An

sh

ul

Sh

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LCD AND KEYBOARD

INTERFACING

LCD is finding widespread use

replacing LEDs

ul

Sh

Ease of programming for characters and

graphics

An

LCD Operation

The declining prices of LCD

The ability to display numbers,
characters, and graphics
Incorporation of a refreshing controller
into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of
the task of refreshing the LCD

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sh

LCD
INTERFACING

Pin Descriptions for LCD

Descriptions

VSS

--

Ground

VCC

--

+5V power supply

VEE

--

Power supply to control contrast

RS

RS=0 to select command register,

RS=1 to select data register

R/W
E

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I

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I/O

R/W=0 for write,

R/W=1 for read

I/O

Enable

DB0

I/O

The 8-bit data bus

DB1

I/O

The 8-bit data bus

DB2

I/O

The 8-bit data bus

10

DB3

I/O

The 8-bit data bus

11

DB4

I/O

The 8-bit data bus

12

DB5

I/O

The 8-bit data bus

13

DB6

I/O

14

DB7

I/O

The 8-bit data bus

ul

-Send displayed
information or
instruction
command codes to
the LCD
-Read the contents
of the LCDs
internal registers

Symbol

sh

LCD Pin
Descriptions

Pin

An

LCD
INTERFACING

used by the
LCD to latch
information
presented to
its data bus

The 8-bit data bus

3

LCD Command Codes

Code (Hex) Command to LCD Instruction Register
2

Return home

Decrement cursor (shift cursor to left)

Increment cursor (shift cursor to right)

Shift display right

Shift display left

Display off, cursor off

Display off, cursor on

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Clear display screen

Display on, cursor off

Display on, cursor blinking

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Display on, cursor blinking

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LCD Command
Codes

10

Shift cursor position to left

14

Shift cursor position to right

18

Shift the entire display to the left

1C

Shift the entire display to the right

80

Force cursor to beginning to 1st line

C0

Force cursor to beginning to 2nd line

38

2 lines and 5x7 matrix

An

LCD
INTERFACING

PD.0

D0
VEE

LCD
PD.7

D7

VSS

RS R/W E

PB.0
PB.1

10k
POT

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Sh

VCC

//PORTD =LCD data pins

//rs PORTB. 0
//rw PORTB .1
//en PORTB. 2

ul

+5V

PIC

#include <P1BF45BO.h>
#define ldata PORTD
#define rs PORTBbits.RB0
#define rw PORTBbits.RB1
#define en PORTBbits.RB2
void main()
TRI SD = 0;
TRISB = 0;
en = 0;
MSDelay(250);
lcdcmd ( 0x38) ;
MSDelay(250);
lcdcmd (0x 0E) ;

sh

Sending Data/
Commands to
LCDs w/ Time
Delay

;calls a time delay before sending next data/command

;PD.0-PD.7 are connected to LCD data pins D0-D7
;PB.0 is connected to RS pin of LCD
;PB.1 is connected to R/W pin of LCD
;PB.2 is connected to E pin of LCD

An

LCD
INTERFACING

To send any of the commands to the LCD, make pin RS=0. For data,
make RS=1. Then send a high-to-low pulse to the E pin to enable the
internal latch of the LCD. This is shown in the code below.

//both ports Band Das output

//enable idle low
//init. LCD 2 lines, 5x7 matrix
//display on, cursor on

PB.2

PD.0

D0

LCD
D7

VSS

RS R/W E

PB.0
PB.1
PB.2

10k
POT

a
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Sh

VCC
VEE

PD.7

+5V

//line 1, position 6
//display letter 'M'
//display letter 'D'
//display letter 'E'

}
void lcdcmd(unsigned char value)
{
ldata = value;
//put the value on the pins
rs = 0;
rw = 0;
en = 1;
//strobe the enable pin
MSDelay(1);
en = 0;
}

ul

PIC

(cont)

//shift cursor right

sh

Sending Data/
Commands to
LCDs w/ Time
Delay

//clear LCD

An

LCD
INTERFACING

MSDelay ( 15) ;
lcdcmd ( 0x01) ;
MSDelay ( 15) ;
lcdcmd ( 0x06) ;
MSDelay ( 15) ;
lcdcmd ( 0x86) ;
MSDelay ( 15) ;
lcddata ( 'M');
MSDelay ( 15) ;
lcddata( 'D');
MSDelay ( 15) ;
lcddata( 'E');

