Substance composed of only one kind of atom which cannot be broken down

into simpler substances by chemical reactions.

Substance which consists of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio.
Examples

Contain carbon and

hydrogen
Do not contain carbon
and hydrogen

Function of Elements in animal cells and plant cells

Elements

Animal cells

Plant cells

Synthesis of _____________________ compounds. For

example ________________________________________.

Synthesis of organic compounds. For example proteins, lipids

and nucleic acids.

Component of some _________________________.

Component of some proteins.

Formation of bones and teeth. / _________________ of

muscles / synthesis _____________________

Induces the formation of flowers and _______________. /

Promotes cell division. / Synthesis of ATP and nucleic acids.

Sodium (Na)

Regulates _______________ pressure in the cells. / Helps in

the transmission of ___________________________.

Not Required.

Magnesium (Mg)

Involved in protein synthesis. / Act as a _________________

for some enzyme.

Required for the synthesis of _________________________. /

Activates enzymes in the cells.

Required for the formation of strong bones and teeth. /

Contraction of muscles cells / Promote blood clotting.

Synthesis of cell walls (________________________). /

Maintain the semi-permeability of plasma membrane.

Synthesis of _________________ blood cells / Respiratory

enzymes.

Synthesis of _______________________. / Act as an electron

carrier during photosynthesis and respiration.

Required in muscle contractions and transmission of nerve

impulses.

Synthesis of carbohydrates. / Activates certain enzymes.

Synthesis HCl by gastric glands in the stomach which destroys

pathogens and maintains ______________ of the stomach.

_______________________ of water during light reaction in

photosynthesis.

Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen

Sulphur (S)
Phosphorus (P)

Iron (Fe)

Chlorine (Cl)

________ %
of our body

Water

Structure

High surface tension and ___________

(tent to stick each other)

Medium of __________________
reactions
-digestive reactions such as
breaking down of protein, lipids and
sugars.

___________________
-can dissolve many ionic
compounds such as salt and
polar molecules (sugar)

A polar molecules consists

of two _____________
atom dan one
_____________ atom.

The
importance of
water in the
cell

-Water can move in long unbroken

columns through the vascular tissue in
plants.
____________ and _______________
-Provides moisture to respiratory
surfaces (alveoli)
-Mucus assist the movement of food
substances in the intestinal tract.

__________________ Medium
Maintain ___________________

-in the blood, lymphatic,

excretory & digestive system
(transport sugar O2, CO2)

Maintain __________________
balance and ______________
-maintain the stable internal
environment within a living
organism.

____________________
-support the structure of a cell
(90% of the protoplasm is made
up of water)

are

functions

Nucleic Acids

Complex
macromolecules
which store _______
_________________
in the form of code.

2 types

structure

Draw the structure

A __________-stranded nucleic
acid, with the two strands of
polynucleotides twisted around
each other to form a
_________________________

structure

____________ - stranded
nucleic acid.

Found in the cytoplasm,

ribosomes and nucleus.

Found in nucleus of a cell.

function

function

Genetic material that

organisms ____________ from
their parents.

Store information regarding its

own replication and the order in
which amino acids are linked to
make a protein.

_________________________
carries DNAs genetic code into
the cytoplasm and directs the
synthesis of proteins.

Elements

Protein

Main
function

monomer

2 types
2X

Linear sequence of amino acids

in a polypeptide chain

Polypeptide chain that is coiled

to form alpha-helix or folded into
beta-pleated.

Equation
Amino acids that
cannot be synthesised
by the body.

Amino acids that

can be synthesised
by the body.

Can only be obtained

from a healthy diet.

Animal protein

Plant protein

The helix chains or beta-pleated

sheets are folded into a 3D
shape of polypeptide chain.

Hormones, enzymes, plasma

protein, antibodies

Two or more tertiary structure

polypeptide chains are arranged
to form a large and complex
protein molecule.

Long chain
(contain all the essential
amino acids)

(do not contain all the

essential amino acids)

2 classes

Elements

Carbohydrates

Main function

3 types

characteristics

characteristics
Simple sugar
C6H12O6
combine with
proteins and lipids to
form ________ &
______ respectively
3 types

_______________ sugar /
complex sugars.
Consists of 2 _____________
joined together through
condensation
Equation
Sucrose

Genaral Equation

3 types

characteristics
Hundreds or thousands of
monosaccharides linked through
_________________ to form a long
chain of molecules.
___________________ in water
Do not taste sweet.
Do not crystallise.

3 types

Elements

Lipids

Main
function

5 main types

Fats

Oils
structure

_________ at
room temperature

___________ at
room temperature

Long chain
molecules / water
proof.

Main component of
plasma membrane

plant
Equation

Found on the
____________ of the
epidermis of leaves,
fruits and seeds of
some plants.

Major component in plasma

membrane.

animal

Fatty acids

____________ that is
excreted from oil
glands in the skin
contains wax that
soften the skin.

Male sex hormone.

Female sex hormones.

The Differences between saturated fats and

unsaturated fats
Saturated Fats

Differences

The presence of
double bonds
between carbon
atoms in fatty acids

Ability to react with an

additional hydrogen
atom
Condition at room
temperature
Cholesterol level
Examples

Unsaturated Fats

Answers

Element

Compound

Substance composed of only one kind of atom which cannot be broken down
into simpler substances by chemical reactions.
Substance which consists of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio.
Examples

Organic compounds

Contain carbon

Inorganic compounds

Not contain carbon

Carbohydrates, proteins,
lipids, nucleic acids

Water

Function of Elements in animal cells and plant cells

Elements
C, H, O, N

Animal cells

Plant cells

Synthesis of organic compounds. For example proteins, lipids

and nucleic acids

Component of some proteins

Formation of bones and teeth. / Contraction of muscles /

synthesis ATP

Induces the formation of flowers and seeds. / Promotes cell

division. / Synthesis of ATP and nucleic acids.

