Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SUSTAINING
MOMENTUM
THE 2ND EUROPEAN ALTERNATIVE FINANCE INDUSTRY REPORT
In Partnership with
Bryan Zhang
Robert Wardrop
Tania Ziegler
Alexis Lui
John Burton
Alexander James
Kieran Garvey
CONTENTS
Executive Summary
Introduction
The Size, Growth & Geographical Distribution of European Alternative Finance
Total Market Volumes in Europe
The Geographic Distribution of Platforms and Market Volumes
The Dynamics of the European Alternative Finance Market
Alternative Finance Volume per Capita
Alternative Finance Volume per Capita vs. GDP per Capita
The Diversity of European Alternative Finance Models
A Working Taxonomy
Prevailing Alternative Finance Models in Europe
The Vitality of Online Alternative Business Funding
European Alternative Finance Market Fundamentals
Average Deal Size by Alternative Finance Models
Average Number of Investors per Deal by Model
Female Market Participation Rates
European Alternative Finance Market Developments
Levels of Institutionalisation
Auto-Bid Functionality
Cross Border Transactions
Platform Trading and Incorporation
European Alternative Finance Risks and Regulations
Perceived Risks by Platform
Perceptions to Regulations
Market Snapshots by Country and Region
France
Germany
The Netherlands
The Nordics
Spain
Central and Eastern Europe
Italy
Endnotes
19
22
24
24
27
29
29
30
31
31
33
35
38
38
39
40
41
41
44
45
46
47
47
48
49
51
55
59
63
68
72
77
81
FOREWORDS
Robert Wardrop
Executive Director, Cambridge Centre for
Alternative Finance
We have titled our 2nd Annual European Alternative Finance Industry
Study Sustaining Momentum to highlight the opportunities and
challenges facing the alternative finance industry in a period of rapid
change and unusual macro-economic conditions for all financial market
participants. European alternative finance transaction volume increased
to more than 5,000m in 2015, with volume outside of the UK market
exceeding 1,000m for the first time. The European alternative finance
industry is still small, however, and the slowing rate of growth during the
year is a reminder of the risks the industry must contend with in order
to transition from a start-up to a sustainable funding channel within the
European financial services ecosystem.
The alternative platforms we surveyed identified increasing loan defaults
or business failure rates, fraudulent activities and collapse of platforms due
to malpractice as the greatest risks to the continued growth of the industry.
These events are all related to the loss of investor trust. Functioning markets
rely on the trust and trustworthiness of all market participants, including
policy makers and regulators. Since we issued last years report we have seen
several countries in Europe introduce material changes to the alternative
finance regulations, which suggests these policy makers are gaining a better
understanding of this emerging form of finance and developing innovative
approaches for prudently regulating its activities. By contrast, the regulators
in other countries Italy being a good example continue to effectively
prohibit certain alternative finance activities despite public statements
expressing concern about access to financing constraining economic
development. We hope our analysis of the industry will contribute to helping
the industry establish a sustainable future path of growth.
Irene Pitter
Global Executive, Banking & Capital Markets
Member of the FS FinTech Leadership Team
This report shows that the alternative finance sector is set to continue to grow
and mature. 2016 marks a significant year for alternative finance in Europe as
the market demonstrates clear signs of continued strong growth and increased
maturation in the sector as a whole. European activity excluding the UK, showed
solid growth of 72 percent and demonstrated client demand for alternative
finance solutions even in the smaller EU countries.
Amidst this growth there are indications that a number of important
factors are shaping that growth as the market matures including investor
concerns about loans to riskier borrowers, the impact of interest rate rises on
business model sustainability and increased regulatory scrutiny designed to
provide a level playing field for all competitors in the financial marketplace.
The normal course of evolution for a new market and we see a pattern of
consolidation and adapting business models taking hold. In the course of
this evolution we expect that the strongest players will continue to grow
their customer base and become the defacto standard for the millennial
demographic in the coming years.
There is also evidence that this evolution is already leading to partnerships
between alternative finance platforms and banks who are moving to take
a stake in the platforms themselves and referencing new customers that
they dont plan to support through their traditional in-house products.
This balanced approach will allow banks to benefit from platform growth
while maintaining customer loyalty. At the same time, some incumbents
are more actively embracing alternative finance solutions within their
own operations and in some instances such as Goldman Sachs who have
already launched an in-house online lending platform, the second venture
into retail banking following its online savings accounts solution. All in
all, the activity highlights the viability of alternative finance platforms to
generate both cost savings and growth opportunities for incumbents and
challengers alike. Both are signs of continued growth and strength in the
alternative finance market.
Forewords
Rumi Morales
Executive Director, CME Ventures
This comprehensive survey of alternative finance in Europe is the latest in an
important series by the University of Cambridge Judge Business School. As
evidenced in their prior report focused on the Americas, the prominent feature
of financial technology is that it is truly borderless. No one country is harnessing
alternative financial markets or business models to the exclusion of any other.
Rather, from the UK to Estonia and from Finland to Monaco, the entire European
continent is experimenting and expanding upon innovations that can provide
greater access to capital and financial services to more people than ever before.
Granted, the development of alternative financial markets is not without risk and
uncertainty. This is true in Europe as much as any other continent, with open
questions surrounding regulation, macro-economic conditions and business
practices such as credit scoring, due diligence and underwriting. But what is
certain is that continued effort and innovation can only improve the outcomes.
Two hundred and fifty years ago, in an early draft of the Wealth of
Nations, Adam Smith wrote of greater productivity brought about by the
division of labor and technological innovation. He stated, these different
improvements were probably not all of them the inventions of one man, but
the successive discoveries of time and experience, and of the ingenuity of
many different artists.
The artists of alternative finance are just getting started, and CME Group
Foundation is honored to support this important work. As the worlds leading
and most diverse derivatives marketplace, CME Group is focused on advancing
the global economy and fostering innovation across all of its markets, including
Europe, where we have a significant and growing presence. We welcome the
findings of this report and the great promise it foretells.
Robert Wardrop
Robert Wardrop is the Executive Director of the Cambridge Centre for Alternative
Finance and a Research Fellow at the Cambridge Judge Business School.
Tania Ziegler
Tania Ziegler is the Research Programme Manager of the Cambridge Centre for
Alternative Finance. Her research interests include SME utilisation of alternative
funding models and alternative finance regulation and policy.
Alexis Lui
Alexis Lui is the Outreach Manager and a Researcher at the Cambridge Centre for
Alternative Finance. His research interests include the efficiencies and advantages of
alternative finance models, particularly the evolution of credit analytics.
John Burton
John Burton is a Data Scientist and a Research Associate at the Cambridge Centre for
Alternative Finance. He achieved his PhD in astronomy, and has been working in large
scale data analysis for over 10 years, and has built his own crowdfunding platform to
provide money for charitable causes.
Alexander James
Alexander James is a Research Assistant of the Cambridge Centre at Alternative
Finance. He has a particularresearch interest regarding the dynamics of
incumbentinvolvement innew forms of finance.
Kieran Garvey
Kieran Garvey is the Policy Programme Manager of the Cambridge Centre for
Alternative Finance. His research interests include the application of alternative
finance within developing countries, renewable energy and early stage ventures.
Special Thanks
We would like to thank the summer research team for their hard work and effort a team
that has come together from different parts of the world to contribute towards this study:
Giulia Angelozzi, Pranjal Chokhani, Andres Escobar, Kshitij Jain, Harshal Kavishwar, Geetika
Khurana, Piyush Lariya and Vyom Shrivastava. We are also very grateful for the invaluable
guidance and advice from Professor Raghavendra Rau and Dr Mia Gray during this research.
We would also like to thank Nia Robinson and Kate Belger of the CCAF for their continued
support and help in producing this report.
10
We thank the following alternative finance platforms for participating and contributing to this study:
11
Platforms
-
12
13
Platforms
PRESTIAMOCI
14
Samenwerkende Kredietunies
voor ondernemers door ondernemers
15
Platforms
16
investUP
DIRECT FINANCE
17
Platforms
18
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
This report presents the research findings from the 2nd
Annual European Alternative Finance Industry Survey,
which aims to systematically track and comprehensively
benchmark the growth and development of the panEuropean crowdfunding and peer-to-peer lending
markets in 2015. This research was carried out by
the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance at the
University of Cambridge Judge Business School, with
the support of 17 major European industry associations
and research partners, in partnership with KPMG and
supported by CME Group Foundation.
19
Executive Summary
20
21
Running head
INTRODUCTION
22
Methodology
Primary, aggregate-level data collection was enabled
through the use of a survey questionnaire distributed
to individual platforms. This was based on previous
questionnaires for studies into the UK, Asia-Pacific
region and the Americas by the Cambridge Centre for
Alternative Finance and its research partners, published
in 2016. We would like to thank our research partners
for helping greatly in identifying key platforms and
providing contacts that made this work possible.
The survey was designed to collect market data about
both the overall and business transaction volumes
in 2015, in addition to parameters such as the most
popular funding sectors, female participation by model,
institutional funding and geographic inflow and outflow
of volumes where applicable. The survey was written
and distributed in English, French and Spanish. It was
launched on 2nd May 2016 and remained open until 24th
June 2016. Outside of the UK, a total of 273 platforms
in Europe participated (up from the 205 in 2014),
representing 31 countries, the highest number being
from France with 49 platforms, followed by Germany
with 35. For the UK market, 94 platforms responded
to our UK survey, which was jointly conducted with
Nesta in January 2016. While we did not capture every
platform across Europe, we estimate that we were able
to measure approximately 90% of the online alternative
23
Figure 1: European Online Alternative Finance Market Volumes 20132015 in EUR (incl. the UK)
6,000m
5,000m
4,000m
92%
3,000m
5,431m
151%
2,000m
2,833m
1,000m
1,127m
0m
2013
24
2014
2015
Figure 2: European Online Alternative Finance Market Volumes 20132015 in EUR (excl. the UK)
1,200m
1,000m
800m
72%
600m
1,019m
82%
400m
594m
200m
326m
0m
2013
2014
2015
19%
81%
Rest of Europe
UK
25
90bn
80bn
70bn
60bn
50bn
40bn
33.58bn
30bn
20.29bn
20bn
9.65bn
10bn
0bn
1.13bn
3.24bn
5.43bn
4.13bn
2.83bn
2013
2014
Figure 5: Regional Online Alternative Finance Volumes (excl. the UK, US and China) 20132015 ( EUR)
1,400m
1,217.1m
1,200m
1,019.3m
1,000m
800m
594.0m
600m
400m
326.0m
329.3m
292.1m
189.0m
200m
96.5m
47.6m
0m
2013
26
2014
2015
2015
Asia-Pacific (inc. China)
6
1
2
5
6
2
9
94
27
35
6
Number of Surveyed
Platforms
49
16
90+
1
1
2
29
30
40+
30+
1
4
20+
10+
1-9
27
Total Volume in m
3125+
625-3125
125-625
25-125
5-25
1-5
0.2-1
0.04-0.2
0.08-0.04
The highest total market volumes, aside from the UK, occur in France (319m), Germany (249m), the Netherlands (111m),
Finland (64m) and Spain (50m). With respect to the top five volume-driving countries, Finland (in fourth place vis-vis volume) ranked tenth with respect to platform distribution. Similarly, Italy has a high number of platforms, yet ranked
seventh in terms of total volume in 2015 (31.61m). France and Germany account for a large percentage of the market at 31%
and 25% respectively with the next highest the Netherlands accounting for 11%. While the top three countries accounted
for nearly 70% of Europes total volume and distribution, given the increase in platform participation by country number, it
is clear that alternative finance activities are spreading across Europe.
10,000,000,000
4,348m
111m
249m
319m
1,000,000,000
12m
Austria
3m
7m
13m
Sweden
9m
15m
Latvia
10,000,000
10m
16m
32m
Estonia
Switzerland
32m
Italy
24m
37m
Belgium
50m
64m
100,000,000
Ireland
Russia
Czech
Republic
Poland
Denmark
Spain
Finland
Germany
The Netherlands
28
France
UK
1,000,000
70.00
65.88
60.00
50.00
24.02
40.00
30.00
1.42
1.36
1.08
1.00
0.86
0.80
Austria
Sweden
Spain
Lithuania
Czech
Republic
Slovenia
2.56
Iceland
1.97
3.05
Germany
Switzerland
3.26
4.31
Denmark
Belgium
4.76
France
6.53
10.00
7.68
10.24
11.65
20.00
The Netherlands
Latvia
Monaco
Finland
Estonia
UK
29
Online Alternative Finance Volume per Capita vs. GDP per Capita
In order to compare the per capita volume with the
relative economic strength of each country, we plotted it
against the GDP per capita figure for 2015. The positions
of countries such as Latvia, Estonia and Finland are
surprising, indicating a high contribution of alternative
finance per person in contrast to the GDP figure for 2015
- lying above the line of best fit. Conversely, countries
such as Italy, Portugal, Sweden and Norway lie below
this line, a possible indication of relatively less-well
exploited markets. It is also interesting to review the
make-up of platform activity in the countries that lie
above the line of best fit, as opposed to those below.
For instance, with respect to the placement of countries
Figure 10: Total Online Alternative Finance Volume per Capita vs GDP per Capita ($ USD)
Online Alternative Finance
Volume per Capita
$100.00
UK
Estonia
Finland
$10.00
Latvia
The Netherlands
Denmark
Germany
Iceland
Belgium
Sweden
Austria
Ireland
France
Lithuania
$1.00
Spain
Slovenia
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Italy
Switzerland
Norway
Portugal
Greece
$0.10
Russia
Georgia
Hungary
Romania
Cyprus
Malta
$0.01
Turkey
$0.00
$0
30
$10,000
$20,000
$30,000
$40,000
$50,000
$60,000
$70,000
$80,000
$90,000
Definition
365.80m
212.08m
Equitybased Crowdfunding
159.32m
Rewardbased Crowdfunding
139.27m
Invoice Trading
80.59m
26.97m
Donationbased Crowdfunding
21.71 m
Debtbased Securities
10.73m
2.35m
0.54m
31
3%
2%
1%
8%
14%
36%
16%
Reward-based Crowdfunding
Invoice Trading
Real Estate Crowdfunding
21%
Donation-based Crowdfunding
Debt-based Securities
Other
32
Figure 13: Alternative Finance Volume by Model in Europe (excl. UK) 20132015 ( EUR)
366m
275m
157m
Peer-to-Peer Business Lending
40m
Equity-based Crowdfunding
48m
Reward-based Crowdfunding
51m
Invoice Trading
131%
159m
83m
94m
83%
139m
66%
81m
877%
7m
1m
27m
Donation-based Crowdfunding
22m
16m
11m
Debt-based Securities
212m
93m
39%
11m
4m
2m
2m
1m
0m
54%
155%
50m
2015
100m
2014
150m
200m
2013
250m
300m
350m
400m
33
Figure 14: Top Three Countries by Model - Alternative Finance Volume (excl. UK) 2015 ( EUR)
Peer-to-Peer Consumer Lending
Germany
France
Finland
136m
135m
34m
74m
49m
29m
Equity-based Crowdfunding
France
Germany
The Netherlands
75m
24m
17m
Reward-based Crowdfunding
France
Germany
The Netherlands
48m
21m
11m
Invoice Trading
Belgium
France
Denmark
25m
15m
12m
16m
13m
Spain
Donation-based Crowdfunding
Germany
Spain
Italy
Debt-based Securities
The Netherlands
France
Germany
3m
10m
3m
2m
8m
2m
0.1m
0m
34
40m
80m
120m
160m
500m
167%
400m
300m
536m
200m
72%
100m
201m
117m
0m
2013
2014
2015
9,000
8,000
63%
7,000
6,000
5,000
9,442
103%
4,000
3,000
5,801
2,000
2,858
1,000
0
2013
2014
2015
35
Figure 17: Debt vs Equity Online Alternative Business Finance 20132015 ( EUR)
600m
500m
159m
93%
400m
300m
74%
200m
127%
156%
83m
349m
100m
48m
136m
60m
0m
36
2014
2015
1st
2nd
3rd
Construction
Equity-based Crowdfunding
Technology
Reward-based Crowdfunding
Donation-based Crowdfunding
Construction
Invoice Trading
Debt-based Securities
Agriculture
Agriculture
37
Figure 19: Europe Average Fundraise by Model 2015 (excl. UK) ( EUR)
Equity-based Crowdfunding
459,003
369,777
192,238
Debt-based Securities
99,985
Invoice Trading
44,003
29,815
Reward-based Crowdfunding
Donation-based Crowdfunding
9,585
4,266
2,771
0m
38
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
500,000
Figure 20: Europe Average Number of Funders by Model (excl. UK) (2015)