Sh

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void lcddata(unsigned char value)

{
ldata = value;
//put the value on the pins
rs = 1;
rw = 0;
en = 1;
//strobe the enable pin
MSDelay(1);
en = 0;
}
void MSDelay(unsigned int itime)
{
unsigned inti, j;

ul

for(i=0; i<itime; i++)

An

sh

for(j=0; j<135; j++);

PD.0

VCC
D0
VEE

LCD
PD.7

D7

VSS

RS R/W E

PB.0
PB.1
PB.2

+5V

10k
POT

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//PORTD =LCD data pins

//rs PORTB. 0
//rw PORTB .1
//en PORTB. 2

Sh

PIC

(cont)

void main()
{
TRISD = 0;
TRI SB = 0;
en = 0;
MSDelay(250);
lcdcmd ( 0x38) ;
MSDelay(250);
lcdcmd (0x 0E) ;
lcdready () ;
lcdcmd ( 0x01) ;

ul

and Data to
LCDs w/ Busy
Flag

#include <P1BF45BO.h>
#define ldata PORTD
#define rs PORTBbits.RB0
#define rw PORTBbits.RB1
#define en PORTBbits.RB2

sh

Sending Codes

;PD.0-PD.7 are connected to LCD data pins D0-D7

;PB.0 is connected to RS pin of LCD
;PB.1 is connected to R/W pin of LCD
;PB.2 is connected to E pin of LCD

An

LCD
INTERFACING

//both ports B and D as output

//enable idle low
//long delay
//long delay
//check the LCD busy flag

//check the LCD busy flag

//check the LCD busy flag
//line 1, position 6
//check the LCD busy flag

//check the LCD busy flag

//check the LCD busy flag

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lcdready();
lcdcmd ( 0x06) ;
lcdready () ;
lcdcmd ( 0x86) ;
lcdready () ;
lcddata ( 'M');
lcdready();
lcddata( 'D');
lcdready();
lcddata( 'E');

An

sh

ul

Sh

}
void lcdcmd(unsigned char value)
{
ldata = value;
//put the value on the pins
rs = 0;
rw = 0;
en = 1;
//strobe the enable pin
MSDelay(1);
en = 0;
}

An

sh

ul

Sh

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void lcddata(unsigned char value)

{
ldata = value;
//put the value on the pins
rs = 1;
rw = 0;
en = 1;
//strobe the enable pin
MSDelay(1);
en = 0;
}
void lcdready ()
{
TRISD = 0xFF;
//make PORTD an input
rs = 0;
rw = 1;
do
//wait here for busy flag
{
en = 1;
//strobe the enable pin
MSDelay(1);
en = 0;
}while(busy==1);
TRISD = 0;
}
void MSDelay(unsigned int itime)

{
unsigned inti, j;
for(i=0;i<itime;i++)

for(j=0; j<135; j++);

}

LCD Timing for Read

LCD
INTERFACING

Data

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tD

E
tAS

tAH

Sh

R/W

ul

RS

sh

(cont)

D0 D7

An

Sending Codes
and Data to
LCDs w/ Busy
Flag

tD = Data output delay time

tAH = Hold time after E has

come down for both RS and
R/W = 10 ns (minimum)
tAS = Setup time prior to E
(going high) for both RS and
R/W = 140 ns (minimum)

Note : Read requires an L-to-H pulse for the E pin

11

LCD Timing for Write

a
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tH

tAS

tPWH

tAH

Sh

R/W

tH = Data hold time

= 10 ns (minimum)

tDSW

RS

ul

(cont)

Data

sh

Sending Codes
and Data to
LCDs w/ Busy
Flag

tDSW = Data set up time

= 195 ns (minimum)

An

LCD
INTERFACING

tAH = Hold time after E has

come down for both RS and
R/W = 10 ns (minimum)
tPWH = Enable pulse width
= 450 ns (minimum)
tAS = Setup time prior to E
(going high) for both RS and
R/W = 140 ns (minimum)

