 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
into the grand nal.[155]
[17] Eurovision History by Year (1957)". EBU. Retrieved 29
May 2010.
7.8.9
References
[1] Siim, Jarmo (12 October 2010). And the winner is...
Dsseldorf!". EBU (Eurovision.tv). Retrieved 12 October
2010.
[18] Eurovision History by Year (1983)". EBU. Retrieved 29

May 2010.
[19] Eurovision Song Contest kommt nach Dsseldorf (in
German). 7 October 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
[2] Bakker, Sietse (30 June 2010). Final of Eurovision 2011

set for 14 May, Lena returns!". EBU. Retrieved 30 June
2010.
[20] Eurovision Song Contest 2011 ndet in Dsseldorf statt.

Agence France-Presse. 12 October 2010. Retrieved 13
April 2011.
[3] Hondal, Victor (7 January 2011). Slovakia: STV conrms withdrawal decision. ESCToday. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
[21] Eurovision Song Contest kommt nach Dsseldorf (in

German). 7 October 2010. Retrieved 7 October 2010.
[4] Eurovision 2011 wins prestigious Rose d'Or | News |

Eurovision Song Contest - Copenhagen 2014. Eurovision.tv. 2012-05-11. Retrieved 2013-11-16.
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[6] Jetzt will auch Schalke den Grand Prix (in German).
Bild.de. 1 June 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
[7] GERMANY Seven cities already declared interest.
Oikotimes. 31 May 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
[8] Bakker, Sietse (21 August 2010). Four cities in the running to host Eurovision 2011. EBU. Retrieved 20 August
2010.
[9] Eurovision Song Contest Lenas groer Triumph. Stern
(in German). 23 August 2010. Retrieved 10 September
2010.
[10] Luftnummer fr den Grand Prix: Song Contest: Berlin
bewirbt sich mit aufblasbarer Halle Stadtleben Berlin
Tagesspiegel. Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Retrieved
17 May 2011.
[22] Bakker, Sietse (28 August 2010). Reference Group gathered in Belgrade. EBU. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
[23] Bakker, Sietse (31 December 2010). 43 nations on 2011
participants list!". Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 31 December
2010.
[24] Bakker, Sietse (30 August 2010). Svante Stockselius
says Eurovision farewell. EBU. Retrieved 30 August
2010.
[25] Siim, Jarmo (26 November 2010). Jon Ola Sand new Executive Supervisor. EBU. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
[26] Bakker, Sietse (16 January 2011). Dsseldorf gets ready
for exchange and draw. European Broadcasting Union.
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[27] Dsseldorf 2011: Feel your heart beat!". Eurovision.tv.
13 January 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
[28] Exclusive details on Dsseldorf!". Eurovision.tv. 14
March 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
[29] Eurovision Song Contest Dsseldorf 2011. Turquoise
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[30] Eurovision 2012 Light Your Fire. Turquoise Branding. 25 January 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
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[31] Presenters for 2011 Eurovision Song Contest announced!

, News , Eurovision Song Contest Dsseldorf 2011.
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2011.
[32] Wir wollen die beste Show machen (in German). 13
October 2010. Archived from the original on 17 October
2010. Retrieved 13 October 2010.
[33] Fr sieben Grand-Prix-Shows wird es Tickets geben.
Die Welt (in German). 25 October 2010. Retrieved 26
October 2010.
//eurovision.ndr.de/service/ticketsesc101.html.
Archived from the original on 10 November 2010.
Retrieved 19 November 2010. Missing or empty |title=
(help)
[35] Tickets Eurovision 2011 Final on sale this Sunday!".
'EBU'. 10 December 2010.
[36] Bakker, Sietse (12 December 2010). Tickets Eurovision
nal sold out. Eurovision.tv. Retrieved 12 December
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231
the event was anti-Islamic because it was, according to
them, a "gay parade".
7.9.1 Location
For more details on the host city, see Baku.
[155] Siim, Jarmo (4 March 2011). Pre-order your Eurovision

CD right now!". eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting
Union. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
7.8.10
External links
Media related to Eurovision 2011 at Wikimedia

Commons
Eurovision ocial website
Baku

The Eurovision Song Contest 2012 was the 57th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took
place in Baku, Azerbaijan, following Ell & Nikki's win at
the 2011 contest in Dsseldorf, Germany with the song
"Running Scared" marking the rst time that the country had won the contest. The contest was held at the newly
constructed Baku Crystal Hall, with semi-nals held on
22 and 24 May 2012, followed by the nal held on 26
May 2012. Forty-two countries competed in the contest
- one less than the record number of 43 set at the previous
contest, with Montenegro returning for the rst time since
2009, and the withdrawal of Armenia due to security concerns in relation to the ongoing Nagorno-Karabakh conict with Azerbaijan, and Poland due to nancial concerns.
Toq
Bahramov Stadium
Heydar Aliyev Sports and Exhibition Complex
Baku Crystal Hall
Locations of the three suggested venues in Baku,
Azerbaijan. The selected venue is highlighted with a red
mark.
Azerbaijan got the right to host the 2012 edition of the

Eurovision Song Contest after winning the previous 2011
edition with the song "Running Scared" performed by Ell
& Nikki.[6][7] Baku, the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and
The contest was won by singer Loreen from Sweden of the Caucasus region, was named the host city for the
with the song "Euphoria"written by Thomas G:son and contest, with the venue being the Baku Crystal Hall, built
Peter Bostrm, the song scored a total of 372 points. a few months prior to the contest on the citys coastline.
Russia nished in second place, with Serbia nishing Shortly after Azerbaijans victory at the 2011 edition, ofin third. They were followed by the host country, cials announced that a new 23,000 seat concert venue
Azerbaijan, which reached the 4th place. Albania n- was to be built near National Flag Square in Baku, as
ished 5th, achieving its rst top 5 placing. Germany, Italy a potential venue for the event.[8][9] Three days later,
and Spain were the three members of the Big Five that other venue options were revealed by organisers, such as
managed to rank within the top 10, nishing in 8th, 9th the 37,000-seat Toq Bahramov Stadium and the Heydar
and 10th places respectively.
Aliyev Sports and Exhibition Complex.[10] On 2 AuThe lead-up to the contest was met with political concerns
and protests surrounding the host country, including its
human rights record and allegations by advocacy groups
that Baku was carrying out forced evictions in the construction of the contests venue, along with objections to
the contests presence by Iranian ocialswho felt that
gust 2011, Alpine Bau Deutschland AG was awarded the

contract to construct the Baku Crystal Hall. Preparations for construction began in the area shortly after the
announcement.[11] Even though the full cost of the contract was not named, the government allocated 6 million
AZN for the construction of the venue.[12]
232

try had their own national jury, which consisted of ve
professional members of the music industry.[18]
Under the ocial rules released on 24 November 2011,
the number of participants in the nal was raised to 26,
including the host nation, the "Big Five", and the ten qualiers from each semi-nal. This was the second time in
the Eurovision Song Contest that 26 countries were in the
nal, the rst being the 2003 Contest.[18][19][20]
Baku Crystal Hall, Baku - host venue of the 2012 contest.
On 8 September 2011, Azad Azerbaijan TV (ATV) reported that Baku Crystal Hall would be the venue of
the contest, but no formal conrmation was made at the
time by the EBU. On 31 October 2011, Ismayil Omarov,
the director general of Azerbaijani national broadcaster
ctimai Television announced that a decision on the venue
choice would be taken by the steering committee in January 2012.[13] On 25 January 2012, it was conrmed
that the Baku Crystal Hall would be the venue of the
contest.[14] Even though the venue had an extended capacity of 23,000 people, only 16,000 people were able Semi-nal allocation draw ceremony at the Buta Palace in Baku.
to attend each show.[14] Tickets for the festival became
available online for purchase on 28 February 2012.[15][16]
The draw that determined the semi-nal running order
was held on 25 January 2012 at the Buta Palace. The
participating countries, excluding the automatic nal7.9.2 Format
ists (Azerbaijan, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the
United Kingdom), were split into six pots, based upon
how those countries voted in past contests. From these
pots, half (or as close to half as possible) competed in
the rst semi-nal on 22 May 2012. The other half in
that particular pot competed in the second semi-nal on
24 May 2012.[21] This draw also acted as an approximate
running order, in order for the delegations from the countries to know when their rehearsals would commence and
determine which semi-nal the automatic nalists would
be allowed to vote in.[22][23]
1.^ Armenia withdrew approximately a month
and a half after the semi-nal allocation draw.
Presenters of the Eurovision Song Contest 2012, from left to right
Leyla Aliyeva, Eldar Gasimov and Nargiz Birk-Petersen
In a meeting of the Eurovision Reference Group on 29

June 2011,[17] it was decided that the televoting system
would revert the format used most recently in the 2009
Contest, in which the phone and SMS lines opened for
a fteen-minute window after all songs had been performed, instead of opening before the show starts, which
was the system used between 2010 and 2011. The results format of each show remained the same with each
countrys votes being decided on a 50:50 split between
televoting and a national jury. Each participating coun-
Graphic design
The design of the contest was built around the motto
Light your re!", inspired by the nickname of Azerbaijan itself, Land of Fire.[24]
Each introductory video postcard began with a shot of the
artist and performers, followed with the ag and country name in a handwritten font with a background resembling the yellow, orange and red re of the 2012 theme
art.[25] The postcards consisted of various shots of Azerbaijan, with a caption displaying 'Azerbaijan' and under-
233
Inside of Baku Crystal Hall.
neath 'Land of ...' (e.g. Land of Abundance; Land of

Poetry etc.), which were then followed by the name of a
town or geographic feature, showing the landscape and
culture of the country.[25] Some postcards focused on the
host city of Baku with text changing to 'Baku' and underneath 'City of ...' (e.g. City of Jazz; City of Leisure
etc.). The postcards nished with a shot of the Crystal
Hall displayed in the colours of the performing countrys
ag. These postcards acted as a tourism mechanism to
present the country to a wider audience.[25][26]

previously represented by Andrea Demirovi in 2009.[34]

Armenia, who had originally planned to participate, later
withdraw their application due to security fears of the
continuous Nagorno-Karabakh War with Azerbaijan.[35]
Poland also withdrew from the competition, due to the
nancial burden of the 2012 UEFA European Football
Championship (which Poland co-hosted with Ukraine)
and Summer Olympics.[33]
The artist, song and number graphics as well as tables

and voting graphics were kept the same as those used in
2011, with a slight modication to incorporate the 2012
theme art.[25] The lower points (1-7) were highlighted in
red squares while the top points (8, 10, 12) were highlighted in orange squares with each square increasing in
Returning artists
size in relation to the point value. Both sets of graphics
were designed by London brand design agency Turquoise
Four artists returned in this years contest. Kaliopi for
Branding.[27][28]
Macedonia who previously participated in the 1996 contest with the song "Samo ti", which placed in 26th
position in the pre-qualifying round.[36][37] Jnsi for
Iceland[38] and eljko Joksimovi for Serbia[39] both prectimai Television (TV), which was the EBU member viously participated in 2004.
that broadcast the Eurovision Song Contest in Azerbai- Joksimovi had represented Serbia and Montenegro in
jan, is one of countrys public-service broadcasters.[29][30] 2004 with the song "Lane moje" which placed second in
Deputy Minister of Communication and Information that year, and co-hosted the 2008 Contest with Jovana
Technology of Azerbaijan, Iltimas Mammadov, stated Jankovi. Jnsi performed "Heaven" in 2004, which
that telecom networks were ready to host the event. Azer- placed 19th.[40] For a second consecutive year Jedward
baijans largest telecommunications operator, Azercell, participated for Ireland, after their 8th-place nish at
was chosen as the presenting partner for the contest.[31] the 2011 Contest with the song "Lipstick".[41][42] Kaliopi
On 1 December 2011, TV named the German produc- would also then go on to re-represent Macedonia at the
tion company Brainpool as its ocial production partner Eurovision Song Contest 2016.
for the contest, citing the quality of its work on the previous years contest.[32]
Languages
7.9.3
The Finnish entry, "Nr jag blundar", sung by Pernilla

Karlsson, was only Finlands second entry in Swedish
Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision and the rst entry at all to be sung in Swedish since
Song Contest
1998. Russias entry, "Party for Everybody", sung by
On 17 January 2012, the EBU announced that forty- Buranovskiye Babushki, was the rst entry ever to be perthree countries would take part in the 2012 contest.[33] formed in Udmurt. The Georgian entry, "I'm a Joker"
The 57th edition saw the return of Montenegro, who was was the rst Eurovision entry containing the Georgian
234
language while the Bulgarian song "Love Unlimited" had Semi-nal 1

a few words in the Azerbaijani language, both of whom
never appeared at the contest before.
points each country awarded to another in the rst seminal:
7.9.4
Results
Semi-nals
Semi-nal 2

Semi-nal 1 Azerbaijan, Italy and Spain voted in the points each country awarded to another in the second
rst semi-nal.[21] The EBU allowed the Albanian broad- seminal:
caster Radio Televizioni Shqiptar (RTSH) to defer transmission and only use jury votes due to a serious bus acciFinal
dent in the country.[43]
Notes

points each country awarded to another in the nal:[64]
2.^ Contained some phrases in Montenegrin

and German.
3.^ Although the song was completely in
Albanian, the title is in Latin.
4.^ Suus is a Latin third person reexive
possessive pronoun, and means his, his
own.
No country took nul points (receiving 0 points total) when

both scores were added together, but France received 0
points at the televoting stage.
7.9.6 Other countries
Andorra On 19 October 2011, Andorra announced that there are no plans for the country to
participate in 2012 due to nancial diculties; the
country also had planned to withdraw from the EBU
entirely.[65][66]
Armenia On 7 March 2012, the EBU

announced that Armenian Public Television
(ARMTV) had decided to withdraw from participation despite originally being included in the
list of participating countries. Its decision came
after President Aliyev of Azerbaijan gave a speech
on 28 February 2012 when he stated Our main
enemies are Armenians of the world and the
hypocritical and corrupt politicians under their
control.[67][68][69] The country was consequently
ned by the EBU and were expected to face further
penalties, such as exclusion from participation
in future contests if it failed to comply with the
EBU requirements.[70][71] Armenia had been in a
continuous state of war with Azerbaijan since 1994
because of the Nagorno-Karabakh War.[72]
Czech Republic On 24 November 2011, it

was reported that the Czech Republic would not
compete at the 2012 contest, following the release
of a television schedule by esk televize (T).[73]
Liechtenstein On 26 November 2011, it was

announced that two ocial EBU documents, published in March and October 2011, showed Liechtensteins only national broadcaster 1FLTV as being
granted active EBU membership, sparking speculations of a dbut for the nation.[74] However, on 29
5.^ Contained some phrases in Italian.

6.^ Specically Mhlviertlerisch, a Central
Bavarian dialect spoken in Upper Austria.
7.^ Although the song was completely in English, the title was in Romanian.
Semi-nal 2 France, Germany and the United Kingdom voted in the second semi-nal. Germany requested
that they vote in this semi-nal.[21] Armenia was drawn to
perform in the rst half of this semi-nal, but later withdrew from the contest due to security reasons.[35]
Notes
9.^ The song also contained phrases in Arabic,
Azerbaijani, English, French, Greek, Italian, Romani, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish and
Turkish.[59]
Final
7.9.5
Scoreboard
The EBU and PwC audit company checked and veried the individual jury and televoting results, which were
combined to create the overall national vote for the contests. On 18 June 2012, the EBU published these results,
which were as follows.[60][61]
235
November 2011, these documents were later con- in the neighbourhood where the Baku Crystal Hall was
rmed as editing mistakes, and thus a dbut had yet built.[89] The Public Association for Assistance to Free
to be planned.[75]
Economy, a transparency and economic rights campaign
group, had described the evictions as a violation of hu
Luxembourg On 31 December 2011, RTL man rights, and as having no legal authority. However,
Luxembourg conrmed that Luxembourg would not in a statement to the BBC, Eurovision said that on a reparticipate at the Eurovision in Baku.[76]
cent visit to Baku they had observed that the construction
of the concert hall [which] media reports refer to was al
Monaco It had been reported on 23 November ready well under way on a clean construction site and thus
2011, at an EBU meeting in Geneva, that Monaco there are no demolitions needed.[90] The EBU cited the
were considering a return to the 2012 contest.[77] apolitical nature of the contest and the Azerbaijani govHowever, on 3 December 2011, Phil Bosco, a for- ernments claim that the construction was not tied to the
mer head of delegation told a French-speaking web- Eurovision Song Contest.[89]
site that the Monegasque national broadcaster Tl
Monte Carlo (TMC) did not intend to return to the The festivals winner Loreen met local human rights acEurovision Song Contest any time in the near future, tivists during the contest, the only entrant to do so. She
later told reporters, Human rights are violated in Azeras there were no nancial budget available.[78]
baijan every day. One should not be silent about such
[88]
An Azerbaijan government spokesman criti
Morocco In an interview with the French things.
delegation it had been revealed that Morocco were cized her in response, saying that the contest should not
[88]
likely to return to the Eurovision Song Contest in be politicised and requested the EBU prevented fur[91]
[79]
Swedish diplomats
2012 with a new broadcaster 2M TV.
Reports ther meetings of a similar nature.
about the proposed return of Morocco to the contest, replied that the EBU, Swedish TV and Loreen had not
[92]
after an absence of more than 30 years, were further acted against the competitions rules.
[77][80]
enhanced at an EBU meeting in Geneva.
On 26 May, a ash mob of anti-government protesters
Poland On 16 December 2011, it had been

reported on the ocial Facebook page of Telewizja
Polska (TVP) that Poland were withdrawing from
the 2012 Contest.[81] This was conrmed a few days
later, stating that the broadcaster had decided to focus on the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship (which Poland co-hosted with Ukraine) and
Summer Olympics. TVP stated that a return in 2013
has not been ruled out.[82][83][84]
7.9.7
Controversies
were quickly dispersed by police.[85] Activists expressed

fears that they would face a crackdown when the international spotlight left Azerbaijan again at the end of the
contest.[86] Before submitting the results of the German
vote, the presenter from Germany Anke Engelke gave a
live statement that alluded to the human rights issues in
Azerbaijan, saying: Tonight nobody could vote for their
own country. But it is good to be able to vote. And it
is good to have a choice. Good luck on your journey,
Azerbaijan. Europe is watching you.[93][94]
Tensions with Iran
Human rights concerns

Iranian ocials objected to Azerbaijan hosting the 2012
Eurovision Song Contest. Iranian clerics Ayatollah
Mohammad Mojtahed Shabestari and Ayatollah Ja'far
Sobhani condemned Azerbaijan for anti-Islamic behaviour, claiming that Azerbaijan were going to host a
gay parade.[95] This led to protests in front of Iranian embassy in Baku, where protesters carried slogans mocking the Iranian leaders. Ali Hasanov, head of the public
and political issues department in Azerbaijani Presidents
administration, said that gay parade claims were untrue,
and advised Iran not to meddle in Azerbaijans internal
aairs.[96] In response, Iran recalled its ambassador from
Baku,[97] while Azerbaijan demanded a formal apology
from Iran for its statements in connection with Bakus
hosting of the Eurovision Song Contest,[98] and later also
[99]
Human Rights Watch also criticised the Azerbaijani gov- recalled its ambassador from Iran.
ernment and the Baku City Authority for carrying out On 30 May, the Ministry of National Security of Azerbaiforced evictions against local residents, in order to allow jan announced that they had thwarted a series of planned
for the demolition of ats to make way for construction terror attacks against the Eurovision Song Contest, among
Azerbaijans large investment in hosting the Eurovision
contest was widely discussed in Western media as an attempt to mitigate misgivings about its poor democracy
and human rights record.[85][86] Elnur Majidli, an activist imprisoned during the Arab Spring-inspired 2011
Azerbaijani protests, was released in an apparent eort to
soften Azerbaijans image ahead of the contest, but many
political prisoners remained.[86] Human Rights Watch reported a violent crackdown on protesters on the eve
of the contest,[87] and Amnesty International condemned
the stern crackdown of freedom of expression, dissent,
non-governmental organizations (NGOs), critical journalists, in fact anyone who criticised the Aliyev regime
too strongly that continued up to the contest.[88]
236
the targets being Baku Crystal Hall, as well as Marriott

and Hilton hotels in Baku.[100] On 22 August, The Daily
Telegraph reported that according to Western intelligence
services, Irans Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei personally
gave orders to the elite Quds Force unit to launch terrorist
attacks against the West and its allies, including Azerbaijan during the Eurovision Song Contest.[101]
7.9.8
Other awards


The order in which each country announced their vote
was determined in a draw following the jury results
from nal dress rehearsal. Similar to the 2011 contest
an algorithm was used to add as much excitement as
possible. The spokespersons are shown alongside each
country.[109]
1.
Albania Andri Xhahu
2.
Montenegro Marija Markovi
3.
Sweden), the awards were named after the creator of the
annual competition, Marcel Bezenon.[102] The awards
were divided into three categories; Press Award; Artistic Award; and Composer Award.[103]
4.
Austria Kati Bellowitsch
5.
Ukraine Oleksiy Matias
6.
Belarus Dmitry Koldun

(Belarusian representative in 2007 Contest)
7.
8.
Belgium Peter Van de Veire

Azerbaijan Safura Alizadeh
(Azeri representative in 2010 Contest)
9.
OGAE
Romania Paula Seling

(Romanian representative in 2010 and 2014)
10.
11.
Malta Keith Demicoli

San Marino Monica Fabbri
France Amaury Vassili
(French representative in 2011 Contest)

Finland by Jari-Pekka Koikkalainen.[104] The organisation consisted of a network of 40 Eurovision Song Contest fan clubs across Europe and beyond, and is a nongovernmental, non-political, and non-prot company.[105]
In what had become an annual tradition for the OGAE fan
clubs, a voting poll was opened allowing members from
the respective clubs to vote for their favourite songs of the
2012 contest. Below are the top ve overall results, after
all the votes had been cast.[106]
Barbara Dex Award

year in the contest. It is named after the Belgian singer
Barbara Dex, who came last in the 1993 contest wearing
her own self-designed and often-mocked dress.[107]
12.
United Kingdom Scott Mills
13.
Turkey mer nder
14.
Greece Adriana Magania
15.
Bosnia and Herzegovina Elvir Lakovi Laka

(Bosnian representative in 2008 Contest)
16.
Moldova Olivia Fortuna
17.
Bulgaria Anna Angelova
18.
Switzerland Sara Hildebrand
19.
Slovenia Lorella Flego
20.
Cyprus Loucas Hamatsos
21.
Croatia Nevena Rendeli
22.
Slovakia Mria Pietrov
23.
Macedonia Kristina Talevska
24.
Netherlands Vivinne van den Assem
25.
Portugal Joana Teles
26.
Iceland Matthas Matthasson

(Icelandic representative in 2011 Contest as part of
Sjonnis Friends)
27.
Sweden Sarah Dawn Finer
237
Non-participating countries The commentators of
the non-participating countries are:
7.9.10 Ocial album
(as Lynda Woodru)[110]
28.
Norway Nadia Hasnaoui

(Co-Host of 2010 Contest)
29.
30.
Eurovision Song Contest: Baku 2012 was a compilation album put together by the European Broadcasting
Union, and released by Universal Music Group on 3 May
2012. The album featured all the songs from the 2012
contest.[159]
Estonia Getter Jaani

(Estonian representative in 2011 Contest)
31.
Denmark Louise Wol
32.
Latvia Valters Frdenbergs

(Latvian representative in 2005 Contest as part of Valters
and Kaa)
33.
7.9.11 See also

ABU Radio Song Festival 2012
ABU TV Song Festival 2012
Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2012
Spain Elena S. Snchez
34.
Finland Mr Lordi
(Winner of 2006 Contest as lead singer of Lordi)
35.
Georgia Sopho Toroshelidze

(Georgian representative in 2011 Contest as part of
Eldrine)
36.
Italy Ivan Bacchi
37.
Serbia Maja Nikoli
38.
Germany Anke Engelke

(Co-Host of 2011 Contest)
39.
40.
41.
42.
Ireland Grinne Seoige10
Notes
10.^ Ireland was originally scheduled to announce its votes as
the 32nd country, but instead voted 42nd (last). The reason for
this was technical diculties in the minutes running up to the
voting presentation.
Commentators
7.9.12 References
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Eurovision 2012. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
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2012.
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242
The Eurovision Song Contest 2013 was the 58th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place
in Malm, Sweden, following Loreen's win at the 2012
contest in Baku, Azerbaijan with the song "Euphoria". It
was the fth time that Sweden had hosted the contest,
the last time being in 2000. Sveriges Television (SVT)
chose Malm Arena as the venue following the consideration of several venues in Sweden. The host for the contest was Petra Mede. Thirty-nine countries participated,
including Armenia, which was last represented in 2011.
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Portugal, Slovakia and Turkey
announced their withdrawal from the 2013 Contest.
The design of the contest was built around the theme We
Are One highlighting equality and unity of all the participating countries alongside the cultural diversity and
inuence of each participant. Compared to many of the
previous contests in the history of Eurovision, rather than
focusing on promoting its own country, Sweden chose to
lay focus on the artists and their respective countries. The
postcards presented before every song which have often
been used to show the host countrys nature, culture and
social life, were changed to show the typical everyday life
of each individual artist in their home countries scattered
around Europe.
Square in Malm before the nals, with time table demonstrating

the countdown for the broadcast.
and 2000 that the competition was held in Sweden and the
second time, after 1992, that it was held in Malm. SVT
had expressed the desire to host the contest at a slightly
smaller venue than previous years, as well as smaller environment which is easier to dedicate and decorate for other
celebrations and festivities of the event within the host
The winner for 2013 was Denmark with the song "Only city. This were factors in the choice of Malm Arena as
[11]
and Malm as Swedens third-largest
Teardrops" sung by Emmelie de Forest, which scored 281 the host venue,
city
by
population
after
Stockholm and Gothenburg, the
points, beating Azerbaijan with a margin of 47 points.
two
other
initial
location-bidders.
This makes it the second time that Denmark won on
Swedish soil. Ukraine nished in third place and Norway SVT made the advance decision to allocate Denmark at
in fourth, while Russia nished in fth place. Out of the one semi-nal and Norway at the other, in consideration
countries with the 'Big Five' status, only Italy managed for the number of Danish and Norwegian fans likely to
to nish in the top ten, coming seventh with 126 points, come, with the arena being relatively small and so not
exactly double of remaining ones sum. The Netherlands suitable for accommodating both countries fans at one
nished ninth in their rst participation in a nal since semi-nal event. resund bridge was eventually also used
2004. 170 million viewers watched the seminals and - as the main artistic medium for the theme of the contest,
nal of the 2013 edition. For the rst time since 1985, no as an expression of binding cultures.
country of the former Yugoslav federation participated in
the nal of the Eurovision Song Contest.
This year was the rst time adult Eurovision displayed
the Parade of Nations, which already existed in Junior
Bidding phase
Eurovision since 2004, an idea introduced by Sweden to
become a new Eurovision tradition. The concept sees all
countries performing in the Grand Final present themselves with their national ags before the contest begins.
This year, the contestants entered the main stage by walking across a bridge over the audience. The idea was continued the following years by Denmark and Austria, the
hosts of Eurovision 2014 and 2015 respectively.
7.10.1
Location
For more details on the host city, see Malm.

