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Abstract
The aim of this research work is to design and develop a novel, cost effective strategy for fluoride removal from industrial waste
water. This study investigates the feasibility of three low-cost biomass based adsorbents namely: banana peel, groundnut shell and
sweet lemon peel for industrial waste water defluoridation at neutral PH range. Action of these adsorbents on fluoride was compared
with commercially available adsorbents. It was found to be much better, high removal efficiency at higher concentration (20 mg/l) of
fluoride in industrial waste water. The banana peel, groundnut shell and sweet lemon peel removed 94.34, 89.9 and 59.59
%respectively. Contact time for banana peel, groundnut shell, and sweet lemon peel are 60.0, 75.0, and 40 min respectively at doses
of 14, 12 and 16 gm/l respectively. Mechanism of adsorption kinetics was found pseudo-second order reaction, and the mechanism of
fluoride removal on adsorbents was found to be complex. The surface adsorption as well as intra-particle diffusion contributes to the
rate-determining step.
Keywords: Sodium Fluoride, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, pore milli water, Bio-adsorbents, SPDNS solution
----------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------1. INTRODUCTION
Fluoride is important as well as toxic for the human health. Its
higher concentration in water creates health problems. The
concentration between the ranges of 0.8 mg/l to 1.0 mg/l is
beneficial for reducing dental caries and helps in improvement
of bones [1-4]. Many evidences prove that higher
concentration of fluoride in water produces harmful effects on
dental system. The lack of Ca, protein and vitamins in the diet
are due the adverse effect of high concentration of fluoride [56].High F- concentration also leads to various diseases like
osteoporosis, arthritis, brittle bones, cancer, infertility, brain
damage, alzheimer syndrome, and thyroid disorder [7-8].The
suitable fluoride concentration in drinking water is in the
range of 0.5 mg/l to 1.5 mg/l (WHO). World-wide 200 million
people are affected by the dental fluorosis (Mohan et al.,
2012).In India, the maximum permissible limit of fluoride
according to World Health Organization is 1.5 mg/l. Safe
disposal of fluoride from the industrial waste water is very
critical environmental task for the industries. Large part of the
waste water is treated by lime softening method to reduce the
excess fluoride concentration. It reduces the fluoride
concentration by approximately 10-20 mg/l from the waste
water. Thus, further operation is necessary to reduce the
fluoride concentration to acceptable level (1.5 mg/l). For
further removal of F -, co-precipitation of fluoride with
Al3+isextensively employed but this method generates very
large amount of sludge [9-10]. Glass and ceramic production,
semiconductor manufacturing, electroplating, coal fired power
stations, beryllium extraction plants, brick and iron works, and
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Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org
776
100
groundnut shell
sweet lemon peel
banana peel
90
Removal efficiency, %
3.1 Effect of pH
The effect of pH on removal of fluoride was studies in the
range of 2-12 and results are illustrated in the Fig-1.
60
50
30
10
12
14
pH
70
40
80
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777
100
Removal Efficiency, %
90
100
banana peel
groundnut shell
sweet lemon peel
90
Removal efficiency(%)
Banana Peel
Groundnut Shell
Sweet Lemon Peel
80
70
60
50
80
70
40
60
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Time (min)
50
40
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
Dose (gm/l)
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100
2.1
80
Removal efficiency %
Removal efficiency%
90
Banana peel
groundnut shell
sweet lemon peel
70
60
1.4
groundnut shell
banana peel
sweet lemon peel
0.7
50
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
10
15
Inicial Con.(mg/l)
20
25
30
35
Capacity qe (mg/g)
( )
Adsorbents
pH
Contact
time(min)
Dose
(gm/l)
Concentration (mg/l)
Adsorption
Capacity
(mg/g)
Removal
Efficiency
(%)
Groundnut shell
7.0
75
12.0
20.0
1.498
89.90
Banana peel
6.0
60
16.0
20.0
1.340
59.55
4.0
40
14.0
20.0
0.744
94.34
log =
2.303
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150
banana peel
groundnut shell
sweet lemon peel
banana peel
groundnut shell
sweet lemon peel
125
-1
100
t/qt
log (qe-qt)
-2
75
50
25
-3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
t (min.)
t (min.)
Pseudo-second-order model:
1
= +
2 2
Where qe and qt (both in mg g1) are the amount of fluoride
adsorbed at equilibrium and at time correspondingly. K1
(min1) and K2 (g mg1 min1) are the kinetics rate constants
for the pseudo first- and second order models,
correspondingly.
By using the above graph the rate contant (k) of fluoride
sorption for all adsorbents were calculated with the help of
ploting the graphwhich are given below in table
Table 2:kinetics parameters for pseudo first order and second order reaction
Adsorbents
Banana peel
Groundnut shell
Sweet lemon peel
K1
0.039
0.053
0.086
From the above table, data show that the best model for the
adsorption for all adsorbent is pseudo-second-order.
Adsorption follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic because
of the better result for all adsorbents
Rate limiting step is necessary to determine for adsorption
study. External mass transfer, Intra-particle diffusion are two
methods to explain the solid liquid adsorption process for a
solute. Intra-particle diffusion occurs in the case of high speed
K2
0.434
0.254
0.295
R2
0.999
0.999
0.998
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780
= +
0.5
1.4
1.2
banana peel
groundnut shell
sweet lemon peel
1.0
0.8
0.6
3.0
4.5
6.0
7.5
9.0
0.5
t
Xi
R2
1.1320.921
1.221
0.929
0.494
0.803
Kp
0.026
0.033
0.494
2.5
2.0
1
=
+
Where
Ce
(mg/l)
is
equilibrium
concentration,
qm(mg/g)maximum adsorption capacity b is a constant. The
magnitude of b reflects the slope of the adsorption isotherm
which is a measure of adsorption affinity coefficient (Lmg1).
Ce/qe
1.5
Banana peel
1.0
0.5
Ce(mg/l)
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2.5
2.0
Ce/qe
0.4
1.5
0.2
1.0
log(qe)
Groungnut shell
0.0
banana peel
Ce(mg/l)
-0.2
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
log(Ce)
15
12
0.4
Ce/qe
0.2
log(qe)
0.0
12
groundnut shell
15
Ce (mg/l)
-0.2
0.0
0.3
0.6
log(Ce)
0.0
log(qe)
-0.1
-0.2
0.4
0.8
1.2
log(Ce)
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ln +
ln
()
1.0
qe
0.8
0.6
2.0
0.4
0
1.5
qe
ln(Ce)
1.0
banana peel
0.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
ln(Ce)
qe
1.8
1.2
grountnut shell
0.6
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
ln(Ce)
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783
Langmuir
b
qm
0.993 2.283
0.359 3.344
0.544 1.037
R2
0.989
0.979
0.971
Freundlich
KF
n
1.037 2.314
0.893 1.709
0.500 4.291
R2
0.914
0.959
0.883
Temkin
AT
9.032
3.060
16.693
bT
4860.86
3207.55
14987.6
R2
0.967
0.992
0.872
Initial Fluoride
Conc.(mg/l)
5
5
5
5
5
20
20
20
pH
% Removal
References
6.0
6.0
6.0
2.0
6.0
4.0
7.0
6.0
49.80
60.20
56.40
84.90
57.60
59.55
89.90
94.34
K.Y.Ashishet.al
K.Y.Ashishet.al
K.Y.Ashishet.al
A.R.Tembalkar
K.Y.Ashishet.al
Current
Current
Current
5. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
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