12

RS

R/W

DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0

1

AAAAAAA=000_0000 to 010_0111 for

line1
Y AAAAAAA=100_0000 to 110_0111 for
line2

An

sh

ul

Sh

The upper address

range can go as
high as 0100111
for the 40character-wide
LCD, which
corresponds to
locations 0 to 39

LCD Data Sheet

One can put data at any location in the

LCD and the following shows address
locations and how they are accessed

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LCD
INTERFACING

DB7

Line1 (min) 1
Line1 (max) 1
Line2 (min) 1
Line2 (max) 1

DB6

DB5

DB4

DB3

DB2

DB1

DB0

LCD Addressing for the LCDs of 402 size

13

Keypad

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A keypad is simply an array of push buttons

connected in rows and columns.

An

sh

ul

Sh

Two processes of keypad programming:

1. key press detection
1. Interrupt method
2. Scanning method
2. key identification.

Ke y bo ards are o rgani ze d i n a

ma t r i x o f rows and columns

The CPU accesses both rows and

columns through ports

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Therefore, with two 8-bit ports, an 8 x 8 matrix

of keys can be connected to a microprocessor

Sh

When a key is pressed, a row and

a column make a contact

sh

ul

Otherwise, there is no connection between

rows and columns

In I B M PC ke y bo ards, a si ng l e
mi cro c o nt ro l ler t ake s ca re o f
hardware and software interfacing

An

KEYBOARD
INTERFACING

15

Sh

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Identifying the
Key Pressed by
Interrupt

An

sh

ul

Key identification is done in following way:

1. To make sure that the preceding key has been released, 0 s are
output to all rows at once, and the columns are read and checked
repeatedly until all the columns are HIGH. When all columns are
found to be HIGH, the program waits for a short amount of time
before it goes to the next stage of waiting for a key to be pressed.

2. To see if any key is pressed, the columns are connected to the

PORTB-Change interrupt. Therefore, any key press will cause an
interrupt and the microcontroller will execute the ISR. The ISR must do
two things: (a) ensure that the first key press detection was not
erroneous due to spike noise, and (b) wait 20 ms to prevent the same
key press from being interpreted as multiple key presses.

Sh

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sh

An

Keyboard
debounce

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3. To detect which row the key press belongs to, the microcontroller
grounds one row at a time, reading the columns each time. If it finds
that all columns are HIGH, this means that the key press cannot belong
to that row; therefore, it grounds the next row and continues until it
finds the row the key press belongs to. Upon finding the row that the
key press belongs to, it sets up the starting address for the look-up
table holding the scan codes (or the ASCII value) for that row and goes
to the next stage to identify the key.
4. To identify the key press, the microcontroller rotates the column
bits, one bit at a time, into the carry flag and checks to see if it is LOW.
Upon finding the zero, it pulls out the ASCII code for that key from the
look-up table; otherwise, it increments the pointer to point to the next
element of the look-up table.

a
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Sh
ul
sh
An
Interrupt method for key press detection

Scanning and
Identifying the
Key

and the columns are connected to an

input port

Matrix Keyboard Connection to ports

Vcc
3

D2

An

If all the rows are

grounded and a key
is pressed, one of
the columns will
have 0 since the key
pressed provides the
path to ground

D3

Port 1
(Out)

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D1

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D0

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Scanning Method

A 4x4 matrix connected to two

ports The rows are connected to an output port

Sh

KEYBOARD
INTERFACING

D3

D2

D1

D0

Port 2
(In)

If no key has
been pressed,
reading the
input port will
yield 1s for all
columns since
they are all
connected to
high (Vcc)

19

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Grounding
Rows and
Reading
Columns

Sh

If the data read from columns is D3 D0

= 1111, no key has been pressed and the
process continues till key press is detected
If one of the column bits has a zero,
this means that a key press has
occurred

ul

Scanning Method

It is the function of the microcontroller

to scan the keyboard continuously to
detect and identify the key pressed
To de t e c t a pre s s e d ke y, t he
mi c ro c o nt ro l ler gro und s a l l
ro w s by prov i di ng 0 t o t he
o ut put l at c h, t he n i t re a d s t he
co l um ns

sh

An

KEYBOARD
INTERFACING

For example, if D3 D0 = 1101, this means that

a key in the D1 column has been pressed
After detecting a key press, microcontroller will
go through the process of identifying the key 20