Equity-based Crowdfunding
143
142
97
88
Reward-based Crowdfunding
85
Debt-based Securities
39
33
Donation-based Crowdfunding
30
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
39
Figure 21: Female Funders and Fundraisers by Alternative Finance Model (excl. UK) 20132015
54%
Donation-based Crowdfunding
48%
44%
23%
40%
Reward-based Crowdfunding
45%
23%
Debt-based Securities
29%
21%
19%
17%
Equity-based Crowdfunding
15%
12%
17%
8%
Invoice Trading
8%
4%
37%
10%
20%
Female Fundraiser
40
30%
40%
Female Funder
50%
60%
24%
2013
2014
76%
67%
33%
44%
2015
10%
20%
56%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
No institutional funding
41
26%
Q1
21%
Q2
25%
Q3
29%
30%
Q4
24%
Q1
Q2
24%
Q3
24%
28%
Q4
8%
Equality-based Crowdfunding
Q1
6%
Q2
7%
8%
Q3
Q4
12%
Invoice Trading
37%
Q1
34%
Q2
34%
36%
Q3
44%
Q4
0m
42
50m
100m
150m
Non-Institutional Funding
200m
250m
300m
Institutional Funding
350m
400m
13%
11%
10%
Equity-based Crowdfunding
9%
Invoice Trading
8%
Reward-based Crowdfunding
4%
Donation-based Crowdfunding
6%
3%
8%
6%
6%
78%
28%
13%
56%
19%
52%
11%
78%
92%
4%
91%
94%
22%
Debt-based Securities
10%
78%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Yes, the platform has a majority shareholder that is either a VC (venture capitalist) or a business angel.
Yes, the platform has a majority shareholder that is a major corporation (e.g. eCommerce firm).
Yes, the platform has a majority shareholder that is a traditional financial institution (e.g. Banks).
No, but the platform has a minority shareholder that is a traditional financial institution or major corporation.
No institutional ownership.
43
Auto-bid Functionality
The first alternative finance models relied upon retail
investors selecting funding opportunities at an individual
level. This is known as manual or self-selection (e.g.
choosing a loan to lend to on a peer-to-peer business
lending platform). As the industry developed, a number of
models began to offer or exclusively utilise auto-selection,
whereby an individual funder indicates their investment
or lending preferences and allows the alternative finance
platform to match and automatically allocate funds across
suitable funding options. In this instance, an investor
would specify their desired lending or investment amount,
duration and risk appetite but would not choose the unique
individual, business or real estate proposition to fund.
In 2015, 82% of peer-to-peer consumer lending platforms
noted that lenders on their platform made use of an
auto-bid or auto-selection functionality. Akin to peer-topeer consumer lending, invoice trading firms tend to rely
heavily on auto-bidding, with 78% of firms noting auto-bid
as the preferred lending vehicle used on their platform.
Globally, these two models tend to rely heavily on auto-bid
functions as well, since this allows the platform to autodiversify a lenders portfolio across many available loans,
whilst also improving market efficiencies by assuring
loan fulfilment. In this case, both the lender and borrower
82%
Invoice Trading
78%
38%
Debt-based Securities
35%
25%
44
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Cross-border Transactions
The topic of internationalisation and cross-border
investment flows continues to perplex alternative
finance stakeholders and regulators alike. In 2014,
the Moving Mainstream report indicated lower
levels of investment flows across European borders,
either to other member-states or globally. The report
concluded that just shy of 50% of firms indicated no
inflow of funding from outside their country, while
72% of platforms indicated no outflow of funds to
other countries28.
While funding flows increased slightly in 2015, crossborder transactions remained low across Europe.
In 2015, 46% of respondents indicated zero funding
inflows from outside of their country while 44% of
firms had between 1-50%. 77% of surveyed firms had
10% or less of total funding coming from outside
their country of operations. As in 2014, European
alternative finance activity remains heavily domestic.
