Geothermal Distribution

Adhitama Rachman 371310006

Hasibatul Farida
3713100028
Arin Dwi A
3713100029
Muhazzib

For the preliminary study of geothermal, we must to know the distribution of the volcano
or the geological setting. In this task, our group search the distribution of the volcano distribution
in the world, Indonesia , Java and East Java. Not only that, we also give the distribution of the
geothermal prospecting. Here our description :
1. Vulcano Distribution in the world

Figure 1. The Active Volcanoes, Plate Tectonics and the Ring of Fire

Figure 2. The Active Volcanoes in the world

Most natural geothermal fields are located at the plate boundaries, because this is where
volcanoes are concentrated and hot magma is close to the surface. New Zealand, for example, is
located on a plate boundary and has a lot of natural hot springs and geysers. It has several
geothermal power stations, including one at Waireki. This was the second geothermal power
station ever built. By knowing the volcano distribution, we can know the potential of geothermal
area. Here the map of the geothermal distribution :

Figure 3. The geothermal regions

The country in the red color have high potential of geothermal energy. It is caused the
geological setting in the volcanic distribution. So, from the map we can make relation between
volcanic and geothermal distribution.
2. Dissemination of geothermal energy in Indonesia
Indonesia is located at the confluence of three major tectonic plates, namely: Plate
Europe-Asia, India-Australia, and the Pacific that play a role in the formation of volcanoes in
Indonesia. This geological conditions make a tangible contribution for availability of geothermal
energy in Indonesia. Based on data from the Ministry of Energy, today there are 265 geothermal
sites that scattered along the volcanic track that stretch from Sumatra, Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara,
Sulawesi, and Maluku and non-volcanic track that stretch from the island of Bangka-Belitung,
Kalimantan west, South Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua.

Figure 1. The dissemination of region that has geothermal potention in Indonesia

Estimated total potential of geothermal energy in Indonesia around 28 112 MWe,
equivalent to 12 billion barrels of oil. But until 2010 only 1,9 GW is utilized as a power plant.
Installation of geothermal power plants that has already operated until 2010 are Sibayak
geothermal power plants (12 MW), Salak (375 MW), Wayang Windu (227 MW), Kamojang (200
MW), Darajat (255 MW), Dieng (60 MW), and Lahendong (60 MW).

Figure 2. Geothermal power plant that has operated

3. Geothermal in Java
Indonesia has abundant resources of geothermal energy. One of the highest potential and
geothermal resources in Indonesia is located in Java island which has 10.059 MW. Moreover,
Java also has drill in 66 field and has installed 1134 MW as highest production in Indonesia. In
2013, the fiield that has highest production in Indonesia is PLTP Salak in Bandung which is 377
MW. Despite of production field, Java Island also has another geothermal resources that still in
exploration and study. Before that, I will give you the volcano map distribution in Java Island :

Here are geothermal resources in Java Island :

Figure 1. Geothermal potential in Java (Sukhyar et al, 2010)

Based on above picture, we can see that almost 57 geothermal potentials in Java. Those
consist of quarternary volcanic geothermal system, tertiary volcanic geothermal system, outflow
system, non volcanic geothermal system, and geothermal production field. In other hand, some
of theses potentials have been drilled and production :

PLTP Kamojang, West java

140 MW

PLTP Salak, West java

375 MW

PLTP Darajat, West Java

145 MW

PLTP Wayang Windu, West java

110 MW

PLTP Dieng, Central Java

60 MW

The reason beahind abundant resources of geothermal in Indonesia is geological setting

of Java island. Java island is subduction zone that located in south Java. This subduction zone is
collision between ocean crust (Indo-Australia) and continental crust (Eurasia). Collision between
these 2 crust generate magma rising to surface and form mountains on the island of Java.
Volcanoes in Java dominated by andesitic stratovolcano types that related to geothermal system.
From geothermal potential map in Java, we can see that the potential is extends to the south of
Java island. There 2 main types of geothermal system in Java, geothermal which associate with
active volcano and geothermal which associate with non-active volcano. Mostly, geothermal
potential in Java include to outflow system (27 locations), and then quarternary volcanic
geothermal system (23 locations), non volcanic geothermal system (4 locations), and tertiary
volcanic geothermal system (2 locations). Differences between these systems is manifestation
types in surface. Almost all geothermal system is characterized by the presence of hot springs ,
while for manifestations such as travertine and neutral hotspring found only in the structure of
outflow. We alson can see on youn volcanic (tersier volcano) has all manifestions in surface.
4. Geothermal Distribution Map at East Java
Most of the geothermal system in East Java from geothermal system that associate with
the volcano, like quartiary volcano (Old Vulcano : Ngebel Wilis, G. Pandan, G. Arjuno, and
Ijen), follow by outflow system (Intermediate volcano : Cangar and Tiris), Tertiary volcano
(Melati and Rejosari) and one non-vulcanic geothermal system in Tirtosari. The potential of
geothermal in East Java abaout 1.206 Megawatt. For the premelimanary study to prospect this,
by knowing the distribution of volcano. Here the distribution of volcano in east java:

