Professional Documents
Culture Documents
4, 2009
Translated from Denki Gakkai Ronbunshi, Vol. 126-B, No. 6, June 2006, pp. 619626
SUMMARY
HVDC consisting of self-commutated inverters is
able to be applied for power transmission connecting from
a remote large windfarm to a weak AC system. Most
self-commutated HVDC is applied for connection between
two AC systems that have synchronous power sources, but
it is not suitable for a windfarm that consists of induction
generators without synchronous power source. This paper
presents new control for the self-commutated HVDC system connected to a large windfarm of induction generators.
The effect of the proposed control is shown by EMTP
simulation. 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn,
166(4): 3139, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wil e y. c o m ) .
DOI
10.1002/eej.20539
1. Introduction
The construction of windfarms is progressing in the
context of demand for sources of abundant renewable energy. Existing land-based wind power facilities have been
built in areas having very large AC power systems (thus
providing a large short-circuit capacity) [1]. In the future,
however, we may expect large-scale sea-based windfarms
provided with long-distance transmission cables. The receiving AC systems will be small and weak in comparison,
which suggests the possibility of using self-commutated
DC transmission. Existing self-commutated DC transmission schemes assume AC systems on both ends, with both
inverters operated in coordinated fashion depending on the
power to be transmitted. In this case, the AC frequency of
the AC system is maintained, and the inverters are controlled so as to adjust the inverter-generated voltage to the AC
2. Assumed System
Here we assume power transmission from a windfarm located on a remote island or at sea, with the system
configuration shown in Fig. 1. Below we refer to the windfarm side as the sending side, and to the AC power system
2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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3. Proposed Control
Below we survey problems that can arise when selfcommutated DC transmission is applied to windfarms,
explain our approach to solving these problems, and propose a specific method of controlling the sending and
receiving sides. We assume that there are no interconnections with other AC systems on the sending side, thus
considering an autonomous windfarm.
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This is a form of conventional self-commutated inverter control that includes DC voltage control and AC
voltage control. The phase on the AC side of the interconnecting transformer is detected from the AC voltage on the
receiving side and used for internal voltage phase control.
As in conventional control, the three-phase voltage is transformed into two-axis d-q parameters, and a PLL phase
detector is provided. The inverter current is transformed
into d-q parameters, and current control is performed with
regard for the DC/AC control outputs. The current control
produces the phase Vdr and amplitude Vqr of the inverter
voltage. These signals are used to derive the three-phase
voltage generation signal for the PWM control input. Here
XC is the impedance of the inverters transformer (in our
case, XC = 2 p.u.). Thus, the d-q parameters are decoupled.
As a result, the inverter can be operated while controlling
the DC voltage and AC voltage. In addition, voltage control
suppresses overcurrents that occur when the AC voltage
drops (e.g., in case of an AC system fault).
Previously, the authors applied the conventional control used for DC transmission (that is, the aforementioned
receiving-side control) on both sides, and examined feedback frequency control in the initial stage of active power
control on the sending side [4]. However, it required switching of the frequency control on the sending side in the
transition from start-up to power generation. On the other
hand, the control method proposed in this study allows
stable operation from start-up to power generation, as well
as continuous operation in case of AC faults, without relying on fast communications between the sending and receiving sides.
Based on the two control outputs, the generated voltage phase and generated voltage amplitude, the three-phase
voltage transform is calculated and sent to a conventional
PWM control circuit. In PWM control, firing and extinction
pulses are sent to each inverter arm. By using such control,
the AC voltage of the windfarm can be maintained at the
specified frequency and amplitude.
3.3 Control on receiving side
The control on the receiving side is illustrated in Fig.
3.
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4. Verification by Simulations
We performed simulations on the system shown in
Fig. 1 using EMTP (ElectroMagnetic Transients Program)
[10]. We used the Universal Machine model [2] included in
EMTP for the induction generators, with the parameters
given in Table 2.
The control system was simulated by TACS, with the
inverters being represented by a TACS control switch
model. The settings were Kv1 = 10, Tv1 = 0.1, Kf = 20, Tf =
2.0, Kv2 = 0.5, Tv2 = 0.02, Ke = 0.3, Te = 0.0033.
Since the objective was to confirm the basic control
functions and their effectiveness, we disregarded dead-time
delays of the control systems, while considering voltage
and current detection delays.