Na

Regulates osmotic pressure in the cells. / Helps in the

transmission of nerve impulses.

Not Required

Mg

Involved in protein synthesis. / Act as a cofactor for some

enzyme.

Required for the synthesis of chlorophyll. / Activates enzymes

in the cells.

Ca

Required for the formation of strong bones and teeth. /

Contraction of muscles cells / Promote blood clotting.

Synthesis of cell walls (Cellulose). / Maintain the semipermeability of plasma membrane.

Fe

Synthesis of red blood cells / Respiratory enzymes.

Synthesis of chlorophyll. / Act as an electron carrier during

photosynthesis and respiration.

Required in muscle contractions and transmission of nerve

impulses.

Synthesis of carbohydrates. / Activates certain enzymes.

Cl

Synthesis HCl by gastric glands in the stomach which destroys

pathogens and maintains pH of the stomach.

Photolysis of water during light reaction in photosynthesis.

70-90% of our
body

Structure

Water

Cell, lymph, blood plasma

and interstitial fluid.

High surface tension and cohesion

(tent to stick each other)

Medium of biochemical reactions

-digestive reactions such as
breaking down of protein, lipids
and sugars.

Solvent
-can dissolve many ionic
compounds such as salt and
polar molecules (sugar)

A polar molecules
consists of 2
hidrogen atom & 1
oxygen atom

The
importance of
water in the
cell

-Water can move in long unbroken

columns through the vascular
tissue in plants.
Moisture and lubrication
-Provides moisture to respiratory
surfaces (alveoli)
-Mucus assist the movement of
food substances in the intestinal
tract.

Transport Medium
Maintain body temperature

-in the blood, lymphatic,

excretory & digestive system
(transport sugar O2, CO2)

Maintain osmotic balance and

turgidity
-maintain the stable internal
environment within a living
organism.

Support
-support the structure of a cell
(90% of the protoplasm is made
up of water)

are

functions

Nucleic Acids

Transmission of
genetic
information.
Store genetic
information

Complex
macromolecules which
store genetic
information in the form
of code.

2 types

RNA

DNA

nucleotides
structure

structure

structure

A double-stranded nucleic acid,

with the two strands of
polynucleotides twisted around
each other to form a double
helix.

Single-stranded nucleic acid.

Found in the cytoplasm,

ribosomes and its nucleus.

Found in nucleus of a cell.

function

function

Genetic material that

organisms inherit from their
parents.

Store information regarding its

own replication and the order in
which amino acids are linked to
make a protein.

Messenger RNA carries DNAs

genetic code into the cytoplasm
and directs the synthesis of
proteins.

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,

nitrogen. Most proteins also
contain sulphur and
phosphorus.

Protein

Elements

Main
function

Build new cells for growth

and renew damaged tissues
and store energy.

Amino acids
2 types
2X

dipeptide

Essential amino
acids (20)

Linear sequence of amino acids

in a polypeptide chain

Polypeptide chain that is coiled

to form alpha-helix or folded into
beta-pleated.

Non-essential
amino acids (11)

equation
Amino acids that
cannot be
synthesised by the
body.

Amino acids that can

be synthesised by
the body.

Can only be obtained

from a healthy diet.

Animal protein

Long chain

Plant protein

First class protein

Second class protein

(contain all the essential

amino acids)

(do not contain all the

essential amino acids)

polypeptide
2 classes

The helix chains or beta-pleated

sheets are folded into a 3D
shape of polypeptide chain.

Hormones, enzymes, plasma

protein, antibodies

Two or more tertiary structure

polypeptide chains are arranged
to form a large and complex
protein molecule.

Carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen.

Elements

Carbohydrates

Main
function

Ratio of H and O is
2:1

3 types

characteristics

characteristics
Simple sugar
C6H12O6
combine with
proteins and lipids to
form ________ &
______ respectively
3 types

Glucose (grape sugar)

Fructose (in fruits / honey)

Galactose (in milk)

formula

Double sugar / complex

sugars.
Consists of 2
monosaccharides joined
together through
condensation
Equation
Sucrose

3 types

characteristics
Hundreds or thousands of
monosaccharides linked through
condensation to form a long chain of
molecules.
Insoluble in water
Do not taste sweet.
Do not crystallise.

3 types

Elements

Carbon, hydrogen and

oxygen.

Lipids

Main
function

Source of energy
and energy
storage.

5 main types

Fats

Oils

Waxes

Steroids

structure
Solid at room
temperature

liquid at room
temperature

Long chain
molecules / water
proof.

Main component of
plasma membrane

plant
Equation

Found on the cuticles

of the epidermis of
leaves, fruits and
seeds of some plants.

animal

Fatty acids

Sebum that is
excreted from oil
glands in the skin
contains wax that
soften the skin.

Cholesterol
Major component in plasma
membrane.

Testosterone
Male sex hormone.

Oestrogen, progesteron
Female sex hormones.

The Differences between saturated fats and

unsaturated fats
Saturated Fats

Differences

Do not have any double bonds.

Unsaturated Fats
Have at least one double bond
between the carbon atoms.

The presence of
double bonds
between carbon
atoms in fatty acids

Cannot form any chemical bonds with

other atoms or react with additional
hydrogen atoms.
Solid
Contain more cholesterol.

Animal fats like butter

Ability to react with

an additional
hydrogen atom
Condition at room
temperature
Cholesterol level
Examples

Able to react with additional

hydrogen atoms. (with one double
bond are called monounsaturated
fats)
Liquid
Contain less cholesterol

Vegetable oils like corn oil and palm

oil.