ETHNIC DIVERSITY - may be

associated with positive group

interaction and coexistence or with
conflict.
ASSIMILATION - describes the
process of change that a minority
ethnic group may experience when it
moves to a country where another
culture dominates.
PLURAL SOCIETY- is a society
combining ethnic contrast ecological
specialization (i.e., use of different
environmental resources by each
ethnic group) and the economic
interdependence of those groups.
ENVIRONMENT- f any one ethnic
group is not only defined by natural
conditions, but also by the presence
and activities of the other ethnic
groups on which it depends.

discrimination or violent interethnic

confrontation.
PREJUDICE - means of devaluing a
group because of its assumed
behavior, values, capabilities, or
attitudes.
DISCRIMINATION- refers to policies
that harm a group and its members.
- may be a de facto or de jure

GENOCIDE- the most extreme form of

ethnic discrimination.
- the deliberate elimination of a group
through mass murder
ETHNOCIDE - the act of destroying a
the culture of certain ethnic group by
a dominant group.

ETHNIC BOUNDARIES - are most

stable and enduring when the groups
occupy different ecological niches.

Ethnic expulsion - aims to removing

groups who are culturally different
from a country.

-can be maintained through niche

specilization.

Ethnicity - It is based on cultural

similarities and differences in a society
or nation. The similarities are with
members of the same ethnic groups;
differences are between that group of
others. It means identification with,
and feeling part of, an ethnic group
and exclusion from a certain other
groups because of affiliation. (Barth,
F., 1969)

MULTICULTURALISM- the view of

cultural diversity in a country as
something good and desirable (Kottak
& Kozaitis, 2008).
-encourages the practice of culturalethnic tradition.
- its model is opposite to that of
assimilationist model.
ETHNICITY - based on perceived
cultural similarities and differences in
a society or nation, can be expressed
in peaceful multiculturalism or in

Status -Social scientists use this

neutrally--- for any position, no matter
what the prestige, that someone
occupies in society.
Ascribed status - People have little
or no choice about occupying them.

Achieved status - Arent automatic;

they come through choices, actions,
efforts, talents, or accomplishments,
and may be positive or negative.
Minority groups - They have inferior
power and less secure access to
resources.
Majority groups - They are the
superordinate, dominant, or
controlling.

and reproduce in a given environment

do so.
Melanin - The primary determinant of
human skin, is a chemical substance
manufactured in the epidermis, or
outer skin layer.
LANGUAGE - Our primary means of
communication.

Race - When an ethnic group is

assumed to have biological basis
(distinctively shared blood or genes)

Linguistic Anthropologist - They

reconstruct ancient languages by
comparing their contemporary
descendants and in so doing make
discoveries about histories.

Racism - Discrimination against such

a group.

Call Systems - Communication

systems of nonhuman primates.

Racial classification - The attempt to

assign humans to discrete
categories(purportedly) based on
common ancestry.

Cultural Transmission Transmission through learning, basic

to language.

The current explanatory approach

- Which focuses on the understanding
specific differences.
Species - It is a population whose
members can interbreed to produce
offsprings that can live and reproduce.
Subspecies - Such individual that
would be capable of interbreeding with
other subspecies of the same species,
but it would not actually do so
because of its geographic isolation.
Phenotype - It is used by the early
scholars to study race by reflecting the
shared genetic material(inherited from
a common ancestor).
Natural selection - Is the process by
which the forms most fit to survive

Productivity - Creating new

expressions that are comprehensible
to other speaker.
Displacement - Describing things and
events that are not present; basic to
language
HUMAN LANGUAGE -Has the
capacity to speak of things and events
that are not present (displacement).
PRIMATE CALL SYSTEMS - Are
stimuli-dependent; the food call will be
made only in the presence of food; it
cannot be faked.
Language - is our principal means of
communicating, but it isnt the only
one we use
Kinesics- is the study of
communication through body

movements, stances, gestures, and

facial expressions.
Culture - always plays a role in
shaping the natural.
PHONOLOGY - The study of speech
sounds are speech sounds, consider
which sounds are present and
significant in a given language.
MORPHOLOGY - The forms in which
sounds combine to form morphemes
LEXICON - A Dictionary containing all
its morphemes and their meanings.

HIGH Variant - At universities and in

writing, professions and the mass
media
LOW variant - For ordinary
conversation with family members and
friends.
HONORIFICS - are terms used when
people, often by added to their names,
to honor them.
Daughter languages -Languages
sharing a common parent language.

SYNTAX - Arrangement and order of

words in phrases and sentences.

Protolanguage - Language ancestral

to several daughter languages.

Phonemes-a sound contrast that

makes difference, that
differentiates meaning.

ETHNOGRAPHY -ANTHROPOLOGYS
DISTINCTIVE STRATEGY

Phonetics - Study of speech sounds

in general, what people actually says
in various languages.
THE SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS Different languages produce different
ways of thinking
SOCIOLINGUISTIC - The field of
sociolinguistic investigates
relationship between social and
linguistic variation, or language in its
social context.
STYLE SHIFTS - Varying ones speech
in different social contexts
DIGLOSSIA - Language with high
(formal) and low (informal, familial)
dialects.

ETHNOGRAPHY - a research strategy

of data collection involving a trained
observer documenting the life of an
extant people or group.
Culture shock - A condition of
disorientation affecting someone who
is suddenly exposed to an unfamiliar
culture or way of life or set of
attitudes.
Diary - A daily written record of
experiences and observations.
Genealogical method - used to
identify all-important links of kinship
determined by marriage and descent.
EMIC APPROACH (native-oriented)
-investigates how local people think
ETIC APPROACH (scientistoriented)-ethnographer emphasizes
what he/she notices and considers
important.

Longitudinal research - long-term

study of a community, region, society,
culture or other unit, usually based on
repeated visits.

technology, economics, and

demography the system of
production and reproduction without
which societies could not survive

ETHNOGRAPHY (TRADITIONAL) studies whole, functioning

communities

Symbolic anthropology - the study

of symbols in their social and
cultural contest.

Ancient Society - key example of

19th century evolutionism applied to
society

Interpretative anthropology - the

study of a culture as a system of
meaning.

Functionalism - socio-cultural
approach focusing on the role
(function) of practices in social
systems.

Phenotype -Expressed physical

characteristics Describes an
organisms evident traits, its manifest
biology physiology and anatomy,
including skin color, hair form, facial
features, and eye color.

Structural functionalism - customs

(social practices) function to preserve
the social structure
Panglossian functionalism - a
tendency to see things as functioning
not just to maintain the system but to
do so in the most optimal way
possible
Configurationalism - view of culture
is integrated and patterned.
Cultural Materialism - all societies
had an infrastructure, consisting of

Genotype -Hereditary makeup