ASTM WIM SPECIFICATION

E-1318

Revised for the

New Millennium
by
by

Clyde E. Lee
Center for Transportation Research

The
The University
University of
of Texas
Texas at
at Austin
Austin
U.S.A.
U.S.A.

ASTM Designation: E 1318-02

Standard Specification for Highway
Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) Systems with
User Requirements and Test Methods

First
First Published
Published 1990
1990
Revised
Revised Slightly
Slightly 1994
1994
Extensively
Extensively Revised
Revised 2000
2000 &
& 2002
2002
Available
Available for
for Purchase:
Purchase: www.astm.org
www.astm.org

FUNCTION OF A WIM
STANDARD SPECIFICATION
To provide a comprehensive,
authoritative reference document that
aids the buyer (user) and the seller
(vender) in procuring, installing,
calibrating, testing, operating, and
maintaining a satisfactory WIM system
for use at a selected site.

ELEMENTS
ELEMENTS OF
OF A
A WIM
WIM STANDARD
STANDARD SPECIFICATION
SPECIFICATION
1)
1) TERMINOLOGY
TERMINOLOGY
2)
2) TYPES
TYPES // CLASSES
CLASSES
According
According to
to Application
Application // According
According to
to Accuracy
Accuracy Class
Class
3)
3) PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
REQUIREMENTS
Features/Functions,
Features/Functions, Applications,
Applications, Tolerances
Tolerances
(estimated
(estimated tyre
tyre loads,
loads, speed,
speed, axle
axle spacing)
spacing)
4)
4) USER
USER REQIREMENTS
REQIREMENTS
Road
Road Geometry
Geometry (Alignment,
(Alignment, Cross-Section),
Cross-Section),
Surface
Surface Smoothness/Evenness,
Smoothness/Evenness,
Power
Power Supply,
Supply, Communications
Communications
5)
5) TEST
TEST METHODS
METHODS (to
(to be
be specified
specified by
by user)
user)
Reference
Reference tyre
tyre loads
loads and
and axle
axle spacings
spacings for
for static
static vehicles
vehicles
Calibration
Calibration Procedure
Procedure
Type-approval
Type-approval Test
Test
On-site
On-site Acceptance/Verification
Acceptance/Verification Test
Test

REVISIONS FOR ASTM E 1318-02

TERMINOLOGY:
TERMINOLOGY:
gross-vehicle
gross-vehicle weightthe
weightthe local
local force
force of
of gravity
gravity acting
acting
vertically
vertically downwards
downwards on
on the
the total
total mass
mass of
of aa stationary
stationary
vehicle;
vehicle; kg,
kg, Mg,
Mg, or
or t.t.
wheel/axle
wheel/axle loadthe
loadthe portion
portion of
of the
the gross-vehicle
gross-vehicle
weight
weight imposed
imposed upon
upon the
the tyres
tyres of
of aa wheel
wheel or
or axle
axle at
at
the
the time
time of
of weighing;
weighing; kg,
kg, Mg,
Mg, or
or t.t.
ADDED
ADDED DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS OF
OF TERMS:
TERMS:
axle,
axle, dynamic
dynamic vehicle
vehicle tyre
tyre force,
force, single-axle
single-axle load,
load,
tandem-axle
tandem-axle load,
load, triple
triple axle
axle load.
load.

PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS:
TYPE
TYPE I:
I:
For
For highest-quality
highest-quality statistical
statistical data
data acquisition
acquisition
no
no change.
change.
TYPE
TYPE II:
II:
For
For lesser-quality
lesser-quality statistical
statistical data
data acquisition
acquisition
no
no change.
change.
TYPE
TYPE III:
III:
For
For screening
screening suspected
suspected weight
weight or
or load
load limit
limit
violators
violators at
at an
an enforcement
enforcement stationspeed
stationspeed range
range
increased
increased to
to between
between 16
16 and
and 130
130 km/h
km/h (previously
(previously
10
10 to
to 80
80 km/h)
km/h) and
and required
required acceleration
acceleration
measurement
measurement eliminated
eliminated for
for Type
Type III
III systems
systems with
with
sensors
sensors installed
installed in
in main
main traffic
traffic lanes.
lanes.

PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS:
TYPE
TYPE IV:
IV:
Conceptual
Conceptual performance
performance requirements
requirements for
for
direct
direct enforcement;
enforcement; WIM
WIM not
not yet
yet approved
approved for
for
enforcement
enforcement in
in U.S.A.
U.S.A.
Speeds
Speeds between
between 33 and
and 16
16 km/h.
km/h.
Type
Type IV
IV systems
systems with
with sensors
sensors that
that
support
support full
full tyre
tyre contact
contact area
area must
must indicate
indicate
tyre
tyre loads
loads of
of moving
moving and
and stationary
stationary
vehicles.
vehicles.

PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS:
VENDER
VENDER SHALL
SHALL SUPPLY:
SUPPLY:
1)
1) Evidence
Evidence that
that the
the offered
offered WIM
WIM system
system has
has previously
previously
performed
performed satisfactorily
satisfactorily (within
(within specified
specified tolerances)
tolerances)
throughout
throughout the
the user-specified
user-specified ambient
ambient air
air temperature
temperature
range
range expected
expected at
at the
the site.
site.
2)
2) A
A certificate
certificate showing
showing that
that every
every offered
offered tyre-force
tyre-force sensor
sensor
for
for use
use with
with Type
Type I,I, Type
Type III,
III, and
and Type
Type IV
IV systems
systems has
has
been
been tested
tested under
under aa simulated
simulated tyre
tyre load
load prior
prior to
to
installation
installation and
and found
found to
to produce
produce an
an output
output signal
signal that
that
was
was linear
linear within
within 2%
2% of
of the
the applied
applied load
load up
up to
to 90
90 %
% of
of
the
the sensors
sensors rated
rated load
load capacity
capacity throughout
throughout the
the lateral
lateral
extent
extent of
of the
the sensor.
sensor.
3)
3) A
A test
test report
report showing
showing satisfactory
satisfactory performance
performance (different
(different
criteria)
criteria) of
of every
every offered
offered sensor
sensor (usually
(usually piezo)
piezo) for
for use
use
with
with Type
Type IIII systems.
systems.

NEW EMPHASIS:
To consistently achieve E 1318-02
accuracy, the user is expected to provide the
specified pavement smoothness (maximum
deviation under a 6-m straightedge when
measured with a 3-mm thick, 150-mm
diameter metal gage plate for 60 m in
advance of and 30 m beyond the WIM
sensors) or be willing to accept lessaccurate performance from a Type-approved
WIM system.

CALIBRATION:
A standard Calibration Procedure is required
for the Type-approval Test and recommended
for the On-site Acceptance Test.
RECALIBRATION:
1) when a system is reinstalled,
2) when site conditions or system components
have changed significantly, and
3) no less frequently than annually.

REVISED TEST METHODS

BASIC
BASIC TEST-VEHICLE
TEST-VEHICLE LOADING
LOADING UNIT
UNIT
Two
Two loaded,
loaded, pre-weighed
pre-weighed and
and pre-measured
pre-measured test
test
vehicles
vehicles Each
Each makes
makes multiple
multiple passes
passes over
over sensors
sensors in
in
each
each lane
lane at
at prescribed
prescribed speeds
speeds and
and lateral
lateral positions
positions
2-axle,
2-axle, single-unit
single-unit (rigid)
(rigid) truck
truck (lorry)
(lorry) with
with dual
dual tyres
tyres on
on
drive
drive axleprovides
axleprovides aa single-axle,
single-axle, dual-tyre
dual-tyre test
test load
load
5-axle,
5-axle, tractor,
tractor, semi-trailer
semi-trailer truck
truck with
with dual
dual tyres
tyres on
on the
the
tandem
tandem drive
drive axle
axle and
and semi-trailer
semi-trailer axle
axle
Loaded
Loaded to
to at
at least
least 90
90 %
% of
of registered
registered gross-vehicle
gross-vehicle
weight
weight with
with aa non-shifting,
non-shifting, approximately-symmetric
approximately-symmetric
(side-to-side)
(side-to-side) load.
load.
Used
Used for
for Calibration
Calibration Procedure,
Procedure, Type-approval
Type-approval Test,
Test,
and
and On-site
On-site Acceptance/Verification
Acceptance/Verification Test
Test
51
51 additional
additional vehicles
vehicles from
from traffic
traffic stream
stream used
used for
for TypeTypeapproval
approval Test
Test

REFERENCE
REFERENCE LOADS
LOADS AND
AND WEIGHTS
WEIGHTS OF
OF
STATIC
STATIC VEHICLES
VEHICLES
Type
Type and
and quality
quality of
of weighing
weighing apparatus
apparatus specified
specified
Recent
Recent certification
certification required
required
Procedures
Procedures for
for using
using apparatus
apparatus specified
specified
Repeated
Repeated measurements
measurements required
required
Instructions
Instructions for
for interpreting
interpreting data
data to
to assure
assure quality
quality