Scanning Method

It reads the columns, if the data read is

all 1s, no key in that row is activated and
the process is moved to the next row

ul

(cont)

It gro unds t he ne x t ro w,
re a ds t he c o l umns , a nd
che c k s fo r any ze ro

Sh

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This process continues until the row

is identified

sh

Grounding
Rows and
Reading
Columns

S t ar t i ng w i t h t he t o p ro w, t he
mi cro c o nt ro l ler gro und s i t by
p rov i di ng a l o w t o ro w D 0 o nl y

An

KEYBOARD
INTERFACING

After identification of the row in which

the key has been pressed
Y

Find out which column the pressed key

belongs to

21

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Sh

(cont)

Solution :
From Figure 13-5 the row and column can be used to identify the key.
(a) The row belongs to D0 and the column belongs to D2; therefore,
key number 2 was pressed.
(b) The row belongs to D1 and the column belongs to D3; therefore,
key number 7 was pressed.

ul

Grounding
Rows and
Reading
Columns

sh

Scanning Method

Example 12-3
From Figure 12-6, identify the row and column of the pressed key for
each of the following.
(a) D3 D0 = 1110 for the row, D3 D0 = 1011 for the column
(b) D3 D0 = 1101 for the row, D3 D0 = 0111 for the column

D0

An

KEYBOARD
INTERFACING

D1
D2
D3

Port 1
(Out)

Vcc
D3

D2

D1

D0

Port 2
(In)

22

Sh

When all columns are found to be high, the

program waits for a short amount of time
before it goes to the next stage of waiting for
a key to be pressed

sh

(cont)

An

Grounding
Rows and
Reading
Columns

To make sure that the preceding key has

been released, 0s are output to all rows
at once, and the columns are read and
checked repeatedly until all the columns
are high

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1.

Scanning Method

For detection and identification of

key activation goes through the
following stages:

ul

KEYBOARD
INTERFACING

23

To see if any key is pressed, the columns

are scanned over and over in an infinite
loop until one of them has a 0 on it

2.

Scanning Method

Sh

ul

sh

(cont)

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Grounding
Rows and
Reading
Columns

Remember that the output latches connected

to rows still have their initial zeros (provided
in stage 1), making them grounded
After the key press detection, it waits 20 ms
for the bounce and then scans the columns
again
(a) it ensures that the first key press
detection was not an erroneous one due a
spike noise
(b) the key press. If after the 20-ms delay the
key is still pressed, it goes back into the
loop to detect a real key press

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KEYBOARD
INTERFACING

24

3.

Scanning Method

To detect which row key press belongs to,

it grounds one row at a time, reading the
columns each time

Grounding
Rows and
Reading
Columns

If it finds that all columns are high, this means

that the key press cannot belong to that row
Therefore, it grounds the next row and
continues until it finds the row the key
press belongs to
Upon finding the row that the key press
belongs to, it sets up the starting address for
the look-up table holding the scan codes (or
ASCII) for that row

Sh

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KEYBOARD
INTERFACING

sh

To identify the key press, it rotates the

column bits, one bit at a time, into the
carry flag and checks to see if it is low

An

4.

ul

(cont)

Upon finding the zero, it pulls out the ASCII

code for that key from the look-up table
otherwise, it increments the pointer to point to
the next element of the look-up table
25

KEYBOARD
INTERFACING

Flowchart for Program 12-4

Read all columns

Start

Scanning Method

Grounding
Rows and
Reading
Columns

no

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Ground all rows

All keys
down?
yes

Read all columns

Sh

Wait for debounce

(cont)

An

sh

ul

All keys
open?

no

Read all columns

yes

no

All keys
down?
yes

2
26

KEYBOARD
INTERFACING

Scanning Method

Grounding
Rows and
Reading
Columns

Ground next row

All keys
down?

Sh

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no

An

sh

ul

(cont)

yes

Find which key

is pressed
Get scan code
from table
Return

27