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1984 Sov. Phys. Usp. 27 977
(http://iopscience.iop.org/0038-5670/27/12/A04)
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METHODOLOGICAL NOTES
(1)
mz = cos
was introduced in order to describe the change in the magnetization M of a single-domain ferromagnetic sample as a
function of time. It was obtained from simple phenomenological considerations. The first term on the right side of the
equation describes the precession of the vector M in a uniformly magnetized sample in a magnetic field H. The second
(relaxation) term determines its approach to equilibrium. It
represents the simplest nonlinear combination with the correct tensor dimensionality which can be formed from the
axial vectors M and H.
In molecular-field theory the effective field H is determined from the free-energy density F
dF
H=
(2)
(3)
where y-f( 1 + a2). The equivalence of (3) and (1) can be easily verified by eliminated dM/dt from the relaxation term3
and taking into account the fact that the length of the vector
M remains constant as it evolves: (MdM/df) = 0. In terms of
the unit vector m = M./M, Eq. (1) can be written in the form
- m = [m, < -a ] a,[ mr[ m ,
r
It is especially convenient to write the Landau-Lifshitz equation in the form (5) because the free energy of ferromagnetic
samples can usually be expressed explicitly in terms of the
angles i? and p.2'5
We note that in the simplest case F = (M H), when
the spherically shaped ferromagnetic sample is in a constant
magnetic field Hz = H0, a>v =Q, a)# = co0 sin t?, and
<y0 = yH0, Eqs. (5) assume the form
dq>
where <o =
977
dfl
-T-=
ao>0 sin '
dt
~dT
(7)
(8)
" "
IgP+l >
"*z-|||2+l-
(9)
The complex variable J" ( f ) uniquely determines the position
of a point on the surface of a unit sphere.
The vector equation (4) for the three real variables mx,
my, and mz can be reduced with the help of (9) to a single
equation for the scalar complex function |" (t). Using (8), we
obtain
dm*
(4)
(5)
-CO,, = 0(00,
dM
dft
At
. &
n
-dtp- sin
(00 = ao>,p,
-dfdm*
dt
.,
dt ~ 1
At
*H;
dt
0038-5670/847120977-03$01.80
977
Now, according to (9), after simple algebraic transformations we find the equation1'
_
(10)
=75 "57
(11)
Equations (7) and (11), of course, are equivalent, since
they describe the same situation in different coordinate systems. Their solutions
and
<p= _
(12)
reduce to one another, since according to (8) we have
l-mz
These solutions describe the free precession of the magnetic moment of a uniformly magnetized ferromagnetic
sample in a constant external magnetic field H0. As is evident from (14), the damping of the transverse components of
the magnetic field, which determine the shape of the absorption lines, follows the law
!; ai2
Ll2+|a2|<
(15)
2 sin2 (0/2)
sin fl0
(13)
(16)
4. Equation (10) in the variables a^(t) and a2(t) decomposes into two Pauli equations
cos ay
sh acogi
* = Sh^M- (14)
where to = yH.
978
(17)
da2
~dT
which describe the behavior of a two-level system in an external field. This is easily verified by noting that
G. V. SkrotskiT
978
a2
dT
df
0-2
(18)
The nonhermitean nature of the Hamiltonian does not permit normalizing the coefficients z, and a2 in the usual manner a,| 2 + \a2 2 = 1. Therefore
d(g) _ (a |
I tr
(a I a)
Thus the relaxation term in the Landau-Lifshitz equation appears as the result of the simple multiplication of the
Hamiltonian of a two-level system of noninteracting spins
(20)
by the complex factor 1 ia.
Equation (18) describes the behavior of an arbitrary spin
(or pseudospin) moment. The coefficients a>l2 and a>z in (17)
represent the transition matrix elements. The diagonal elements + 6)z are proportional to the energy of the levels
between which these transitions occur.
It would appear to be more reasonable and more consistent not to multiply all terms of the Hamiltonian matrix by
1 ia but only the diagonal terms:
<D0(1jet)
U112
-to 0 (l-ia)J
(21)
i.e., to regard only the energy of the levels as a complex quantity. A transverse alternating field a>12(t) in this case gives rise
only to transitions between sublevels, without affecting their
width. The equations (1) and (3) are now no longer equivalent. The transverse components of the field will no longer
appear in the relaxation term of Eq. (1). It contains in this
case only the component of the field or pseudofield that
splits the levels.
In the notation adopted, the density matrix of the spin
system is expressed in a simple manner in terms of the variable
._
r
Ia)(al ^
/., i f,\
/ l e i 2 6\
U* ih
(22)
and in addition
Pi2 + P2i
p2i Pi2 =
(23)
The coefficients a^t) and a2(t) are expressed in terms of the
angles & and op and, as should be expected, are equal to
979
2 (t) = sin -- e 2e
(a | a) + (a | a)
(a I a>
'
,2A\
(Z
'
Translated by M. E. Alferieff
G. V. SkrotskiT
979