Picture 1. Vulcano distribution in East Java

Picture 2. Distribution of East Java Geothermal

From the picture, we know that East Java have many geothermal potensial. There are 11
spots that have been found and can generate the geothermal energy. There are 3 spots have been
explorating, they are WKP ((Wilayah Kerja Pertambangan) Gunung Ijen by Medco Cahaya
Energi, WKP Telaga Ngebel by Bakrie Energi and WKP Hyang Argopuro by Pertamina
Geothermal Energy. And the next exploration will be done by PT Hitay Renewable Energy in
Bromo-Tengger-Semeru. Here the description for the potential energy in several geothermal
spots in East Java :
a. Ngebel Ponorogo
The preminilary study had been done by Pertamina Geothermal Energy by
Geochemical, Geology and Geophysic survey :
- There is a hot spring with temperature 74C
- Metamorphic Rock and Fumarol in 87,7C
- The subsurface temperature aboaut 240C
- Potential Reserve 120 Mw

Picture 3. Ngebel Lake

b. Blawan Ijen
The potential energy about 270 MW. Blawan Ijen has caldera from the explotion
of Ijen Vulcano. The manifestation can we see at Ijen crater that have many
solfatar with the temperature 200C, the temperature at the surface of Ijen about
35 - 50C. The geothermal system divide in two zones, they are uplow zone at
Ijen Crater and Outflow zone at Belawan.

Picture 4. Ijen Crater

c. Arjuno Welirang
The potential energy in here abaout 92 MWe. The geothermal prospect in Arjuno
Welirang have geothermal system in high temperature. The surface
manifestation are solfatar and fumarole with high sulfur. We also can find hot
spring in the north. The heat source and upflow zone under Welirang, associate
with andesitic rock. The temperature of the reservoir about 190 - 230C. The high
sulfur content indicate the active magma system.

Picture 5. Welirang
d. Wilis Argopuro

The potential energy 185 MW. The geothermal system indicate by fumarole in the
top of Argopuro and it is the sign of upflow and outflow zone that the water
condensation follow the fault to North South and West South East. The
temperature of reservoir abaout 310C.

Picture 6. Argopuro
e. Tiris-G. Lamongan
The hot spring can find along Tacak river as the fault northwest northeast. The
type of the hot spring contain of bicarbonate-chloride with temperature 43C.
The temperature of reservoir 80-220C. the fluid from meteoric water.
Geothermal in Tiris is outflow and upflow zone of Lamongan volcano
f. Rejosari dan Melati
The potency about 25 MW and the temperature of the warm spring 40C an the
pH is neutral the warm spring contain sulfate.
g. Tirtosari
It is located at Sumenep, Madura. But the potency is small, abaout 10 MW. The
surface manifestation from hot spring
h. Songgoriti
The geothermal prospect in Songgoriti from the warm spring with temperature
47C. The characteristic is so different with Welirang because the fluid. The hot
source indicated from Panderman or Kawi.
i. G. Pandan
The potency in this area is 50 MW and it is located at Bojonegoro. The
geothermal system can identify from hot spring near the Pandan mountain.
j. Bromo Semeru
The potency about 500 MW

5. Result
From our workflow which are, collect data then analysis, measure, conclusion and the
last is continued plan, we can conclude that Indonesia is one of the highest potential resorces in
the world, That causes about Indonesias location, which located in Ring of Fire. That shows
Indonesia has the highest number of volcanos in the world. Geothermal resources distribution in
Indonesia is start from western until eastern of Indonesia. Sumatra and Java Island have the
highest potential and production of geothermal energy in Indonesia. In the other hand, PLTP
Salak in West Java is the highest production of geothermal field in Indonesia.
6. Continued Plan
After we known about geothermal resources and potential in Indonesia especially in east
java, we should know about geothermal challenges and development. Because from
identification the problems, we can analyze and looking for solution for those problems. The
solutions can from exploration until regulation of geothermal energy in Indonesia. So, by these
solutions, we can maximize and utilize all geothermal resources in Indonesia and can fulfil
energy

demand

in

the

future.