CALIBRATION
CALIBRATION PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE
To
To define
define factors
factors for
for later
later application
application in
in WIM-system
WIM-system
calculations
calculations that
that will
will help
help correlate
correlate observed
observed vehicle
vehicle
speed
speed and
and dynamic
dynamic tyre
tyre force
force signals
signals with
with
corresponding
corresponding estimated
estimated tyre-load
tyre-load and
and axle-spacing
axle-spacing
values
values for
for the
the static
static vehicle.
vehicle.
Minimum
Minimum of
of 33 runs
runs of
of each
each test
test vehicle
vehicle in
in each
each lane
lane at
at
33 speeds
speeds and
and in
in 33 lateral
lateral positions
positions of
of wheels
wheels in
in the
the lane
lane
Required
Required for
for Type-approval
Type-approval Test
Test and
and recalibration
recalibration
Recommended
Recommended for
for On-site
On-site Acceptance/Verification
Acceptance/Verification Test
Test

TYPE-APPROVAL
TYPE-APPROVAL TEST
TEST
A
A rigorous
rigorous test
test to
to demonstrate
demonstrate convincingly
convincingly that
that the
the
type
type and
and model
model of
of WIM
WIM system
system being
being tested
tested is
is
capable
capable of
of meeting
meeting the
the E
E 1318-02
1318-02 Performance
Performance
Requirements
Requirements when
when excellent
excellent (E
(E 1318-02
1318-02 or
or better)
better)
site
site conditions
conditions are
are provided.
provided.
Requires
Requires multiple
multiple runs
runs of
of 22 test
test vehicles
vehicles and
and aa single
single
pass
pass by
by at
at least
least 51
51 other
other vehicles
vehicles selected
selected in
in random
random
order
order from
from the
the traffic
traffic stream
stream and
and weighed
weighed on
on static
static
scales
scales near
near the
the site.
site.
Test
Test needed
needed only
only once
once

ON-SITE
ON-SITE ACCEPTANCE
ACCEPTANCE TEST
TEST
An
An abbreviated
abbreviated version
version of
of the
the Type-approval
Type-approval Test
Test
Requires
Requires only
only two
two loaded,
loaded, pre-weighed
pre-weighed and
and
pre-measured
pre-measured test
test vehicles
vehicles
Demonstrates
Demonstrates that
that the
the delivered
delivered and
and installed
installed WIM
WIM
system
system has
has performance
performance capabilities
capabilities similar
similar those
those of
of
the
the specimen
specimen system
system that
that passed
passed the
the Type-approval
Type-approval
Test
Test
Can
Can be
be used
used on-site
on-site at
at any
any time
time to
to verify
verify the
the
performance
performance of
of an
an operating
operating WIM
WIM system
system

COMPARISON
COMPARISON OF
OF APPROACHES
APPROACHES TO
TO WIM
WIM
STANDARDS
STANDARDS
(COST
(COST 323,
323, 1999)
1999) COST
COST 323
323 Weigh-inWeigh-inMotion
Motion of
of Road
Road Vehicles,
Vehicles, Final
Final Report,
Report,
APPENDIX
APPENDIX 1,
1, European
European WIM
WIM Specification,
Specification,
Version
Version 3.0,
3.0, August
August 1999
1999
(ASTM,
(ASTM, 2002)
2002) ASTM
ASTM Designation:
Designation: E
E 1318-02
1318-02
Standard
Standard Specification
Specification for
for Highway
Highway Weigh-InWeigh-InMotion
Motion (WIM)
(WIM) Systems
Systems with
with User
User Requirements
Requirements
and
and Test
Test Methods
Methods
TERMINOLOGY:
TERMINOLOGY:
Nearly
Nearly verbatim,
verbatim, and
and consistent
consistent with
with OIML
OIML