On 8 July 2012, the Swedish broadcaster Sveriges Television (SVT) announced that Malm Arena in Malm
would be the host venue for the 2013 Eurovision Song
Contest. This was the fth time after 1975, 1985, 1992 Malm Arena, Malm - host venue of the 2013 contest.
243
rmed as the host venue for the contest. Malm Arena
is Sweden's fourth-largest indoor arena, after Friends
Arena, Tele2 Arena and Ericsson Globe, all located in
Stockholm.
Key
Host venue
7.10.2 Format
Stockholm
Malm
Gothenburg
The combination of televoting and jury voting results underwent changes that were detailed in the ocial rules
for the 2013 contest.[18][19] Each member of a respective
nations jury was required to rank every song, except that
of their own country. The voting results from each member of a particular nations jury were combined to produce an overall ranking from rst to last place. Likewise,
the televoting results were also interpreted as a full ranking, taking into account the full televoting result rather
than just the top ten. The combination of the jurys full
ranking and the televotes full ranking produced an overall ranking of all competing entries. The song which
scored the highest overall rank received 12 points, while
the tenth-best ranked song received 1-point. It was announced in the ocial Media Handbook that an ocial
app would also be available for voters to vote via during
the contest.[20]
Locations of the three candidate cities. (Unsuccessful Ocial sponsors of the broadcast were the main SwedishFinnish telecommunication company TeliaSonera, and
cities are marked with blue dots)
the German cosmetics company Schwarzkopf.[21][22] The
competition sponsors were the makeup company IsaDora
On the night of the nal for the 2012 Contest, the chief cosmetics, the supermarket ICA and Tetra Pak.[23][24]
executive of SVT, Eva Hamilton, stated to the Swedish
media that various venues in Stockholm, Gothenburg The singer and actress Sarah Dawn Finer also appeared in
in sketches as the comic charand Malm were being considered for hosting the 2013 both seminals and the nal
[25]
acter
Lynda
Woodru.
Lynda
presented the votes
[12]
Contest. One alternative put forward in the Expressen,
for
Sweden
at
the
previous
contest
in
Baku.[25] Finer also
was to hold the competition at three dierent venues
the semi-nals in Gothenburg and Malm, and the nal appeared in the nal as herself performing the ABBA
Takes It All" before the results were
in Stockholm.[13] This proposal was dismissed as unfea- song "The Winner
[10]
announced.
The
footballer Zlatan Ibrahimovi was resible by SVT, which declared that the contest would be
vealed
on
28
April
to be part of the opening segment
[14]
hosted in only one city.
of the Eurovision nal, in a pre-recorded message welOn 20 June 2012, it was announced that Gothenburg had coming viewers to his home city of Malm.[26] The 2011
withdrawn from the bidding process due to the city being Swedish entrant Eric Saade was the host of the green
the host of the Gteborg Horse Show in late April 2013. room during the nal.[27]
There were also concerns about the availability of hotel
rooms due to a variety of other events taking place in the
same time frame as the Eurovision Song Contest.[15] The Semi-nal allocation draw
executive producer for the 2013 Contest, Martin sterdahl, told Swedish press that he did not like the decisions The draw that determined the semi-nal allocation was
[28]
made by previous hosts to hold the contest in larger are- held on 17 January 2013 at the Malm City Hall.
nas, stating that he and SVT wanted the 2013 Contest to A draw at the EBU headquarters determined that, due
be more close and personal.[11][16] SVT also claimed to their geographical proximity with Malm, Denmark
that the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) wanted the would perform in the rst semi-nal, while Norway
2013 Contest to be smaller due to the escalating costs would perform in the second semi-nal. This provided
a maximum availability of tickets for visitors from both
of previous contests.[16]
countries.[29] The EBU also allocated Israel to the secThe following candidate cities had provisionally reserved ond semi-nal after a request from the delegation in order
venues and hotel rooms, as part of their bids to host the to avoid complications with a national holiday coincid2013 Contest.[17] On 8 July 2012, Malm Arena was con- ing with the date of the rst seminal.[30] The remaining
244
participating countries, excluding the automatic nalists

(France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the United
Kingdom), were split into ve pots, based on voting patterns from the previous nine years. From these pots, 15
(in addition to Denmark) were allocated to compete in
the rst semi-nal on 14 May 2013 and 15 (in addition
to Norway and Israel) were allocated to compete in the
second semi-nal on 16 May 2013.[31]
Arenas space to highlight the performances and increase

the audiences visibility compared to previous years. SVT
created a main stage and a smaller stage with higher-lower
shifted oors, connected by a trail closely surrounded by a
standing crowd from both sides of it and around the small
stage. The main stage mobility was expressed as a main
artistic medium at the opening act of the second seminal
and with highlighting Moldovas performance towards its
nish, as a movable part beneath the singers dress making
The pots were calculated by the televoting partner
her look gradually taller. The small stage mobility high[30]
Digame and were as follows:
lighted United Kingdoms performance towards its nish,
lifted above the close-standing audience.
Running order
On 17 January 2013, at the semi-nal allocation draw,
Unlike previous years, the running order was not decided
by the drawing of lots, but instead by the producers, with
the aim of making the shows more exciting and ensuring
that all contestants had a chance to stand out, preventing
entries that are too similar cancelling each other out.[29]
The decision elicited mixed reactions from both fans of
the contest and participating broadcasters.[32][33][34][35]
The running order for the semi-nals was released on 28
March 2013.[36] The running order for the nal was determined on 17 May 2013.[37][38] An additional allocation draw occurred for the nal with each nalist nation
drawing to perform either in the rst or second half of
the nal.[37] The allocation draw for qualifying countries
from the semi-nals occurred during the semi-nal winners press conferences following each semi-nal, while
the allocation draw for the Big Five countries (France,
Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) occurred
during their rst individual press conferences on 15 May
2013.[37][39] As the host country, the running order position for Sweden in the nal was exclusively determined
by a draw during the heads of delegation meeting on 18
March 2013.[37] Sweden was drawn to perform 16th in
the nal.[37]
the EBU revealed the graphic design, created by the

Gothenburg-based branding agency Happy F&B for the
2013 contest, featuring a buttery and slogan We Are
One.[40] The buttery featured an array of colours and
textures, it also represented something small which can
start powerful and big movements, a phenomenon known
as the buttery eect, indicating that a ap from one
buttery can start a hurricane.[41]
SVT conrmed on 19 February 2013 that the postcard
lms, used to introduce each song in the contest, would
feature each artist in their respective country, to give the
viewer a personal insight of each competing participant.
This broke with recent tradition of the postcards often
containing short segments of life within either the host
city or country of the contest.[42] They were produced by
a company called Camp David.[43] The on-air graphics
were produced by Broken Doll, a production company.
The animation of the many butteries was done by the
visual eects studio Swiss International.[44] For example,
Swedens postcard features Robin and his friends at a funfair, having fun and meeting fans, while Irelands postcard
shows Ryan together with his family. In addition to the
graphic design, there was a theme music for the contest
entitled Wolverine composed by Adam Kafe, which was
used in the intros and in-between commercial breaks.[45]
Graphic design
The stage with its movable parts and the audience closely surrounding it during the opening act of the second semi-nal
As aforesaid, SVT wanted to make a good use of Malmo
Petra Mede, the presenter of the Eurovision Song Contest 2013
245
Returning artists
On 11 July 2012, the show producer Christer Bjrkman

advised the public not to buy tickets for the 2013 Contest that are currently in circulation and instead to wait for
tickets to be released through ocial channels. Bjrkman
said that ocial tickets had not yet been released, as necessary decisions over the stage and seating plans had not
yet been made.[46] Bjrkman also gave reassurance that
accommodation would be available, as while the organizers had booked a large quantity of hotel rooms, some may
be made available to the general public.[46] On 21 November 2012, SVT ocially announced the launch of ticket
sales.[47]
Valentina Monetta represented San Marino for the second year in a row.[57] Elitsa Todorova and Stoyan Yankoulov returned as a duo, having previously represented
Bulgaria in 2007.[58] Nevena Boovi represented Serbia
as part of Moje 3 and became the rst contestant to compete in the Eurovision Song Contest after competing in
the Junior Eurovision Song Contest, where she came third
in 2007.[59] Bledar Sejko, who represented Albania, was
the on-stage guitarist for the Albanian entry in 2011. Gor
Sujyan, who represented Armenia, was a backing vocalist for the Armenian entry in 2010. Aliona Moon,
who represented Moldova, was a backing vocalist for the
Moldovan entry in 2012. In addition, Pasha Parfeny, the
Moldovan representative of 2012, was the composer of
the Moldovan entry. Estonian backing vocalists Lauri
Pihlap and Kaido Pldma were part of the group 2XL,
which won the contest in 2001 together with Dave Benton and Tanel Padar.
On 17 October 2012, the executive producer Martin sterdahl told the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter that
SVT plans for the 2013 Contest to have only one presenter for the entire contest, unlike previous years where
there were up to three presenters per show. The last
time there was just one presenter was in the 1995 Contest, in Dublin, Ireland, when the solo host was Mary
Kennedy.[48][49] Petra Mede was announced as the host
7.10.4
for the 2013 contest on 28 January 2013.[2][50]
Results
Semi-nals
7.10.3
Semi-nal 1 Italy, Sweden and the United Kingdom

voted in this semi-nal.[31] The ten songs that are marked
in orange qualied to the nal.
Semi-nal 2 Germany, France and Spain voted in this

semi-nal.[31] The ten songs that are marked in orange
qualied to the nal.
1.^ The song is in Greek; however, the titular
English phrase is repeated throughout the song.
2.^ Due to EBU regulations banning political
and religious content, Heilsarmee (German for
Salvation Army) changed their name to Takasa
for the contest.
Final
For the rst time since 1985, no country of the former
Yugoslav federation participated in the nal of the Eurovision Song Contest.[64][65]
It was announced on 21 December 2012 that 39 countries

would compete in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013.
3.^ The song is Spanish; however the last
Armenia, which was last represented in 2011, conrmed
phrase was sung in English.
that it would be returning to the contest following a oneyear break.[51][52] Bosnia and Herzegovina and Portugal
both withdrew from the 2013 Contest due to nancial Denmark won the 2013 contest with the song "Only
diculties,[53][54] whilst Slovakia and Turkey withdrew Teardrops" sung by Emmelie de Forest, which scored 281
for dierent reasons.[55][56]
points, beating Azerbaijan with a margin of 47 points.[66]
246
7.10.5
Scoreboard
Monaco On 24 September 2012, Tl Monte

Carlo (TMC) conrmed that Monaco would not return to the 2013 Contest for unspecied reasons.[77]
Morocco On 20 September 2012, Socit

Nationale de Radiodiusion et de Tlvision
(SNRT) conrmed Morocco would not be returning for the 2013 Contest, although reasons for this
decision have not been published.[78]
Poland On 22 November 2012, Telewizja

Polska (TVP) announced that Poland would not be
returning to the contest in 2013.[79] Poland withdrew in 2012 due to the broadcasters primary nancial focus being on the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship (which Poland co-hosted with
Ukraine) along with the 2012 Summer Olympics.[80]
Portugal On 22 November 2012, the Portuguese broadcaster Rdio e Televiso de Portugal (RTP) conrmed that Portugal would not
be taking part in the 2013 Contest for nancial
reasons.[54] RTP broadcast the 2013 Contest despite
their withdrawal.[71]
Slovakia On 4 December 2012, the Slovakian

broadcaster Rozhlas a televzia Slovenska (RTVS)
announced that Slovakia would not be participating
in the 2013 Contest.[55]
Turkey On 14 December 2012, the Turkish broadcaster Trkiye Radyo ve Televizyon Kurumu (TRT) announced their withdrawal from the
contest, citing dissatisfaction with the introduction
of a mixed jury/televote voting system and the current status of the "Big Five".[56] This ended with
that Turkey created their own singing competition
called "Trkvizyon Song Contest", which started in
December 2013.
Semi-nal 1
[67]

Semi-nal 2
seminal:
Final
points each country awarded to another in the nal:[68]
7.10.6
Other countries
Andorra At a meeting with the head of the

EBU, Ingrid Deltenre, the Andorran Prime Minister
Antoni Mart said that Andorra would not return for
the 2013 Contest due to investment cuts.[69][70]
Bosnia and Herzegovina The Bosnian broadcaster Radiotelevizija Bosne i Hercegovine (BHRT)
announced that the country would not participate in
the 2013 Contest due to economic diculties.[53]
BHRT broadcast the 2013 Contest despite their
withdrawal.[71]
Czech Republic The Czech broadcaster

esk televize (T) announced that they had no intention of participating in the 2013 Eurovision Song
Contest.[72]
Liechtenstein The head of 1 Frstentum

Liechtenstein Television (1FLTV), Peter Klbel,
had said that due to a lack of nancial subsidies from the Government of Liechtenstein, participation would be impossible until 2013 at the
earliest.[73] 1FLTV have been trying to join the
European Broadcasting Union (EBU) since 2010,
but the government has not granted the nations only
channel the necessary subsidies. Klbel stated that
the country had a good chance of joining the contest
in 2013, if funding was approved, but it was later announced that it would not be participating.[74][75]
7.10.7 Incidents
Azerbaijan vote rigging
Prior to the nals, the Lithuanian media outlet 15 min

released an undercover video suggesting that representatives from Azerbaijan were trying to bribe Lithuanians for votes in the tele/smsvoting.[81] The video detailed
the plan, which involved recruiting groups of 10 people each, and supplying them with SIM cards so they
could vote multiple times during the voting window in
the tele/smsvoting. It was also suggested that similar
activity was taking place in a total of 15 countries including Latvia, Estonia, Belarus, Ukraine, Croatia and
Luxembourg On 13 September 2012, RTL Switzerland.[82] In response to the allegations, Executive

Tl Ltzebuerg announced that they would not re- Supervisor Jon Ola Sand rearmed the contests comturn to the Eurovision Song Contest in Malm due mitment to a fair and transparent result. He stated that
to a lack of available resources.[76]
while Eurovision organisers were looking into the case,
247
they "[emphasised] that the intention of these individuals have not yet been claried, and nor has a link been
established between the individuals in the video and the
Azeri delegation, the Azeri act or the Azeri EBU member Ictimai TV. He added that, since 1998, when he was
rst involved with the contest, every year there are rumors about irregularities in the voting.[81]
The EBU later conrmed an attempt of cheating in the
contest, which was unsuccessful according to EBU as the
EBUs system prevent fraud. According to the EBU,
there is no evidence that any broadcaster has been involved in cheating. The rules were changed the next year
to ensure that all broadcasters would be responsible for Finlands contestant Krista Siegfrids kissing one of her backing
preventing fraud to their advantage or face a three-year singers.
suspension if fraud is revealed.[83] However, in May 2015
a member of The Eurovision Song Contest Reference
Group conrmed that Azerbaijan had cheated and that Finlands same-sex kiss
it was organized and very expensive.[84]
The performance of the Finnish entry, Marry Me,
When Azerbaijan ocially awarded no points to Dina caused controversy in certain more socially conservative
Garipova of Russia, despite Garipova having reportedly countries broadcasting the contest. The act featured the
come second in the countrys phone poll, the Azerbaijani female singer Krista Siegfrids and one of her female backPresident Ilham Aliyev ordered an inquiry. The Russian ing singers kissing each other at the end, widely labelled
Foreign Aairs Minister Sergei Lavrov claimed that the in media as Eurovisions rst lesbian kiss. Siegfrids
result had been falsied, and stated that this outrageous stated to the media that the act was done to encourage Finaction will not remain without a response. He promised land to legalise same sex marriage. It was reported that
a co-ordinated response with his Azerbaijani counterpart Turkish and Greek media reacted negatively to Siegfrids
Elmar Mammadyarov. Simultaneously, the Belarusian act.[91] According to Gay Star News, the Turkish EuroPresident Alexander Lukashenko claimed that his own vision broadcaster TRT, who had earlier withdrawn from
country having received no points from Russia showed competing in the contest for 2013, initially indicated that
that the result must have been falsied.[85] In June 2013, they would still broadcast the contest, but made a late deUK entrant Bonnie Tyler also claimed she overheard Rus- cision not to do so.[92] A number of media reports disians complaining that Azerbaijan did not give us the rectly linked this decision to the kiss in the Finnish perten points we paid for. Event supervisor Sietse Bakker formance, although TRT stated the reason was low viewsaid the claims were being investigated by the European ing gures for the contest.[93][94] In China, it was comBroadcasting Union as well.[86]
pletely removed from the pre-recorded broadcast due to
the branch of television censorship in Mainland China.
Eric Saade
Plagiarism allegations
Cascada's entry for Germany, "Glorious", was the subject
of investigation by NDR following allegations that it was
too similar to the 2012 winner, "Euphoria" by Loreen.[87]
NDR spokeswoman Iris Bents played down the allegations, stating that Every year there are attempts to create scandals around the Eurovision Song Contest and the
participants.[88] Following an independent audit, Glorious was found not to have plagiarized Euphoria.[89]
Green room host Eric Saade referred to Petra Mede as

a "MILF" on air during the break between the rst and
second halves of the voting, saying Back to you, Petra.
#MILF. When the broadcaster for the United Kingdom, BBC aired this, the sound was lost. It remains
unknown whether this was just an accident, or if the
BBC did it purposely.[95] While the statement was supposedly scripted and SVT were aware of Saades plan,
some on social media were confused and oended by the
comment.[96]
Allegations of plagiarism against the winning Danish entry surfaced after Eric van Tijn, a notable Dutch music 7.10.8 Other awards
producer, mentioned the opening ute solos similarity to
I Surrender, a 2002 song by the Dutch band K-Otic. Marcel Bezenon Awards
However Eric van Tijn also stated that the ute solo was
the only similarity between the two songs, thus calling it Further information: Marcel Bezenon Awards
a storm in a teacup.[90]
248
The Marcel Bezenon Awards were rst handed out during the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn, Estonia,
honouring the best competing songs in the nal. Founded
1992 Eurovision Song Contest and the current Head of
Delegation for Sweden) and Richard Herrey (a member
of the Herreys and the Eurovision Song Contest 1984
winner from Sweden), the awards are named after the creator of the annual competition, Marcel Bezenon.[97] The
awards are divided into three categories: Press Award,
Artistic Award, and Composer Award.[98]
1.
2.
San Marino John Kennedy O'Connor

Sweden Yohio
(Runner-up at Melodifestivalen 2013)
3.
Albania Andri Xhahu
4.
Netherlands Cornald Maas
5.
6.
7.
OGAE
8.
Serbia Maja Nikoli
9.
Ukraine Matias

members from thirty-nine clubs to vote for their favourite
songs of the 2013 contest. Below is the top ve overall
results, after all the votes had been cast.[101]
Barbara Dex Award
10.
11.
Romania Sonia Argint
12.
Moldova Olivia Furtun
13.
Azerbaijan Tamilla Shirinova
14.
15.
Armenia Andr
16.
Italy Federica Gentile
17.
Finland Kristiina Wheeler
18.
Spain Ins Paz
19.
Belarus Darya Domracheva
20.
Latvia Anmary
(Latvian representative in the 2012 Contest)
21.
Bulgaria Joanna Dragneva

(Bulgarian representative in the 2008 Contest
as part of Deep Zone Project)
22.
7.10.9
Norway Tooji
(Norwegian representative in the 2012 Contest)
Belgium Barbara Louys

23.
It was reported by the EBU that the 2013 Contest was

viewed by a worldwide television audience of a record
breaking 170 million viewers.[103]
was determined in a draw following the jury results from
nal dress rehearsal. Similar to the 2012 contest an
algorithm was used to generate as much suspense as
possible. The spokespersons are shown alongside each
country.[104]
Russia Alsou
(Russian representative in the 2000 Contest
and co-presenter of the 2009 Contest nal)
24.
Malta Emma Hickey
25.
Estonia Rolf Roosalu
26.
Germany Lena
(Winner of the 2010 and representative of the 2011 Contest)
27.
Iceland Mara Sigrn Hilmarsdttir
28.
France Marine Vignes
29.
Greece Adriana Magania
30.
Ireland Nicky Byrne

(Irish representative in the 2016 Contest)
31.
Denmark Soe Lassen-Kahlke
32.
Montenegro Ivana Sebek
33.
Slovenia Andrea F
34.
Georgia Liza Tsiklauri
35.
Macedonia Dimitar Atanasovski
36.
Cyprus Loukas Hamatsos
37.
Croatia Urula Tolj
38.
Switzerland Mlanie Freymond
39.
Commentators
Most countries sent commentators to Malm or commentated from their own country, in order to add insight to
the participants and, if necessary, the provision of voting
information.
as follows:
7.10.10
Ocial album
249
7.10.12 References
[1] Siim, Jarno (8 July 2012). Malm to host Eurovision
Song Contest 2013. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
[2] Siim, Jarmo (28 January 2013). Petra Mede to host
Eurovision Song Contest 2013. European Broadcasting
[3] Rosn, Maria (3 May 2013). Loreen inleder Eurovision
med teckensprkstolkning och stmsng [Loreen begins
Eurovision - with sign language interpretation and vocal
harmonies] (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. Retrieved
3 May 2013.
[4] Rosn, Maria (15 April 2013). Mellanakt i Eurovision
Song Contest 2013 blir en hyllning till musiken [Intermission in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 will be a
celebration of music] (in Swedish). Sveriges Television.
15 April 2013.
[5] Leon, Jakov (15 May 2013). Dress Rehearsal of the
Second Semi-nal!". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
[6] Bokholm, Mirja (14 April 2013). Bjrn Ulvaeus,
Benny Andersson och Avicii skriver musik till Eurovisionnalen [Bjrn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson and Avicii
writes music for Eurovision nal] (in Swedish). Sveriges
Television. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
[7] Nu avsljar vi er detaljer om den frsta seminalen
[Now we reveal more details about the rst seminal] (in
Swedish). Sveriges Television. 12 April 2013. Retrieved
11 May 2013.
[8] Bokholm, Mirja (8 May 2013). Darin och Agnes medverkar i Eurovision-mellanakt [Darin and Agnes take part
in Eurovision-intermission] (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
[9] Dahlander, Gustav (20 May 2013). Se texten till Swedish
Smorgasbord med Petra Mede i Eurovision 2013 [See
the text for Swedish Smorgasbord with Petra Mede in
Eurovision 2013] (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
Eurovision Song Contest: Malm 2013 was a compilation album put together by the European Broadcasting
Union, and released by CMC International and Universal
Music Group on 29 April 2013.[171] The album features [10] Bokholm, Mirja (17 May 2013). Sarah Dawn Finer uppall the songs from the 2013 contest, and also featured
trder i nalen av Eurovision Song Contest 2013 [Sarah
a bonus track, "We Write the Story", performed by exDawn Finer appears in the nal of the Eurovision Song
Contest 2013] (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. ReABBA members, Bjrn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson
and the Swedish DJ and record producer, Avicii.[172]
7.10.11
See also

Trkvizyon Song Contest 2013
Eurovision Song Contest
European Broadcasting Union
[11] Dahlander, Gustav (8 July 2012). Eurovision Song Contest 2013 hlls i Malm Melodifestivalen [Eurovision
Song Contest 2013 will be held in Malm, Sweden].
Sveriges Television (SVT) (in Swedish). Retrieved 9 August 2012.
[12] TT Spectra (27 May 2012). SVT redan frberedda p
schlager-EM 2013 [SVT already prepared for Eurovision
2013]. Expressen (in Swedish). Retrieved 26 May 2012.
[13] Hulluna (5 June 2012). Eurovision 2013: Split Over
Three Cities?". eurovisiontimes. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
250
[14] Wilson, Ryan (18 June 2012). General: Bjrkman ends

speculation on three host cities for 2013. escXtra.com.
[31] Siim, Jarmo (17 January 2013). Draw results: Whos in

which Semi-Final?". European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
[15] TT Spectra (20 June 2012). Inget schlager-EM i Gteborg [No Eurovision Song Contest in Gothenburg].
Sydsvenskan (in Swedish). Retrieved 20 June 2012.
[32] Repo, Juha (8 November 2012). Mixed feelings about

Eurovision rule change. ESCToday.com. Retrieved 22
November 2012.
[16] Dahlander, Gustav (9 July 2012). Drfr ck Malm Eurovision Melodifestivalen [Therefore Malm received
Eurovision Song Contest]. Sveriges Television (SVT) (in
Swedish). Retrieved 8 August 2012.
[33] Jiandani, Sanjay (19 November 2012). Ireland reacts

November 2012.
[17] Gustavsson, Rikard (28 May 2012). The bidding has

started!". ESCToday.com. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
[34] Sanjay, Jiandani (16 November 2012). San Marino reacts to running order rule. ESCToday.com. Retrieved
22 November 2012.
[18] 2013 Eurovision Song Contest rules (PDF). European

Broadcasting Union. European Broadcasting Union. 10
March 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
[35] Jiandani, Sanjay (14 November 2012). Moldova reacts

November 2012.
[19] Repo, Juha (10 March 2013). Eurovision rules change:

Juries are ranking all the songs. ESCtoday.com. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
[36] Siim, Jarmo (28 March 2013). Eurovision 2013: seminal running order revealed. European Broadcasting
[20] Granger, Anthony (25 April 2013). Malmo'13: New

Voting Method. Eurovoix.com. Retrieved 25 April
2013.
[37] Siim, Jarmo (18 March 2013). Malm: Updates about

the contest. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 18
March 2013.
[21] Repo, Juha (21 November 2012). TeliaSonera once

again Eurovision presenting partner. ESCToday.com.
[22] Repo, Juha (22 November 2012). Cosmetics giant again
Eurovision Beauty Partner. ESCToday.com. Retrieved
22 November 2012.
[23] Eurovisions sponsorer!" [Eurovision Sponsors!].
esc.blogg.se (in Swedish). 30 March 2013. Retrieved 6
April 2013.
[24] Thorell, Andreas Rgsj (19 March 2013). Ica gr in
som partner till Eurovision [Ica becomes a partner of
the Eurovision]. Resum (in Swedish). Retrieved 6 April
2013.
[25] Vivas, Gabriel (22 March 2013). Eurovision 2013
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255
a Phoenix", written by Charley Mason, Joey Patulka, Ali

Zuckowski, and Julian Maas for Austria.[13] This was
Austrias rst win in the competition since 1966. Jokes
made about Wurst had sparked controversy, whilst Russia
[170] House of Sweden. LIVE HD Broadcast from the 2013 were booed several times during the contest. The NetherEurovision Song Contest. EurovisionUS. Eventbrite. Re- lands and Sweden nished second and third respectively
with the former achieving their best result since their victrieved 8 June 2013.
tory in the 1975 Contest. Armenia nished fourth, which
[171] Kapps, Sebastien (29 April 2013). Eurovision album re- equals their best result to date, while Hungary nished
leased. escunited.com. ESCUnited. Retrieved 5 Novemfth, achieving its best result since its fourth place in
ber 2014.
1994. Of the Big Five, only Ruth Lorenzo of Spain
[172] Eurovision Song Contest - Malm 2013. achieved a place in the top ten.
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2013). Live HD Broadcast of the 2013 Eurovision Song
Contest at the Swedish Embassy in Washington, 18 May.
EUNIC Online. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
itunes.apple.com.
2014.
iTunes.
Retrieved 5 November
A new record of 195 million viewers for the Eurovision

Song Contest was reported.[1] The ocial compilation album of the 2014 Contest was released by Universal Music Group on 14 April 2014, and featured all 37 songs
from the contest, including the ocial #JoinUs theme
performed during the interval act of the grand nal. The
Ocial website
host broadcaster, DR, and the EBU won the International
Eurovision Song Contest 2013 at the Internet Movie TV Award at the Ondas Awards for their production of
Database
the contest.
YouTube
7.11.1 Location

On 2 September 2013, Danish public broadcaster DR

The Eurovision Song Contest 2014 was the 59th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place
in Copenhagen, Denmark, following Emmelie de Forest's
win at the 2013 contest in Malm, Sweden with the song
"Only Teardrops". This was the third time that Denmark
hosted the contest, the most recent previous occasion being in 2001. The two semi-nals took place on 6 May and
8 May 2014, and the nal on 10 May 2014.[9] The shows
were presented by Lise Rnne, Nikolaj Koppel and Pilou
Asbk.[10]
The show organisers from Copenhagen all in all spent 112
million Danish kroner on the contest; three times more
than what was expected and were furthermore highly accused of cases of nepotism within the organisation.[11]
The host broadcaster, DR, chose the B&W Hallerne as
the host venue after considering several bids from cities
and venues across Denmark.[12]
B&W Hallerne, Copenhagen - host venue of the 2014 contest.
announced that it had chosen Copenhagen as the host city

for the 2014 contest. The contest was held at the former
shipyard Refshaleen, in the B&W Hallerne, with the social networking hashtag "#JoinUs as the motto. The location had been refurbished to accommodate the event,
Thirty-seven countries participated; this includes the re- with the surrounding area transformed into Eurovision
the
turn of Poland after a two-year absence and Portugal af- Islandan Olympic Park-inspired complex housing
[12]
event
venue,
press
centre,
and
other
amenities.
ter a one-year absence. Overall, there were two fewer
countries competing compared to the previous year, mak- The mayor of Copenhagen, Frank Jensen, declared in late
ing thirty-seven participants, the smallest number since August that the city would contribute to the budget with
2006. Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus and Serbia announced 40 million (Danish Kroner) (5.36 million). He also antheir withdrawal from the 2014 Contest. San Marino and nounced that the aim was to make the Eurovision 2014
Montenegro both qualied for the nal for the rst time. into the greenest contest to date since Copenhagen had
The winner was Conchita Wurst with the song "Rise Like been elected European Green Capital for 2014.[14]
256
Bidding phase
which hosted the 2001 contest.