4.1 Operation of generators
The results calculated for cut-in of the first generator
after the establishment of the AC voltage on the windfarm
side are shown in Fig. 4. Panel (a) presents the AC voltage
waveforms on the sending side; here the inverter is operated
at fixed frequency (50 Hz) and voltage (33 kV). At instant
t1, the induction generator cuts in, causing some distortion
of the waveform. Panel (b) shows the inverter current. The
waveform indicates an in-rush current in the induction
generator. Here we assume that the pre-load is a service load
of 100 kW, and that the appropriate current flows before
generator cut-in. As regards the inverter, the operation of
one generator with relatively small capacity poses no problems such as overcurrent.
Figure 5 illustrates the case in which 9 generators are
in operation, and the 10th cuts in. As a result of connecting
the 10th generator, the peak current increases by up to 0.4
p.u. The inrush current is distributed between the inverter
and the 9 generators, which results in a weaker effect than
that due to the cut-in of the first generators. On the other
hand, as can be seen from Fig. 5(b), the inverter current
includes the currents of the 9 generators plus the inrush
current of the 10th generator, and therefore inverter overcurrent protection must be taken into account.
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increasing the generator output. Figure 6 presents the results obtained by assuming a stepwise torque increase of
10%.
Figure 6(a) shows the active and reactive power on
the sending and receiving side (Ps, Qs, Pr, Qr); as is evident
from the diagram, the generated power increases smoothly
from moment t2. Figures 6(b) and 6(c) show the AC voltage
and DC voltage on both sides. The voltages remain stable
and almost unchanged in either case. This indicates stable
transmission, with the transmitted DC power increasing
with generation.
4.3 AC fault on windfarm side
Consider the case in which a fault occurs on a windfarm feeder, and 5 of the 10 generators trip out. Figures 7
and 8 show the simulation results when the circuit breaker
in Fig. 1 opens because of a fault lasting for 0.1 s at a
resistance of 1 . In the diagrams, (a) shows the active and
reactive power on the sending and receiving side, and the
AC voltages, DC voltages, and AC currents are shown in
panels (b), (c), and (d), respectively. Figure 7 shows results
obtained without the use of the limiter compensation circuit
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AC voltage control on the sending side is helpful in reducing the inverter current.
4.4 System fault on receiving side
The simulation results for a fault on the receiving side
are presented in Figs. 9 and 10. Here the fault lasts for 0.1
s at a resistance of 1 . In the diagrams, panel (a) shows the
active and reactive power on the sending and receiving side,
and the AC voltages and DC voltages are shown in panels
(b) and (c), respectively. Figure 9 presents the results obtained without the use of frequency compensation circuit in
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REFERENCES
1. Yokoyama R (editor). Deregulation of power market
and technological development. Tokyo Denki University Press; 2001.
2. Sood VK. HVDC and FACTS controllers. Kluwer
Academic Publishers; 2004.
3. Applied technologies for power control of self-commutated converters. IEEJ Technical Report, No. 919,
2003.
4. Noro Y, Arai J, Takagi K, Nagaoka N. System study
of direct current power transmission system connected to wind farm. IEEE T&D; 2002.
5. Arai J, Noro Y, Takagi K, Hondo K. Analysis by
EMTP for direct current power transmission system
connected to wind farm. ICEE 2001, Xian, China.
6. Nishi K, Nakajima T, Yokoyama A. Steady-state stability analysis of shaft torsional oscillation in AC-DC
interconnected system with self-commutated converters. Trans IEE Japan 1997;117-B:905914. (in
Japanese)
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Kenichi Tanomura (member) completed the M.E. program at Oita University in 1988 and joined Toshiba Corp. His
research interests are analysis and operation of interconnected dispersed generators, planning and control of next-generation
energy systems.
Junichi Arai (member) completed the M.E. program at Waseda University in 1972 and joined Toshiba Corp. His research
interests are power system analysis, control, and operation. He received an IEEJ Paper Award in 1987. He holds a D.Eng. degree,
is a senior member of IEEE and a member of IEEE and IEIEJ.
Yasuhiro Noro (member) completed the M.E. program at Tohoku University in 1982 and joined Toshiba Corp. His research
interests are analysis of power systems and converter systems. He received an IEEJ Paper Award in 2003. He holds a D.Eng.
degree.
Kikuo Takagi (member) joined Toshiba Corp. in 1979 and graduated from Toshiba Gakuen in 1982. He is now involved
in power electronics for electric power systems.
Masakazu Kato (senior member) completed the doctoral program at the University of Tokyo in 1982. After serving as a
research associate at Hiroshima University, he joined Toshiba Corp. in 1984. His research interests are analysis, control, and
operation of energy systems. In 2005 he joined Tokyo Denki University. C.Eng. (UK) and a member of IEEE (Fellow) and
CIGRE.
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