46%
Funding Inflow
20%
11%
7%
0%
1-5%
6-10%
11-20%
21-30%
31-40%
41-50%
Funding Outflow
76%
10%
51-60%
6%
61-70%
71-80%
81-90%
91-100%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
45
Figure 27: Europe Alternative Finance Platform Incorporation and Trading (Pre-2004 to 2015)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Pre2004
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Year Incorporated
46
2009
2010
2011
Year Trading
2012
2013
2014
2015
Figure 28: Industry Perceived Risks to Future Growth of the Alternative Finance Sector
14%
26%
12%
Changes to regulation at a
national level
11%
10%
9%
Changes to regulation at an
European level
7%
35%
34%
18%
30%
28%
36%
25%
18%
5%
20%
5%
19%
42%
33%
33%
23%
6%
3%
20%
5%
27%
39%
4%
Medium Risk
3%
13%
36%
37%
11%
Low Risk
Very Low Risk
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
47
Perceptions to Regulations
A lack of coherent regulatory frameworks for online
alternative finance at both the European level, as well
as in individual national contexts, remains a significant
deterrent to cross-border flows and to the growth of
alternative finance in some jurisdictions. Though a
majority of member states regulate crowdfunding and
peer-to-peer lending activities, many lack bespoke
regulation or suffer from complex rules which may ill-fit
alternative finance activities. Regulation remains nonexistent in a handful of countries, thus hindering further
development of the online alternative finance landscape
4%
7%
7%
10%
10%
38%
47%
11%
12%
22%
28%
48
ALTERNATIVE
FINANCE MARKET
SNAPSHOTS
BY COUNTRY
& REGION
49
One of the salient features of the European alternative finance market is its regional diversity. It is therefore
helpful to highlight some of the regional patterns and illustrate differences as well as similarities between
key markets. To aid our analysis, we combined data from Norway, Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Sweden
together as the Nordics. Similarly, we also aggregated market data for Central and Eastern Europe.
Figure 31: Online Alternative Finance Volume by Country and Region (2015)
350m
300m
250m
200m
150m
318m
249m
100m
111m
50m
104m
89m
50m
32m
0m
France
Germany
The
Netherlands
The Nordics
Central &
Eastern Europe
Spain
Italy
Together as regional blocks, the Nordics recorded 104m in 2015 whilst Central and Eastern Europe
registered 89m. In terms of market volume per capita, the Nordics is among the highest in the Europe,
with 3.92. In contrast, Central and Eastern Europe is lagging behind with just 0.85 alternative finance
market volume per capita. In the following chapters we will examine the national and regional markets
of France, Germany, the Netherlands, the Nordics, Spain and Central & Eastern Europe in turn.
Figure 32: Market Volume Per Capita by Region (excl. UK) ( EUR)
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
6.53
3.00
4.76
2.00
3.92
3.05
1.00
1.08
0.85
0.52
0.00
The Netherlands
50
France
The Nordics
Germany
Spain
Central &
Eastern Europe
Italy
FRANCE
The total volume of online alternative finance raised in France grew from 76m in 2013, to 154m in 2014 and
318m in 2015. The growth between 2013-2014 was 107%, and 104% between 2014-2015, representative of sustained
growth across the three-year period. The aforementioned 2015 figure of 318m places France as the dominant force
in European online alternative finance (excluding the UK), and is 28% larger than its closest competitor, Germany.
Figure 33: Online Alternative Finance Market Volumes in France 20132015 ( EUR)
300m
107%
250m
200m
318m
150m
103%
100m
154m
50m
76m
0m
2013
2014
2015
Figure 34: Total Alternative Finance Volume by Model in France 20132015 ( EUR)
135m
80m
43m
75m
Equity-based Crowdfunding
19m
10m
48m
Reward-based Crowdfunding
35m
20m
8m
0.2m
Invoice Trading
6m
1m
28m
15m
12.7m
3.0m
0.1m
Debt-based Securities
Donation-based Crowdfunding
1.0m
6.0m
3.0m
0.4m
0.2m
0m
20m
40m
60m
2015
80m
2014
100m
120m
2013
140m
160m
51
France
350
1,000,000
300
100,000
250
10,000
200
175
1,000
133,668
100
134,225
183,342
8,272
6,007
100
2,292
86
74
10
477
50
50
39
36
0
Profit Sharing
Crowdfunding
Reward-based
Crowdfunding
Donation-based
Crowdfunding
Peer-to-Peer
Consumer
Lending
52
150
Equity-based
Crowdfunding
Peer-toPeer Business
Lending
Debt-based
Securities
Figure 36: Industry Perceived Risks to Future Growth of the Alternative Finance Sector in France
18%
39%
16%
27%
16%
4%
Changes to regulation at an
European level
4%
10%
41%
25%
12%
Changes to regulation at a
national level
33%
10%
39%
35%
20%
12%
39%
33%
39%
25%
6%
16%
8%
27%
41%
2%
2%
Medium Risk
4%
20%
29%
41%
6%
Low Risk
Very Low Risk
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
53
France
59%
15%
17%
50%
10%
20%
22%
30%
40%
50%
60%
29%
70%
80%
5%
4%
90%
54
100%
GERMANY
In 2015, German online alternative finance grew by 115%, from 140m in 2014 to 249m in 2015, ranking
second among European countries in terms of total volume. This figure was a substantial increase on
the growth rate of the previous year at 78%, suggesting the German market is picking up pace. If this
acceleration continues, it may be possible that Germany could become the largest alternative finance
market in Europe, excluding the UK, in the coming years.
