BARREL SHELLS

First find the longitudinal and shear (diagonal tension) reinforcing required for a
typical interior element of the structure.
1. A barrel shells acts as a beam in the long direction and as an arch in the curved area.
The arch is supported by internal shears. Approximate values for the bending
moments in the arch are summarized in the following sketch.

2. The area of reinforcing is obtained by estimating the effective depth of the beam
element, from the center of reinforcing to the center of compression. The force in the
reinforcing is equal to the bending moment divided by the effective depth. It may
require several approximations to get a fair value. The area of reinforcing is, of
course, the force divided by the allowable stress.

3. The tension in the diagonal direction is determined first by equating the

longitudinal force to the shear forces.

4. The sum of the shearing forces equals the longitudinal forces. Let S equal the unit
shear at the end of the beam. Then: S times the width of the shell times the length
divided by 4 equals the longitudinal force.
If there are no other forces on an element at the neutral axis of the beam, then the
diagonal tension equals the shear. From this information, a pattern of diagonal tension
bars can be constructed.

5. The horizontal reaction of the arch elements of the shell must be contained by an
rigid frame and a horizontal tie. Assume that this is simply a wide arch equal to half of
the span. An approximation for the horizontal force would be equal to the load per
foot on this arch times the arch span, squared divided by 8 and the rise. The thrust in
the arch can be determined from this and the vertical reaction.
6. The edge spans of the shell should be supported by intermediate columns. The
stiffness of a barrel shell at the outside edges is simply not stiff or strong enough to
carry the required loads. The shell reinforcing at the edge members acts more like a
typical arch and should be reinforced with two layers of bars.
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FOLDED PLATES
The design of folded plate roof structures follows the design of barrel shells, but is
much simpler because the elements are all essentially beams.
1. Support the folded plate at its longitudinal edges by frequent columns as was
suggested for barrel shells.
2. Analyse and design the slab element as a continuous beam on fixed supports,
including the first spans, normally a simple support. If it is haunched, then as a
continuous haunched beam.

3. Design a typical longitudinal interior element as a beam by the usual methods.

4. Support the ends of the folded plates by rigid frames. In this case the frames are
loaded by the shear forces from the slab element and are in the plane of the frame
members.

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UMBRELLA SHELLS
Following is a sketch of a typical inverted umbrella hypar. The principal elements are:

The shell element with stresses predicted by the membrane equation.

The interior rib created by the intersection of the shell elements.

The exterior rib supporting the shell, particularly in the exterior corners

The cental column and the connection to the shell.

The membrane equation for a hypar gives the direct stresses in the shell:
Shear = Tension = wab/2f,
where w = unit load, a and b = the dimensions of the individual panel, and f is the
vertical height of the panel.
These loads are transfered directly to the supporting ribs through shear, and are used to
design the ribs. The internal ribs are in compression and the external ribs are in tension.
In both cases, the direct stress varies from zero at the edges to maximum at the center.
If the external ribs are placed above the shell then the edge member will be prestressed in
positive moment and the edge of the shell will tend to deflect upward which is most
desirable. It is also desirable to design this member for the additional weight of the edge
member. The deflection at the end of the rib is critical.
The central column should be designed for some unbalanced load. The connection to the
shell defies analysis, but tests by the Portland Cement Association have proved the

strength of these types of joints. Be sure to include adequate reinforcing for any
contingency.
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FOUR GABLED HYPARS

The design of this structure follows, with exceptions, the design of the umbrella hypar.
Please refer to the previous example. The sketch shows the essential elements:

The shell acts as an arch in one direction and as a catenary in the other. The membrane
theory would predict that the stresses would be the same but of different sign. Studies by
the finite element method have demonstrated that if the abutments are fixed, the
compression stresses are greater, but if the abutments move because of, for example, a
steel tie stretching, then the catenary stresses are larger. Which brings us to the
conclusion that for the first case it would be advisable to increase the thickness of the
shell near the supports to take the load off the rib elements.
The top ridge member is in compression and may require additional area above that of
the shell. This is a long compression member and is free to deflect downward with the
possibility of ultimate buckling, (Which has happened.) It is, therefore, advisable to
camber this member upward to offset this tendency.
The slanting side ribs are also in compression and to some extent in bending, and sould
be designed for some of the weight of the rib, say one quarter for a start.
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DOMES OF REVOLUTION

The rules described are suitable for domes of revolution of any configuration or variable
thickness, not just cylindrical domes. The steps are as follows:

o Determine the total weight, P, above a series of horizontal sections

o The total vertical stress,V, at any section will be equal to the vertical force, P.
o The radial force at any section can be obtained for the freebody diagram for an
element as shown in the sketch. The symbol, Z, is perpendicular to the element.
For a cylindrical dome the radial force can be obtained form the equation:
(T(vertical) + T(horizontal))/R = Z

o If the shell is not vertical, or nearly vertical, at the base, then a ring beam will be
required. The force in the ring beam is obtained from the horizontal component,
H, of the force at the base as shown in the sketch, and the cylinder formula: P =
HR, where R is the horizontal radius of the shell.
o There will be some bending moment at the junction of the shell and the ring
beam, so it is usual to gradually increase the thickness at this point and add
moment reinforcing.
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TRANSLATION SHELLS
The translation shell is simply a square dome as shown by the sketch. The shape is
generated by a curve moving along another curve. If the curves are circles, then every
vertical section is the same. The dome is usually supported by arches. There are three
principal design areas: