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EMTP Simulation
Considerations

ECE 525
Lecture 29

How much of the network is modeled?

EMTP programs are not good at modeling very
large networks
Very long simulation times are likely
Most transient phenomenon are dominated by
local circuit elements
Detailed model to 2-3 buses from effected area
Network equivalents for the remainder
B.K. Johnson

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Network Equivalents

Fall 2004

ECE 525
Lecture 29

Same steady-state fault current magnitudes

at every bus find with fault program

With voltage magnitudes and phase angles
adjusted, steady-state simulation should
produce same line flows
Short circuit programs can often produce
adequate multiport Thevenin equivalent
Calculated with parts of the system to be
modeled in detail excluded

B.K. Johnson

Fall 2004

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Network Equivalents (cont.)

ECE 525
Lecture 29

EMTP programs can model sources

behind equivalent impedances
Can include coupling between phases
Can also enter positive and zero sequence
impedance

Fault programs often provide only

fundamental frequency equivalent

B.K. Johnson

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Network Equivalents (cont.)

Fall 2004

ECE 525
Lecture 29

One common model is:

inductance (or series RL) for 60Hz fault
current
add a surge impedance of lines in the
equivalent
Usually set to positive sequence surge impedance
of lines but can also use (Z0-Z1)/3 to ground
If multiple lines this becomes the parallel
combination
B.K. Johnson

Fall 2004

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Better Frequency Dependent

Network Equivalents

ECE 525
Lecture 29

If the model with surge impedances is not

adequate
Freqency dependent network equivalent
Software tools available to compute
Assumes transposed lines
Ignores non-linearities (saturation, arresters)
Can be subsynchronous as well as
supersynchronous
Usually parallel RLC branches or Foster networks
B.K. Johnson

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Component Models

Fall 2004

ECE 525
Lecture 29

Synchronous machines
Could use ideal source behind an
impedance in many case
EMTP programs have detailed machine
model
Can also include multiple rotor masses and
intertia/damping constants
Excitation and governor models
B.K. Johnson

Fall 2004

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ECE 525
Lecture 29

Component Models

Induction motors
Can be used to model large motors
Can represent fault contribution from the motor

Transformers
Ideal
Saturable (without hysteresis)
Can add external elements (across winding
closest to core physically
Coupled coil model
B.K. Johnson

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Line/Cable Models

Fall 2004

ECE 525
Lecture 29

Several options
Series RL - coupled or not coupled
Coupled pi elements
One or many (at least 10 for better response)

Constant parameter travelling wave model

Frequency dependent travelling wave models
Line and cable parameters programs

B.K. Johnson

Fall 2004

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ECE 525
Lecture 29

Which Line Model?

Frequency dependent line model preferred

for lines close to fault and measurement
Especially for long lines

Less detailed models as get farther away

Represent coupling between parallel lines

B.K. Johnson

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Instrument Transformer

Fall 2004

ECE 525
Lecture 29

CT models
Include saturation
Need hysteresis for remanance

VT and CCVT models

Need to model ferroresonance suppression
circuits

B.K. Johnson

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Fall 2004

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Series Compensated Lines

ECE 525
Lecture 29

Series capacitors -- 25%-75%

Usually at transmission level
Some applications on distribution systems

Transmission applications
High speed tripping desired -subcycle desired
Reliable directional determination
Communication aided tripping schemes
B.K. Johnson

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Secure decisions

Fall 2004

ECE 525
Lecture 29

Fast tripping, clearing and reclosing

Minimize damage
Maintain stability
Misoperation potentially could lead to
major disturbance

B.K. Johnson

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Fall 2004

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Capacitor bank protection

ECE 525
Lecture 29

Capacitor will see fault current for in

section and out of section faults
Higher currents result in over voltage
beyond capacitor dielectric strength

B.K. Johnson

13

Series Capacitor
Protection

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Fall 2004

ECE 525
Lecture 29

MOV (metal oxide varistor)

Conduct when voltage exceeds 2-2.5 times
rated peak voltage
Non-linear behavior
Limited energy dissipation

B.K. Johnson

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Fall 2004

Series Capacitor
Protection

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ECE 525
Lecture 29

Spark gap
Could just operate for 2.5-3.5 rated peak
voltage
Could also have trigger circuit based on
MOV conduction time for high current faults

Bypass breaker
Closes after gap triggers
Allows gap to clear
Slows reinsertion
B.K. Johnson

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Protection Issues with

Series Capacitors

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Fall 2004

ECE 525
Lecture 29

Voltage inversion at relay location

Xc < Xsource

Current inversion
Xc > Xsource and fault occurs where Xc >
m*Xline (i.e. fairly close-in fault)

Conduction or MOV, gap-flashover

Limits fault current by increasing
impedance
B.K. Johnson

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Fall 2004