Stadium, a large tent on the grounds of DR Byen and the
B&W Hallerne.[24][25] On 25 June 2013, the Municipality of Fredericia announced that the Triangle Region had
withdrawn its bid on hosting the contest, due to the lack
of a suitable venue. DR required the hosting venue to
have no pillars blocking any views and an interior height
of at least 16 metres. However, no venues in the region
met those requirements and, therefore, Fredericia was no
longer in the running for becoming host city of the 2014
Eurovision Song Contest.[26] On 28 June 2013, Anders
Hrsholt, CEO of Parken Sport & Entertainment, stated
Parken Stadium, that the Parken Stadium was no longer in the running for
hosting the contest due to several football matches having
already been scheduled to take place at the stadium in the
weeks leading up to the contest.[27]
Jyske
Bank
Boxen, hosted the nal of Dansk Melodi Grand Prix
2013.
Five cities had been considered as host city of the contest, including Herning and Copenhagen, both favourites
to be the next host.[15] The Parken Stadium, located in
Copenhagen, which hosted the 2001 contest and Jyske
Bank Boxen in Herning, which hosted the Dansk Melodi
Grand Prix 2013 nal, were the rst venues to join
the bidding phase.[16] Later, Fredericia and Aalborg entered the phase with the Messe C and Gigantium venues,
respectively.[17][18] The fth city to join the phase was
Horsens, with the venue being the courtyard of the former Horsens State Prison. In the event that Horsens had
been chosen to host the contest, the courtyard would have
been covered by a permanent glass roof.[19][20] The contest was provisionally set to take place on 13, 15 and 17
May 2014, however, the dates were later brought forward
a week in order to accommodate the candidate cities.[9]
Aalborg
Copenhagen
Fredericia
Herning
Horsens
Locations of the candidate cities. The chosen location,

Copenhagen, is marked in red.
Key
Host venue
7.11.2 Format
On 17 June 2013, the municipality executive of Aalborg decided not to bid for hosting the contest due to the
citys lack of sucient hotel capacity. While DR required
the host city to have at least 3,000 hotel rooms, the city
of Aalborg had only 1,600 hotel rooms, more than half
of which had been booked for other events taking place
at the same time as the Eurovision Song Contest.[21][22]
On 18 June 2013, DR announced that formal bids on
hosting the contest had been received by the municipalities of Copenhagen, Herning and Horsens, and that the
Municipality of Fredericia had conrmed its intention to
place a formal bid, too.[23]
On 19 June 2013, the deadline for placing bids on hosting the contest,[22] it was reported that Wonderful Copenhagen, the ocial convention, event and visitors bureau
of the Greater Copenhagen area, had proposed three different venues in its bid on hosting the contest: The Parken
Nikolaj Koppel, Lise Rnne and Pilou Asbk, the presenters of

the Eurovision Song Contest 2014
The competition consisted of two semi-nals and a nal,

a format which has been in use since 2008. The ten coun-
257
perform in the rst semi-nal, while Norway would perform in the second semi-nal.[37] The EBU also allocated Israel to the second semi-nal after a request from
the delegation in order to avoid complications with a national holiday coinciding with the date of the rst seminal.[38] The remaining participating countries, excluding the automatic nalists (Denmark, France, Germany,
Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom), were split into
six pots, based on voting patterns from the previous ten
years.[39]
The pots were calculated by the televoting partner
Digame and were as follows:[40]
Stage design of the contest
Running order
tries with the highest scores in each semi-nal qualied to
As in 2013, the host broadcaster DR and their producthe nal where they joined the host nation Denmark and
ers determined the running order for each show with
the ve main sponsoring nations (known as the Big Five):
only the starting position of the host nation being deterFrance, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom.
mined by draw.[41] A draw which took place during the
Each participating country had their own national jury, heads of delegation meeting on 17 March 2014 in Copenwhich consisted of ve professional members of the mu- hagen determined that Denmark would perform 23rd in
sic industry. Each member of a respective nations jury the nal.[42] On 24 March 2014, the running order for
was required to rank every song, except that of their own the two semi-nals was released.[43] Prior to the creation
country. The voting results from each member of a par- of the running order for the nal, an allocation draw was
ticular nations jury were combined to produce an overall held during the semi-nal winners press conferences folranking from rst to last place. Likewise, the televot- lowing the conclusion of each semi-nal and during the
ing results were also interpreted as a full ranking, tak- individual press conferences on 6 May 2014 for the Big
ing into account the full televoting result rather than just Five (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingthe top ten. The combination of the jurys full ranking dom). The draw determined whether the country would
and the televotes full ranking produced an overall rank- perform in the rst or second half of the nal. The proing of all competing entries. The song which scored the ducers published the nal running order shortly before
highest overall rank received 12 points, while the tenth- 0200 CEST on 9 May 2014. Ukraine were drawn to perbest ranked song received 1-point.[31] In the event of a form rst, whilst the United Kingdom were drawn to pertelevoting(insucient amount of votes/technical issues) form last.[44]
or jury failure(technical issue/breach of rules), only a
jury/televoting was used by each country [32][33]
Crimea
On 20 September 2013, the EBU released the ocial
rules for the 2014 contest, which introduced rule changes The contest was held in the immediate aftermath of the
regarding the jury voting.[34] The rules aimed at providing 2014 Ukrainian revolution, Russian military intervention
more transparency regarding each ve member national in Ukraine, and the crisis in Crimea, in which Crimea
jury by releasing the names of all jurors on 1 May 2014 was annexed by Russia. Votes cast through Ukrainian
prior to the start of the contest and providing each jurors telecom providers which service Crimea were counted tofull ranking results after the conclusion of the contest. In wards Ukraines votes.[45]
addition, jury members on a particular nations jury can
only serve as a juror if they have not already participated
Graphic design
as such in one of the preceding two contest editions.[35]
The graphic design of the contest was revealed by the
EBU on 18 December 2013. The theme art comprises
a blue and purple diamond, within it the generic EuroviThe draw that determined the semi-nal allocation was sion Song Contest logo featuring the Danish ag as well
and slogan "#JoinUs at the centre of the
held on 20 January 2014 at the Copenhagen City Hall.[36] as the hashtag
[46]
diamond.
Prior to the allocation draw, on 24 November 2013 it was
announced that Norway and Sweden would perform in The postcards used to introduce a country and their pardierent semi-nals in order to maximise the availabil- ticipants were shot in their respective countries and feaity of tickets for visitors from both countries. A draw tured the artists using unique ways to create their counat the EBU headquarters determined that Sweden would trys ag, e.g. the postcard for the United Kingdom fea-
258
semi jury
tures Molly creating the Union Flag from Routemaster

buses, Royal Mail vans, and people wearing blue raincoats along with strips of red and white paper, and the
postcard for Denmark featuring Basim and his singers using old furniture and red and white paint to paint the Danish ag.[47] The postcards then ended with the act taking
a picture on a camera or phone and a close up of the resulting artwork was shown onscreen. The ag created by
the artist(s) is then captured into a diamond and it transitions to the ocial ag. It then swirls round for the
before-hand details of the artist/composer. For example,
the entry for San Marino features the painting of the ag
that Valentina Monetta (the artist) created, transitioning
into the ocial ag for San Marino.[48]

Countries also voting in the rst semi-nal
Countries also voting in the second semi-nal

Thirty-seven countries participated in the 2014 Contest. Bulgarian broadcaster Bulgarian National Television (BNT),[53] Croatian broadcaster Hrvatska radiotelevizija (HRT),[54] Cypriot broadcaster Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation (CyBC)[55] and Serbian broadcaster
Radio Television of Serbia (RTS)[56] withdrew from the
2014 contest. Other absent countries that previously
have participated are Andorra,[57] Bosnia and Herzegovina,[58] Czech Republic,[59] Luxembourg,[60] Monaco,[61]
Morocco,[62] Slovakia[63] and Turkey.[64] Portugal have
also in the past withdrew from the contest.[65] Poland returned after last participating in 2011.[66]

Returning artists
Pernille Gaardbo was appointed by DRs Director General, Maria Rrbye Rnn, as the Executive Producer for
the contest, three-days after Denmarks victory at the
2013 contest.[49] Maria Rrbye Rnn stated in an interview that By choosing Penille Gaardbo, we have a person
who has all the necessary leadership skills, which are essential in order to run a project of this magnitude, and the
technical insight for such a large TV-production, which
the Eurovision Song Contest is.[49] Gaardbo has worked
for the host broadcaster for 17 years, 12 of which was in
the role of supervisor of the DR Medieservice.[49]
Danish Royal Family members Crown Prince Frederik
and his wife, Crown Princess Mary, attended the nal as
invited guests of the host broadcaster DR.[50][51] In March
2014, the host broadcaster DR invited Jessica Mauboy to
perform during the interval act of the second seminal
on 8 May 2014, part of DRs recognition of Australias
loyalty to the Eurovision Song Contest.[52] Mauboy performed the song "Sea of Flags" during the interval act.[5]
Valentina Monetta represented San Marino for a third and

nal consecutive year, having previously represented the
microstate at the 2012 and 2013 contests.[67] This makes
Monetta the fourth main singer to compete in three consecutive contests (and the only one of amongst them never
to win in one of these occasions), following Lys Assia
and Corry Brokken, who both competed in the 1956,
1957 and 1958 contests, and Udo Jrgens, who competed in 1964, 1965 and 1966. Paula Seling and Ovi returned as a duo, having previously represented Romania
in 2010.[68] The Tolmachevy Sisters, who represented
Russia, previously participated in and won the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006. Macedonian backing vocalist Tamara Todevska previously represented Macedonia
in 2008.[69] Martina Majerle, who represented Slovenia
in 2009 and provided backing vocals numerous times
for Croatia (2003), Montenegro (2008) and Slovenia
(2007, 2011, 2012), returned as a backing vocalist for
Montenegro.[70]
7.11.4
259
Results
Georgia and Macedonia used juries due to either technical issues with the televoting or an insucient amount of
Full semi-nal results including televoting and results votes cast during the televote period.[87][88]
from the individual jury members were released shortly
after the nal.[71]
Final
points each country awarded to another in the Grand FiSpain, France, and Denmark also voted in this semi- nal:
nal.[72] The ten songs that are marked in orange qualied Below is a summary of the split number one selection,
to the nal.
Semi-nal 1
Grand Final:
Semi-nal 2
7.11.6 Other countries
Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom also voted in

this semi-nal.[72] The ten songs that are marked in or- Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision
ange qualied to the nal.
Song Contest
For a country to be eligible for potential participation in the Eurovision Song Contest, it needs to be
As in the 2013 contest, the winner was announced as soon an active member of the European Broadcasting Union
[97]
The EBU issued an invitation of participaas it was mathematically impossible to catch up. In this (EBU).
[97]
case, the winner had been determined by the 34th vote, tion for the 2014 Contest to all 56 active members.
Thirty-seven countries conrmed their participation.[40]
which came from Ukraine.
Lebanon, Tunisia, and ve other EBU members, however, did not publish their reasons for declining, whilst
1.^ The song is in French; however, there is
the following list of countries declined stating their reaone sentence in English and one sentence in
sons as shown below.[40]
Spanish.
Final
2.^ The song is completely in Italian; however

the last line was sung in English at the contest.
7.11.5
Active EBU members
Andorra The Andorran broadcaster Rdio i

Televisi d'Andorra (RTVA) informed a Eurovision
news website that due to nancial reasons and budget
constraints, Andorra would not return to the contest
in 2014.[57]
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Despite the Bosnian

broadcaster Radio and Television of Bosnia and
Herzegovina (BHRT) initially stating their intention
to participate in the contest, on 18 December 2013
it was announced that they would not be taking part
due to a lack of sponsorship.[58][98]
Bulgaria Despite initial indications that Bulgarian broadcaster Bulgarian National Television
(BNT) had planned to participate in the 2014 contest, on 22 November 2013, BNT announced their
withdrawal from the competition, citing an expensive participation fee and limited funds due to budget cuts as reasons for this decision.[53][99][100]
Croatia Croatian broadcaster Croatian Radiotelevision (HRT) announced on 19 September

2013 that they are withdrawing from the 2014 contest, citing the European nancial crisis, as well as
Scoreboard
Semi-nal 1
Below is a summary of the split number one selection, by
respectively each countrys jury and televoters in the First
Semi Final:
Albania, Montenegro, San Marino and Moldova used juries due to vote in Televote
Semi-nal 2
seminal:
Below is a summary of the split number one selection,
Second Semi Final:
260

a string of poor results between 2010 and 2013 inuencing their decision to take a year break. The
last time Croatia qualied for the grand nal before
2016 was in 2009.[54]
status of the "Big Five" were once again cited as reasons for this decision.[103] The non-participation was
further conrmed on 7 November 2013.[64]
Cyprus On 3 October 2013, the Cypriot Require active EBU membership

broadcaster Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation
(CyBC) announced their withdrawal from the 2014
Kosovo While Kosovan broadcaster Radio

contest, citing public opinion regarding the 2012
Television of Kosovo (RTK) did not voice any in13 Cypriot nancial crisis and budget restrictions
tention regarding the 2014 contest, Kosovos Deputy
as factors that inuenced this decision.[55]
Minister of Foreign Aairs Petrit Selimi told the
Swedish television programme Korrespondenterna
Czech Republic The Czech broadcaster
that he thought Kosovo, whose status is disesk televize (T) conrmed on 30 September
puted, would be granted EBU membership and
2013, that they would not return to the contest in
acceptance into the Eurovision in time for the
2014, citing low viewing gures and poor results as
2014 edition.[104][105] However, Kosovo has not
their reason.[59]
been recognized as an independent country by the
International Telecommunications Union, which is
Luxembourg The chief executive ocer of
a requirement for full membership in the EBU.[106]
RTL Tl Ltzebuerg, Alain Berwick, stated that
Luxembourg would not return to the contest, citing the potential nancial burden of hosting the con
Liechtenstein Broadcaster 1 Frstentum
test and a lack of public interest as reasons for this
Liechtenstein Television (1FLTV) had originally indecision.[101] The broadcaster further conrmed on
tended to participate in the 2013 contest, pending
24 July 2013, that Luxembourg would not be particsubsidies being sought from the Liechtenstein govipating in the 2014 contest.[60]
ernment in order to join the EBU.[107] However such
nancial oerings were never granted. The broadMonaco The Monegasque broadcaster Tl
caster at the time had stated that they would try again
Monte Carlo (TMC) informed a Eurovision news
with the aim to make their debut in 2014.[108] On 10
website that Monaco would not be returning to the
September 2013, 1FLTV announced that they will
contest in 2014.[61]
not be present at any foreseeable Eurovision Song
Contest until such nancial support has been granted
Morocco On 11 September 2013, Moroccan
by the government of Liechtenstein.[109]
broadcaster Socit Nationale de Radiodiusion et
de Tlvision (SNRT) informed and conrmed to a
Eurovision news website that they have not ruled out
the possibility of making a comeback in the near fu- 7.11.7 Incidents
ture, but currently have no plans to make their return
Armenian contestants statements
at the 2014 contest.[62]
Serbia On 22 November 2013, Serbian

broadcaster Radio Television of Serbia (RTS) announced that it would withdraw from the 2014 contest due to nancial diculties and a lack of available sponsorship for a potential Serbian entry.[56]
Turkey On 14 September 2013, the general director of Trkiye Radyo ve Televizyon Kurumu (TRT), brahim ahin, stated that there are
no plans to return to the contest under the current
conditions. Dissatisfaction with the introduction of
a mixed jury/televote voting system and the current
On the week of the contest, Armenian contestant Aram

Mp3 commented on Conchita Wursts image by saying
that her lifestyle was not natural[110] and that she needed
to decide to be either a woman or a man.[110] The statement sparked controversy, following which Aram Mp3
apologised and added that what he said was meant to be a
[111]
Wurst accepted the apology, by stating, I have
Slovakia Slovakian broadcaster Rozhlas a joke.

to
say
that
if its a joke its not funny... but he apologised
televzia Slovenska (RTVS) announced through their
and
thats
ne
for me.[112][113]
the ocial Twitter feed on 1 September 2013
that Slovakia would not participate in the 2014
contest.[102] The non-participation was further conrmed on 9 September 2013.[63]
Georgia jury votes
Georgias jury votes in the Grand Final were all declared
invalid, as all the jury members had voted exactly the
same from 3 points up to 12 points.[114] According to
EBU, this constitutes a statistical impossibility. Therefore, only Georgias televoting result was used for the distribution of the Georgian points in the Grand Final.[114]
261
Lithuanian spokespersons commentary
by the entries competing at the Eurovision Song Contest

2014, in addition to the main winners trophy. In conLithuanian spokesperson Ignas Krupaviius, just before trast, the Ondas Awards have honoured the production of
announcing that ten points of his countrys vote had been the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 itself in one of their
assigned to Conchita Wurst, said referring to Wursts categories.
beard, Now it is time to shave, then pulled out a razor
and pretended to shave his own face, before giggling at
the joke. Host Nikolaj Koppel replied to that by saying, Marcel Bezenon Awards
Time to shave? I think not. BBC commentator Graham
Norton also expressed his frustration at the joke and sup[115]
ported Koppels reply.
The Marcel Bezenon Awards were rst handed out during the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn, EsReaction to Russias performance
tonia, honouring the best competing songs in the nal. Founded by Christer Bjrkman (Sweden's repreRussias Tolmachevy Sisters were the subject of booing sentative in the 1992 Eurovision Song Contest and the
from the audience, during the seminal and when they current Head of Delegation for Sweden) and Richard
qualied into nal.[116] Russias act were also booed dur- Herrey (a member of the Herreys and the Eurovision
ing the grand nal; and when the Russian spokesper- Song Contest 1984 winner from Sweden), the awards
son delivered their top-three votes. The booing was also are named after the creator of the annual competition,
heard when countries awarded Russia votes, including Marcel Bezenon.[120] The awards are divided into three
neighbouring countries such as Armenia and Belarus.[117] categories: Press Award, Artistic Award, and Composer
Award.[121]
Internet activist security breach
After Conchita Wurst had won and performed the song
again, and shortly before the end of the television broadcast, press photographers crowded around Wurst for pictures. During the photo session, Estonian Free Anakata"
activist Meelis Kaldalu managed to breach security and
approach Wurst, giving her owers and a Danish ag.
She accepted the owers, and Kaldalu knelt before her;
what he said could not be heard. As security personnel realised Kaldalu was not supposed to be there, they began
to drag him away, and Kaldalu produced a piece of paper, which he had hidden under his shirt, reading "#free
anakata.[118][119]
7.11.8
Other awards
OGAE
Finland by Jari-Pekka Koikkalainen.[122] The organisation consists of a network of 40 Eurovision Song Contest fan clubs across Europe and beyond, and is a nongovernmental, non-political, and non-prot company.[123]
In what has become an annual tradition for the OGAE fan
clubs, a voting poll was opened allowing members from
forty clubs to vote for their favourite songs of the 2014
contest. Below is the top ve overall results, after all the
votes had been cast.[124]
Barbara Dex Award
she wore her own self designed dress.[125]
Wurst holds the Eurovision trophy after winning.
Ondas Awards
The Marcel Bezenon Awards, the OGAE voting poll and Further information: Premios Ondas
the Barbara Dex Awards are awards that were contested
262
The Ondas Awards (Spanish: Premios Ondas) is an award

ceremony organised by Radio Barcelona, a subsidiary of
Cadena SER, since 1954. They are awarded in recognition of professionals in the elds of radio and television
broadcasting, the cinema, and the music industry.[127]
The 61st Ondas Award recipients were announced on 6
November 2014, where Danish broadcaster, Danmarks
Radio and the European Broadcasting Union received the
International Television Award, for their production of
the 2014 Eurovision Song Contest.[128][129] The award
will be handed over during the awards ceremony that
will take place on 25 November 2014 at the Liceu in
Barcelona.[128]
14.
Latvia Ralfs Eilands

(Latvian representative in the 2013 Contest as part of
PeR)
15.
Armenia Anna Avanesyan
16.
Iceland Benedict Valsson
17.
Macedonia Marko Mark
18.
Sweden Alcazar
19.
Belarus Alyona Lanskaya

(Belarusian representative in the 2013 Contest)
7.11.9
It was reported by the EBU that the 2014 Contest was

viewed by a worldwide television audience of a record
breaking 195 million viewers.[1]
was determined in a draw following the jury results from
the nal dress rehearsal. An algorithm implemented
by NRK, based on jury vote, was used to generate as
much suspense as possible. The spokespersons are shown
alongside each country.[130]
1.
20.
Germany Helene Fischer
21.
Israel Ofer Nachson
22.
Portugal Joana Teles
23.
Norway Margrethe Red
24.
Estonia Lauri Pihlap

(Winner of the 2001 Contest as part of 2XL)
25.
26.
Moldova Olivia Furtuna
Azerbaijan Sabina Babayeva

(Azerbaijani representative in the 2012 Contest)
27.
Ireland Nicky Byrne

(Irish representative in the 2016 Contest)
2.
Greece Andrianna Maggania
3.
Poland Paulina Chylewska
4.
Albania Andri Xhahu
5.
San Marino Michele Perniola

(Sammarinese representative in the 2013 Junior Contest
and the 2015 Contest)
6.
Denmark Soe Lassen-Kahlke
7.
Montenegro Tijana Mikovi
8.
Romania Sonia Argint-Ionescu
9.
Russia Alsou
28.
Finland Redrama
29.
30.
31.
Spain Carolina Casado
32.
Belgium Angelique Vlieghe
33.
Italy Linus
34.
(Russian representative in the 2000 Contest

and co-host of 2009 Contest)
10.
Netherlands Tim Douwsma
35.
11.
Malta Valentina Rossi
36.
12.
France Elodie Suigo
13.
Ukraine Zlata Ognevich

(Ukrainian representative in the 2013 Contest; one of the
presenters of the 2013 Junior Contest)
Switzerland Kurt Aeschbacher

Georgia Sophie Gelovani and Nodi Tatishvili
(Georgian representatives in the 2013 Contest)
37.
Slovenia Ula Furlan

Commentators
263
Israel Hebrew/Arabic subtitles (Channel 1 and

Channel 33, all shows);[160] Kobi Menora and Yuval
Caspin (88 FM, all shows)[161]
Italy Marco Ardemagni and Filippo Solibello

(Rai 4, semi-nals);[162] Linus and Nicola Savino
(Rai 2, nal)[163][164]
Albania Andri Xhahu (TVSH, RTSH Muzik

and Radio Tirana, all shows)[131]
Armenia Erik Antaranyan and Anna

Avanesyan (Armenia 1, semi-nals);[132] Tigran
Danielyan and Arevik Udumyan (Armenia 1, nal)
Austria Andi Knoll (ORF eins, all shows)[133]
Latvia Valters Frdenbergs and Krlis

Bmeisters (LTV1, all shows)[165]
Azerbaijan Konul Arifgizi (TV and TV Radio, all shows)[134]
Belarus Evgeny Perlin (Belarus-1 and

Belarus-24, all shows)[135][136]
Lithuania Darius Ukuraitis (LRT and LRT

Radijas, all shows)[166][167]
Macedonia Karolina Petkovska (MRT 1,

MRT Sat and Radio Skopje, all shows)[168][169][170]
Malta Carlo Borg Bonaci (TVM, all

shows)[171]
Moldova Daniela Babici (Moldova 1 and

Radio Moldova, all shows)[172][173]
Montenegro Draen Baukovi & Tamara

Ivankovi (TVCG 1, all shows); Sonja Savovi and
Sanja Pejovi (Radio Crne Gore and Radio 98, all
shows)[174]
Netherlands Cornald Maas and Jan Smit

(Nederland 1 and BVN, all shows)[175][176]
Norway Olav Viksmo Slettan (NRK1,

all shows);[177] Ronny Brede Aase, Silje Reiten
Nordnes and Line Elvsshagen (NRK3, nal)[178]
Poland Artur Orzech (TVP1, TVP1 HD and

TVP Polonia (live), TVP Rozrywka (one day delay),
all shows)[179]
Portugal Slvia Alberto (RTP1, rst

semi-nal and nal (live), second semi-nal
(delayed))[180]
Romania Bogdan Stnescu (TVR1, TVRi and

TVR HD, all shows)[181]
Russia Olga Shelest and Dmitriy Guberniev

(Russia-1, all shows)[182][183]
San Marino Italian: Lia Fiorio and Gigi

Restivo (SMtv San Marino and Radio San Marino,
all shows);[184] English: John Kennedy O'Connor
and Jamarie Milkovic (SMtv Web TV (Online), all
shows)[185]
Slovenia Andrej Hofer (RTV SLO2, seminals; RTV SLO1 and Televizija Maribor, nal;
Radio Val 202 and Radio Maribor, second seminal and nal)[186]
Belgium Dutch: Peter Van de Veire and Eva

Daeleman (n and Radio 2, all shows);[137] French:
Jean-Louis Lahaye and Maureen Louys (La Une, all
shows);[138] Olivier Gilain (VivaCit, nal)[139]
Denmark Anders Bisgaard (DR1, seminals; DR P4, nal);[140][141] Ole Tpholm (DR1,
nal);[142] Peter Falktoft and Esben Bjerre Hansen
(DR3, nal);[143] Sign language performers (DR Ramasjang, nal)[144]
Estonia Marko Reikop (ETV, all shows);[145]
Mart Juur and Andrus Kivirhk (Raadio 2, rst
semi-nal and nal)[146]
Finland Finnish: Jorma Hietamki and Sanna

Pirkkalainen (Yle TV2 and Yle Radio Suomi, all
shows); Swedish: Eva Frantz and Johan Lindroos
(Yle TV2 and Yle Radio Vega, all shows)[147]
France Audrey Chauveau and Bruno

Berberes (France , rst semi-nal);[148] Cyril
Fraud and Natasha St-Pier (France 3, nal)[149]
Georgia Lado Tatishvili and Tamuna

Museridze (GBP First Channel, all shows)[150][151]
Germany Peter Urban (EinsPlus (live) and

EinsFestival (delayed), all shows; Phoenix, seminals; Das Erste, nal)[152]
Greece Maria Kozakou (NERIT1 and

NERIT HD, all shows), Giorgos Kapoutzidis
(NERIT1 and NERIT HD, nal)[153]
Hungary Gbor Gundel Takcs (M1, all

shows)[154][155]
Iceland Felix Bergsson (RV and Rs 2, all

shows)[156][157]
Ireland Marty Whelan (RT Two, seminals; RT One, nal);[158] Shay Byrne and Zbyszek
Zalinski (RT Radio 1, second semi-nal and
nal)[159]
264
by Universal Music Group on 14 April 2014. The album featured all 37 songs that entered in the 2014 contest, including the semi-nalists that failed to qualify into
the grand nal. It also featured as a bonus track, the ocial #JoinUs theme, "Rainmaker", performed by the 2013
Sweden Malin Olsson and Edward af Silln contest winner, Emmelie de Forest.[214]
(SVT1, all shows);[190] Carolina Norn and Ronnie
Ritterland (SR P4, all shows)[191]
Spain Jos Mara igo (La 2 (TVE), rst

semi-nal; La 1 (TVE), nal);[187] Paco Gonzlez
(and Tiempo de juego team) (COPE, nal);[188]
Sergi Mas (Ona FM - SER Catalunya, nal)[189]
7.11.11 See also
Switzerland German: Sven Epiney (SRF zwei,

semi-nals; SRF 1, nal);[192] Italian: Sandy Altermatt and Alessandro Bertoglio (RSI La 2, second semi-nal; RSI La 1, nal);[193] French: JeanMarc Richard and Valrie Ogier (RTS Deux, second
semi-nal; RTS Un, nal)[194][195]
Ukraine Timur Miroshnychenko and Tetiana

Terekhova (First National, all shows);[196][197][198]
Olena Zilinchenko (NRCU, all shows)[199]
United Kingdom Scott Mills and Laura Whitmore (BBC Three, semi-nals);[200] Graham Norton
(BBC One, nal); Ana Matronic (BBC Radio 2 Eurovision, second semi-nal);[201] Ken Bruce (BBC
Radio 2, nal)[202]
Australia Julia Zemiro and Sam Pang (SBS

One, all shows)[203]
Canada Adam Rollins and Tommy D.