Figure 38: Online Alternative Finance Market Volumes in Germany 2013-2015 ( Euro)
250m
78%
200m
150m
249m
100m
115%
140m
50m
65m
0m
2013
2014
2015
Figure 39: Total Alternative Finance Volume by Model in Germany 20132015 ( EUR)
136m
80.4m
36.4m
48.7m
6.1m
23.7m
29.8m
17.3m
Equity-based Crowdfunding
21.1m
16.8m
Reward-based Crowdfunding
5.7m
10.4m
5.8m
5.3m
Donation-based Crowdfunding
8m
0.32m
Debt-based Securities
0.15m
0m
40m
80m
2015
2014
120m
2013
160m
55
Germany
1,000,000
400
100,000
350
300
10,000
250
1,073,467
1,000
107,158
200
348,397
150
100
1,651
3,771
5,997
110
113
10
108
100
67
50
18
0
Donation-based
Crowdfunding
Reward-based
Crowdfunding
Peer-to-Peer
Consumer Lending
Average Deal Size
56
Peer-to-Peer
Business Lending
Equity-based
Crowdfunding
Real Estate
Crowdfunding
Figure 41: Industry Perceived Risks to Future Growth of the Alternative Finance Sector in Germany
Changes to regulation at an
European level
10%
Changes to regulation at a
national level
41%
10%
31%
10%
31%
10%
21%
28%
38%
28%
5% 3%
5%
12%
35%
41%
3%
26%
40%
8%
18%
28%
42%
21%
3%
3%
13%
37%
33%
41%
23%
3%
Low Risk
Very Low Risk
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
57
Germany
52%
32%
14%
45%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
10%
60%
10%
28%
70%
80%
90%
58
100%
THE NETHERLANDS
The Netherlands has a large number of well-established online alternative finance platforms, covering
a wide variety of different models, from peer-to-peer business lending to debt-based securities
(debentures) and equity-based crowdfunding. The total amount raised in 2015 was 111m, up from 78m
in 2014 and 46m in 2013. The growth rate increased from 42% in 2014 to a sizable 70% in 2015.
Figure 43: Online Alternative Finance Market Volumes in the Netherlands 20132015 ( EUR)
120m
100m
42%
80m
60m
111m
40m
20m
70%
78m
46m
0m
2013
2014
2015
Figure 44: Total Alternative Finance Volume by Model in the Netherlands 20132015 ( EUR)
73.9m
Peer-to-Peer Business Lending
55.2m
34.7m
16.6m
Equity-based Crowdfunding
11.2m
6.2m
11.2m
Reward-based Crowdfunding
4.4m
1.5m
8.3m
Debt-based Securities
3.6m
1.8m
0.5m
0m
10m
20m
30m
2015
40m
2014
50m
60m
2013
70m
80m
59
The Netherlands
700,000
125
120
600,000
100
500,000
96
80
400,000
653,488
60
300,000
44
43
200,000
40
33
100,000
113,397
0
1,321
Reward-based
Crowdfunding
0
Peer-to-Peer Business
Lending
Real Estate
Crowdfunding
60
20
181,993
143,200
Debt-based securities
Equity-based
Crowdfunding
Figure 46: Industry Perceived Risks to Future Growth of the Alternative Finance Sector in the Netherlands
22%
19%
19%
48%
11%
26%
30%
44%
Changes to regulation at a
national level
11%
19%
Changes to regulation at an
European level
11%
19%
4%
22%
15%
37%
15%
15%
4%
15%
7%
7%
33%
48%
7%
19%
41%
4%
26%
4%
11%
52%
15%
22%
Low Risk
Very Low Risk
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
61
The Netherlands
76%
4%
18%
57%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
20%
18%
70%
80%
7%
90%
62
100%
THE NORDICS
Across the period 2013-15, the Nordics, which includes Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland,
underwent a three-year average growth rate of just under 10%. However, in actuality, between 201415, a major platform based in Sweden went bankrupt due to a widely-reported scandal involving the
misappropriation and misuse of funds. This led to the total alternative finance volume for 2014-15 to fall
by almost a fifth in that year but still remained well above the 2013 figure of 94m. In 2015, a total of just
under 104m was raised across the region, mostly dominated by Finland, contributing a total of 64m.
Figure 48: Online Alternative Finance Market Volumes in the Nordics 20132015 ( EUR)
140m
120m
100m
36%
80m
-19%
128m
60m
104m
94m
40m
20m
0m
2013
2014
2015
Figure 49: Total Alternative Finance Volume by Model in the Nordics 20132015 ( EUR)
36.5m
Peer-to-Peer Consumer Lending
114.0m
84.5m
28.0m
12.7m
Equity-based Crowdfunding
5.6m
4.3m
12.3m
Reward-based Crowdfunding
1.1m
0.7m
Invoice Trading
11.8m
2.5m
Donation-based Crowdfunding
0.07m
0.05m
0m
20m
40m
2015
60m
2014
80m
2013
100m
120m
63
The Nordics
Figure 50: Total Alternative Finance Volume by Model Breakdown by Country the Nordics (2015)
Finland
Peer-to-Peer Consumer Lending
34.4m
20.0m
Equity-based Crowdfunding
6.2m
Reward-based Crowdfunding
3.2m
Denmark
Invoice Trading
11.8m
7.8m
Reward-based Crowdfunding
2.5m
