Balancing of Reciprocating and Rotating Masses

8/31/2016
BalancingofReciprocatingandRotatingMasses
Balancing of
Reciprocating and
Rotating Masses
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Balancing: Balancing is dened as the process of designing a
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machine in which unbalance force is minimum. The rotating

and reciprocating parts of a high speed engine if are not
properly balanced, the dynamic forces will be setup.
Displacement, Velocity and
Balancing of rotating Masses: If the centre of mass of rotating
Acceleration Analysis of
machines does not lie on the axis of rotation, the inertia force
Plane Mechanisms
is given by F1 = m2 e
where, m = mass of the machine
= angular speed of the machine
Dynamic Analysis of
Linkages
e = eccentricity i.e., the distance from the centre of mass

to the axis of rotation.
Internal and external Balancing: Let a shaft carry an
unbalanced mass m1 with the centre of mass located at
distance e from the axis of rotation. The shaft can be
completely balancing by adding a mass m1 at a distance e1
from the axis of rotation diametrically opposite to m so that,
m2e = m12e1
(where, = speed of rotation of the shaft)
me = m1e1
In this case RA = 0, RB = 0
Cams
Gears and Gear Trains
Flywheels and Governors
Balancing of Reciprocating
and Rotating Masses
Gyroscope
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Notes
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The shaft will also be free from dynamic bending stress. This
situation is referred to as internal balancing.
The dynamic reactions RA and RB can be reduced to zero, by
adding two balancing masses m1 and m2 at distances e1 and e2
respectively from the shaft in the same axial plane as m but on
the opposite side of the axis of rotation.
me = m1e1 + m2e2
mea =m1e1a1+m2e2a
This situation is referred as external balancing where the

entire length of the shaft is not from dynamic bending
stresses.
Static Balancing: If a shaft carries a number of unbalanced
masses such that the centre of mass of the system is said to
be statically balanced.
Statically balancing is dened as below
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Dynamic Balancing: A system of rotating masses in dynamic

balance when there does not exist any resultant centrifugal
force as well as resultant couple.
Balancing of Several Masses in Dierent Planes: Let there be a

rotor revolving with a uniform angular velocity , m1, m2 and
m3 are the masses attached to the rotor at radii r1, r2 and r3
respectively. The masses m1, m2 and m3 rotate in planes 1, 2, 3
respectively. In order to complete balancing, Let introduce two
counter masses
and
at radii
and
respectively.
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Balancing Forces According to gure, the balancing

forces are dened as
Balancing Couples Let be
placed in reference plane and
be l2 from reference plane
By complex method,
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and
Balancing of Reciprocating Mass

This diagram shows the condition of the balancing of
reciprocating mass
Force required to accelerate mass is
Primary Balancing of Reciprocating Mass If c is the

fraction of the reciprocating mass, primary force
balanced by the mass
= cmr 2 cos
Primary force unbalanced by the mass
= (1-c)mr 2 cos
Vertical component of centrifugal force which remains
unbalanced
= cmr 2 sin
Resultant unbalanced force at any instant
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The resultant unbalanced force is minimum when

Secondary Balancing of Reciprocating Mass
The secondary balancing of reciprocating mass is dened as
the given below.
Secondary force
Primary forces must balance i.e., primary force polygon is
enclosed.
Primary couples must balance i.e., primary couple
polygon is enclosed.
Secondary forces must balance i.e., secondary force
Secondary couples must balance i.e., secondary couple
Balancing of Inline Engine: The in-line engine is a multicylinder engine in which the line of stroke of all reciprocating
parts are placed parallel to each other. The net force acting on
inline is equal to zero. For this, the line of action of the forces
must be same, or in other words, the centre of mass of the
system lie on the line.
Primary force = mr2[cos + cos(180+)]=0
Primary couple = mr 2 l cos
Maximum value at =0 and 180
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Secondary force
Maximum value at = 0, 90, 180, 270
Primary couple
Balancing of V-Engines: Consider a symmetrical two cylinder Vengine as shown in gure.

Primary Force
Total primary force along x-axis
= 2mr2 cos2 cos
Total primary force along z-axis
= 2mr2 sin2 cos
Resultant primary force
In case of 2 = 90
tan = tan
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and resultant force = mr 2 i.e., = or it acts along the crank

and it can be complete balance volume by diametrically
opposite mass such that mrrr=mr.
For a given value of , the resultant primary force is maximum
when is 0o.
Secondary Force
Total secondary force along x-axis
Total secondary force along z-axis
Resultant secondary force
If 2 = 90 or = 45
Secondary force
tan = =90
This means that at = 45o, the force out along z-axis and is a
harmonic force and special methods are needed to balance it.
Balancing of Radial Engine: Crank rotating in the direction of
engine rotation is known as the direct crank and imaginary
crank rotating in the opposite direction is known as reverse
crank.
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crank.
OA = primary direct crank

OA = primary reverse crank
OC = secondary direct crank
OC = secondary reverse crank
Component of centrifugal force due to rotating mass along the
line of stroke are given below
Due to mass at
Due to mass at
Thus total force along line of stroke = mr2 cos
Which is equal to the primary force.
Secondary accelerating force
Component of centrifugal force due to rotating mass along the

line of stroke are given below
Due to mass at
Due to mass at
Total secondary force along line of stroke
Next Chapter: Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration Analysis

of Plane Mechanisms
Previous: Dynamic Analysis of Linkages
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8/31/2016

Balancing: Balancing is dened as the process of designing a

machine in which unbalance force is minimum. The rotating

Displacement, Velocity and

Balancing of rotating Masses: If the centre of mass of rotating

e = eccentricity i.e., the distance from the centre of mass

Gears and Gear Trains

Flywheels and Governors

This situation is referred as external balancing where the

Dynamic Balancing: A system of rotating masses in dynamic

Balancing of Several Masses in Dierent Planes: Let there be a

Balancing Forces According to gure, the balancing

Balancing Couples Let be

placed in reference plane and

be l2 from reference plane

Balancing of Reciprocating Mass

Force required to accelerate mass is

Primary Balancing of Reciprocating Mass If c is the

The resultant unbalanced force is minimum when

Balancing of V-Engines: Consider a symmetrical two cylinder Vengine as shown in gure.

and resultant force = mr 2 i.e., = or it acts along the crank

Total secondary force along z-axis

Resultant secondary force

OA = primary direct crank

Component of centrifugal force due to rotating mass along the

Total secondary force along line of stroke

Next Chapter: Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration Analysis

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