(OUTtv, broadcast the three shows between 2022
June 2014)[204]
Croatia Aleksandar Kostadinov (HRT 1 and

HR2, nal)[205][206]
Cyprus Melina Karageorgiou (RIK 1, all

shows)[207][208]
Faroe Islands TBC (Kringvarp Froya,

all)[209]
Kazakhstan Diana Snegina and Kaldybek

Zhaysanbay (Khabar, all shows)[210]
New Zealand TBC (BBC UKTV, all

shows)[211]
Serbia Silvana Gruji (RTS1, RTS SAT and

RTS HD, all shows), Dragan Ili (RTS1, RTS SAT
and RTS HD, nal) [212][213]
7.11.10
Ocial album
ABU Radio Song Festival 2014

Trkvizyon Song Contest 2014
List of jurors of the Eurovision Song Contest 2014
7.11.12 References
[1] Bakker, Sietse (4 June 2014). Eurovision Song Contest
2014 reaches 195 million worldwide. eurovision.tv. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
[2] Leon, Jakov Isak (5 May 2014). "[Day 8] First Dress
Rehearsal at the B&W Hallerne #JoinUs. Eurovision.tv.
European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
[3] Leon, Jakov Isak (7 May 2014). "[LIVE] One more Dress
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Ocial website
Ocial rules for 2014
Database
Chapter 8
Text and image sources, contributors, and