CLASSIFICATION:
CLASSIFICATION:
(COST
(COST 323,
323, 1999)
1999) Systems
Systems designated
designated by
by
77 Accuracy
Accuracy Classes:
Classes: A
A (5)
(5) through
through E,
E, via
via
performance
performance requirements
requirements with
with associated
associated
calibration
calibration procedures
procedures and
and road
road
conditions
conditions Elegant
Elegant Tests
Tests
33 Applications
Applications with
with suggested
suggested accuracy:
accuracy:
1.
1. Statistics,
Statistics, 2.
2. Infrastructure
Infrastructure and
and Preselection,
Preselection,
and
and 3.Legal
3.Legal Purposes
Purposes
Road
Road Geometry
Geometry (similar
(similar to
to ASTM)
ASTM)
33 Site
Site Classes:
Classes: I,I, excellent;
excellent; IIII good;
good; III,
III,
Acceptable
Acceptable via
via Rutting,
Rutting, Deflection,
Deflection, Evenness
Evenness
(IRI,
(IRI, m/km,
m/km, or
or APL)
APL)

CLASSIFICATION:
CLASSIFICATION:
(ASTM,
(ASTM, 2002)
2002) Systems
Systems designated
designated by
by
Type
Type according
according to
to Application:
Application:
Types
Types I,I, II,
II, III,
III, and
and IV
IV
Minimum
Minimum Accuracy
Accuracy Level
Level (95%
(95% conformity)
conformity)
required
required for
for each
each Type
Type Pass-or-Fail
Pass-or-Fail Tests
Tests
Road
Road Geometry
Geometry (similar
(similar to
to COST
COST 323)
323)
User
User responsible
responsible for
for providing
providing smooth
smooth (even)
(even)
road
road surface
surface (6-m
(6-m straight
straight edge)
edge) 60
60 m
m in
in
advance
advance and
and 30
30 m
m beyond
beyond sensors
sensors or
or
accepting
accepting less-accurate
less-accurate performance
performance than
than
specified
specified for
for Type
Type
Wheel
Wheel Load
Load measurements
measurements required
required Type
Type II

GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10

50 Five-axle Tractor + Semi-trailer Trucks

Average Speed = 107 km/h
Average GVW = 34.4 Mg

TESTED VEHICLE
GVW.4a.

GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10

50 Five-axle Tractor + Semi-trailer Trucks

Average Speed = 107 km/h
Average GVW = 34.4 Mg

Average + 2 Sigma = 1.55%

Average = - 1.70%
Average - 2 Sigma = - 4.95 %

TESTED VEHICLE
GVW.4b.

GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10

50 Five-axle Tractor + Semi-trailer Trucks

Average Speed = 107 km/h
Average GVW = 34.4 Mg

All WIM-estimated GVW Values within +/- 5.6 % of Static

TESTED VEHICLE

GVW.4c.

STEERING AXLE LOAD

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10

50 Steering Axles
Average Steering Axle Load = 5.2 Mg

TESTED VEHICLE
Steer.1a.

STEERING AXLE LOAD

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10

50 Steering Axles
Average Steering Axle Load = 5.2 Mg

Average + 2 Sigma = 5.00%

Average = - 1.74%

Average - 2 Sigma = - 8.47 %

TESTED VEHICLE
Steer.1b.

STEERING AXLE LOAD

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10

50 Steering Axles
Average Steering Axle Load = 5.2 Mg

All Steering Axle Values w/in +/- 9.3 % of Static

TESTED VEHICLE
Steer.1c.

DRIVE AXLE LOAD

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12

50 Tandem Drive Axles

Average Drive Axle Load = 14.3 Mg

TESTED VEHICLE
Drive.2a.

DRIVE AXLE LOAD

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12

50 Tandem Drive Axles

Average Drive Axle Load = 14.3 Mg

Average + 2 Sigma = 3.33 %

Average = - 3.87 %

Average - 2 Sigma = - 11.07 %

TESTED VEHICLE
Drive.2b.

DRIVE AXLE LOAD

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12

50 Tandem Drive Axles

Average Drive Axle Load = 14.3 Mg

All Drive Axle Values w/in +/- 11.7 % of Static

TESTED VEHICLE
Drive.2c.

TRAILER AXLE LOAD

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10

50 Tandem Trailer Axles

Average Trailer Axle Load = 14.9 Mg

TESTED VEHICLE
Trailer.3a.

TRAILER AXLE LOAD

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10

50 Tandem Trailer Axles

Average Trailer Axle Load = 14.9 Mg
Average + 2 Sigma = 6.63 %

Average = 0.29 %

Average - 2 Sigma = - 6.04 %

TESTED VEHICLE
Trailer.3b

TRAILER AXLE LOAD

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10

50 Tandem Trailer Axles

Average Trailer Axle Load = 14.9 Mg

All Trailer Axle Values w/in +/- 7.0 % of Static

TESTED VEHICLE
Trailer.3c.

QUESTIONS