Donation-based Crowdfunding
2.3m
Sweden
Equity-based Crowdfunding
6.5m
Reward-based Crowdfunding
4.6m
2.0m
0.2m
Norway
Reward-based Crowdfunding
Donation-based Crowdfunding
1.1m
0.2m
Iceland
Reward-based Crowdfunding
0.8m
0.0m
64
5.0m
10.0m
15.0m
20.0m
25.0m
30.0m
35.0m
40.0m
80
72
140,000
70
120,000
60
57
100,000
50
44
44
80,000
40
121,219
60,000
30
28
93,101
40,000
20
20,000
10
16,850
0
5,878
5,916
Donation-based
Crowdfunding
Reward-based
Crowdfunding
0
Peer-to-Peer Consumer
Lending
Peer-to-Peer Business
Lending
Equity-based
Crowdfunding
65
The Nordics
Figure 52: Industry Perceived Risks to Future Growth of the Alternative Finance Sector in the Nordics
14%
23%
14%
5%
Changes to regulation at an
European level
5%
5%
18%
32%
14%
9%
Changes to regulation at a
national level
32%
27%
32%
32%
27%
9%
23%
45%
14%
9%
23%
45%
23%
14%
32%
50%
5%
23%
10%
52%
5%
Low Risk
Very Low Risk
66
33%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
40%
25%
27%
32%
10%
10%
20%
30%
40%
18%
50%
60%
70%
10%
9%
80%
15%
9%
90%
5%
100%
67
SPAIN
Over the past three years, Spanish alternative finance platforms have generated 103m, and grown
at an average of 75% over the period 2013-15. In 2015, the Spanish online alternative finance volume
grew by 112%, from 36m in 2014 to 50m in 2015, ranking fifth amongst European countries in
terms of total volume. While this is a sizeable volume, it should be noted that when adjusted for
alternative finance per capita, Spain drops from 5th to 14th place with 1.08 per person.33
Figure 54: Online Alternative Finance Market Volumes in Spain 20132015 ( EUR)
50m
39%
40m
30m
50m
20m
112%
36m
10m
17m
0m
2013
2014
2015
Figure 55: Total Alternative Finance Volume by Model in Spain 20132015 ( EUR)
21.8m
13.7m
2.8m
9.4m
9.1m
Reward-based Crowdfunding
7.5m
Invoice Trading
7.0m
0.6m
5.3m
10.5m
Equity-based Crowdfunding
6.2m
0.8m
0.6m
Donation-based Crowdfunding
3.0m
2.9m
0.5m
0m
5m
10m
2015
68
15m
2014
20m
2013
25m
300
100,000
250
201
10,000
200
150
1,000
165,760
121
15,531
13,280
100
3,500
4,689
24,868
100
85
67
10
49
40
50
26
1
Donation-based
Crowdfunding
Peer-to-Peer
Consumer
Lending
Reward-based
Crowdfunding
Invoice Trading
Real Estate
Crowdfunding
Peer-to-Peer
Business Lending
Equity-based
Crowdfunding
69
Spain
activity across the rest of Europe. The average peer-topeer consumer loan was approximately 3,500 with 40
lenders participating in each loan. Thus, the average
amount lent per individual is about 87.50. Many peerto-peer consumer lending platforms utilise auto-bid
functionality when matching lenders to available loans.
Spain actually ranks high in terms of auto-bidding
adoption - above the European average.
A significant jump in deal-size occurs when we begin to
look at models which facilitate business finance. Peerto-peer business lending, for instance, saw an average
of 24,868 per business loan, with 85 lenders, lending
approximately 290 per transaction. It should be noted,
however, that the average loan-size is somewhat smaller
than the same model in other European countries.
For instance, in the UK, the average loan size is
approximately 90,000, while the European average is
approaching 100,000.
Invoice trading saw an average deal size of 13,280
but across only 8 lenders. Invoice trading tends to
attract high-net-worth individuals or quasi-professional
Figure 57: Industry Perceived Risks to Future Growth of the Alternative Finance Sector in Spain
Changes to regulation at a
national level
53%
6%
47%
13%
36%
Changes to regulation at an
European level
15%
25%
14%
7%
29%
23%
31%
17%
10%
18%
33%
21%
31%
24%
50%
30%
8%
50%
10%
9%
45%
9%
Low Risk
Very Low Risk
70
36%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
19%
17%
10%
19%
6%
13%
20%
25%
25%
43%
30%
40%
50%
9%
60%
70%
80%
6%
17%
90%
100%
71
CENTRAL AND
EASTERN EUROPE
The Central and Eastern European online alternative finance market includes transaction volumes
from the following countries: Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia,
Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and Ukraine.
Over the period 2013-15 this region underwent an average annual growth rate of 179%. Online
alternative finance has gone from strength to strength with 11m raised in 2013 and 33m raised
in 2014, representing a year-on-year growth rate of 191%. From 2014-15 the pace of growth in the
region accelerated by 167%, from 33m to 89m.