licenses
8.1 Text
Eurovision Song Contest Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest?oldid=735311764 Contributors: Kpjas, JHK,
Derek Ross, Mav, Robert Merkel, The Anome, Loe, Tarquin, Ap, Gareth Owen, Css, Andre Engels, Scipius, JeLuF, Walter, Arvindn,
Christian List, Deb, Wathiik, Ortolan88, William Avery, Peterlin~enwiki, Merphant, Kurt Jansson, Karl Palmen, Camembert, Fonzy,
Mintguy, KF, Kemkim, Patrick, JohnOwens, Michael Hardy, Zocky, Liftarn, SGBailey, Menchi, Ixfd64, Paul A, Alo, Goatasaur, Mkweise, Ahoerstemeier, Arwel Parry, Davidme~enwiki, Docu, Samuelsen, CatherineMunro, DropDeadGorgias, Julesd, Qed, Error, AugPi,
Nikai, Chrysalis, IMSoP, Kwekubo, Cherkash, EdH, Mxn, AshtonBRSC, Hashar, Alex S, Vanished user 5zariu3jisj0j4irj, Timwi, Dcoetzee, Janko, Rob.derosa, Andy G, Dino, Wik, Tpbradbury, Furrykef, Dunshi, Itai, Nricardo, Joy, Raul654, AnonMoos, Leonariso, Johnleemk, Francs2000, Slawojarek, Martijnesc, Masi27185, Shantavira, Phil Boswell, Bearcat, Robbot, Dale Arnett, Iam, Chrism, Fredrik,
Orourkek, PBS, Comidadehospital, Altenmann, Naddy, Modulatum, Postdlf, Flauto Dolce, Gidonb, Rhombus, JoeBaldwin, Btljs, Hadal,
Delpino, Mushroom, Dmn, Smjg, Jacoplane, Jao, Andromeda~enwiki, Rossrs, Jonth, Neuro, BigHaz, BillyH, Zoney, Gzornenplatz, Bobblewik, Mobius, ALargeElk, Gyrofrog, Thewikipedian, Fys, Jm butler, Formeruser-81, Cckkab, Antandrus, JoJan, Adamsan, OwenBlacker,
Tom-Timmy, Satori, Pdn77, Necrothesp, Eranb, Sam Hocevar, Eddpayne, Grunners, Huaiwei, TonyW, CGorman~enwiki, Tomwalden,
Fg2, DMG413, Udzu, JamesTeterenko, Canterbury Tail, Mattb90, Lacrimosus, Grstain, Ouro, Johan Elisson, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Martinl~enwiki, Sladen, Kjd, Qutezuce, Smyth, YUL89YYZ, Ericamick, StoneColdCrazy, Berkut, Martpol, Bender235, NeilTarrant, Jnestorius, Helldjinn~enwiki, Kinitawowi, MisterSheik, Aecis, Slav~enwiki, Zscout370, Matve, Shanes, Etimbo,
Grick, Wipe, Gumol, Polocrunch, Jguk 2, Vintermann, Juzeris, SpeedyGonsales, B Touch, Jeodesic, Baratinha~enwiki, Chuckstar, Pperos,
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Jess Cully, Axeman89,
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Martin, The JPS, Firsfron, Vashti, Woohookitty, Bush Me Up, A.K.A.47, PatGallacher, StradivariusTV, Aaron McDaid, Dupont Circle, WadeSimMiser, Pixeltoo, Maltaran, Fred J, Twthmoses, Jraregris, Dzordzm, Zilog Jones, DavidsWiki, Gerbon689, Junes,
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Hong, Zanoni, Snottily, Attilios, A bit iy, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Dweller, Djheart, Estoy Aqu, Curlybap, Unyoyega, Davewild,
Verne Equinox, Nouanoua, Eaglizard, ZlatkoT, Ohnder~enwiki, Aivazovsky, IstvanWolf, Yellowbounder, Commander Keane bot, Portillo, Hmains, Skizzik, Quadratic, Icemuon, Tytrain, Anastasios~enwiki, Iancaddy, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Unint, MK8, Achmelvic,
MalafayaBot, BobThePirate, Baa, DHN-bot~enwiki, Rlevse, Brideshead, Aleksandar unjar, Factorylad, Tartan, Metropolitan, WorldWide Update, Kanabekobaton, Leftism, Azumanga1, Squigish, Addshore, Bolivian Unicyclist, Csoulellis, Grover cleveland, Asteraki,
Soosed, Eurovision-romania, Swimdb, BIL, Geir Arne~enwiki, Smooth O, Earl CG, Cybercobra, Savidan, Valenciano, BlueEyedCat,
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BG, Tatotal, Andymmu, Dl2000, Phuzion, Xljesus, Keycard, THELEICESTERFOX, Rubena, BranStark, Langfeldt, ISD, Sailor iain, Iridescent, WGee, The Giant Pun, Probeklein, JoeBot, NativeForeigner, UncleDouggie, Cls14, Brasseye, Buer v2, Lucy-marie, Pelotas,
Neurillon, Tawkerbot2, Dlohcierekim, Muamshai, Dev920, SkyWalker, Feta, INkubusse, OSmeone, Herfactor, JForget, CmdrObot, Tan-
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273
thalas39, Ale jrb, Mattbr, Aherunar, BeenAroundAWhile, Rawling, Vyznev Xnebara, Banedon, Stevo1000, Thylacoleo, Dgw, Green caterpillar, Shandris, Bravada, Capreolus, Brinkworth, Skybon, Asztal, Cydebot, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Reywas92, Coeemonkeyuk, Gogo
Dodo, Travelbird, Khatru2, Peteb16, Extate, Icemanofbarcelona101, Desmond Hobson, Coolguy22468, GRboss, Musicology~enwiki,
Pardy, PseudoNym, DumbBOT, Prevezanos, Nasugbu batangas, Twittenham, Chris Henniker, Biblbroks, Garik, Kozuch, Hitrish, Robertsteadman, FrancoGG, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Biruitorul, Alan8653, Sergei.belikov, Demandi~enwiki, Jaxsonjo, Ahjteam, Octans~enwiki,
Mad eye moody, Sry85, Siros, Walterego, Headbomb, Marek69, SGGH, Dbromage, James086, Digiend, Deogrech, Chandler, ThisIsAce,
Plockplock, Son of Somebody, USArsnl, Nick Number, TheGiantHogweed, Sidasta, Format, Luna Santin, AnemoneProjectors, D291173,
Tiggerhans~enwiki, Prolog, Way Of Life, Atrax~enwiki, Rainonwood, Jawsper, Coyets, Deco16-10, Alexanderb101, Chronisgr, MECU,
Leevclarke, Qwerty Binary, TRBlom, Yalens, Mfo, Bogger, Tony0106, MER-C, LeedsKing, Andonic, Nufc2006, Panarjedde, Sitethief,
PhilKnight, Kpeyn, Steampowered, Rothorpe, Acroterion, Wasell, Robert Williams, Magioladitis, PacicBoy, Bongwarrior, VoABot II,
Jeers24, Brandt Luke Zorn, JamesBWatson, Bosco adventure, Lucyin, Nyttend, Deryn, L Trezise, Hekerui, Thermidor~enwiki, John
phillips235, Voodoo24, Huseyx2, Rif Wineld, BATE Borisov, JdeJ, Welshleprechaun, Wre2wre, Mannerheimo, Erpbridge, Faelomx,
Spy1986, MartinBot, Lidz, 52 Pickup, Mpwheatley, StephP, Anaxial, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, KTo288, Gammondog, Frightner, Ssolbergj, J.delanoy, Carre, Littledaniel 93, GreenAverine, UBeR, Perryn, Drtyuty, RoMex, Bilalis, Bj.r123, Manbemel, Eivindgh, Elkost,
JavMilos, DanielWhit, Starnestommy, JFBurton, AntiSpamBot, Snake bgd, HiLo48, DarthSmee, Jalapeno89, Urcolors, Cowplopmorris,
KylieTastic, Jamesontai, ACBest, Skarloey15, Andy Marchbanks, Jonas kam, Swoof, Sjc07, Tingmelvin, Davecrosby uk, Squids and Chips,
JamieGilder, GrahamHardy, Rpeh, Idioma-bot, Pietru, Tayfun zkaya, Spellcast, Highelds, GayeurovisionX, Slydevil, Craitman17, Sam
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AlnoktaBOT, Lears Fool, Thelvyn, Sjones23, Gpeilon, Charlycrash, Epson291, TXiKiBoT, Lukecooper, X958, GimmeBot, Lucd13, Kritikos99, Shamayln, Arthur7171, ASH1977LAW, Predavatel, Laveol, Anna Lincoln, Klamber, Seraphim, CanOfWorms, Sanfranman59,
Bleaney, GeneralBelly, Puronthego, Guest9999, Wiae, ExeMartin, Peeperman, Quaestor23, LimStift, Imbris, Monicarat, Gustav Lindwall,
MightyKombat, Fitnessealliance, Synthebot, Chulcoop, Magiclite, Marios24, Grk1011, AlleborgoBot, CenturionZ 1, Wrightyboy, Jehorn,
CT Cooper, EmxBot, Lejman, Steve Borg, Biscuittin, Rapsodia, Cucciolo no, SieBot, Maverick16, Calliopejen1, WereSpielChequers,
VVVBot, Sjtheowl, Adam P., Parhamr, Dawn Bard, Caltas, DitzyNizzy, Yintan, Matt7895, Pushsense, Steveking 89, Flyer22 Reborn,
Editore99, Lord British, Jimthing, Garethlewis11, Euro2007, Happycd, Blaster5959, Doppeldick, Mimihitam, Myrocoptergoessoisoisoi,
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ClueBot, Foxj, The Thing That Should Not Be, Mx3, Sw258, Boing! said Zebedee, Ukryan1992, Filiusvitae, TypoBoy, Trivialist, Cirt,
Auntof6, Vauxhall1964, Sleeming88, Excirial, Kelvin 101, Faezdel, Electrobe, Andreyx109, BengtM, Timsdad, Barnyard animals, DW94,
Fishiehelper2, Lartoven, Artur80, NuclearWarfare, Xelaxa, Krittz~enwiki, Cexycy, Razorame, Epiovesan, Edwin Okli, Tolochin, BOTarate, Chris1193, GFHandel, Aitias, Bobbe59, Bouncedebounce, Ubardak, Qwfp, Tuzapicabit, DumZiBoT, A.h. king, Operationrandomx, Mr. Gerbear, Thinking-pink, XLinkBot, Strdst grl, DragonFury, Wertuose, Hasan en, Robotico2, MaxPride, Izmir lee, DoctorHver,
Patyi555, SilvonenBot, McWomble, Tipsterchallenge, SamK1994, BobiKav, Kei Jo, Sims2aholic8, Andunie, Xtinadbest, AlexandrDmitri,
Eurovisionary, Vejvanick, Arthurvasey, Exexpert, AkhtaBot, Pallenhande, Ronhjones, CONMEBOL, Waells*123, Darkness2005, BananaNoodle, Dunaszerdahely, LaaknorBot, AndersBot, Debresser, ChenzwBot, LinkFA-Bot, Seor Service, 5 albert square, Fireaxe888,
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AnakngAraw, Howcom, AnomieBOT, YeshuaDavid, Paralympic, Gold Wiz113, Jaetor06, Jim1138, Galoubet, Commander Shepard, Carolina wren, Ensar zden, Pr3st0n, Mahmudmasri, Materialscientist, Chewie292, Citation bot, Enok, BalticPat22, MauritsBot, Bekiroaz,
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The Angry Monster from Durban, J4lambert, Escape from Wham Island, Caryptes, Julle, Library8oy, Almabot, Jezhotwells, Ulaapstonall, Deaympic, RibotBOT, Harkinson1, Bohemian Arcade, Mathonius, CaptainMorgan, Shadowjams, Oliver boorman, DannyBoy20802,
Schekinov Alexey Victorovich, Hornymanatee, Lizardboyo, Pplatis, IceeLand, H.G.Milliner, Berkaysnklf, FrescoBot, Terdword, BubbleBabis, Rubenescio, CaptainFugu, LucienBOT, Billypopol, Kkj11210, FotoPhest, Itsme95, Dannyboy819, Haeinous, V-Mark, Justinohare, DivineAlpha, 2009, Maniaq Mal, Amplitude101, Extramaster, DrilBot, Zackula, Adereli, Flaxobeam, HRoestBot, SophiaSpl,
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L.myers;hat, JakeG987 and Anonymous: 1560
List of Eurovision Song Contest winners Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Eurovision_Song_Contest_winners?oldid=
735561056 Contributors: Michael Hardy, Loqu, Tpbradbury, Guy Peters, Dmn, Steve Casburn, Jao, Andromeda~enwiki, Beardo, Big-
274
CHAPTER 8. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
Haz, Gugganij, Geni, Mubor, Picapica, Discospinster, DcoetzeeBot~enwiki, Harry Hayeld, CanisRufus, Zscout370, Circeus, Drange
net, RussBlau, Hektor, LtNOWIS, Miranche, SlimVirgin, Dhartung, Velella, Tony Sidaway, Fryede, Bastin, Woohookitty, PatGallacher,
Easyas12c, Jon Harald Sby, Matilda, Thewanderer, Pruneau, GnniX, King of Hearts, Visor, Korg, Bgwhite, Roboto de Ajvol, The
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Ed, KrayCeremoush, DDima, Charivari, Chwech, Eric82oslo, Thewriter2120, J 1982, Aspirex, Bucs, AxG, ARIC2006, E-Kartoel,
Andrwsc, Scorpion0422, Neurillon, Zwart, Asdf01~enwiki, JohnCD, Viper h, Green caterpillar, Neelix, Skybon, Lohnn, Ntsimp, Reywas92, Extate, ST47, Ss112, Pardy, Christian75, DumbBOT, Sergei.belikov, Jmg38, SeNeKa, Davidhorman, The Obento Musubi,
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Fakonstan, Alexandru M., Asilv, Agzas, BG19bot, AlessandroOdo, AlexandruRo, Nicat49, Dan653, Cristdan223, TheGreekNewz, Wesley
Mouse, JoshB91, Tamara Ustinova, Openmy, Ezeltje1598, TJBox, Cathairawr, Cyberbot II, 22dragon22burn, HamiUbsant, Matt294069,
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Vinh4986, A guy saved by Jesus, Somchamp, Gtaboy234, Hollth, DroaDonKaivaban, TheKaphox, SGrin94, Leonizzz, Xil1601, ArtZ72,
Yatogamii, Jeroen5678, SefHR, ThePhantomKid012, Plaegely, Desperado15, Vmt7338, Mihitza78 and Anonymous: 640
Languages in the Eurovision Song Contest Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_in_the_Eurovision_Song_
Contest?oldid=727990351 Contributors: Smjg, Bender235, Circeus, Stuartyeates, Woohookitty, Metropolitan90, Wester, Gaius Cornelius,
Malcolma, Amakuha, Doktorbuk, Owain.davies, H2ppyme, Aaker, AxG, JamesAM, Vanjagenije, Responsible?, Mannerheimo, Ulkomaalainen, Scottrb, Eivindgh, Junafani, TXiKiBoT, Nukualofa, Munci, CT Cooper, Dylansmrjones, De Boni 2007, Dpmuk, Niceguyedc,
Sun Creator, Ajitirj, Xelaxa, Cexycy, Montaced, Mr. Gerbear, D.M. from Ukraine, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Tassedethe, Ehrenkater, Ptbotgourou, Andreyyshore, Dimitrissss, AnomieBOT, DemocraticLuntz, YeshuaDavid, Materialscientist, Lizardboyo, Erik9bot, Aca Srbin,
Jaimelare, Redpower94, Jackmc1995, Quaveren, Elberth 00001939, Vattuman, RjwilmsiBot, Matheo137, MAXXX-309, EmausBot, Mrluke485, Theurgist, Daniel Callegaro, Betopedia, H3llBot, August-54, Slovenski-P, ESC 2010, Svilka555, ClueBot NG, Loginnigol, Megnorge, Madeinslovakia, Frietjes, Roreo123eurovision, Akinranbu, Wesley Mouse, JoseDLG, Nik994, BregottMellan, GarethTJennings,
OGAEMarince, Starships101, Rorygannon, 22dragon22burn, O'zqon, Dexbot, PootisHeavy, Mogism, Tom Hesen, Vaccinationist, Jjj1238,
KremlinGirl1964, Strettons, KingDriverFC, Edwardwilliams 87, Jeroen5678, ToastGeek1 and Anonymous: 98
Rules of the Eurovision Song Contest Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest?oldid=
734658095 Contributors: Zundark, Tpbradbury, D6, Discospinster, Bender235, AugustinMa, Pperos, Fryede, Woohookitty, GregorB,
Rjwilmsi, RussBot, Baumi, Sanguinity, Renata3, Mysid, Rwalker, Eurosong, JQF, Luckystars, Philip Stevens, SmackBot, HeartofaDog,
Tytrain, Wildsoda, Colonies Chris, Seedybob, Jahiegel, Kanabekobaton, BIL, Smooth O, Valenciano, Chrisethebest, Aaker, FallenAngelII,
Dono, Zymurgy, Clausule, AxG, Ntsimp, Travelbird, Dizagaox, GSV Ethics Gradient, Alphachimpbot, R'n'B, Cancerbero 8, HOUZI,
Lizzie Harrison, Geekdiva, Mr Wesker, Gottago, TXiKiBoT, Lucd13, Grk1011, Wrightyboy, Barkeep, Eurowizion, EoGuy, Ukryan1992,
Niceguyedc, AnthonyUK, BogdyBBA, GM Pink Elephant, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, CONMEBOL, Tassedethe, Koshoes, Yobot, Eurogirl~enwiki, AnomieBOT, YeshuaDavid, 15Mickey20, LilHelpa, J4lambert, MoreofaGloriedPond,Really..., Lukex115, Vattuman, Oliverparish, John of Reading, Dolescum, ProjectSavior, Daniel Callegaro, H3llBot, August-54, Shvybzik, Spa-Franks, BG19bot, Wesley Mouse,
Novandan, AnselaJonla, Hmainsbot1, Caitlin Clack, Jjj1238, EUROVISION ISAAC, Finnusertop, Barjimoa, Aboudy69, Mikimed,
Yolo127, KirstineJ, ThePhantomKid012, ToastGeek1, Cvaccarogallo and Anonymous: 79
Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_at_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest?oldid=
736228111 Contributors: Docu, Timwi, Tpbradbury, Timrollpickering, Andy, Matthead, Mzajac, Tomwalden, Mibblepedia, Crunk, Discospinster, Bender235, Giraedata, Hektor, Jess Cully, Fryede, Brookie, Lkinkade, Woohookitty, Oliphaunt, Sj, Ecelan, Kito, GnniX, Vilcxjo, Maltesedog, Jdhowens90, Jared Preston, Bgwhite, EamonnPKeane, Rapido, Sceptre, TSO1D, RussBot, TF100, Hack, Mike
Halterman, Lockesdonkey, Eurosong, Luckystars, Rredwell, Ilmari Karonen, Philip Stevens, Scolaire, SmackBot, Estoy Aqu, Reverend
Duck, Nickst, PeterSymonds, Hmains, Thumperward, Jahiegel, Smooth O, FallenAngelII, Lambiam, Saccerzd, LukaP, Scoty6776, AxG,
Kaygtr, CmdrObot, Kevin McE, Stevo1000, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Khatru2, Twittenham, Tozznok, Siros, Nfmccourt, Black1Night,
Chandler, ThisIsAce, Luna Santin, Vanjagenije, Alphachimpbot, DuncanHill, Tony0106, Rothorpe, Magioladitis, Rasho, Beagel, Welshleprechaun, Faelomx, Ulkomaalainen, CalendarWatcher, Hrbie, Littledaniel 93, Scottrb, Manbemel, Grez868, Sam Blacketer, Sroc, Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Wilbur2012, Grk1011, CT Cooper, Rockostar, DVoit, Jbmurray, D420182, Barliner, Bentogoa, Rafa28 alq, BjrnEF,
Miniapolis, Aris 8564, Werldwayd, Anchor Link Bot, Eurowizion, ImageRemovalBot, De Boni 2007, Fribbler, Mezigue, Ukryan1992,
Rockfang, Arjayay, Gytaz, Cexycy, Carriearchdale, Tuzapicabit, Pink Evolution~enwiki, Riohadzic, ErikM, Addbot, Sims2aholic8,
CONMEBOL, Reckless182, Robocop83, Pmod, Euroleague, The C of E, Radtschenkoe, SimoneMLK, Luckas-bot, Yobot, MarkRae,
AnomieBOT, 15Mickey20, Agnieszka Popielewicz, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Jubileeclipman, The Angry Monster from Durban, J4lambert, SassoBot, Valentino76, FrescoBot, LucienBOT, PigFlu Oink, Prem09, Typingwestern015, Jonesey95, ZodKneelsFirst, Redpower94, On
15, Vattuman, EmausBot, John of Reading, Dolescum, Dcirovic, ProjectSavior, ZroBot, Daniel Callegaro, August-54, KarasuGamma,
Dmitry123456, Karlwhen, BabbaQ, Spa-Franks, Kapitan110295, Phanuruch8555, Xarucoponce, SNTMcentral, L1975p, Parcly Taxel,
U.Steele, Widr, Kingston28, Ranma25783, EuroAgurbash, Kristo1410, Wesley Mouse, Not A Superhero, Robyn2000, BattyBot, Earaps,
8.1. TEXT
275
Eurofan2005, Dexbot, Fort esc, Kudosn, User332572385, Andyhowlett, Octavix, Robert4565, Kahtar, Mikeagell98, W. P. Uzer, KremlinGirl1964, AnotherNewAccount, Robevans123, Appetizer8088, Itsalexmccann, Bki, NewKingsRoad, Fredrik2014, 009988aaabbbccc,
Wiki13565, Alfred Kiefer, NayruLink, Xxxxx, Kevlardonkey, John99, TheAmessz, 1984&co, Pandorio, Marco Chemello and Anonymous:
254
History of the Eurovision Song Contest Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest?oldid=
727247565 Contributors: Jahsonic, Ehn, Tpbradbury, RobinCarmody, Rich Farmbrough, Bellczar, DcoetzeeBot~enwiki, Zscout370, Vsk,
Hektor, Dtcdthingy, Fryede, Andem, Musical Linguist, Bgwhite, Superiority, Eurosong, Sandstein, Doktorbuk, Jogers, Garion96, Attilios,
SmackBot, Dweller, Commander Keane bot, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Timbouctou, Asteraki, James McNally, Hoof Hearted, KrayCeremoush, Atlantas, Charivari, Ohconfucius, Chwech, J 1982, AxG, ARIC2006, E-Kartoel, BranStark, Scarlet Lioness, Kevin Murray, CmdrObot, Marek69, Eurovisie...~enwiki, Dbromage, Stalik, Snowy 1973, Coyets, Vanjagenije, Alphachimpbot, MegX, Dekimasu, Eivindgh,
Ipigott, Coin945, Carlosforonda, Jevansen, Celticfan383, Oskitar, Sjc07, Gottago, Monkeyinaspasm, X958, Magiclite, Grk1011, Dufo,
Chenzw, Barkeep, StAnselm, Burakolgun, KritonK, Eurowizion, De Boni 2007, ClueBot, Silverblaster, Vauxhall1964, DragonBot, Xelaxa, Robotico2, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, LetThereBeLove, CONMEBOL, Biogerm, Zorrobot, Yobot, Legobot II, AnomieBOT, Judo112,
LovesMacs, 205ywmpq, FrescoBot, Ywmpq205, JIK1975, I dream of horses, Atase1, Aca Srbin, Full-date unlinking bot, , Radmadlad,
On 15, Vattuman, TjBot, GoingBatty, Simon.hess, Daniel Callegaro, August-54, Tunahan Tuna, Karlwhen, VHSWE, GermanJoe, GRAHAM2109, Slowking4, BG19bot, Island Monkey, PhnomPencil, Wesley Mouse, Robyn2000, Fort esc, Lucky102, Axuxius, Mikeagell98,
Appetizer8088, Dempseybloom, Palettepony895, Hheronnocial and Anonymous: 126
Eurovision Song Contest 1956 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1956?oldid=729490990 Contributors:
Bryan Derksen, Scipius, Imran, Fonzy, KF, JohnOwens, Dhum Dhum, Sannse, Ams80, IMSoP, Koxinga, Mpt, Wik, Bearcat, Fredrik,
Ramorosi, ScudLee, Andy, Unknown user, BigHaz, Mibblepedia, Rich Farmbrough, Bender235, Dinsdagskind, Bobo192, Mn extra,
Dominic, Jess Cully, Fryede, Shawn Pickrell, Doco, Bensin, AlisonW, Fred Bradstadt, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE,
Hede2000, Gianluca91, LeonardoRob0t, Rredwell, Whouk, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Peter Isotalo, Afasmit, Kanabekobaton, KRBN,
Evilperson 20, J 1982, Clausule, Owlbuster, AxG, Athalis, WeggeBot, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Future Perfect at Sunrise, MrX237, Pete
Davis, Iliank, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Z da Silva, Escarbot, Edokter, Responsible?, Goldddsh, The Anomebot2, Lildu90, Sjc07,
Hugo999, VolkovBot, Markeandrews, Carlos MS, A4bot, Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Marbe166, Peeperman, Kaiketsu, Grk1011, Birger
Fricke, Movedgood, SieBot, Gerakibot, DitzyNizzy, Harry the Dirty Dog, Eurowizion, Jimmy Slade, Mumi.mumi, Piccadilly Sirkus,
Cexycy, BOTarate, Mr. Gerbear, XLinkBot, Pink Evolution~enwiki, SilvonenBot, D.M. from Ukraine, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, LaaknorBot, Favonian, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, KamikazeBot, AnomieBOT, Ulric1313, Xqbot, Vivaelcelta, 205ywmpq, GrouchoBot, TVArchivistUK, Fernbom2, QDK01, RedBot, Cesare '68, Malta1978, ,
Donikanuhiu, Vattuman, In ictu oculi, EmausBot, Mrluke485, ZroBot, Akerans, Karlwhen, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, Helpful Pixie Bot,
Sukbhirsinghsangha, Ebineibgheniobg, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, Danyzack, ISkoy, NorveDomerich, Unikalinho, Paul G 63, Crystallizedcarbon and Anonymous: 83
Bryan Derksen, Zundark, Jeronimo, Malcolm Farmer, Christian List, Fonzy, JohnOwens, Sannse, Egil, Ams80, Jimfbleak, IMSoP,
Wik, Dimadick, Fredrik, ScudLee, Unknown user, Rdsmith4, Bobo192, Robotje, Philip Cross, Jess Cully, Fryede, Doco, Ketiltrout,
Tim!, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Hede2000, Jetro, Mike Halterman, Red Jay, YellowMonkey, Peter Isotalo, Thumperward, Kanabekobaton, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, Optimale, AxG, MTSbot~enwiki, WeggeBot, Waterloo1974,
MrX237, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Z da Silva, Edokter, The Anomebot2, Rettetast, Alro, CommonsDelinker, Khairul
hazim, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Marbe166, McM.bot, Peeperman,
SieBot, BotMultichill, Jimmy Slade, Vauxhall1964, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, BOTarate, Mr. Gerbear, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, LaaknorBot, Favonian, Numbo3-bot, Zorrobot, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Lateiner, KamikazeBot, AnomieBOT, Ulric1313, Xqbot, 205ywmpq,
Erik9bot, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK, Fernbom2, Full-date unlinking bot, , Donikanuhiu, TjBot, EmausBot, Mrluke485, ZroBot,
Bjrn Westling, StarBoyGarik, Karlwhen, ChuispastonBot, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, pplar, Ebineibgheniobg, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r,
Unikalinho, Paul G 63, Drache-vom-Grill and Anonymous: 55
Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, Christian List, Fonzy, Sfdan, KF, Sannse, Ams80, Martijnesc, Dimadick, Fredrik, ScudLee, Unknown
user, Rpyle731, Bender235, Aecis, Dinsdagskind, Bobo192, Jess Cully, Fryede, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, AlisonW, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto
de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Hede2000, Tony1, Doktorbuk, LeonardoRob0t, KnightRider~enwiki, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot, Kintetsubualo, OrphanBot, Kanabekobaton, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, Jamc2, AxG, Mijzelf, MTSbot~enwiki,
Aherunar, Mb731, Future Perfect at Sunrise, The Ultimate Koopa, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Z da Silva, Fire Elf, The Anomebot2, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Sjc07, Hugo999, Gottago, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Marbe166,
Peeperman, Uannis~enwiki, SieBot, BotMultichill, Pawebster, Trachoni, Eurowizion, Niceguyedc, Viplux, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator,
Cexycy, Mr. Gerbear, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, CONMEBOL, LaaknorBot, Blue954, Rtz-bot, Zorrobot, Legobot, Luckas-bot, TaBOTzerem, KamikazeBot, JackieBot, Ulric1313, Chewie292, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, Erik9bot, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK, RedBot, MastiBot,
Full-date unlinking bot, TobeBot, Trappist the monk, Pig2008, , Donikanuhiu, EmausBot, Mrluke485, ZroBot, Stee888, Snaevar,
Bjrn Westling, Karlwhen, ChuispastonBot, Kapitan110295, ClueBot NG, Frietjes, BG19bot, Ebineibgheniobg, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r,
Justincheng12345-bot, Ukgirl44, Mogism, Paul G 63, Eurovisionexpert2001, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 46
Bryan Derksen, Christian List, Deb, Fonzy, KF, Oliver Pereira, Ams80, Docu, Jensp~enwiki, Martijnesc, Dimadick, Fredrik, ScudLee,
Unknown user, Mibblepedia, Bobo192, Jess Cully, Fryede, Tim!, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Hede2000,
InterwikiLinksRule, LeonardoRob0t, Anclation~enwiki, YellowMonkey, Peter Isotalo, Thumperward, Pegua, OrphanBot, Kanabekobaton,
Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, AxG, WeggeBot, MrX237, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Z da Silva, JustAGal, Edokter,
Magioladitis, The Anomebot2, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Scottrb, Urcolors, Sjc07, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot,
Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Marbe166, Peeperman, Grk1011, Movedgood, SieBot, BotMultichill, Eurowizion, Viplux, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun
Creator, BOTarate, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, CONMEBOL, MagnusA.Bot, LaaknorBot, Luckas-bot, KamikazeBot, Ulric1313, ArthurBot,
Xqbot, 205ywmpq, TVArchivistUK, RedBot, MastiBot, Full-date unlinking bot, Pig2008, , Lotje, Zoikkeli, TjBot, EmausBot,
Mrluke485, Bjrn Westling, ChuispastonBot, Mjbmrbot, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mogism, Paul G 63 and
Anonymous: 47
Eurovision Song Contest 1960 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1960?oldid=725794093 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, Fonzy, KF, Ams80, Secretlondon, Dimadick, Fredrik, JackofOz, ScudLee, Unknown user,
Muhamedmesic, Picapica, Bobo192, Philip Cross, Calton, Jess Cully, Fryede, Mel Etitis, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, NTBot~enwiki, Hede2000, Doktorbuk, YellowMonkey, McGeddon, Eskimbot, Peter Isotalo, OrphanBot, Kanabekobaton,
276
Chwech, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, AxG, Iridescent, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Z da Silva, Brett Dunbar, JustAGal, The Anomebot2, Lfbarfe, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, HOUZI, Urcolors, Sjc07, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot,
Marbe166, Peeperman, Uannis~enwiki, SieBot, BotMultichill, Viplux, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, BOTarate, SilvonenBot, Addbot,
Sims2aholic8, Blethering Scot, Blue954, Euroleague, Rtz-bot, Zorrobot, KamikazeBot, Ulric1313, Xqbot, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK,
Full-date unlinking bot, TobeBot,
, Pig2008, , OnWikiNo, TjBot, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, Bjrn Westling, Kapitan110295, Loginnigol, Frietjes, BG19bot, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, ChrisGualtieri, Archeops, WilliamsStreet, Paul G 63,
GSS-1987 and Anonymous: 52
Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Fonzy, KF, Dhum Dhum, Ams80, Martijnesc, Dimadick, Fredrik, ScudLee, Unknown user,
Bobo192, Jess Cully, Fryede, Bastin, BD2412, Tim!, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Conscious,
Hede2000, Eleassar, LeonardoRob0t, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot, Bluebot, Zvonko, Pegua, OrphanBot, Kanabekobaton, Derek R Bullamore, Oceanh, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, AxG, Andrwsc, MrX237, Pete Davis, Thijs!bot, Z da Silva, Vanjagenije, The Anomebot2, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Scottrb, Manbemel, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Gottago, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot,
Marbe166, Peeperman, Uannis~enwiki, Imbris, Grk1011, SieBot, BotMultichill, Lisatwo, Viplux, Sun Creator, Draggleduck, Arjayay,
Cexycy, BOTarate, DumZiBoT, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, Blue954, Euroleague, Anubis369, Zorrobot, Luckasbot, Yobot, TaBOT-zerem, KamikazeBot, 205ywmpq, TVArchivistUK, LaBuonaItaliana, Atase1, LittleWink, MastiBot, Aca Srbin, Adult
delinquent, TobeBot, , TjBot, Kiko4564, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, ZroBot, Bjrn Westling, Kapitan110295, Frietjes,
MirkoS18, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Peegpeeg, Mike22r, I. T. Ersoy, StevenRulez, Majestic2016, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous:
48
Eloquence, Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Fonzy, KF, Ams80, JonathanDP81, Fredrik, ScudLee, Unknown user, Picapica, Bender235, Zscout370, Bobo192, Eixo, Philip Cross, Fryede, Bastin, Ardfern, Tim!, Nigosh, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol,
YurikBot, RobotE, Conscious, Eleassar, Jetro, LeonardoRob0t, YellowMonkey, Peter Isotalo, Bluebot, Zvonko, OrphanBot, KRBN, Derek
R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, AxG, Andrwsc, MTSbot~enwiki, Iridescent, Cydebot, Waterloo1974, MrX237, Pete
Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Z da Silva, Vanjagenije, STBot, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Yonidebot, EmleyMoor, Scottrb,
Sjc07, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, Tinkstar1985, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, Peeperman, Uannis~enwiki, Imbris,
Grk1011, SieBot, Viplux, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, Arjayay, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, AlexandrDmitri, Euroleague,
Anubis369, Numbo3-bot, Zorrobot, Ben Ben, Luckas-bot, Yobot, KamikazeBot, JackieBot, Xqbot, Erik9bot, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK, LaBuonaItaliana, Atase1, LittleWink, MastiBot, Aca Srbin, Full-date unlinking bot, Trappist the monk,
, , TjBot,
EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, ZroBot, , Bjrn Westling, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, MirkoS18, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse,
Peegpeeg, Mike22r, Robyn2000, KremlinGirl1964, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 49
Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, Christian List, Fonzy, KF, Docu, Secretlondon, Dimadick, Pigsonthewing, Fredrik, ScudLee, Unknown
user, Joo Neves, Tom-, Bobo192, Philip Cross, Jess Cully, Fryede, Je3000, Thewanderer, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, ,,n, Roboto de Ajvol,
YurikBot, RobotE, Conscious, LeonardoRob0t, YellowMonkey, Peter Isotalo, Hmains, Chlewbot, OrphanBot, Kanabekobaton, Derek R
Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, CarlosCoppola, AxG, Andrwsc, Iridescent, Mattbr, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Pete Davis,
After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Z da Silva, Vanjagenije, JdeJ, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, EmleyMoor, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999,
VolkovBot, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Broadbot, Marbe166, Peeperman, Uannis~enwiki, Grk1011, Bognops,
SieBot, Viplux, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, Muro Bot, BOTarate, DumZiBoT, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Euroleague, Anubis369, AndersBot, Luckas-bot, KamikazeBot, Pakk77, Xqbot, J JMesserly, Erik9bot, TVArchivistUK, LaBuonaItaliana, Atase1, LittleWink, Sipi1230, Aca Srbin,
, , Lotje, TjBot, EmausBot, Mrluke485, ZroBot, Bjrn Westling, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, MirkoS18, BG19bot, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, Kemylpethe Camp, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 40
Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Christian List, Fonzy, KF, Cimon Avaro, Wik, Fredrik, Chris Roy, Davidcannon, ScudLee,
Everyking, Joo Neves, Picapica, Corti, Bender235, Dinsdagskind, Bobo192, Philip Cross, Jess Cully, Fryede, Pekinensis, Je3000,
TarisWerewolf, KaisaL, Tim!, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Muchness, Conscious, Open2universe, LeonardoRob0t, Luna Whistler, YellowMonkey, Peter Isotalo, Jamie C, Demf, Chlewbot, OrphanBot, Kanabekobaton, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore,
Chwech, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, AxG, Andrwsc, Dl2000, Waterloo1974, MrX237, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot,
Biruitorul, Z da Silva, Escarbot, Vanjagenije, Rasho, Citywolf, JdeJ, Borg punk, Lildu90, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Dispenser, Bamsefar75, Inwind, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Kumorifox, Marbe166,
Uannis~enwiki, Archzog, Byrialbot, CultureDrone, Eurowizion, Couto 4, Niceguyedc, Viplux, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, Draggleduck, Ajitirj, Xelaxa, BOTarate, Mr. Gerbear, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Blue954, Euroleague, Anubis369, Zorrobot, Ben
Ben, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, Fw1506, KamikazeBot, Ulric1313, Xqbot, Almabot, Erik9bot, TVArchivistUK, LaBuonaItaliana,
Atase1, MastiBot, Aca Srbin, Full-date unlinking bot,
, , Lotje, TjBot, EmausBot, Mrluke485, Bjrn Westling, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, Widr, MirkoS18, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Alfred Kiefer and Anonymous: 61
Bryan Derksen, Zundark, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Fonzy, KF, Docu, Cimon Avaro, Wik, Eugene van der Pijll, Fredrik, ScudLee, Picapica, Dinsdagskind, Bobo192, Philip Cross, Jess Cully, Fryede, Siqbal, Tim!, Koavf, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Conscious, LeonardoRob0t, Kungfuadam, YellowMonkey, Jamie C, Colonies Chris, Zvonko, Chlewbot, Kanabekobaton,
Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, NotMuchToSay, Clausule, AxG, Andrwsc, Jakia Tomi, Waterloo1974, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Z da Silva, Ludde23, JRRobinson, Escarbot, Vanjagenije, Kolindigo, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Yonidebot,
Inwind, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, Uannis~enwiki, Bognops, SieBot,
Mild Bill Hiccup, Viplux, Alexbot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, BOTarate, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, AlexandrDmitri, CONMEBOL,
MagnusA.Bot, Anubis369, Tassedethe, Luckas-bot, KamikazeBot, Ulric1313, Xqbot, Almabot, Erik9bot, TVArchivistUK, Ywmpq205,
Tatasport, Atase1, LittleWink, MastiBot, Aca Srbin, Full-date unlinking bot, Rosertnom,
, , TjBot, EmausBot, John
of Reading, Mrluke485, Luciann Mosescu, Bjrn Westling, Mjbmrbot, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, MirkoS18, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse,
Mike22r, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 47
Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Fonzy, KF, Docu, CatherineMunro, Cimon Avaro, Wik, Dimadick, Fredrik, ScudLee, Curps,
Joo Neves, Picapica, Bender235, Dinsdagskind, Bobo192, Philip Cross, Fryede, Bastin, Awostrack, Ardfern, TarisWerewolf, Tim!,
Elbl02~enwiki, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Conscious, Lendu, LeonardoRob0t, Kungfuadam, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Peter Isotalo, Betacommand, Iago4096, Chlewbot, Kanabekobaton, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo,
8.1. TEXT
277
Clausule, MonsieurET, AxG, Andrwsc, Mb731, Cydebot, Waterloo1974, YuckieDuck, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Z da Silva,
Vanjagenije, Blanche Hunt, Alexelliottwelch, Citywolf, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Ssolbergj, Yonidebot, Bonadea, Inwind, Sjc07,
Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, Zerpent, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, Uannis~enwiki, Bognops, SieBot, Viplux,
Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, Draggleduck, BOTarate, Tuzapicabit, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, AlexandrDmitri, Euroleague,
Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, KamikazeBot, Ulric1313, Almabot,
, Eugene-elgato, Erik9bot, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK,
Atase1, MastiBot,
, , TjBot, EmausBot, MrFawwaz, Mrluke485, Bjrn Westling, BabbaQ, Kapitan110295, Madeinslovakia, Frietjes, BG19bot, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, M'encarta, Baskesc, Sar2de, Fildo~hewiki, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 43
Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, BL~enwiki, Fonzy, KF, Paul A, Docu, CatherineMunro, Wik, Dimadick, Pigsonthewing, Fredrik,
ScudLee, Picapica, El C, Dinsdagskind, Bobo192, Jess Cully, Fryede, Tim!, Nigosh, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, AndrewRaphael, Roboto
de Ajvol, YurikBot, Conscious, Jogers, Red Jay, LeonardoRob0t, YellowMonkey, Peter Isotalo, Bluebot, Chlewbot, Kanabekobaton, CJBR,
Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Clausule, Jamc2, AxG, Andrwsc, Waterloo1974, MrX237, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Z da
Silva, Rozziew, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Inwind, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, Roger Pilgham, A4bot,
Broadbot, Marbe166, Movedgood, SieBot, Jonipoon, Eurowizion, EoGuy, Viplux, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, Draggleduck, Ajitirj,
BOTarate, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, LaaknorBot, Euroleague, Luckas-bot, Ptbotgourou, KamikazeBot, Rubinbot, Ulric1313, Kebab76, LilHelpa, 1111mol, J JMesserly, Almabot, Sionk, GrouchoBot, Fjp32, DannyBoy20802, Erik9bot, FrescoBot,
TVArchivistUK, LaBuonaItaliana, Atase1, RedBot, MastiBot, Malta1978,
, TjBot, EmausBot, Mrluke485, Bjrn Westling,
Karlwhen, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, Not A Superhero, Hmainsbot1, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 61
Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Fonzy, KF, Ams80, Davidme~enwiki, Docu, ILVI, Error, Dimadick, Fredrik, ScudLee, Misterkillboy, Bender235, The bellman, Bobo192, Jess Cully, Fryede, Zntrip, Thewanderer, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Ysangkok, Nihiltres,
Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Spleodrach, Conscious, CambridgeBayWeather, Tony1, Red Jay, LeonardoRob0t, Fram, Curpsbotunicodify, YellowMonkey, McGeddon, Monkeycheetah, Zvonko, Chlewbot, Kanabekobaton, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, AxG,
Darz Mol~enwiki, Neddyseagoon, Andrwsc, Ronnie tober, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Z da Silva,
Puchu, Vanjagenije, JAnDbot, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Inwind, Sjc07, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Gottago, Carlos MS, Davehi1, A4bot,
Marbe166, Uannis~enwiki, Imbris, Mendors, Grk1011, SieBot, OKBot, Denisarona, De Boni 2007, Smurftums, Drmies, Var42605,
Viplux, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, Draggleduck, Xelaxa, BOTarate, DumZiBoT, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Anubis369,
Tassedethe, Legobot, Pointer1, Luckas-bot, KamikazeBot, 15Mickey20, Ulric1313, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, Ooo86,
, Deaympic, Sanremolo, Thehelpfulbot, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK, LinkPT, Atase1, LittleWink, Cesare '68, , RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, Immunize, Mrluke485, ZroBot, Bjrn Westling, Kapitan110295, ClueBot NG, Madeinslovakia, Frietjes, MirkoS18, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse,
Mike22r, Cyberbot II, KremlinGirl1964, GreenC bot and Anonymous: 87
Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Camembert, Fonzy, Patrick, Ams80, Docu, Error, Wik, Martijnesc, Dimadick, Fredrik, Enceladus, ScudLee, Joo Neves, Picapica, GreenReaper, Grstain, Bobo192, Robotje, John Fader, Jess Cully, Fryede, Fred J, Tim!, Koavf,
FlaBot, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Rapido, Conscious, Keith Hazell, Mike Halterman, Open2universe, LeonardoRob0t, Sallymcvegas, RSpeeter, Amalthea, Jon Rob, YellowMonkey, Davewild, Peter Isotalo, Hmains, Thumperward, Zvonko, Chlewbot, Kanabekobaton, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Thewriter2120, Clausule, Drork, Lampman, AxG, Manuelcorrea, Andrwsc, Iridescent, Waterloo1974, Mato, Pete Davis, Alaibot, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Z da Silva, Brett Dunbar, Nick Number, Vanjagenije, GurchBot, MegX, Citywolf, Lildu90, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, J.delanoy, MKoltnow, STBotD, Curvebill, Inwind, Dorftrottel,
Alex:D, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, Sroc, A4bot, Kritikos99, Kumorifox, Marbe166, Uannis~enwiki,
Grk1011, SieBot, Jonngait, Pribramcz, Eurowizion, De Boni 2007, Jackmc12, Viplux, Quercus basaseachicensis, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun
Creator, Ajitirj, Xelaxa, Arjayay, Euro Mok, BOTarate, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Euroleague, Anubis369, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot,
Bunnyhop11, Dalton2, KamikazeBot, Ulric1313, Xqbot, GrouchoBot, Spesh531, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK, Atase1, LittleWink, MastiBot, Cesare '68, Full-date unlinking bot,
, Trappist the monk, Pig2008, MegaSloth, Mrluke485, AvicBot, ZroBot, Ebrambot,
August-54, Kikieight, Bjrn Westling, ChuispastonBot, Kapitan110295, Loginnigol, Frietjes, U.Steele, MirkoS18, Misu0618, Butelermen,
Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, Not A Superhero, KremlinGirl1964, Samraerty14, Certus+, Sar2de, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 94
Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Fonzy, Ams80, Docu, Zoicon5, Dimadick, Fredrik, ScudLee, Edcolins, Mibblepedia, El C,
Bobo192, Robotje, Jess Cully, Fryede, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Frelke, EamonnPKeane, YurikBot, Conscious, Mike
Halterman, JdwNYC, Jogers, LeonardoRob0t, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Peter Isotalo, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Chlewbot, Kanabekobaton, Derek R Bullamore, Chwech, Evilperson 20, NotMuchToSay, Clausule, AxG, E-Kartoel, Andrwsc, Waterloo1974, Valodzka,
Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Z da Silva, Nick Number, Richardw, Giftednumber10, Blanche Hunt, CommonsDelinker, Inwind,
Dorftrottel, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, Iwillfollowyou, Grk1011, SieBot, Gj1989,
Pribramcz, Eurowizion, Smurftums, Drmies, Viplux, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, Draggleduck, Ajitirj, Xelaxa, BOTarate, Tuzapicabit, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, LaaknorBot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, KamikazeBot, Paralympic, Ulric1313, Xqbot, GrouchoBot,
Yest94, TVArchivistUK, Atase1, MastiBot, Cesare '68,
, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, Kapitan110295, Shylocksboy,
Frietjes, Wesley Mouse, A2-33, KremlinGirl1964, AndersJNS1 and Anonymous: 53
Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Fonzy, Docu, Cimon Avaro, Jerzy, Dimadick, Fredrik, Romanm, ScudLee, Everyking, Joo
Neves, JillandJack, RobinCarmody, Bender235, Bobo192, Robotje, Jess Cully, Fryede, Tim!, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Guliolopez,
Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Spleodrach, Conscious, Ian Cheese, Mike Halterman, LeonardoRob0t, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot, Bluebot,
Zvonko, Kanabekobaton, Ww2censor, Maksim-bot, Valenciano, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, AxG, Andrwsc,
CmdrObot, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Z da Silva, Vanjagenije, IrishFlukey, Bogger, Giftednumber10, CommonsDelinker,
DadaNeem, Inwind, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, A4bot, Marbe166, SieBot, BotMultichill, Trachoni, Eurowizion, Viplux, Sun Creator, Draggleduck, Xelaxa, BOTarate, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, Blue954, Anubis369, Luckas-bot,
KamikazeBot, JackieBot, Obersachsebot, Xqbot, TVArchivistUK, Bluebird207, Atase1, LittleWink, MastiBot, Cesare '68, Aca Srbin,
Full-date unlinking bot,
, , Derim Hunt, EmausBot, Mrluke485, Bjrn Westling, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, Helpful Pixie
Bot, MirkoS18, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, A2-33, Greentide, KremlinGirl1964, Pastabeans and Anonymous: 59
Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Fonzy, Docu, Kwekubo, Cimon Avaro, Dimadick, Donarreiskoer, Fredrik, Romanm, ScudLee,
278
JillandJack, ChicXulub, Picapica, Grstain, Bender235, Bobo192, Robotje, Waseem7, Jess Cully, Fryede, Tim!, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, LeonardoRob0t, Tim1965, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot, Peter Isotalo, Kfranco, Zvonko, Kanabekobaton,
CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, Oceanh, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Acidburn24m, Clausule, AxG, Andrwsc, Iridescent, CmdrObot, Mb731,
Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Z da Silva, ThisIsAce, Nick Number, Vanjagenije, Bogger, Cj136uk, Giftednumber10, Blanche
Hunt, MetsBot, CommonsDelinker, Cancerbero 8, TEMH, Inwind, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, Grk1011, SieBot, Eurowizion, Viplux, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, Draggleduck, Arjayay, BOTarate, Tuzapicabit, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, LaaknorBot, Euroleague, Anubis369, WikiEditor50, Chzz, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot,
KamikazeBot, Xqbot,
, TVArchivistUK, Atase1, LittleWink, RedBot, Cesare '68, Full-date unlinking bot,
, , Mrluke485, Bjrn Westling, Kapitan110295, ToniSant, Loginnigol, L1975p, Frietjes, MirkoS18, , Misu0618, Wesley Mouse,
Mike22r, Danyzack, A2-33, Cyberbot II, Hillbillyholiday, Mcoching, KremlinGirl1964, StevenRulez, Eurovisionman2015, GreenC bot
and Anonymous: 71
Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Deb, Fonzy, Zocky, Docu, Error, Kaal, Dimadick, Donarreiskoer, Iam, Fredrik, Romanm,
Ungvichian, Dmn, ScudLee, ALargeElk, Grstain, Bender235, Bobo192, Fryede, Bastin, Pekinensis, Tim!, Salix alba, FlaBot, Ysangkok,
Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Rsrikanth05, LeonardoRob0t, Scolaire, YellowMonkey, Nouanoua, Eskimbot, Cool3,
Bluebot, Colonies Chris, Zvonko, Kanabekobaton, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, AxG, Andrwsc,
Gil Gamesh, CmdrObot, Mb731, Cydebot, Waterloo1974, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Z da Silva, Vanjagenije, Faizhaider, Chorleypie,
MetsBot, CommonsDelinker, TEMH, Inwind, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, Uannis~enwiki, SieBot, Eurowizion, Sfan00 IMG, Luvharte, Viplux, Piccadilly Sirkus, Den81164, Sun Creator, BOTarate, Bilsonius, WikHead, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Vito.vita, MagnusA.Bot, LaaknorBot, Blue954, Anubis369, Luckas-bot, Yobot, KamikazeBot, ArthurBot,
Xqbot, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK, LaBuonaItaliana, Atase1, MastiBot, Cesare '68, Aca Srbin, Full-date unlinking bot,
,
, James Lindberg, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, Bjrn Westling, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, Helpful Pixie Bot, MirkoS18, BG19bot,
EuroAgurbash, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, Crh23, Robyn2000, A2-33, Niv062, Haris Mustabai, KremlinGirl1964, AndersJNS1, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 63
Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, Fonzy, SGBailey, Ahoerstemeier, Docu, Varitek, Wik, Tpbradbury, Dimadick, Donarreiskoer, Fredrik,
Romanm, ScudLee, Dissident, R. end, Mibblepedia, Picapica, TheCustomOfLife, Rich Farmbrough, Zscout370, Dinsdagskind, Art
LaPella, Bobo192, Rajah, Jess Cully, Fryede, Tristessa de St Ange, Tim!, Amire80, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Str1977, Bgwhite, Roboto
de Ajvol, YurikBot, Mike Halterman, RFBailey, LeonardoRob0t, Otto ter Haar, YellowMonkey, Peter Isotalo, Andy M. Wang, Zvonko,
Kanabekobaton, CJBR, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, J 1982, Clausule, Drork, AxG, Andrwsc, Jetman, TimothyHorrigan, Cydebot, Waterloo1974, Coolguy22468, Q43, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Z da Silva, Ungu, Rbb l181, Tony0106, Giftednumber10, TheAllSeeingEye,
Blanche Hunt, MetsBot, Elsecar, CommonsDelinker, Swaddon1903, Inwind, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Murderbike, Carlos
MS, A4bot, Sintaku, Broadbot, Marbe166, Peeperman, Grk1011, SieBot, Amorfati00, Dreamer.se, Asocall, JL-Bot, Viplux, DragonBot,
Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, Draggleduck, Xelaxa, Ostalocutanje, BOTarate, Ericloewe, McWomble, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Euroleague,
Anubis369, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Pointer1, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Fw1506, KamikazeBot, AnomieBOT, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, GrouchoBot,
Deaympic, Edgars2007, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK, BulsaraAndDeacon, Atase1, LittleWink, Cesare '68, , TjBot, WikitanvirBot, The Emperor of Byzantium, Mrluke485, , Bjrn Westling, Xristosmx, ChuispastonBot, Kapitan110295, Snotbot, Frietjes,
MirkoS18, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Peegpeeg, Mike22r, A2-33, Cyberbot II, Mcoching, KremlinGirl1964, StevenRulez, Samraerty14,
AndersJNS1, Gonkoll, JJMC89, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 93
Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Deb, Fonzy, Docu, Cimon Avaro, Dimadick, Donarreiskoer, Fredrik, Romanm, Dukeofomnium, ScudLee, Everyking, Picapica, Adashiel, Alsotop, Dinsdagskind, Bobo192, Jess Cully, Fryede, Tim!, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto
de Ajvol, YurikBot, Rxnd, InterwikiLinksRule, Mike Halterman, Closedmouth, A bit iy, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Slarre, Eskimbot, Kanabekobaton, Maksim-bot, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, David ekstrand, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, OAlexander, AxG,
E-Kartoel, Andrwsc, ShelfSkewed, Mb731, Waterloo1974, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Z da Silva, Vanjagenije, A.M.962, Responsible?, GurchBot, MetsBot, Lildu90, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Urcolors, Inwind, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, A4bot,
Marbe166, Uannis~enwiki, Grk1011, Lillingen, SieBot, Dreamer.se, Klayklayh3, Smurftums, Viplux, DragonBot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun
Creator, Draggleduck, BOTarate, GLGermann~enwiki, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, Blue954, Euroleague, Tassedethe, Zorrobot,
Luckas-bot, Gongshow, KamikazeBot, Cavarrone, Xqbot, TVArchivistUK, Atase1, Cesare '68,
, , TjBot, BjrnBergman,
Mrluke485, Bjrn Westling, ChuispastonBot, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, A2-33, Haris Mustabai,
KremlinGirl1964, Parkenings, StevenRulez, Monkbot, Nobilk, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 77
Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Fonzy, Donarreiskoer, Robbot, Fredrik, Romanm, ScudLee, Picapica, Dinsdagskind, Bobo192,
Rajah, Espoo, Jess Cully, Fryede, DePiep, Tim!, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, Peter S., Mike Halterman, Welsh, RL0919,
Open2universe, Jogers, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Hmains, Zvonko, Kanabekobaton, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo,
Clausule, AxG, Andrwsc, ShelfSkewed, Mb731, Waterloo1974, A876, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Z da Silva, Vanjagenije, Blanche Hunt,
MetsBot, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, FreshBreeze, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166,
Ricardo Cancho Niemietz, Grk1011, Lillingen, Movedgood, Badoerfan, SieBot, PeterCanthropus, Dreamer.se, Jollyathome, Viplux, DragonBot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Sun Creator, Draggleduck, BOTarate, Mr. Gerbear, GLGermann~enwiki, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot,
Blue954, Anubis369, Zorrobot, Ben Ben, Luckas-bot, Yobot, KamikazeBot, Cavarrone, Xqbot,
, GrouchoBot, Jvr725, FrescoBot,
TVArchivistUK, Atase1, MastiBot, Cesare '68,
, Onel5969, TjBot, Heymid, Mrluke485, Esc2003, Bjrn Westling, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, U.Steele, MirkoS18, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, A2-33, GarethTJennings, KremlinGirl1964, StevenRulez,
SMRULEZ, Dempseybloom, Sowaqo, AndersJNS1, TaniaFan1978, Gonkoll, InternetArchiveBot, Gigar44 and Anonymous: 88
Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, Fonzy, Ellywa, Docu, Uriber, Dcoetzee, Adia~enwiki, Fredrik, ScudLee, Abigail-II, Beardo, Joo
Neves, VampWillow, Picapica, Grstain, Bender235, Bobo192, Geschichte, Liimes, Jess Cully, Fryede, Ttwaring, Ysangkok, Nihiltres,
Roboto de Ajvol, Spleodrach, Mike Halterman, SEMats, Esprit15d, LeonardoRob0t, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Kanabekobaton, CJBR,
Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, AxG, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Q43, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Z da Silva, ThisIsAce, Vanjagenije,
R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Scottrb, Urcolors, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, Peeperman, Grk1011, Lillingen, SieBot, Eurowizion, Viplux, Vauxhall1964, DragonBot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Draggleduck, BOTarate, Mr. Gerbear, GLGermann~enwiki, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, Blue954, Euroleague, Tassedethe, Luckas-bot, Gongshow, KamikazeBot, AnomieBOT, Kam47625, Eric Blatant, GrouchoBot, TVArchivistUK, Bluebird207, RedBot, Cesare '68, Adult delinquent, Mjs1991,
8.1. TEXT
279
, Pensativa, Sam11333, EmausBot, Mrluke485, Esc2003, Bjrn Westling, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, Widr, Misu0618, Wesley
Mouse, Mike22r, Cyberbot II, ChrisGualtieri, StevenRulez, Bilorv, Certus+, AndersJNS1, TaniaFan1978, Gonkoll, InternetArchiveBot,
Stellar65 and Anonymous: 111
Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, Deb, Fonzy, Docu, AnonMoos, Dimadick, Fredrik, ScudLee, Zigkill, Edcolins, Bobo192, Hektor,
Snowolf, Jess Cully, Fryede, Tim!, Austrian, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Epolk, Mike Halterman, E tac,
Esprit15d, LeonardoRob0t, Miwunderlich, YellowMonkey, Dweller, Kanabekobaton, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, Mukadderat, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Clausule, AxG, ARIC2006, Jetman, Waterloo1974, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, TheYmode, Z da Silva,
Nick Number, Zypherix, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166,
Lillingen, SieBot, Fuddle, Viplux, DragonBot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Draggleduck, Cexycy, BOTarate, Tuzapicabit, Mr. Gerbear, GLGermann~enwiki, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Montehermoso-spain, Gahgeer, MagnusA.Bot, Blue954, Euroleague, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, DK4,
Yobot, KamikazeBot, AnomieBOT, Turkish Flame,
, Davshul, GrouchoBot, TVArchivistUK, Cesare '68,
, ,
Dinamik-bot, Back4goode, Vattuman, Agmcht, TjBot, Alph Bot, Mrluke485, Esc2003, Bjrn Westling, Kapitan110295, Snotbot, Frietjes,
Bmusician, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Harizotoh9, Cyberbot II, Aejsing, Haris Mustabai, StevenRulez, AndersJNS1, TaniaFan1978,
Gonkoll, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 77
Bryan Derksen, Fonzy, Ahoerstemeier, Docu, Kimiko, Fredrik, ScudLee, Joo Neves, Bobo192, Smalljim, ToastieIL, DooMerPS, Jess
Cully, Woohookitty, Tim!, Wikiliki, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Mysekurity, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Mike Halterman, Number
57, Lcmortensen, LeonardoRob0t, YellowMonkey, Tewk, Kanabekobaton, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Drork, AxG,
Sharcho, CmdrObot, ShelfSkewed, Waterloo1974, Reywas92, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, TheYmode, Z da Silva, Nick Number, Amoruso, Magioladitis, Deanb, CKnight16, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, X958,
A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, Plutonium27, Grk1011, Lillingen, SieBot, Niceguyedc, Viplux, DragonBot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Draggleduck,
BOTarate, Tuzapicabit, Mr. Gerbear, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Blethering Scot, LaaknorBot, Euroleague, Tassedethe, Yobot, TaBOT-zerem,
Dalton2, KamikazeBot, Luis-spain-esc-2009, Xqbot, GrouchoBot, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK, Fernbom2, MastiBot, John123521, Colin
gibb,
, , Mrluke485, Daniel Callegaro, Bjrn Westling, Kapitan110295, CocuBot, Snotbot, Frietjes, Helpful Pixie Bot,
PhnomPencil, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, Niv062, Haris Mustabai, KremlinGirl1964, StevenRulez, Lach22, EuroFan98, AndersJNS1, 009988aaabbbccc, Gonkoll, Jil, Nobilk, Srednuas Lenoroc, Brother Twisted, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 71
Bryan Derksen, Christian List, Fonzy, Docu, Zoicon5, Dimadick, Fredrik, ScudLee, Joo Neves, Wmahan, MistToys, Elyaqim, Dinsdagskind, Bobo192, Rajah, , Jess Cully, Fryede, Thryduulf, Jorunn, Tim!, Mariocki, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Kuzzer, Roboto de Ajvol,
YurikBot, Mike Halterman, Wiggin15, Asbl, Carabinieri, YellowMonkey, Peter Isotalo, Chris the speller, Colonies Chris, Kanabekobaton,
CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, KrayCeremoush, Evilperson 20, LukaP, Eric82oslo, NotMuchToSay, Clausule, Drork, AxG, Heitordp, Waterloo1974, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Esc luver, Legotech, Thijs!bot, Marek69, Dbromage, Z da Silva, Nick Number, Blanche Hunt,
Rasho, Citywolf, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, A4bot, Kumorifox, Broadbot, Marbe166,
Plutonium27, Grk1011, SieBot, Eurowizion, De Boni 2007, Viplux, Vauxhall1964, DragonBot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Cexycy, BOTarate, Tuzapicabit, Mr. Gerbear, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Yobot, TaBOT-zerem, KamikazeBot, Steamdrivenhammer, YeshuaDavid, Ulric1313, Xqbot,
, Erik9bot, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK, RedBot, MastiBot,
, Back4goode, OnWikiNo, Mrluke485,
Daniel Callegaro, Bjrn Westling, Kapitan110295, Snotbot, Frietjes, Wbm1058, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, Danyzack, BattyBot,
KremlinGirl1964, RebeccaTheAwesomeXD, Aramzdakalsn, Dosbesteck, AndersJNS1, Gonkoll, Srednuas Lenoroc, Eurovisionman2015
and Anonymous: 79
Bryan Derksen, XJaM, Fonzy, MichaelJanich, Docu, Zoicon5, Dimadick, Fredrik, Romanm, ScudLee, Wmahan, Bobo192, Atlasvan, Jess
Cully, Fryede, Megan1967, Tim!, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Darranc, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Conscious, Mike Halterman, Dijxtra, NWill,
Doktorbuk, LeonardoRob0t, Curpsbot-unicodify, YellowMonkey, Unyoyega, Eskimbot, Zvonko, Kanabekobaton, CJBR, Evilperson 20,
Eric82oslo, Chrisd87, AxG, The Giant Pun, Holkingers, CmdrObot, Devatipan, Mb731, Flying Saucer, Waterloo1974, Mato, YuckieDuck, Coolguy22468, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Oerjan, Z da Silva, Nick Number, Vanjagenije, Bogger, OllyH, Citywolf,
Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Someone in the Earth, DH85868993, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, X958, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, SieBot, Hello71, Eurowizion, De Boni 2007, Viplux, DragonBot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Draggleduck, Tockwith, BOTarate,
Tuzapicabit, Mr. Gerbear, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, Anubis369, AndersBot, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Yobot, KamikazeBot,
JackieBot, Luis-spain-esc-2009, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Erik9bot, TVArchivistUK, Atase1, Aca Srbin, Pdebee, Rosertnom, Dinamik-bot, TjBot,
GoingBatty, Mrluke485, Josve05a, Kapitan110295, Snotbot, Frietjes, MirkoS18, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, Haris Mustabai,
Johnnyfootball123, Gonkoll, Srednuas Lenoroc, Bravo Baby Burt, Bickel~nlwiki, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 75
Bryan Derksen, Fonzy, Docu, Chrysalis, Zoicon5, Fredrik, Romanm, Dmn, ScudLee, David 5000, Michael Zimmermann, Dinsdagskind,
Bobo192, Pperos, Jess Cully, Fryede, Tim!, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Jaraalbe, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Spleodrach, Conscious,
Mike Halterman, NWill, Maniacintosh, Doktorbuk, LeonardoRob0t, Curpsbot-unicodify, Kumarhk, Lewis R, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot,
Barend, Zvonko, Kanabekobaton, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, Smerus, Frglee, Evilperson 20, Hestemand, J 1982, Clausule, Wrh1973, Saluton~enwiki, AxG, E-Kartoel, Waterloo1974, Pete Davis, DumbBOT, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Z da Silva, Nick Number, Mixed ham,
Vanjagenije, Tony0106, Blanche Hunt, CKnight16, Keith D, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Notapotato, Urcolors, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999,
VolkovBot, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, X958, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, Philbuck222, Grk1011, SieBot, Eurowizion, Neli s00, Viplux,
DragonBot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Draggleduck, Xelaxa, BOTarate, Acabashi, Tuzapicabit, Teodor Hansi~enwiki, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, Anubis369, AndersBot, Tassedethe, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Hohenloh, KamikazeBot, Paralympic, ArthurBot, Xqbot, GrouchoBot,
Sky Attacker, TVArchivistUK, Progsprach~enwiki, Atase1, LittleWink, , Mrluke485, , Kapitan110295, BarnabyJoe, Snotbot, Frietjes, Widr, MirkoS18, BG19bot, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Robyn2000, BlevintronBot, Fort esc, KremlinGirl1964, AndersJNS1,
Srednuas Lenoroc, Bravo Baby Burt, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 72
Bryan Derksen, XJaM, Fonzy, Zoicon5, Curero, ThereIsNoSteve, Dimadick, Fredrik, Romanm, Dmn, ScudLee, Andjb, Picapica,
Bobo192, Ynhockey, Dr. Schnellkopf, Jess Cully, Nuno Tavares, Doco, Tim!, Koavf, Ysangkok, Darranc, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Gaius Cornelius, Mike Halterman, NWill, YellowMonkey, AtilimGunesBaydin, Eskimbot, Peter Isotalo, Bluebot, Wikibarista, Zvonko, Kanabekobaton, Derek R Bullamore, J.smith, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, J 1982, AxG, Nakis g, Bravada, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Flowerpotman, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Alan8653, Z da Silva, Vanjagenije, Blanche Hunt, MetsBot, Rasho,
280
Qohen, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, X958, A4bot, Kumorifox, Marbe166, Plutonium27, Ricardo Cancho Niemietz, Grk1011, SieBot, Phoenixmjs, Foxj, Viplux, Vauxhall1964, DragonBot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Draggleduck, BOTarate, AbJ32, Tuzapicabit, WikHead, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, LaaknorBot, Euroleague, Anubis369, AndersBot,
Tassedethe, Yobot, Jwitos, KamikazeBot, Paralympic, Cavarrone, ArthurBot, Xqbot, TVArchivistUK, , Atase1, LittleWink, Aca
Srbin, , DJEnok, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, AvicBot, Sven Manguard, Kapitan110295, Snotbot, Frietjes, MirkoS18,
Snaevar-bot, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Cyberbot II, Khazar2, Vindelmannen, WeWerCZak, EuroFan98, AndersJNS1, Srednuas Lenoroc,
InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 88
Bryan Derksen, Fonzy, Docu, Zoicon5, Dimadick, Fredrik, Romanm, Delpino, ScudLee, Zscout370, Mulder1982, Thuresson, Bobo192,
Khardan, Jess Cully, Fryede, Bastin, BD2412, Tim!, Ysangkok, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Spleodrach, RussBot, Mike Halterman, NWill, LeonardoRob0t, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot, Zvonko, Kanabekobaton, Valenciano, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson
20, Eric82oslo, RomanSpa, Drork, Mallaccaos, AxG, Nakis g, Cydebot, Waterloo1974, Tkynerd, After Midnight, PKT, Thijs!bot, Z da
Silva, ThisIsAce, EpiC, Fire Elf, Blanche Hunt, MetsBot, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Zingostar, Hugo999, Carlos MS,
TXiKiBoT, X958, A4bot, Yf metro, Oren neu dag, Broadbot, Marbe166, SieBot, SveinMarvin, A21sauce, Viplux, DragonBot, Piccadilly
Sirkus, Gwguey, Draggleduck, BOTarate, Tuzapicabit, MystBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, LaaknorBot, Anubis369, Zorrobot, Yobot, Fw1506, KamikazeBot, Ulric1313, ArthurBot, Xqbot, Kulystab, Drilnoth, Fol de rol troll, Pabloperi, Sextiotalet, Atase1,
Trappist the monk, Rosertnom,
, Back4goode, EmausBot, Mrluke485, Daniel Callegaro, BabbaQ, Kapitan110295, Mimimatz,
Frietjes, MirkoS18, BG19bot, Bmusician, SMEURO96, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Cyberbot II, Khazar2, Fort esc, RuthLivingstone,
Fitzmauricen, AndersJNS1, Srednuas Lenoroc, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 74
Bryan Derksen, Fonzy, KF, Edward, Docu, Samuelsen, Cimon Avaro, Zoicon5, Fredrik, David Gerard, ScudLee, BigHaz, Discospinster,
Bobo192, Baratinha~enwiki, Jess Cully, Fryede, Tabletop, JamesBurns, Ketiltrout, Tim!, Ysangkok, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE,
NTBot~enwiki, Mike Halterman, Gadget850, Nikkimaria, Little Savage, Red Jay, Amberrock, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot, Kanabekobaton, JonasRH, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, J 1982, Clausule, AxG, Mb731, Waterloo1974, After Midnight, Thijs!bot,
Z da Silva, Ilion2, Mackan79, Vanjagenije, Fire Elf, Blanche Hunt, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Scottrb, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999,
Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, X958, A4bot, Broadbot, Marbe166, Grk1011, SieBot, Jimmy Slade, De Boni 2007, Niceguyedc, Viplux, Vauxhall1964, DragonBot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Draggleduck, Ajitirj, Muro Bot, BOTarate, Tuzapicabit, Mr. Gerbear, Addbot, Sims2aholic8,
LaaknorBot, Euroleague, Verbal, Iune, Zorrobot, Yobot, Stiangutten, KamikazeBot, AnomieBOT, Cavarrone, Robinr22, ArthurBot, Jane
doe10, 205ywmpq, GrouchoBot, FrescoBot, RedBot, , EmausBot, John of Reading, Mrluke485, Daniel Callegaro, BabbaQ, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, GIWRGOS 1980, BG19bot, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Glacialfox, Cyberbot II, Khazar2, Mogism, Cerabot~enwiki,
AndersJNS1, Gonkoll, Jil, Alfred Kiefer, JJMC89, Srednuas Lenoroc, InternetArchiveBot, KCA 2017, Spamaccountforbugmenot and
Anonymous: 82
Bryan Derksen, Zundark, XJaM, Fonzy, Docu, Samuelsen, Nikai, Cimon Avaro, Zoicon5, Robbot, Fredrik, Kristof vt, Romanm, ScudLee, Joo Neves, Lesgles, Bender235, Aecis, El C, Bobo192, Jess Cully, Fryede, Allen3, BD2412, Tim!, MarnetteD, Nihiltres, Hlodynn, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Mike Halterman, Gazza1685, LeonardoRob0t, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot, Chris the speller,
Bluebot, Zvonko, Bib, Kanabekobaton, Derek R Bullamore, Evlekis, Evilperson 20, AxG, CmdrObot, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Pete
Davis, Tkynerd, Q43, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Vanjagenije, Narssarssuaq, Fire Elf, Blanche Hunt, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Sjc07,
Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, X958, Vasilios2007, A4bot, Marbe166, Dt og drasl, Grk1011, SieBot, Mild Bill Hiccup, Niceguyedc, Viplux, DragonBot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Cexycy, Micha, BOTarate, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot,
LaaknorBot, Euroleague, Anubis369, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Fw1506, KamikazeBot, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, Melo man, TVArchivistUK, D'ohBot, Atase1, LittleWink, RedBot, MastiBot, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, Daniel Callegaro, BabbaQ, Kapitan110295, L1975p,
Frietjes, MirkoS18, BG19bot, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Danyzack, Cyberbot II, AndersJNS1, 009988aaabbbccc, Srednuas Lenoroc,
Bryan Derksen, XJaM, Fonzy, KF, Fhimpe, Docu, Angela, Andres, Zoicon5, Eugene van der Pijll, Fredrik, Romanm, Dmn, ScudLee,
MistToys, Picapica, YUL89YYZ, Bender235, Dinsdagskind, Bobo192, Jess Cully, Fryede, Cruccone, Tim!, Bensin, Jpfagerback, Roboto
de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Mike Halterman, NWill, LeonardoRob0t, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot, Zvonko, Kanabekobaton,
Valenciano, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, NotMuchToSay, J 1982, AxG, Seedybob2, Dpelsma, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Pete
Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, Vanjagenije, Fire Elf, CKnight16, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999,
VolkovBot, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, X958, Vasilios2007, A4bot, Marbe166, Maxxy35, Grk1011, SieBot, Hooiwind, Mild Bill Hiccup,
Viplux, Draggleduck, BOTarate, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, LaaknorBot, Euroleague, Anubis369, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Yobot,
Fw1506, Paralympic, Xqbot, Erik9bot, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK, D'ohBot, V-Mark, Atase1, Sunpoint, LittleWink, RedBot, Mjs1991,
EmausBot, Mrluke485, BabbaQ, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, U.Steele, MirkoS18, GIWRGOS 1980, Misu0618, Julia L., Wesley Mouse,
Ezeltje1598, Cyberbot II, Haris Mustabai, Monkbot, AndersJNS1, Gonkoll, Srednuas Lenoroc, Eurovisionman2015, InternetArchiveBot
and Anonymous: 81
Bryan Derksen, Fonzy, KF, Docu, Cimon Avaro, Zoicon5, MiLo28, Fredrik, Romanm, Delpino, GreatWhiteNortherner, ScudLee, Andy,
Gzornenplatz, R. end, Melonhead, Sam Hocevar, Picapica, DcoetzeeBot~enwiki, Bender235, Bobo192, Jess Cully, Fryede, Woohookitty,
Allen3, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Bensin, Ysangkok, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, RussBot, Mike Halterman, NWill, Eurosong, Iamvered,
Little Savage, LeonardoRob0t, Rredwell, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot, Endroit, Zvonko, Kanabekobaton, John Staord, CJBR, Derek R
Bullamore, Chwech, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, Khazar, Clausule, AxG, Jetman, CmdrObot, Pie.er, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Pete Davis,
After Midnight, Thijs!bot, ThisIsAce, JRRobinson, Vanjagenije, RedvBlue, IrishFlukey, Bogger, SiobhanHansa, Rigger30, Blanche Hunt,
CKnight16, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Scottrb, Gyurika, RenniePet, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Je G., Carlos MS, X958,
A4bot, Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Broadbot, Marbe166, Grk1011, SieBot, Liveshop, Brenont, Gerakibot, Phoenixmjs, ClueBot, Gaia Octavia Agrippa, Luvharte, Ukryan1992, Niceguyedc, Viplux, Piccadilly Sirkus, Draggleduck, Ajitirj, BOTarate, Tuzapicabit, DumZiBoT,
XLinkBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, Euroleague, Anubis369, AndersBot, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Fw1506,
KamikazeBot, Cavarrone, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, Deaympic, Erik9bot, TVArchivistUK, Laxitive, Tatasport, Atase1, LittleWink, Aca Srbin,
Plasticspork, Redpower94, , EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, BabbaQ, Spa-Franks, Kapitan110295, Frietjes, Sangchaud,
MirkoS18, Wbm1058, Grantandforsyth, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Danyzack, Cyberbot II, Roie3600, Techexpress83, Avis28, AndersJNS1, Roya Shirali, Gonkoll, Srednuas Lenoroc, InternetArchiveBot, CircusMind and Anonymous: 79
8.1. TEXT
281