Figure 59: Online Alternative Finance Market Volumes in Central and Eastern Europe 20132015 ( EUR)
100m
90m
80m
70m
60m
167%
50m
89m
40m
30m
191%
20m
33m
10m
11m
0m
2013
72
2014
2015
Figure 60: Total Alternative Finance Volume by Model in Central and Eastern Europe 20132015 ( EUR)
46.3m
24.8m
10.2m
13.2m
2.6m
1.0m
Reward-based Crowdfunding
9.9m
Invoice Trading
7.7m
2.6m
0.4m
Equity-based Crowdfunding
5.0m
0.1m
2.9m
2.0m
1.6m
0.01m
Donation-based Crowdfunding
0m
10m
20m
2015
30m
2014
40m
50m
2013
Figure 61: Total Alternative Finance Volume by Model Breakdown by Country Central and Eastern Europe (2015)
Estonia
Peer-to-Peer Consumer Lending
23.8m
4.4m
2.4m
Reward-based Crowdfunding
0.6m
Equity-based Crowdfunding
0.2m
Invoice Trading
0.1m
Latvia
Peer-to-Peer Consumer Lending
15.0m
Reward-based Crowdfunding
0.2m
Austria
Equity-based Crowdfunding
7.3m
Reward-based Crowdfunding
2.4m
2.0m
0.5m
0.1m
4.1m
3.0m
1.9m
0.7m
0.4m
Equity-based Crowdfunding
0.2m
Czech Republic
Invoice Trading
Reward-based Crowdfunding
Peer-to-Peer Consumer Lending
5.6m
1.9m
1.5m
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
73
Figure 62: Average Fundraise by Model in Central and Eastern Europe ( EUR)
300,000
600
250,000
500
477
200,000
400
150,000
298,433
300
253
208,587
100,000
200
177
150
142,155
50,000
100
78
35
2,018
2,024
2,083
Reward-based
Crowdfunding
Donation-based
Crowdfunding
Peer-to-Peer
Consumer
74
6,792
1
Lending
0
Invoice Trading
Peer-to-Peer
Business Lending
Equity-based
Crowdfunding
Figure 63: Industry Perceived Risks to Future Growth of the Alternative Finance Sector in Central and Eastern Europe
23%
20%
14%
Changes to regulation at a
national level
20%
11%
9%
9%
36%
48%
14%
27%
7%
18%
41%
30%
7%
39%
43%
14%
14%
20%
34%
35%
11%
12%
37%
Changes to regulation at an
European level
14%
45%
39%
Low Risk
Very Low Risk
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
75
Figure 64: Industry Perception Towards Regulation in Central and Eastern Europe
19%
17%
10%
19%
6%
13%
20%
25%
25%
43%
30%
40%
50%
9%
60%
70%
80%
6%
17%
90%
76
100%
ITALY
The Italian online alternative finance market raised a total of 32m in 2015, capturing an estimate 90-95%
of the visible market in the country. Although this volume is small relative to its European neighbours, it
registered the largest year-on-year growth rate, with 287% between 2014-15, of all the major economies studied
in this report. By way of comparison, the Italian online alternative finance market grew by 580% between
2013-14, from 1m to 8m. Likely contributing factors towards this surge in growth include both the increasing
number of platforms joining the market, with 46% of surveyed platforms beginning to trade in 2015, as well as
better coverage of the Italian market as compared to our previous report, Moving Mainstream.
Figure 65: Online Alternative Finance Market Volumes in Italy 20132015 ( EUR)
30m
25m
20m
287%
32m
15m
10m
580%
5m
8m
1m
0m
2013
2014
2015
Figure 66: Total Alternative Finance Volume by Model in Italy 20132015 ( EUR)
10.4m
8.9m
Reward-based Crowdfunding
3.0m
1.2m
Equity-based Crowdfunding
5.4m
0.5m
3.9m
Invoice Trading
2.3m
Donation-based Crowdfunding
0m
0.6m
5m
2015
10m
2014
2013
15m
77
Italy
120,000
120
106
100,000
100
80,000
80
60,000
63
118,146
40,000
60
40
20,000
20
17
1,938
5,442
7,482
Donation-based
Crowdfunding
Peer-to-Peer Consumer
Lending
Reward-based Crowdfunding
78
0
Equity-based
Crowdfunding
Figure 68: Industry Perceived Risks to Future Growth of the Alternative Finance Sector in Italy
7%
Changes to regulation at an
European level
7%
7%
Changes to regulation at a
national level
17%
23%
31%
33%
30%
3%
10%
24%
43%
20%
13%
27%
38%
20%
3%
23%
27%
24%
3%
41%
10%
20%
43%
20%
13%
17%
18%
21%
50%
11%
Low Risk
Very Low Risk
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
79
Italy
30%
10%
37%
10%
20%
15%
10%
13%
30%
40%
30%
20%
50%
60%
17%
70%
80%
5%
10%
90%
80
3%
100%
ENDNOTES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Moving Mainstream
6.
Pushing Boundaries
7.
Ibid.
8.
Harnessing Potential
9.
http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/pdf/themes/2016/small_
medium_enterprises_access_to_finance_201605.pdf page 3.
18. Ibid.
19. European Union. Female Entrepreneurs. Accessed August
13, 2016. https://ec.europa.eu/growth/smes/promotingentrepreneurship/we-work-for/women_en
20. Marlow, S., & Patton, D. (2005). All credit to men?
Entrepreneurship, finance, and gender.Entrepreneurship
theory and practice, 29(6), 717-735.
21. Brush, C., Greene, P., Balachandra, L., & Davis, A.
(2014). Women Entrepreneurs 2014: Bridging the
Gender Gap in Venture Capital. Arthur M.Blank
Center for Entrepreneurship Babson College,
Wellesley, Massachusetts.
22. http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/05/20/hsbc-ubs-rampup-investment-in-financial-technology/
23. http://www.gbm.hsbc.com/solutions/innovation
24. http://www.nordea.com/en/press-and-news/news-andpress-releases/press-releases/2016/05-12-08h00-nordeateams-up-with-fintech-startups-again.html
25. Moving Mainstream-page 23
26. http://uk.businessinsider.com/funding-circle-acquireszencap-2015-10
27. http://www.crowdfundinghub.eu/current-statecrowdfunding-sweden/
28. http://www.osborneclarke.com/media/filer_public/51/
b3/51b3007b-73aa-4b9a-a19d-380fc1d6ff35/regulation_
of_crowdfunding_ecn_oc.pdf
29. Ibid
13. 'European Semester Thematic Fiche Small and MediumSized Enterprises' Access to Finance, European
Commission, http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/pdf/
themes/2016/small_medium_enterprises_access_to_
finance_201605.pdf
14. Ibid page 5. Source Referenced in Paper: Invest Europe,
formerly known as European Private Equity & Venture
Capital (EVCA).
81
Endnotes
82
83
Running head
84