Bryan Derksen, Fonzy, KF, Hephaestos, Ellywa, Docu, Zoicon5, MiLo28, Joy, Eugene van der Pijll, Fredrik, Romanm, ScudLee, Angmering, Io usurped, Picapica, Bender235, Bobo192, Jess Cully, Aatox, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Bensin, Ysangkok, Bgwhite, Roboto de Ajvol,
YurikBot, Mike Halterman, Gianluca91, NWill, LeonardoRob0t, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot, Barend, Zvonko, Kanabekobaton, CJBR,
Derek R Bullamore, SashatoBot, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, AxG, E-Kartoel, Andrwsc, Seedybob2, ShelfSkewed, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Thijs!bot, ColtsScore, Vanjagenije, Blanche Hunt, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Nic Hoza,
Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Je G., Carlos MS, X958, A4bot, Hqb, Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Marbe166, Porcina, Grk1011, SieBot, Pepsicool93, Aspects, Lightmouse, De Boni 2007, Tzuppy, ChakatSandwalker, Viplux, Draggleduck, BOTarate, Tuzapicabit, DumZiBoT,
Mr. Gerbear, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, Euroleague, Anubis369, Iune, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Fw1506, KamikazeBot,
JackieBot, Bubaclex, Xqbot, GrouchoBot, Mattg82, Erik9bot, TVArchivistUK, Atase1, LittleWink, Aca Srbin, Adult delinquent, TjBot,
EmausBot, Mrluke485, BabbaQ, Kapitan110295, ClueBot NG, L1975p, Frietjes, MirkoS18, Misu0618, Wesley Mouse, Cyberbot II, Haris
Mustabai, , Roya Shirali, , Srednuas Lenoroc, Yoga Widya 1994, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 72
Bryan Derksen, XJaM, Fonzy, KF, GTBacchus, Docu, Zoicon5, Fredrik, Romanm, Dmn, ScudLee, Robert Weemeyer, Joo Neves,
Slowking Man, Picapica, Bender235, Violetriga, Aecis, Bobo192, Jess Cully, Fryede, GregorB, Thewanderer, Bensin, Ysangkok, Roboto
de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, TF100, Brooza, Mike Halterman, NWill, LeonardoRob0t, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot, Gilliam, Bluebot, Timbouctou, Zvonko, Tryggvia, Kanabekobaton, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, SashatoBot, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, AxG, Andrwsc, Ellie3334,
Mb731, Waterloo1974, Thijs!bot, Z da Silva, Vanjagenije, Blanche Hunt, Movingimage, Klackalica, Lildu90, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker,
Inwind, Sjc07, Squids and Chips, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Gottago, Carlos MS, X958, A4bot, Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Marbe166, Imbris,
Lwc, Grk1011, Qworty, SieBot, Pepsicool93, Gerakibot, August Dominus, Lightmouse, ImageRemovalBot, Admiral Norton, ChakatSandwalker, Drmies, Niceguyedc, Viplux, Alexbot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Draggleduck, BOTarate, Tuzapicabit, Boleyn, Addbot, Sims2aholic8,
MagnusA.Bot, Euroleague, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Yobot, Fw1506, KamikazeBot, Frichmon, Ulric1313, Xqbot, GrouchoBot, TVArchivistUK, Atase1, LittleWink, , Back4goode, Vattuman, TjBot, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, Daniel Callegaro, Dan221094,
Kapitan110295, L1975p, Frietjes, MirkoS18, Wesley Mouse, Danyzack, Haris Mustabai, Srednuas Lenoroc, InternetArchiveBot and
Anonymous: 96
Bryan Derksen, Christian List, Fonzy, KF, Docu, Zoicon5, Eugene van der Pijll, Fredrik, Romanm, Naddy, Dmn, ScudLee, Joo Neves,
BigHaz, Bender235, PatrikR, Bobo192, Khardan, Jess Cully, Fryede, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Bensin, Korg, Bgwhite, EamonnPKeane,
Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Mike Halterman, NWill, YellowMonkey, Unyoyega, Eskimbot, Peter Isotalo, Skizzik, Schmiteye,
Pinots, Zvonko, MisterHand, Tryggvia, Kanabekobaton, Valenciano, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, CossieMoJo, AxG, Andrwsc,
Jetman, Mb731, Ntsimp, Waterloo1974, Thijs!bot, Savager, Brett Dunbar, Responsible?, Magioladitis, Blanche Hunt, Welshleprechaun,
Rettetast, Alro, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Ssolbergj, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Zingostar, Hugo999, Carlos MS, X958, Vasilios2007, A4bot,
Rei-bot, Marbe166, Imbris, Grk1011, Movedgood, SieBot, Pepsicool93, ImageRemovalBot, Niceguyedc, Viplux, Alexbot, Piccadilly
Sirkus, Draggleduck, BOTarate, XLinkBot, Izmir lee, Baldursnaer, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, AlexandrDmitri, MagnusA.Bot, Euroleague,
Tassedethe, Iune, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Fw1506, Dalton2, KamikazeBot, AnomieBOT, Thobiah, Paralympic, ArthurBot, J4lambert, DannyBoy20802, Erik9bot, NSH002, BulsaraAndDeacon, Atase1, LittleWink, RedBot, Aca Srbin, Malta1978, Redpower94, Chipmunkdavis,
TjBot, EmausBot, Mrluke485, Daniel Callegaro, Esc2003, Gray eyes, ChuispastonBot, Dan221094, Spa-Franks, Kapitan110295, ClueBot
NG, Frietjes, MirkoS18, Wesley Mouse, ChrisGualtieri, Khazar2, Seattleseanhowell, PootisHeavy, Jjj1238, Haris Mustabai, Khorax,
AndersJNS1, Srednuas Lenoroc, Eurovisionman2015, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 130
Bryan Derksen, XJaM, Christian List, Fonzy, KF, Mic, Ellywa, Docu, CatherineMunro, Uriber, Zoicon5, Joy, Eugene van der Pijll, Dimadick, Fredrik, Dmn, ScudLee, RobinCarmody, Joyous!, Picapica, YUL89YYZ, Bender235, Thuresson, PatrikR, Bobo192, El Raki, Jess
Cully, Fryede, Tim!, Tone, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Spleodrach, Mike Halterman, Semperf, NWill, LeonardoRob0t, Bertil~enwiki,
SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Unyoyega, Kokoo, Eskimbot, Zvonko, Kanabekobaton, Valenciano, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, Chwech,
Evilperson 20, NotMuchToSay, J 1982, Morshem, AxG, Andrwsc, Seedybob2, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Thijs!bot, BokicaK, Coyets,
, Magioladitis, Jeers24, Blanche Hunt, Pan Dan, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, A4bot,
Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Kumorifox, Marbe166, Imbris, Grk1011, SieBot, DitzyNizzy, ImageRemovalBot, De Boni 2007, Niceguyedc,
Viplux, Alexbot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Draggleduck, Xelaxa, BOTarate, Whiley2008x, Sir Sputnik, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Xtinadbest, GargoyleBot, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, KamikazeBot, Dimitrissss, Judo112, ArthurBot, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, GrouchoBot,
Tatasport, DrilBot, Atase1, Adult delinquent, Redpower94, Rosertnom, In ictu oculi, EmausBot, Mrluke485, August-54, Dan221094, Kapitan110295, Mimimatz, Snotbot, Frietjes, Aleksa Milievi, Idahopotatis, Wbm1058, Littleowljrn, Wesley Mouse, Danyzack, Cyberbot
II, Mogism, Haris Mustabai, StevenRulez, ALRAS, EuroFan98, AndersJNS1, 009988aaabbbccc, Srednuas Lenoroc, InternetArchiveBot
and Anonymous: 101
Bryan Derksen, XJaM, Fonzy, Ahoerstemeier, Docu, Zoicon5, Eugene van der Pijll, Dimadick, Fredrik, Dmn, ScudLee, Joo Neves, KarlHenner, Picapica, YUL89YYZ, Bender235, PatrikR, Bobo192, Dado~enwiki, Jess Cully, Fryede, Aatox, Ysangkok, Darranc, Roboto
de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Mike Halterman, Fenian Swine, NWill, ViperSnake151, Lewis R, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Gilliam,
Kanabekobaton, Ww2censor, John Staord, Derek R Bullamore, Ohconfucius, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, NotMuchToSay, J 1982,
AxG, ARIC2006, E-Kartoel, Andrwsc, CmdrObot, Waterloo1974, Coolguy22468, Thijs!bot, Z da Silva, JRRobinson, BokicaK, Bogger, MegX, , Bongwarrior, KConWiki, Spellmaster, Ulkomaalainen, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Scottrb, Sjc07, Idioma-bot,
Hugo999, VolkovBot, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, Vasilios2007, Thadius856AWB, A4bot, Marbe166, Bejjer, Cnilep, Grk1011, PGWG,
SieBot, VVVBot, Jaan, ImageRemovalBot, Plastikspork, Luvharte, Alexbot, Piccadilly Sirkus, Iohannes Animosus, BOTarate, Addbot,
Sims2aholic8, Mika2008, MagnusA.Bot, Download, Euroleague, Luckas-bot, Yobot, ArthurBot, Xqbot, FrescoBot, I dream of horses,
Aca Srbin, AngelicaAgurbash, Redpower94, Trappist the monk, Dinamik-bot,
, Vattuman, TjBot, EmausBot, Mrluke485, Number10a, , Donner60, Dan221094, Kapitan110295, Snotbot, L1975p, Frietjes, Wesley Mouse, Cyberbot II, 251001, Haris
Mustabai, SJ Defender, StevenRulez, AndersJNS1, 009988aaabbbccc, Jil, Srednuas Lenoroc, FullTankOfGas, Munja, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 97
Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, JeLuF, Fonzy, Docu, Andres, Zoicon5, Fredrik, ScudLee, Cckkab, Piotrus, Karl-Henner, Creidieki, Picapica, PatrikR, Bobo192, Richard Harvey, Jess Cully, Woohookitty, Tim!, Bensin, EamonnPKeane, YurikBot, RobotE, RussBot, Peter S., Ian Cheese, Mike Halterman, Fenian Swine, NWill, Open2universe, Lewis R, YellowMonkey, Eskimbot, Ohnder~enwiki,
Gilliam, Kanabekobaton, John Staord, Papapierre, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, NotMuchToSay, J 1982, Morshem,
282
AxG, Andrwsc, CmdrObot, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Coolguy22468, PKT, Thijs!bot, SeNeKa, Snn85, JustAGal, Camptown, Bogger,
, Nefrit13, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Trusilver, Swaddon1903, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, A4bot,
Broadbot, Marbe166, Grk1011, SieBot, Gerakibot, ImageRemovalBot, Luvharte, Piccadilly Sirkus, Draggleduck, Xelaxa, BOTarate, Mr.
Gerbear, Dthomsen8, Teodor Hansi~enwiki, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, LaaknorBot, Euroleague, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Yobot, KamikazeBot,
AnomieBOT, Giggle2005, Ulric1313, Geregen2, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, DustFormsWords, Erik9bot, RedBot, Aca Srbin, Adult delinquent,
Plasticspork, Redpower94, Dinamik-bot, Vattuman, MicCFC96, EmausBot, John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, , ChuispastonBot, Dan221094, Kapitan110295, ClueBot NG, Chester Markel, Snotbot, Frietjes, Christian Ambion, Wesley Mouse, BattyBot,
Cyberbot II, Ivan trus, SiBr4, Flat Out, Haris Mustabai, StevenRulez, John cooney, AndersJNS1, 009988aaabbbccc, KingDriverFC,
Srednuas Lenoroc, Moran25004, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 105
Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Fonzy, Docu, Ronaldo Guevara, Zoicon5, Dimadick, Fredrik, Dmn, ScudLee, Chowbok, KarlHenner, Bender235, PatrikR, Bobo192, Jess Cully, Tim!, Bensin, Ysangkok, YurikBot, RobotE, RussBot, Grafen, NWill, Doktorbuk,
YellowMonkey, Lcarsdata, Unyoyega, Eskimbot, Ohnder~enwiki, Hmains, Kanabekobaton, Valenciano, John Staord, Derek R Bullamore, Charivari, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, AxG, E-Kartoel, Prunk, Andrwsc, Taran Wanderer, CmdrObot, ShelfSkewed, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Coolguy22468, Pardy, Thijs!bot, Majorly, BokicaK, Bogger, , Ulkomaalainen, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker,
Xerxesy, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, X958, A4bot, JhsBot, Marbe166, Imbris, Grk1011, SieBot, StAnselm, Wenzug,
Robinson123, ImageRemovalBot, Luvharte, Niceguyedc, Piccadilly Sirkus, Xelaxa, Tuzapicabit, Boleyn, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Jojhutton,
MagnusA.Bot, Euroleague, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Yobot, KamikazeBot, Lieveco, Potonik, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, Lizardboyo, Yest94, FrescoBot, Tiggs22, Bluebird207, LittleWink, Androsoma, Aca Srbin, Plasticspork, Redpower94, , Dinamik-bot, Vattuman, RjwilmsiBot, TjBot, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, , ChuispastonBot, Dan221094, Kapitan110295, Snotbot, Frietjes, Littleowljrn,
SMEURO96, AvocatoBot, Wesley Mouse, Cyberbot II, SiBr4, Haris Mustabai, Samraerty14, 009988aaabbbccc, Srednuas Lenoroc,
SSTyer, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 95
Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, JeLuF, Fonzy, Fhimpe, Docu, Samuelsen, Andres, BRG, Zoicon5, Djungelurban, Slawojarek, Dimadick, Fredrik, RedWolf, Naddy, ScudLee, Joo Neves, Cjewell, Bender235, Shanes, PatrikR, Bobo192, Baratinha~enwiki,
El Raki, Jess Cully, Fryede, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Ysangkok, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Manxruler, Mike Halterman, RFBailey, NWill, SjorsJonsson, LeonardoRob0t, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Unyoyega, Eskimbot, Colonies Chris, Kanabekobaton, Ohconfucius, Evilperson 20, Thewriter2120, Rigadoun, J 1982, Clausule, AxG, Andrwsc, Iridescent, Canadaolympic989, Jetman, Dub8lad1,
Mb731, Waterloo1974, YuckieDuck, Coolguy22468, Esc luver, JamesAM, Thijs!bot, Landolitan, WinBot, BokicaK, Hut 8.5, Pommes104,
, Alro, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Scottrb, Kibele, Swaddon1903, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Carlos MS, A4bot, Broadbot,
Marbe166, Davin, Grk1011, SieBot, Gerakibot, Lloydpick, Ukryan1992, Piccadilly Sirkus, Draggleduck, Xelaxa, Mcdonnap, Addbot,
Sims2aholic8, , Xtinadbest, MagnusA.Bot, Euroleague, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Bunnyhop11, Andreyyshore,
Dimitrissss, AnomieBOT, Judo112, Mega60, ArthurBot, 205ywmpq, J4lambert, GrouchoBot, FrescoBot, Humdidum, AngelicaAgurbash, Redpower94, RyanHassall, Dinamik-bot, Vattuman, TjBot, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Ben76210, Mrluke485, , Manwoody,
ChuispastonBot, Dan221094, Spa-Franks, Kapitan110295, Mimimatz, Snotbot, L1975p, Frietjes, BG19bot, EuroAgurbash, Cristdan223,
Wesley Mouse, Revenge 1, Kasmar00, Babitaarora, Red Plastic 12000, Haris Mustabai, StevenRulez, AndersJNS1, 009988aaabbbccc,
KingDriverFC, Srednuas Lenoroc, ToastGeek1 and Anonymous: 100
Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Fonzy, Kadooshka, Docu, Zoicon5, Fredrik, Dmn, ScudLee, H1523702, Am088, Picapica, Bender235, Kinitawowi, PatrikR, Bobo192, Jess Cully, Fryede, Dtobias, Firsfron, Tim!, Koavf, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Roboto de Ajvol,
YurikBot, RobotE, Spleodrach, Eleassar, Manxruler, BOT-Superzerocool, NWill, Esprit15d, Jogers, LeonardoRob0t, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Unyoyega, C.Fred, Barend, Kanabekobaton, John Staord, Dreadstar, Derek R Bullamore, Ohconfucius, Chwech, Evilperson
20, Peterwill, J 1982, Speedboy Salesman, AxG, E-Kartoel, Prunk, Andrwsc, Simon12, Majorbonkers, Canadaolympic989, ChRis, CmdrObot, Alan Flynn, Rhiw2006, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Coolguy22468, Esc luver, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, TheYmode, Z da Silva, BokicaK,
Fabbyboy, Bogger, JAnDbot, AlmostReadytoFly, , Maahn, Nips, CommonsDelinker, J.delanoy, BigHairRef, Sjc07, Idioma-bot,
Hugo999, Howth575, Gottago, Carlos MS, Vasilios2007, A4bot, Marbe166, Grk1011, Badoerfan, SieBot, D420182, Eurowizion, De Boni
2007, ClueBot, Fadesga, EoGuy, Jan1nad, Shahinyan, Luvharte, Scathain, Draggleduck, Eurov1997, Mugecik, Addbot, Sims2aholic8,
Xtinadbest, MagnusA.Bot, Dunaszerdahely, Euroleague, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Ettrig, Luckas-bot, KamikazeBot, JackieBot, ArthurBot,
Kulystab, FaceOc, Foreverprovence, RibotBOT, D'ohBot, Dafni e87, LittleWink, RedBot, Aca Srbin, Adult delinquent, Plasticspork,
Redpower94, TobeBot, Pig2008, Dinamik-bot, Vattuman, EmausBot, Mrluke485, August-54, ChuispastonBot, Dan221094, BabbaQ,
Kapitan110295, ClueBot NG, BarnabyJoe, L1975p, Frietjes, Widr, BG19bot, Wesley Mouse, Danyzack, Justincheng12345-bot, DemirBajraktarevic, Cyberbot II, Haris Mustabai, StevenRulez, AndersJNS1, Rodger42, 009988aaabbbccc, Jil, SSTyer, InternetArchiveBot,
OscarTipper and Anonymous: 107
Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, Fonzy, Docu, Andres, Smith03, Tris2000, Zoicon5, Bearcat, ChrisO~enwiki, Fredrik, Wereon,
ScudLee, Bender235, CanisRufus, PatrikR, Bobo192, Jonathunder, Dave.Dunford, Dr. Schnellkopf, Jess Cully, Fryede, Firsfron, WadeSimMiser, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Amire80, FlaBot, Nihiltres, UkPaolo, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, LordofHavoc, Eleassar, Rsrikanth05,
Manxruler, Aldux, NWill, LeonardoRob0t,
robot, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Unyoyega, Bluebot, Kanabekobaton, Valenciano,
Derek R Bullamore, J.smith, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, J 1982, Clausule, AxG, Andrwsc, Andymmu, Canadaolympic989, ChRis, WeggeBot, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Future Perfect at Sunrise, YuckieDuck, Coolguy22468, Thijs!bot, TheYmode, Brett Dunbar, Snn85, BokicaK, Chronisgr, , Magioladitis, Movingimage, Hekerui, Rasho, Beagel, DerHexer, Ulkomaalainen, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker,
Acalamari, Oskitar, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, Gottago, Carlos MS, Vasilios2007, A4bot, Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Kumorifox, Broadbot, Marbe166, Chewy5000, Grk1011, SieBot, BotMultichill, Gerakibot, D420182, Creaven07, Mimihitam, ImageRemovalBot, De Boni
2007, ClueBot, El Burro~enwiki, Dimitar2007, Draggleduck, Cexycy, Pink Evolution~enwiki, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Xtinadbest, 157.228.x.x, Blethering Scot, MagnusA.Bot, LaaknorBot, Euroleague, Anubis369, Tassedethe, Ssschhh, HerculeBot, Yobot,
AnomieBOT, Paralympic, JackieBot, Wurstwicht, ArthurBot, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, Davshul, Ayrtoncools, FrescoBot, Tomica, TVArchivistUK, Vinokurov Demis, LittleWink, Aca Srbin, Redpower94, RyanHassall, Melthamman, Pig2008, Back4goode, Vattuman, EmausBot,
Dolescum, Portunes, MrFawwaz, Dawnrad19, GoingBatty, Mrluke485, August-54, Luciann Mosescu, ChuispastonBot, Dan221094, BabbaQ, Spa-Franks, Kapitan110295, Mimimatz, ClueBot NG, BarnabyJoe, Movses-bot, Katching, Snotbot, L1975p, Frietjes, Ranma25783,
BG19bot, EuroAgurbash, Snaevar-bot, Wesley Mouse, GRgeoGR, JoelJoen, Sqrubba55, Justincheng12345-bot, Cyberbot II, Fort esc,
Mogism, Yozi22, Haris Mustabai, SJ Defender, EuroFan98, 009988aaabbbccc, KingDriverFC, Alfred Kiefer, KasparBot, Fildo~hewiki,
Eurovisionman2015, Zsxcfvgbjl, Ragnarok4143, Danbus43Maalit72, InternetArchiveBot, Gigar44, LazarShy and Anonymous: 187
8.1. TEXT
283

Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, JeLuF, Fonzy, Ahoerstemeier, Docu, Uriber, Wik, Zoicon5, Tpbradbury, AnonMoos, Fredrik,
Romanm, ScudLee, Muhamedmesic, Burgundavia, Picapica, YUL89YYZ, Bender235, J-Star, PatrikR, Bobo192, Pokrajac, Guaca,
SteinbDJ, Jess Cully, Fryede, Tabletop, Plrk, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Ysangkok, Roboto de Ajvol, Mortenoesterlundjoergensen, YurikBot, RobotE,
RussBot, TF100, Manxruler, Buster79, Dominykas Blyze, NWill, Doktorbuk, LeonardoRob0t, Rredwell, YellowMonkey, Unyoyega,
KittenKlub, Peter Isotalo, Tewk, Kanabekobaton, Derek R Bullamore, KrayCeremoush, Evilperson 20, J 1982, Drork, AxG, Andrwsc, Canadaolympic989, Waterloo1974, ST47, Coolguy22468, Pardy, Thijs!bot, TheYmode, SeNeKa, Daniel il, BokicaK, Tony0106,
, Deanb, Yandrak~enwiki, Spy1986, Ulkomaalainen, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Funandtrvl, Zingostar, Black
Kite, VolkovBot, Sporti, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, Vasilios2007, A4bot, Grk1011, CT Cooper, SieBot, BotMultichill, Gerakibot, DitzyNizzy,
ImageRemovalBot, De Boni 2007, Vauxhall1964, Xelaxa, Pularoid, BalkanFever, Pink Evolution~enwiki, Hasan en, SilvonenBot, Teodor
Hansi~enwiki, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, MagnusA.Bot, Euroleague, Tassedethe, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Zorrobot, Koshoes, Luckas-bot, Yobot,
KamikazeBot, AnomieBOT, Judo112, JackieBot, Migas94, Ulric1313, LilHelpa, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, RibotBOT, TVArchivistUK, Fernbom2, Bluebird207, LittleWink, Aca Srbin, Adult delinquent, Deutsch-Trke-English, Redpower94, RyanHassall, Pig2008, ,
Dinamik-bot, Back4goode, Vattuman, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, Daniel Callegaro, , ChuispastonBot,
Dan221094, BabbaQ, Cineguido, Kapitan110295, L1975p, Frietjes, Widr, BG19bot, Shaun234, Wesley Mouse, Justincheng12345-bot,
DemirBajraktarevic, Cyberbot II, SiBr4, Pumpotauklis, RytisMitkus, GinaKisyaukova, 009988aaabbbccc, KingDriverFC, KasparBot,
Magnus Manske, Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, JeLuF, Fonzy, Docu, Bogdangiusca, Andres, Smith03, Zoicon5, Tpbradbury,
ChrisO~enwiki, Fredrik, Bbx, ScudLee, Andris, David 5000, Picapica, Bender235, PatrikR, Bobo192, Vsk, Jonathunder, Jess Cully,
Fryede, Je3000, Aatox, Tim!, FlaBot, SchuminWeb, Ysangkok, Strangnet, Krun, YurikBot, RobotE, TF100, LordofHavoc, Jetro, Aldux,
Number 57, NWill, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Fisss, Bluebot, Kanabekobaton, Derek R Bullamore, Sjubidu, KrayCeremoush, Evilperson
20, J 1982, Clausule, Davidvankemenade, AxG, Novangelis, Andrwsc, Canadaolympic989, ChRis, Viennese Waltz, DariusRex, CmdrObot, Zarex, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Coolguy22468, Esc luver, Thijs!bot, TheYmode, Z da Silva, Chandler, Chronisgr, Tony0106,
Xozny~enwiki, , Rasho, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Nono64, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Nicktsi, Zingostar, Hugo999, Gottago, Carlos
MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Delgadoloayza~enwiki, Grk1011, H92, SieBot, DitzyNizzy, D420182, Finna, Werldwayd, ImageRemovalBot, De
Boni 2007, SlackerMom, Keeper76, Aturquie, MalcolmGould, Dimitar2007, Draggleduck, Xelaxa, Muro Bot, DumZiBoT, Pink Evolution~enwiki, GLGermann~enwiki, Hasan en, Robotico2, SilvonenBot, Teodor Hansi~enwiki, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, CONMEBOL,
OuijaBoardOuijaBoard, Zorrobot, HerculeBot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, LilHelpa, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, J4lambert, GrouchoBot,
Alvin Seville, FrescoBot, Thayts, Tomica, TVArchivistUK, Mezod, LittleWink, BRUTE, STM-homie, RedBot, Redpower94, Arbero,
TobeBot, Pig2008, Back4goode, Vattuman, In ictu oculi, EmausBot, Mrluke485, ZroBot, Bollyje, August-54, LaRojaVamos, ChuispastonBot, Dan221094, BabbaQ, Kapitan110295, PaultjeKwik, L1975p, Frietjes, UltraRainbows, BG19bot, Wesley Mouse, BattyBot,
Cyberbot II, Khazar2, Fort esc, SiBr4, Haris Mustabai, Appetizer8088, 009988aaabbbccc, Edvis3692, SGrin94, Srednuas Lenoroc,
InternetArchiveBot, Gigar44, Vlaedd and Anonymous: 110
Magnus Manske, Bryan Derksen, XJaM, Fonzy, Chuq, Docu, Martijnesc, Phil Boswell, Fredrik, Kristof vt, Pibwl, ScudLee, Sebbe, Picapica, Bender235, Harry Hayeld, PatrikR, Bobo192, Pokrajac, Pperos, Hektor, Jess Cully, Fryede, Mag2k, Woohookitty, Plrk, Cuchullain, Waninoco, Tim!, Ttwaring, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Strangnet, UkPaolo, YurikBot, RobotE, Spleodrach, TF100, Eleassar, NickBush24, Mike Halterman, NWill, LeonardoRob0t, Lewis R, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Peter Isotalo, Skizzik, Thumbling, Bluebot, Mona,
Kanabekobaton, Gragox, Hoof Hearted, Derek R Bullamore, Gredondo, KrayCeremoush, Chwech, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, AxG, Andrwsc, Canadaolympic989, Jetman, ChRis, DariusRex, CmdrObot, ShelfSkewed, Rain74, Mb731, Flying Saucer, Waterloo1974, Peteb16, Coolguy22468, Pardy, Esc luver, Thijs!bot, TheYmode, Adjespers, SeNeKa, CrazyPhunk, Tony0106, Geniac, Kilrothi, AndriusG,
Olbap, Maahn, Welshleprechaun, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Skier Dude, SirJibby, Skarloey15, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Nicktsi, Zingostar,
Hugo999, VolkovBot, Gottago, Tesscass, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Piontek~enwiki, Hqb, Broadbot, Grk1011, CT Cooper, SieBot,
BotMultichill, Elsteo, Bentogoa, ZoRCoCuK~enwiki, Jaan, Robinson123, ImageRemovalBot, De Boni 2007, ClueBot, Aturquie, Eddies
Teddy, Sun Creator, Draggleduck, Cexycy, SoxBot, BalkanFever, Mr. Gerbear, GLGermann~enwiki, Hasan en, Robotico2, SilvonenBot, Bakulas, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, AlexandrDmitri, Matthewharding3, Mika2008, CONMEBOL, MagnusA.Bot, Henkt, Tassedethe,
Zorrobot, HerculeBot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, , Depressing November, ArthurBot, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, GrouchoBot, RibotBOT,
Vihelik, DannyBoy20802, Surv1v4l1st, BulsaraAndDeacon, Kwiki, LittleWink, RedBot, Aca Srbin, Redpower94, Arbero, Rosertnom,
Vattuman, EmausBot, Portunes, Mrluke485, ZroBot, Dan221094, BabbaQ, Gajmar, Kapitan110295, Mimimatz, Kuuskinen, L1975p,
Akinranbu, BG19bot, Snaevar-bot, Wesley Mouse, Mike22r, Cyberbot II, Khazar2, Dylanvt, PootisHeavy, SiBr4, Appetizer8088, AndersJNS1, 009988aaabbbccc, Pearlcopse, KasparBot, InternetArchiveBot, Vlaedd and Anonymous: 126
Eurovision Song Contest 2002 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2002?oldid=730870527 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Malcolm Farmer, XJaM, JeLuF, Fonzy, Kemkim, Ahoerstemeier, Docu, Andres, Jiang, Smith03, Tpbradbury,
Vergina~enwiki, Martijnesc, ChrisO~enwiki, Fredrik, Kristof vt, ScudLee, BigHaz, Bender235, Djordjes, PatrikR, Bobo192, Pokrajac,
Jumbuck, Jess Cully, DeeJay, Tabletop, Waninoco, Tim!, Koavf, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Jared Preston, Agamemnon2, UkPaolo, Roboto de
Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, TF100, Aldux, NWill, LeonardoRob0t, Anclation~enwiki, Lewis R, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Paxse, Gilliam,
Hmains, Mona, Kanabekobaton, Gragox, Smooth O, Valenciano, Chrisethebest, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo,
John, J 1982, Aspirex, AxG, Andrwsc, Pudeo, CmdrObot, Dycedarg, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Edmund1989, Pete Davis, Thijs!bot, Adjespers, SeNeKa, Brett Dunbar, BokicaK, Darklilac, Chronisgr, CrazyPhunk, Tony0106, Responsible?, .anacondabot, , Magioladitis, Rich257, Treehyrax, MartinBot, STBot, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Black Kite, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Tesscass,
Axiemeister, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, A4bot, Hqb, Porcina, Maxim, Grk1011, CT Cooper, SieBot, D420182, Flyer22 Reborn, Jaan, Robinson123, Jimmy Slade, ImageRemovalBot, De Boni 2007, Ukryan1992, Vauxhall1964, Aturquie, PixelBot, Draggleduck, Xelaxa, Wprlh,
Cexycy, Epiovesan, Tuzapicabit, BalkanFever, Editorofthewiki, Pink Evolution~enwiki, GLGermann~enwiki, Hasan en, Robotico2, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Xtinadbest, Theleftorium, Mika2008, CONMEBOL, MagnusA.Bot, Euroleague, Tassedethe, Numbo3-bot,
OlEnglish, SimoneMLK, HerculeBot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, ArthurBot, Xqbot, 205ywmpq, 1111mol, Marthenpoiss, GrouchoBot, RibotBOT, DannyBoy20802, Jvr725, On 52, Tomica, TVArchivistUK, LittleWink, Pelmeen10, Whoaman35, RedBot, MastiBot,
Thinking of England, Aca Srbin, Redpower94, Christinathebest, Gwendu09, Vattuman, In ictu oculi, Dolescum, WikitanvirBot, Merynancy,
Mrluke485, ZroBot, Zbase4, , ChuispastonBot, Dan221094, BabbaQ, Kapitan110295, ClueBot NG, Hazbulator, L1975p, Sukbhirsinghsangha, BG19bot, Wesley Mouse, BattyBot, Cyberbot II, Khazar2, alvarspor, SiBr4, Nimetapoeg, AndersJNS1, 009988aaabbbccc, Vladbad Vakula, KasparBot, Yoga Widya 1994, InternetArchiveBot, GreenC bot and Anonymous: 150
284
Derek Ross, WojPob, Bryan Derksen, The Anome, Andre Engels, XJaM, JeLuF, Fonzy, Hephaestos, Chuq, Kemkim, Patrick, SGBailey, Arpingstone, Egil, Ams80, Docu, Slovakia, Zztzed, Chrysalis, Kwekubo, AshtonBRSC, Schneelocke, Agtx, Miterdale, Kev, Robbot,
Pigsonthewing, Fredrik, RedWolf, Baldhur, Der Eberswalder, Dmn, Steve Casburn, ScudLee, BillyH, Bender235, PatrikR, Bobo192,
Alarm, Pokrajac, Juzeris, LtNOWIS, Jeltz, Jess Cully,
~enwiki, Mag2k, Woohookitty, Percy Snoodle, ^demon, Plrk, Waninoco,
Tim!, Erebus555, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Darranc, EamonnPKeane, UkPaolo, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, RobotE, Brandmeister (old),
Spleodrach, TF100, Seryass, Hede2000, Jetro, Marcus Cyron, NawlinWiki, Mike Halterman, Lipothymia, Tyron1, BOT-Superzerocool,
NWill, Luckystars, LeonardoRob0t, Anclation~enwiki, Xil, Lewis R, Crystallina, YellowMonkey, Martin Leng, Bswee, Estoy Aqu, Nickst,
Ohnder~enwiki, Chris the speller, Jamie C, Fizzerbear, MalafayaBot, Mona, Chlewbot, OrphanBot, Kanabekobaton, Addshore, Gragox,
Smooth O, Chrisethebest, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, Chwech, Evilperson 20, Eric82oslo, J 1982, AxG, Mijzelf, Andrwsc, Cnbrb, Filelakeshoe, SpeedKing, Image of me, CmdrObot, Rhiw2006, Flying Saucer, Waterloo1974, Coolguy22468, Quibik, Szoltys, Thijs!bot,
Tirk, Z da Silva, JustAGal, BokicaK, DOSGuy, DuncanHill, Tony0106, Fortyfeet, MegX, , Magioladitis, The Anomebot2,
R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Doomsday28, Lebob, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Nicktsi, Zingostar, Black Kite, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Gottago, Carlos MS, Philaweb, Roger Pilgham, A4bot, Porcina, Imbris, Grk1011, Wrightyboy, CT Cooper, SieBot, DitzyNizzy, ZoRCoCuK~enwiki,
Mr. Neutron, ImageRemovalBot, Mild Bill Hiccup, Niceguyedc, Vauxhall1964, Ex penumbrae, Tuzapicabit, Nilysilver, Boleyn, Pink
Evolution~enwiki, Hasan en, Robotico2, Bakulas, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Xtinadbest, 157.228.x.x, Ronhjones, NjardarBot, Tassedethe,
Numbo3-bot, HerculeBot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Ulric1313, LilHelpa, Xqbot,
, Amare135, Diggiloo, 205ywmpq,
J4lambert, J JMesserly, GrouchoBot, RibotBOT, Kevosaraus Rex, FrescoBot, TVArchivistUK, Tiggs22, SirFlemming, LittleWink, RedBot,
Ashleerocks, Aca Srbin, Spearsrocks, Adult delinquent, Redpower94, EuroQele, Panagiotispet, TobeBot, , Gwendu09, Vattuman,
RjwilmsiBot, In ictu oculi, WikitanvirBot, Starcheerspeaksnewslostwars, Mrluke485, Number10a, ChuispastonBot, Dan221094, BabbaQ,
Spa-Franks, Kapitan110295, ClueBot NG, Loginnigol, Sukbhirsinghsangha, BG19bot, AvocatoBot, Wesley Mouse, BattyBot, Cyberbot
II, , Khazar2, Dobie80, alvarspor, Fort esc, SiBr4, Lemnaminor, Jjj1238, Pickette, Qcumber95, American Money, Lordtobi,
Monkbot, 009988aaabbbccc, KasparBot, Rodmorg, Pam-javelin, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 212
Bryan Derksen, Robert Merkel, Fonzy, Nevilley, Patrick, Dhum Dhum, Matthewmayer, SGBailey, Dori, Georey~enwiki, Ahoerstemeier,
Arwel Parry, Docu, Kwekubo, Jiang, Marknew, Smith03, Crissov, Zoicon5, Tpbradbury, Morwen, Wernher, Vergina~enwiki, Slawojarek,
Martijnesc, Masi27185, Pigsonthewing, Waerth, ChrisO~enwiki, Campdavid, Rasmus Faber, Hadal, MykReeve, Dmn, Phildav76, ScudLee, Andris, BillyH, Mboverload, Avala, ALargeElk, OldakQuill, Ajvanari, Joyous!, Picapica, Kate, Bender235, Aecis, Evil otto, Thuresson, PatrikR, Bobo192, Frank101, Walter Grlitz, Jess Cully, Angr, Firsfron, Aaron McDaid, Waninoco, Tim!, Ev, Ysangkok, Krun,
Jared Preston, YurikBot, RobotE, RussBot, Marcus Cyron, Mike Halterman, Aldux, NWill, Alexxcod, Tcsetattr, Curpsbot-unicodify,
Jud, Lewis R, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Martin Leng, Nickst, Nouanoua, Eskimbot, KittenKlub, Jamie C, Mona, Chlewbot, Kanabekobaton, Ww2censor, Ichigostar2007, Chrisethebest, Derek R Bullamore, KrayCeremoush, Chwech, Evilperson 20, LukaP, Eric82oslo,
J 1982, Aphrodisiac, AxG, Mijzelf, ARIC2006, Andrwsc, ChRis, Gorniac, Tawkerbot2, Raphael1, Blueturtle01, J Milburn, Bravada,
WeggeBot, Mb731, Waterloo1974, Pete Davis, After Midnight, Esc luver, Thijs!bot, SeNeKa, Z da Silva, Brett Dunbar, Regularcelery,
BokicaK, Darklilac, Chronisgr, Tony0106, Indisciplined, Boguslavmandzyuk, .anacondabot, , The Anomebot2, Fethroesforia,
Welshleprechaun, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Scottrb, Garret Beaumain, Plasticup, DH85868993, Celticfan383, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Black
Kite, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Gottago, Jumbocid, Carlos MS, TXiKiBoT, X958, Delgadoloayza~enwiki, JhsBot, Porcina, Maxim, Uannis~enwiki, Imbris, Billinghurst, Enigmaman, Dirkbb, Ozipozi, Grk1011, CT Cooper, EmxBot, H92, Ponyo, SieBot, VVVBot, Gerakibot,
France3470, ZoRCoCuK~enwiki, McLar eng, ImageRemovalBot, Fribbler, Umi1903, Sabbe, EoGuy, Niceguyedc, Aturquie, PixelBot,
Evrim22, Cexycy, Epiovesan, BalkanFever, Mr. Gerbear, BodhisattvaBot, Robotico2, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, CONMEBOL,
Friend of the Facts, Dunaszerdahely, Tassedethe, Koshoes, Contributor777, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, Tara Eckersberg, Fw1506, Lieveco, Turkish Flame, Wurstwicht, Ulric1313, Materialscientist, Turco85, LilHelpa, Xqbot, GreekStar12, GrouchoBot, Deaympic, DannyBoy20802,
Tomica, TVArchivistUK, Rndajad, LittleWink, Pelmeen10, ImageTagBot, RedBot, Flavio199494, Aca Srbin, Redpower94, Gwendu09,
Pashko 2, Vattuman, Alondra29, Lynokappa, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, 808, Mrluke485,
, AvicBot, Edititok, August-54,
Luciann Mosescu, ChuispastonBot, Dan221094, BabbaQ, Kapitan110295, Mfb72, Chester Markel, Vuvuzela2010, Jamchip, Frietjes,
U.Steele, Carrac111, Yusufbesir1, Morroccossa, REJS H, BG19bot, Wesley Mouse, Peegpeeg, BattyBot, Cyberbot II, Dobie80, Eurofan2005, Hmainsbot1, Pickette, Haris Mustabai, KremlinGirl1964, 009988aaabbbccc, Vlad Cosmin, KasparBot, Srednuas Lenoroc,
GayVision, InternetArchiveBot, RubenGR98 and Anonymous: 288
Bryan Derksen, Sfdan, Paul A, Tregoweth, Arwel Parry, Bogdangiusca, Chrysalis, TheSeez, Charles Matthews, Timwi, Zoicon5, Silvonen,
Tpbradbury, , Joy, Stormie, Francs2000, Pigsonthewing, Iam, Fredrik, Altenmann, Romanm, Sinistro, Dmn, ManuelGR, SimonMayer,
ScudLee, Niteowlneils, Ivan Svircevic, Andris, Alensha, BigHaz, BillyH, Zoney, Avala, Bobblewik, 159753, Kiteinthewind, Mzajac, CGorman~enwiki, Pidgeot, Irpen, David 5000, Trilobite, Stupid girl, Rich Farmbrough, NeilTarrant, AndrewM1, Tompw, CanisRufus, The Noodle Incident, Thuresson, PatrikR, Bobo192, Defrosted, Gumol, Elipongo, Dungodung, Kappa, Cavrdg, Bawol, Landroni, Albanau~enwiki,
Hektor, Doteurovision, Jeltz, Ashley Pomeroy, MadiZone, Ilse@, Dave.Dunford, Alai, Jess Cully, Djsasso, Fryede, Mag2k, VicFromTheBlock, Percy Snoodle, Thorpe, Manwe, Ruud Koot, Fred J, Zosha~enwiki, Rnt20, KaisaL, Monk, Eamoniski, Waninoco, Miss Pippa,
Tim!, Koavf, , Chid12, Badman85~enwiki, Franklinvv~enwiki, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Lipis, Nihiltres, Elmer Clark, Krun,
Costas Skarlatos, Jared Preston, Johannes Brodwall, UkPaolo, YurikBot, RobotE, Shimi~enwiki, RussBot, PetrosGreek, TF100, Peter S.,
Hede2000, Akhristov, Jetro, Marcus Cyron, Kokota, Introgressive, Aldux, Number 57, Nick C, PanchoS, NWill, Cypriot stud, VodkaJazz, Getoar, Curpsbot-unicodify, Lewis R, That Guy, From That Show!, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, KittenKlub, Commander Keane bot,
DStoykov, Norum, Xx236, Chlewbot, OrphanBot, Kanabekobaton, Valenciano, Chrisethebest, CJBR, Derek R Bullamore, Alexandr Busa,
Sjubidu, KrayCeremoush, Jna runn, FallenAngelII, Evilperson 20, Gr8person, Eric82oslo, FlyerBoy, Irlandija~enwiki, AxG, Mijzelf,
E-Kartoel, Prunk, Andrwsc, GerardT, Ogidog, Siuntio, INkubusse, CmdrObot, Viper h, ShelfSkewed, WeggeBot, Mb731, Cydebot, Waterloo1974, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Tkynerd, -Bohdan-, Szoltys, JamesAM, Thijs!bot, N5iln, Z da Silva, Brett Dunbar, JustAGal, Andrei
G Kustov, PromoEuro, Chronisgr, , Avjoska, Deanb, Rasho, JaGa, JdeJ, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Elkost, Schlager, KylieTastic,
Tamir310, Tbone762, Strajkoski, Oskitar, Skopjanec, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Zingostar, Black Kite, VolkovBot, Gottago, Jumbocid, Carlos
MS, TXiKiBoT, X958, A4bot, Hqb, Broadbot, Porcina, Uannis~enwiki, Imbris, Hammerby, Grk1011, CT Cooper, Biscuittin, SieBot,
Gerakibot, Rave92, Egyetleneim, Antzervos, Aspects, ImageRemovalBot, De Boni 2007, ClueBot, Niceguyedc, Vladar86, Dreamspeaker,
PixelBot, AnthonyUK, NuclearWarfare, Cexycy, Tuzapicabit, A.h. king, Robotico2, Avoided, SilvonenBot, Teodor Hansi~enwiki, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Xtinadbest, CONMEBOL, Tassedethe, Numbo3-bot, Jaimaster, Iune, StickySugar, CountryBot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou,
Lieveco, Ulric1313, Xqbot, Drilnoth, 205ywmpq, GreekStar12, GrouchoBot, Deaympic, RibotBOT, Georgia-best, DannyBoy20802,
Yest94, Edgars2007, Tomica, TVArchivistUK, BenzolBot, Vuk skywalker, LittleWink, Aca Srbin, Maritimon, John123521, Redpower94,
EuroQele, Gwendu09, TjBot, DJEnok, In ictu oculi, Mollyfa, Dolescum, WikitanvirBot, Agnarb, Mrluke485, ZroBot, Daniel Callegaro, August-54, , Brandmeister, ChuispastonBot, Dan221094, ESC 2010, BabbaQ, Kapitan110295, ClueBot NG, Prioryman,
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L1975p, Frietjes, Roreo123eurovision, U.Steele, Helpful Pixie Bot, The-promise92, Littleowljrn, BG19bot, Armadillopteryx, PetarG,
Wesley Mouse, BattyBot, Cyberbot II, EagerToddler39, Eurofan2005, alvarspor, Pickette, MrLinkinPark333, ZeMusicFan, StevenRulez,
EuroFan98, GinaKisyaukova, Monkbot, , Filedelinkerbot, Kevindawson18, MarpleBI, 009988aaabbbccc, Vlad Cosmin,
Jil, Vladbad Vakula, MutatedMan, SSTyer, InternetArchiveBot, ToastGeek1 and Anonymous: 294
Palnatoke, Matthewmayer, Slovakia, Bogdangiusca, Kwekubo, Andres, Jonik, Charles Matthews, John Cross, EmphasisMine, Djungelurban, Bjarki S, Leonariso, Slawojarek, Pigsonthewing, ChrisO~enwiki, Altenmann, Gidonb, David Edgar, Asn, Dmn, Andy, Andromeda~enwiki, Obli, Avala, Golbez, 159753, Kiteinthewind, David 5000, Paradoxian, Pinnerup, Xioyux, D6, C12H22O11, Hrafnkell,
Michael Zimmermann, Allard, Bender235, NeilTarrant, Kms, Tompw, Gertjan R., Kiand, Shanes, Thuresson, PatrikR, Bobo192, Robotje,
Pokrajac, Pperos, MPerel, Nsaa, Freako, Edward Grefenstette, Hektor, Gargaj, Jeltz, Ronline, Kel-nage, Wtmitchell, Ayrshire-77,
Evil Monkey, Max Naylor, Ilse@, Jess Cully, Fryede, Mag2k, SietskeEN, Stemonitis, Mel Etitis, Woohookitty, Olivert1977, Easyas12c,
Dzordzm, AndriyK, Pictureuploader, BrydoF1989, Nick1nildram, KaisaL, JIP, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Rogerd, NatusRoma, Kh80, Oblivious,
Bensin, Nandesuka, Yamamoto Ichiro, Rebelstrike, Maitch, HJV, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Elmer Clark, MjD, IngaAusa, Le Anh-Huy, Foxtrot
Romeo India Zulu Echo, MoRsE, Sherool, Jared Preston, Garas, Damac, Korg, EamonnPKeane, YurikBot, Brandmeister (old), RussBot,
TF100, Red Slash, Hede2000, Eleassar, Jetro, Brooza, PrinceCharming, Marcus Cyron, Fabhcn, Snek01, Kokota, Deskana, ChicosBailBonds, Toya, Renata3, Jpbowen, Aldux, Melly42, Nick C, Empty2005, PanchoS, Tachyon01, CLW, NWill, Omega100, Eurosong,
MLA, 21655, Deville, Doktorbuk, Uncke Herb, Strazdas~enwiki, Ilmari Karonen, ViperSnake151, Lewis R, Ant ie, A bit iy, SmackBot,
YellowMonkey, Bswee, Estoy Aqu, David.Mestel, Kimon, Bomac, Kokoo, Chairman S., ZlatkoT, Ohnder~enwiki, HeartofaDog, Peter
Isotalo, Advds, Skizzik, Anastasios~enwiki, Iancaddy, Fisss, Bluebot, Cretanforever, Giorgos P, Frap, Cplakidas, OrphanBot, Kanabekobaton, Ichigostar2007, Asteraki, Funky Monkey, Chrisethebest, Treki, KRBN, Derek R Bullamore, Alexandr Busa, Weregerbil, Er0229,
MetroStar, Jbergquist, Greekboy, KrayCeremoush, Irish Lad, Snuckonline, SashatoBot, Lambiam, Evilperson 20, Cyrruss, Eric82oslo,
ManiacK, Equator, Peterwill, John, Zaqqq, Thewriter2120, J 1982, CrashMex, Vinaixa67, FlyerBoy, F. Antares~enwiki, Exo, Adrianb
ro, Matwin, Irlandija~enwiki, Androl, AxG, Waggers, Clq, Mijzelf, AlexButler, ARIC2006, PhilG~enwiki, Liam Plested, Andrwsc,
Tatotal, Hectorian, WikiHaquinator, Boni2006, ChRis, Revler, Fael, LegendarySlammer5893, Givern, Ogidog, Neurillon, Tawkerbot2,
PuMme~enwiki, ChrisCork, Feta, KillaShark, Avg, Zarex, Cachada, uolas, Mika1h, Viper h, Toskur, Shandris, Bravada, Satyricon uk,
WeggeBot, Mb731, Senorelroboto, Alexignatiou~enwiki, Waterloo1974, 13756, Travelbird, Extate, Icemanofbarcelona101, Pete Davis,
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06, Geisskane, AJH, Tapir Terric, Rod Watson, Z da Silva, Brett Dunbar, NAG3, Escarbot, Regularcelery, Madder, Puchu, Darklilac,
Chronisgr, JAnDbot, Tony0106, Boguslavmandzyuk, , Brody ro, The Anomebot2, Elanorea, DJ Dritt, Vevo~enwiki, Rasho, JdeJ,
Welshleprechaun, MartinBot, STBot, Henry Berthelsen, Ulkomaalainen, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Magnakai6, Numbo3, McSly, Schlager,
DanielWhit, Garret Beaumain, DH85868993, Strajkoski, Celticfan383, Oskitar, Inwind, Skopjanec, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Sthenel, Zingostar,
Black Kite, Hugo999, VolkovBot, Gottago, Gegham, Jumbocid, Carlos MS, Chillin411, Hqb, Any IP., Porcina, Maxim, Uannis~enwiki,
Grk1011, CT Cooper, Ponyo, SieBot, StAnselm, Moonriddengirl, VVVBot, Gerakibot, DitzyNizzy, D420182, Aris 8564, Fratrep, Werldwayd, Jahner89, Eurowizion, WikiBotas, ClueBot, Ukryan1992, Chandlerjoeyross, Jabc123, Ktr101, Aturquie, PixelBot, Mc95, Ex
penumbrae, DumZiBoT, A.h. king, Pink Evolution~enwiki, Robotico2, SilvonenBot, MystBot, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Darena mipt, Xtinadbest, Apoyon, CONMEBOL, MagnusA.Bot, Leszek Jaczuk, AndersBot, Tassedethe, Lightbot, Mathimatikos, Luckas-bot, Yobot,
AnomieBOT, Ulric1313, Kam47625, Lapost, Obersachsebot, MauritsBot, 205ywmpq, J4lambert, GreekStar12, Library8oy, Marthenpoiss, Deaympic, Anccheguttie, Greeneyed soul, FrescoBot, Tomica, Ywmpq205, Rndajad, LittleWink, Aca Srbin, Redpower94, Cnwilliams, Tim1357, Vattuman, OnWikiNo, MicCFC96, WikitanvirBot, Mrluke485, AvicBot, ZroBot, Daniel Callegaro, August-54,
, StarBoyGarik, ChuispastonBot, Dan221094, ESC 2010, BabbaQ, Svilka555, Kapitan110295, ClueBot NG, L1975p, Frietjes,
Carrac111, REJS H, BG19bot, Wesley Mouse, Peegpeeg, Danyzack, BattyBot, Cyberbot II, Politikeren, Monsterknight, PanosBonJovi,
Pickette, Qcumber95, Florion1010, Dimsar01, KremlinGirl1964, StevenRulez, , , Antony Kiriakoglou,
BlueTangerine123, TheMagikCow, 009988aaabbbccc, KasparBot, TheHeroWolf, Srednuas Lenoroc, BreadSlice, InternetArchiveBot and
Anonymous: 618
XJaM, SGBailey, Schneelocke, Tpbradbury, Ed g2s, Joy, Mtcv, Dimadick, Bearcat, Pigsonthewing, ChrisO~enwiki, Kizor, Twid, TimR,
Timrollpickering, Dmn, Phildav76, Jyril, Obli, Avala, Edcolins, 159753, Kiteinthewind, OwenBlacker, Kaldur, Mibblepedia, David 5000,
Jxan3000, Canterbury Tail, CALR, RedWordSmith, Parishan, FeMeMe, Aecis, Gertjan R., Dinsdagskind, RoyBoy, Thuresson, PatrikR,
Bobo192, Circeus, Alarm, Smalljim, Xevious, Pokrajac, Pperos, WMMartin, Nsaa, Kraupu, Jumbuck, Batjohan, Anthony Appleyard,
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Loool, Doktorbuk, Steveweiser, Luckystars, Mkg87, Smurrayinchester, Xil, Rredwell, PaxEquilibrium, Che829, Bob Hu, ViperSnake151,
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Caro, Martin Leng, Estoy Aqu, Zarevak, Anthonylombardi, Od Mishehu, Bomac, Nouanoua, Eskimbot, Wakuran, Aivazovsky, Colonel
Tom, Robster2001, Skizzik, Andy M. Wang, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Colonies Chris, Frap, Bib, Djido, Kanabekobaton, Leftism, CrnaGora, Gragox, Krich, Smooth O, Jwy, Valenciano, Will2710, Dream out loud, Chrisethebest, Derek R Bullamore, Jbergquist, Powelldinho, Greekboy, KrayCeremoush, Acdx, Evlekis, DDima, Shameless, Chwech, SashatoBot, Nathanael Bar-Aur L., Evilperson 20,
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Martinurquhart, Matti g, Beetstra, Androl, Martinp23, Corkeychan, Fossa, AxG, AlexButler, ARIC2006, Andrwsc, Dark ixion, Hectorian, Emx~enwiki, Iridescent, The Giant Pun, ChRis, V111P, Skafa~enwiki, RekishiEJ, Ogidog, Aleksengland, Budgie babies, Seedybob2, Alan Flynn, Zarex, Ldingley, ThreeBlindMice, Green caterpillar, Splenius, ShelfSkewed, Shandris, WeggeBot, Rain74, Mb731,
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Darklilac, Chronisgr, Isber, CrazyPhunk, RedvBlue, Benzy19, Cola4, Joel i, Bigjimr, Husond, DuncanHill, Tony0106, MER-C, V. Szabolcs, Dave8000, Cshield214, Vl'hurg, DAllardyce, , Toriamos100, VoABot II, Diamond2, Maaian, Whats new?, SEREGA784,
MatthewJS, The Anomebot2, UP3~enwiki, Movingimage, Elanorea, DJ Dritt, MetsBot, Rasho, JdeJ, Pax:Vobiscum, Jonomacdrones,
Wre2wre, Chrisportelli, Spy1986, KeltRanger~enwiki, MartinBot, STBot, ZeFredz, CKnight16, Grampiantelevision, Rettetast, R'n'B,
CommonsDelinker, Wikiwow12, Planecrazy22, Gammondog, MislavK, Westleyd, PrestonH, DJYianni05, Wiki Raja, Aureez, Svetko, Littledaniel 93, Craigmaclean888, Numbo3, Jonpro, Bj.r123, Demyx9, Unixlinux, Liolick79, Baudolinos, Keyelpk, Ancient Land of Bosoni,
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Junafani, Arms & Hearts, Jalapeno89, Ivankst, FJPB, Presque, Danimir, Celticfan383, Chris as I am Chris, Dorftrottel, Motsa, Sjc07, Regenspaziergang, Sgeureka, Idioma-bot, Xnuala, Zingostar, Black Kite, Lights, Hugo999, Snowke, VolkovBot, Eurovision..., 123o, The Wild
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Porcina, ADRy07, Uannis~enwiki, Imbris, Dt og drasl, Egeiide, Madlight, SyreX, Jackmc23, Paul S UK, Strich3d, Craticula, Grk1011,
Birger Fricke, Hajde, King of Sorrow, Nanobashvili, Lzrbiim, CT Cooper, Movedgood, Martin Zazo, Elcalen, Marco redgas, EmxBot, Doctorwho12, Cucciolo no, Dogah, Stvarno ne znam, Balkantropolis, XBlackwater, SieBot, StAnselm, Maurauth, Rosshamilton29, Mqsindahouse, MartinTremblay, Maverick16, Euro.Serb, VVVBot, Gerakibot, Rave92, Baltimark, DitzyNizzy, Julianhoult, Frankcastle007, Loindepaname, Jonngait, Editore99, Yassou Jayne, Sydneydarke1, Guguli~enwiki, Zalktis, Myrocoptergoessoisoisoi, Jerrod Kleiner, Treader
A, Lyrrs, Eurowizion, Jimmy Slade, Mumi.mumi, ImageRemovalBot, ClueBot, Dougie Bear, Mild Bill Hiccup, Artur9501, Vladar86,
Vauxhall1964, Alexbot, PixelBot, Tola555~enwiki, Xelaxa, Mc95, BalkanFever, DrFishcake, DumZiBoT, Robotico2, Jujubot~enwiki,
Riohadzic, Addbot, Sims2aholic8, Xtinadbest, CONMEBOL, Hithere2008, NjardarBot, LinkFA-Bot, Tassedethe, Milos12, Dc3stefan,
PlankBot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Paralympic, Kam47625, 205ywmpq, GrouchoBot, Barbenlulu, RibotBOT, Almir me, Martlarkis, QDK01,
Rndajad, LittleWink, Ewrotrashfreak, Aca Srbin, Adult delinquent, Full-date unlinking bot, Redpower94, , Vattuman, Igorbt,
RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, Dolescum, Mrluke485,
, ZroBot, Daniel Callegaro, Tomglomerate, , StarBoyGarik, LaRojaVamos,
ChuispastonBot, Dan221094, BabbaQ, Kapitan110295, ClueBot NG, Phanuruch8555, Frietjes, Roreo123eurovision, U.Steele, Rezabot,
Carrac111, The-promise92, REJS H, BG19bot, Wesley Mouse, F.D, BattyBot, Cyberbot II, MadGuy7023, Macedonicus, Dexbot, alvarspor, Zsaron, Talcorta91, Pickette, Dimsar01, , AndersJNS1, Somchamp, 009988aaabbbccc, Kenan Hucetzade, KasparBot, Srednuas Lenoroc, ThePhantomKid012, InternetArchiveBot, Hegehegelol and Anonymous: 867
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Tim!, Bensin, Greebowarrior, Pruneau, Nihiltres, TheDJ, NavarroJ, Russavia, Bred, EamonnPKeane, The Rambling Man, Sceptre, Wester,
Dankell~enwiki, Brandmeister (old), RussBot, TF100, Hede2000, UKWiki, Jetro, Marcus Cyron, DJ Bungi, DM Andy, Plk, Gadget850,
ColinFine, PanchoS, Nescio, AEriksson, NWill, Svetlana Miljkovic~enwiki, PhilBroadway, Willtron, PaxEquilibrium, Philip Stevens, Amberrock, Dani90, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Martin Leng, Prodego, WestJet, Cfred, Kokoo, Nickst, Lainagier, Noboyo, Skizzik, Bearbear,
Chris the speller, KaragouniS, F382d56d7a18630cf764a5b576ea1b4810467238, DStoykov, EncMstr, MalafayaBot, Droll, Bazonka, Jellyman, Iago4096, Theilert, Brideshead, Zvonko, Dhlstrm, Digital1, Bib, Kanabekobaton, Shibo77, Seattlenow, Addshore, Phaedriel, Dmitry
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Dono, Evilperson 20, LukaP, John, Zaqqq, Thewriter2120, J 1982, Clausule, CrashMex, SilkTork, Exo, Matti g, Androl, AxG, Waggers,
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K61824, Toriamos100, BoDu, VoABot II, Diamond2, Deanb, Fire Elf, Singularity, The Anomebot2, Giggy, DJ Dritt, Nefrit13, Rasho,
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Snake bgd, Junafani, Killereditors, Urcolors, Cometstyles, Evb-wiki, Kolja21, Karma-AH, TJK91, CekoMK~enwiki, Acm2210, Celticfan383, Alex:D, Sjc07, Idioma-bot, Black Kite, Mazzix, DW Celt, Syngraveyard, Gottago, Twintrees, Phil21, Carlos MS, Malteseldn,
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Xenus, Euro.Serb, Gerakibot, Da Joe, DitzyNizzy, Fcircle, GTlikeitmatters, Seki rs, Jonngait, ZoRCoCuK~enwiki, PolarBot, Czarniok,
Le Pied-bot~enwiki, Yassou Jayne, Garethlewis11, Joeran, Mimihitam, Xanilx, Ivexxl, FeelTheRhythm, Simmert, Lightmouse, Kildor,
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Orbit~enwiki, Mashpot123, Xelaxa, Athans, Sherwood1994, Iohannes Animosus, Jibra562, Zuzzerack, Dsmurat, Mc95, Aitias, Chrillex,
Kbra, IJA, Pbozdog, BalkanFever, DumZiBoT, 03md, Whiley2008x, LHMike, Pink Evolution~enwiki, Lucy777, Robotico2, Izmir lee,
Eduxedu, Zach14788, Karolegolas, Patyi555, SilvonenBot, Skita, Rmasta, Bakulas, Riohadzic, Marius1000, Sahrazad~enwiki, Dvp7,
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KasparBot, JJMC89, MutatedMan, Mogo980808, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 846
SGBailey, Arpingstone, EmphasisMine, Janko, Markhurd, Tpbradbury, Frihet, Chrism, Nerval, Dmn, Avala, Jla, SoWhy, SarekOfVulcan, OverlordQ, Ukexpat, David 5000, Sesse, Parishan, Andrew Maiman, Bender235, Aecis, Art LaPella, PatrikR, Bobo192, Pokrajac, Geschichte, Hektor, Jezmck, Jess Cully, Fryede, Vartan84, Richwales, B1mbo, Woohookitty, Asav, Tabletop, Havarhen, Tslocum,
Li-sung, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Feydey, SMC, Kh80, Lairor, AlisonW, Esanchezyn, FlaBot, Ysangkok, Nihiltres, Snailwalker,
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Brandmeister (old), RussBot, TF100, Hede2000, Jetro, Marcus Cyron, Mike Halterman, Hogne, Magol, PanchoS, NWill, AjaxSmack,
FF2010, Doktorbuk, BorgQueen, ViperSnake151, Stephennarmstrong, Amberrock, Snottily, A bit iy, SmackBot, Elonka, Martin Leng,
TrondM, Grandmaster, Bomac, DWaterson, Nickst, Nouanoua, HalfShadow, Robster2001, MaskedSheik, Chris the speller, PrimeHunter, MalafayaBot, Hibernian, Bazonka, Shuki, Edgjerp, Digital1, Frap, Bib, Kanabekobaton, Azumanga1, Britmax, Dmitry Chulkov,
Smooth O, Chrisethebest, Derek R Bullamore, Lessthanthree, Greekboy, Atlantas, Chwech, Evilperson 20, LukaP, John, Zaqqq, Demicx,
Thewriter2120, Alasdairaph, Ex nihil, Androl, AxG, AdultSwim, ARIC2006, Hectorian, THELEICESTERFOX, Hu12, ChRis, CapitalR, Stadtpark, SkyWalker, Image of me, Tanthalas39, Ale jrb, Orderinchaos, Runningonbrains, Mb731, Ymihere~enwiki, Future
Perfect at Sunrise, Reywas92, Peteb16, Meowy, Chasingsol, Adolphus79, Pardy, Quibik, Deltaquadboi, Jame89, Click23, Thijs!bot,
Tommy23, TundraRocks, A3RO, Poppler, JustAGal, Chandler, The Hybrid, Iulius, Ferpunk, SaraFeodorovna, DJ Mike TJG, Regularcelery, BokicaK, AnemoneProjectors, Leinad, Alexanderb101, Vanjagenije, Babakexorramdin, Hassocks5489, JAnDbot, Wiki0709,
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11, Avendano, Lildu90, Mofs, Welshleprechaun, Williams1986vn, BetBot~enwiki, R'n'B, Flrn, CommonsDelinker, Ssolbergj, Mikani,
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8.2. IMAGES
291
8.2 Images
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Wikipedia
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File:Flag_of_Belarus_(1995-2012).svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Belarus_
Public domain Contributors:
This le was derived from Flag of Belarus.svg:
<a
%281995-2012%29.svg License:
href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Belarus.svg'
class='image'><img
alt='Flag
of
Belarus.svg'
src='https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/50px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png' width='50' height='25'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/75px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png
1.5x,
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2x'
data-lewidth='900' data-le-height='450' /></a>
Original artist: Flag_of_Belarus.svg: Author: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_
Herzegovina.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kseferovic
File:Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_(1992-1998).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Flag_of_
Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992-1998%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, from other free images. Original
artist: Vernes Seferovic
File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Brazil_(1968-1992).svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Flag_of_Brazil_
%281968-1992%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: [[User:]]
File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The ag of Bulgaria. The colors are specied at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0034&
n=000005&g= as: Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Bulgaria_(1967-1971).svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Flag_of_Bulgaria_
%281967-1971%29.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Scroch
File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Chile.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=4317 Original artist: Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83, Rainman,
R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370,
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:MaGa' title='User:MaGa'>Ma</a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
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commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/15px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png' width='15' height='15' srcset='https:
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2x' data-le-width='202' data-le-height='202' /></a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MaGa' title='User
talk:MaGa'>Ga</a> (based on Decision of the Parliament)
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File:Flag_of_Cyprus.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg License: Public domain

Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Vzb83
File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Madden
File:Flag_of_East_Germany.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work
Gesetz zur nderung des Gesetzes ber das Staatswappen und die Staatsagge der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. Vom 1.
Oktober 1959
Verordnung ber Flaggen, Fahnen und Dienstwimpel der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. Flaggenverordnung Vom 3.
Januar 1973
Verordnung ber Flaggen, Fahnen und Dienstwimpel der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. Flaggenverordnung Vom 12.
Juli 1979
Original artist:
diese Datei: Jwnabd
File:Flag_of_Estonia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.riigikantselei.ee/?id=73847 Original artist: Originally drawn by User:SKopp. Blue colour changed by User:PeepP
to match the image at [1].
File:Flag_of_FR_Yugoslavia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Flag_of_FR_Yugoslavia.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: The original uploader was Milan B. at English
Wikipedia
File:Flag_of_Finland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg License: Public domain
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File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Georgia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work based on File:Brdzanebuleba 31.pdf Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg License: Public domain Contributors: based on the original coat of arms of Gibraltar, granted in 1502 Original artist: Created on behalf of Isabella I of Castile
in 1502; this version uploaded by Denelson83 (talk contribs)
File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: own code Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)
File:Flag_of_Greece_(1822-1978).svg
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File:Flag_of_Greece_(1970-1975).svg
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talk:Joey-das-WBF'>talk</a>)
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domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jerey Connell (IceKarma)
File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg License: Public
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File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong_1959.svg
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Arms
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File:Flag_of_Iceland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg License: Public domain
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File:Flag_of_Ireland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Israel.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Israel%20at%2050/The%20Flag%20and%20the%20Emblem Original artist: The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) provides
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File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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301
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domain Contributors: own code, construction sheet Original artist: -x File:Flag_of_Kosovo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Originally from Image:Flag of Kosovo.png. Original artist: Cradel (current version), earlier version by Ningyou
File:Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, construction sheet. Redo by: cs:User:-xfi- Original artist: Made by Andrew Duhan for the
Sodipodi SVG ag collection, and is public domain.
File:Flag_of_Latvia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: Traced based on the CIA World Factbook with some modication done to the colours based on
information at Vexilla mundi.
File:Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg License:
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File:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SuKopp
File:Flag_of_Lithuania_(1988-2004).svg Source:
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%281988-2004%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1972/0051/a051.pdf#page=2, colors from http://www.
legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1993/0731609/0731609.pdf Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Macedonia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Flag_of_Macedonia.svg License: Public
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File:Flag_of_Malta.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006
File:Flag_of_Moldova.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg License: Public domain Contributors: vector coat of arms image traced by User:Nameneko from Image:Moldova gerb large.png. Construction sheet can
be found at http://flagspot.net/flags/md.html#const Original artist: Nameneko and others
File:Flag_of_Monaco.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Montenegro.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: B1mbo, Froztbyte
File:Flag_of_Morocco.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg License:
domain Contributors: Flag of the Kingdom of Morocco
Public
<a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='http://81.192.52.100/BO/AR/1915/BO_135_ar.PDF'>Moroccan royal decree (17

November 1915), BO-135-ar page 6</a>
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File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg License:
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and many others
File:Flag_of_Norway.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dbenbenn
File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Original artist: Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vtor Lus Rodrigues; Antnio Martins-Tuvlkin (2004; this specic vector set: see sources)
File:Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Romania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: AdiJapan
File:Flag_of_Romania_(1952-1965).svg
Source:
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%281952-1965%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Alex:D
File:Flag_of_Romania_(1965-1989).svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Flag_of_Romania_
%281965-1989%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: commons, Image:Flag of Romania (1965-1989).png Original artist:
Alex:D (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Alex:D' title='User talk:Alex:D'>talk</a>)
File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslavia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslavia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Flag designed by ore Andrejevi-Kun[3]
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File:Flag_of_San_Marino.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work: [/Users/bicio/Desktop/Cailungo logo 40.jpg] Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Serbia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg License: Public domain
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File:Flag_of_Serbia_(2004-2010).svg
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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Flag_of_Serbia_
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Montenegro.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: The original uploader
was Milan B. at English Wikipedia
File:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work; here, colors Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg License: Public domain
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File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
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File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
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domain Contributors: PDF Colors Construction sheet Original artist: User:Marc Mongenet
Credits:
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File:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg License: Public domain
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File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg License: Public domain
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File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.
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-x-'s le
-x-'s code
Zirlands codes of colors
Original artist:
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Eurovision Song Contest - The Complete Guide

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Eurovision Song Contest - The Complete Guide

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Eurovision Song

The Complete Guide

The Eurovision Song Contest

Eurovision Song Contest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Expansion of the contest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Criticism and controversy

1.1.11 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.14 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.15 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

List of Eurovision Song Contest winners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notes and references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Languages in the Eurovision Song Contest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Languages and their rst appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Entries in articial (constructed) languages

Notes and references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rules of the Eurovision Song Contest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No previously published music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Voices and instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rule changes by year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Regional bloc voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

History of the Eurovision Song Contest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1956 to 1967 The Black-and-White Years

Eurovision Song Contest 1956 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eurovision Song Contest 1957 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eurovision Song Contest 1958 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eurovision Song Contest 1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eurovision Song Contest 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notes and references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eurovision Song Contest 1961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eurovision Song Contest 1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eurovision Song Contest 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eurovision Song Contest 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.10 Eurovision Song Contest 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.10.3 Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.10.6 International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.10.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.11 Eurovision Song Contest 1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.11.3 Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.11.6 International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.11.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.12 Eurovision Song Contest 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.12.3 Participating countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.12.6 International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.12.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1968 to 1974 Changes ... in colour!

Eurovision Song Contest 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vote rigging allegations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eurovision Song Contest 1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eurovision Song Contest 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eurovision Song Contest 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

International broadcasts and voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eurovision Song Contest 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .