Physics

Instructor's Solutions Manual
to accompany
Fundamentals of College Physics

Fifth Edition
Dr. Peter J. Nolan

Professor of Physics
Farmingdale State College
State University of New York
Farmingdale, New York 11735
Copyright by Peter J. Nolan
Table of Contents
PART ONE MECHANICS

Chapter 1
Introduction and Measurements
1. 555 ft(
14. 50 ft3 (lm/3.281 ft) 3 = 1.416 m 3 = 1.42 m3
1 m ) = 169 m
(3.281 ft)
15. a. 75 yr(365 day/yr)(24 hr/day)
(3600 s/hr)
= 2.365 10 9 s
b. 75 yr(365 day/yr)(24 hr/day)
(60 min/hr)
= 3.95 107 min
(3.942 109 min/lifetime)(70 pulses/min)
2. 305 ft ( 1 m ) = 92.96 m = 93.0 m

(3.281 ft)
3. 7 ft ( 1 m ) = 2.13 m
(3.281 ft)
4. 144ft2(1m/3.281 ft)2 = 13.38 m2 = 13.4 m2
= 2.76
5. (24 hr/day)(60 min/hr)(60 s/min)

= 86, 400 s/day
(86,400 s/day)(30 day/month)
= 2.59 106 s/month
(86,400 s/day)(365 day/year)
= 3.154 10 7 s/year
16. Cube : a = 50 cm = 0.50 m The cube has

six sides. The area of one side
= a2 = (0.50 m) 2 = 0.25 m2
Total area is 6(0.25 m2 ) = 1.50 m2
1.50 m 2 (3.281 ft/m)2 = 16.2 ft2
Volume = a 3 = (0.50 m) 3 = 0.125 m 3
6. Answers will vary.

Example: height = 6.0 ft
6.0 ft ( 1 m ) = 1.829 m = 1.83 m
(3.281 ft)
0.125 m3 (3.281ft/m) 3 = 4.42ft 3

17. (186,000 mi/s)(60 s/min)(60 min/hr)
= 6.70 108 mph
(186, 000 mi/s)(5280 ft/mi)[(l m )/( 3.281 ft)]
= 2.99 108 m/s
7. (60 mi/hr)(5280 ft/mi)( 1 hr )( 1 min )

(60 min)( 60 s )
= 88 ft/s
18. 90 ft(1 m/3.281ft) = 27.4 m
8. (90 km/hr)(1000 m/km)(3.281 ft/m)

(1 mile/ 5280 ft )
= 55.93 mph = 55.9 mph
19.
10 yd
100 yd
9. 1 km(1000 m/km)(3.281 ft/m) = 3281 ft

= 3280 ft
1m
= 9.14 m
1.094 yd
1m
= 91.4 m
1.094 yd
20. Sphere diameter = 6.28 cm

radius = 1/2 (diameter) = 3.14 cm
3
Volume = 43 r 3 = 43 ( 3.14 cm )
10. Using the result from problem 1.5,

l yr = 3.154
107 s
9
4.6 10 yr(3.154 107 s/yr)
= 1.451 10 17 s = 1.45 1017 s
11. (331 m/s)(3.281 ft/m) = 1086 ft/s =1090 ft/s
1080 ft/s (3600 s/hr)(1 mi /5280 ft )
= 736 mph
= 129.7 cm3 = 130 cm3

129.7 cm3(1m/100 cm) = 1.297 104 m3
= 1.30 104 m3
3
129.7 cm (1in/2.54 cm)3 = 7.914 in3 = 7.91 in3
129.7 cm3(1 ft/30.48 cm)3 = 4.580 103 ft3
21. 1245 ft(1 m/3.281 ft) = 379.5 m = 380 m

1245 ft(1 mi/5280 ft) = 0.236 mi
1245 ft(12 in./ft) = 1.49 104 in.
1245 ft(30.48 cm/ft)(10 mm/cm)
= 3.80
105 mm
12. (55 mi/hr)(5280 ft/mi)(1 m/(3.281ft)

(1km/1000 m )
= 88.51 km/hr = 88.5 km/hr
13. (1 g/cm3)(1kg/1000 g)(1
= 1 kg/L
109 pulses/lifetime
103 cm3/L)
22. in. = 0.25 in.(2.54 cm/in.) = 0.635 cm

0.635 cm(10 mm/cm) = 6.35 mm
1-1
Chapter 1 Introduction and Measurements

23. 7927 mi(1.609 km/mi) =1.275
104
km
24. 132 m = (4.258 m/story)(3.281 ft/m)

31 story
= 14.0 ft/story
25. 589 nm = 589 109 m
a. 589 103 1012 m = 589,000 pm = 5.89
105 pm
b. 589 106 103 m = 0.000589 mm
= 5.89 104 mm
c. 589 107 102 m = 0.0000589 cm
= 5.89 105 cm
9
d 589 10 m/wavelength
The length of a wave
= (589 109 m/wavelength)(39.37 in./m)
= 2.32 105 in./wavelength
The number of waves in an inch is the
reciprocal of the previous result.
Number of waves = 1/ (2.32 105 in./
wavelength)
= 4.31 104 wavelength/in.
26. 239,000 mi(1.609 km/mi)(1000 m/km)
= 3.85 108 m
27. 1 acre(43,560 ft2/acre)(1 m/3.281 ft)2
= 4046 m2 = 4050 m2
28. 1.67
(1/1.67
1024 g/atom
1024 g/atom) = 5.99
1023 atom/g
29. 2.54 cm = 1 in.

(2.54 cm)3 = (1 in.)3
16.4 cm3 = 1 in. 3
30. 1 L =1000 cm3
1 m = 100 cm
(1 m)3 = (100 cm)3
1 m3 = 1 106 cm3
(1 106 cm 3 )( 1 L
) = 1000 L/m3
(
1 m3
)( 1000 cm3)
31. 104 cubic micron(106 m/micron)3
= 1 1014 m3
106 cubic micron(106 m/micron)3
= 1 1012 m3
104 cubic micron(106 m/micron)3 (100
cm/m)3 (1 in./ 2.54 cm)3 = 6.10 1010 in.3
106 cubic micron(106 m/micron)3 (100
cm/m)3 (1 in./ 2.54 cm)3 = 6.10 108 in.3
32. 1 angstrom = 1010 m

20 1010 m = 20 102 1012 m
= 2000 pm
20 1010 m = 20 101 109 m
= 2nm
10
20 10 m = 20 104 106 m
= 0.0020 106 m = 0.002 m
20 1010 m = 20 107 103 m
= 20 107 mm
10
20 10 m = 20 108 102 m
= 20 108 cm
10
20 10 m = 20 1010 m
(20 108 cm)(1 in./ 2.54 cm)
= 7.87 108 in.
33. 8.6 angstroms = 8.6 1010 m
8.6 107 103 m = 8.6 107 mm
8.6 1010 m (39.37 in./m) = 3.39 108in.
34. 10 micron = 10 106 m = 10 104 102 m
= 10 104 cm = 103 cm
100 micron = 100 106 m.
= 100 104 102 m = 100 104 cm
= 102 cm
2
10 cm(1 in./2.54 cm) = 3.94 103 in.
103 cm(1 in./2.54 cm) = 3.94 104 in. (
Range: 103 cm to 102 cm
3.94 104 in to 3.94 103 in.
35. 0.2 micron= 0.2 106 m
a. 0.2 106 1012 m = 0.2 106 pm
= 200,000 pm = 2.0 105 pm
b. 0.2 103 109 m = 0.2 103 nm
= 200 nm
c. 0.2 100
106 m = 0.2 m
3
d. 0.2 10
103 m = 0.2 103 mm
= 0.0002 mm
e. 0.2 104 102 m = 0.2 104 cm
= 2 105 cm
36. 1454 ft(1m/3.281 ft ) = 443.2 m = 443 m
37. 145 g(1 slug /1.459 104 g)
= 9.94 103 slug = 0. 00994 slug
38. 40 ft3(1m/3.281 ft )3 = 1.13 m3
39. 42 gallon/barrel(231 in.3/gallon)
(2.54 cm/in)3 (1 m/100 cm)3 = 0.159 m3/barrel
40. 1298.4 m(3.281 ft/m) = 4.260 103 ft
= 4260 ft
1298.4 m (3.281 ft/m)(1 mi/5280 ft)
1-2
Chapter 1 Introduction and Measurements

= 0.807 mi
41. 10,911 m(3.281 ft/m) = 35,798.99 ft

= 3.58 104 ft
(3.1045
103 sec/year)(1 min/60 sec)

= 51.74 min/year
48. h = 1 7/8 in. = 1.875 in.

500 sheets
42. 6194 m(3.281 ft/m) = 20,322.5 ft

= 2.03 104 ft
43. 6371 km = 6.371 1 0 6 m
Surface area of a sphere = 4R2
= 4 (6.371 106 m)2
= 5.10 101 4 m2
14
5.101 10 m2 (3.281 ft/m)2
= 5.49 1015 ft2
Volume of a sphere = 4/3 R3
= 4/3 (6.371 1 0 6 m)3
= 1.08 1021 m3
1.083 1021 m3 (3.281 ft/m)3
= 3.83 1022 ft3
Density = m/V = (5.97 1024 kg/1.083
1 0 2 1 m3 ) = 5.51 103 kg/m3
a. Thickness of 1 sheet.
(1.875 in./1 ream)(1 ream/500 sheets)
1 sheet = .00375 in./sheet
(.00375 in./sheet)(2.54 cm/in.)(10 mm/cm)
= 0.0953 mm/sheet
b. l = 11 in.(2.54 cm/in.)(10mm/cm)
= 27.94 mm
w = 8 1/2 in.(2.54 cm/in.)(10 mm/cm)
= 21.59 mm
c. See Conversions: Appendix A
Area = l w
= (11 in.)(8.5 in.)(6.45 104m2/in.2)
= 6.03 102 m2
= (11 in.)(8.5 in.)(6.45 cm2/in.2)
(102 mm2/cm2) = 6.03 104 mm2
See Conversions: Appendix A

44. To convert from years to other time units,
apply dimensional analysis techniques
a. 5.27 yr (12 mo/1 yr) = 63.24 mo
b. 5.27 yr (365.24 d/1 yr) = 1.925 103 day
c. 5.27 yr (365.24 d/1 yr)(24 hr/day)
= 4.62 104 hr
d. 5.27 yr (365.24 d/1 yr)(86,400 s/day)
= 1.66 108 s
e. 5.27 yr (365.24 d/1 yr)(86,400 s/d)
(1 millisecond/103s)
11
= 1.66 10 milliseconds = 1.66 1011 ms
45. Apply dimensional analysis techniques
v = 40 km/hr(0.621 mi/km) = 24.84 mi/hr
46. Volume = length width height
h = 6 in. = 0.5 ft
a. V = (100 ft) (100 ft)(.5 ft) = 5000 ft3
b. V = 5000 ft3(2.83 102 m3/ft3) = 141.5 m3
c. V = 5000 ft3(28.3 L/ft3) = 1.42 105 L
d. V = 5000 ft3(7.48 gal/ft3) = 3.74 104 gal
47. The watch loses 8.5 sec per day or
a. 8.5 sec/day(30 day/month)
= 255 sec/month
or a loss of (255 sec)(1 min/60 sec)
= 4.25 min/month
b. 8.5 sec/day(365.24 day/1 year)
= 3.1045 103 sec/year or
1-3
Chapter 2 Vectors
Chapter 2
Vectors
W = 60.32 N
1. Fx = F cos 35 = (300 N)cos 35 = 246 N

Fy = F sin 35 = (300 N)sin 35 = 172 N
4. Set up a horizontal axis (y) and vertical axis (x)

Dy = D sin35
150 cm = D sin35
(150 cm/sin350) = D
D = 262 cm
2. F = 50 N at 50 above horizontal
Fy = F sin 50 = (50 N) sin 50 = 38.3 N
Fx = F cos 50 = (50 N) cos 50 = 32.1 N
3.
The normal force is the force the hill exerts on the sled.
It is perpendicular to the surface of the hill.
F is the force the boy must apply. The weight of the
sled is 68.0 N and is directed downward. See figure
2.13. Draw a diagram showing the forces acting on the
sled.
5. It is assumed that a direction of northeast is at 45as

shown
a. vN = v sin 45 = (200 km/hr) sin 45 = 141 km/hr
b. vE = v cos 45 = (200 km/hr) cos 45 = 141 km/hr
N
6.
Resolve the weight force into components. One

component is perpendicular to the surface, the other is
parallel to the hill. In order for the sled to remain at
rest, the force the boy exerts must equal the
component of the weight acting down the hill.
Therefore;
W = W sin 27.5
F = W sin 27.5 = 68.0 N (sin 27.5)
F = 31.4 N
vx = (200 km/hr) cos 8 = 198 km/hr

vy = (200 km/hr) sin 8 = 27.8 km/hr
7. See figure 2.13

W = 8900 N
W = W cos = 8900 N cos 43
W = 6510 N
W = W sin = 8900 N sin 43
W = 6070 N
The force exerted by the sled perpendicular to the hill

is
W = W cos 27.50 = 68.0 N (cos 27.5)
2-1
Chapter 2 Vectors
8. Draw a line parallel to the ground that contacts

the arm of the lawn mower and identify the given
angle.
Fx = (90 N) cos 40 = 68.9 N (horizontal)
Fy = (90 N) sin 40 = 57.9 N (vertical)
The component in the y-direction is downward and
may be given a negative sign. The vertical component
pushes down on the mower making it harder to push
along the ground. By raising the handle to 50, the
horizontal component is decreased and the contact
force (vertical component) is increased, making it
harder still to push the lawn mower.
11. It is assumed that the directions east-northeast

and northwest correspond to angles of 22.5and 45
respectively.
A = 3 km due east
B = 6 km east-northeast
C = 7 km northwest
Find the x- and y-components for each vector.
Ax = 3 km
Bx = (6 km) cos 22.5 = 5.54 km
Cx = (7 km) cos 45 = 4.95 km
Sum the x-components, the westerly direction is
negative.
Rx = Ax + Bx + Cx = 3 km + 5.54 km 4.95 km
= 3.59 km
Ay = 0
By = (6 km) sin 22.5 = 2.30 km
Cy = (7 km) sin 45 = 4.95 km
Sum the y-components, south is negative.
Ry = Ay + By + Cy = 0 + 2.30 km + 4.95 km
= 7.25 km
Now Rx and Ry are the components of R and form a
right triangle.
The magnitude = R = (Rx2 + Ry 2 ) 1 / 2
9. vx = (1000 m/s) cos 73 = 292 m/s

vy = (1000 m/s) sin 73 = 956 m/s
v sin
(3.59 km )
+ (7.25 km ) = 8.09 km
2
The direction is determined from

Ry
7.25 km
tan =
= tan 1
= 63.70
Rx
3.59 km
Resultant displacement R = 8.09 km at 63.7
north of east
10. Use the theorem - two parallel lines cut by a

transversal have equal alternate interior angles to
find the necessary angle .
Fp = F cos = (50 N) cos 63 = 22.7 N
F1 = F sin = (50 N) sin 63 = 44.6 N
2-2
Chapter 2 Vectors
N
13.
12. The directions northwest and south-southwest
are taken to be 45 and 22.5, respectively, as
shown.
A = 3 km north
B =12 km northwest
C = 5 km south-southwest
Determine the x-components.
Ax = 0
Bx = (12 km) cos 45 = 8.49 km
Cx = (5 km) sin 22.5 = 1.91 km
Sum the x-components, west is negative.
Rx = Ax + Bx + Cx = 8.49 km 1.91 km
= 10.4 km
Determine the y-components.
Ay = 3 km
By = (12 km) sin 45 = 8.49 km
Cy = (5 km) cos 22.5 = 4.62 km
Ry = Ay + By + Cy = 3 km + 8.49 km 4.62 km
= 6.87 km
Distance traveled = 3 km + 12 km + 5 km = 20 km
R = Rx2
tan =
Ry
Rx
Ry2 =
=
( 10.4 )
( 6.87 )
A = Velocity of Airplane
= 380 km/hr due North
B = Velocity of wind
= 75 km/hr from SE
R = Resultant Velocity of Airplane
Determine the x-components of the velocity of the
airplane and wind, west is negative.
Ax = 0
B x = B cos 45 = (75 km/hr) cos 45= 53.0 km/hr
R x = A x + Bx = 0 + 53.0 km/hr
R x = 53 km/hr
Determine the y-components of the airplane and
wind, south is negative.
Ay = 380 km/hr
B y = B sin 45 = 75 km/hr sin 45 = 53.0 km/hr
Ry = Ay + By = 380 km/hr + 53.0 km/hr = 433.0 km/hr
The magnitude of R:
= 12.5 km
6.87 km
= 0.661
-10.4 km
= 33.5 (See note) = 146.5o from the positive xaxis. Direction = 33.5 north of west
Magnitude = 12.5 km
Note: In determining the direction, the negative
sign for Rx implies that R is in the second or third
quadrant. But since Ry is positive, the vector R
must be in the second quadrant..
R = Rx2
Ry2 =
( 53.0 )
( 433 )
= 436 km
To determine the direction, look at the diagram

2-3
Chapter 2 Vectors
tan =
Ry
Rx
433.0 km/hr
= 8.17
53.0 km/hr
83.00
=
Magnitude 436 km/hr; direction 83.0 north of west.
* The negative sign for Rx is ignored using the
second quadrant right triangle with angle and
sides Rx and Ry.
14. Find the x-components of each force. fig(a)
ax = (30 N) cos 40 = 23 N
b x =(120 N)cos135 = 84.9 N
c x = (60 N) cos 260 = 10.4 N
Sum the x-components.
Rx = a x + b x + cx = 23 N 84.9 N 10.4 N = 72.3 N
Find the y-components of each force.
a y = (30 N) sin 40 = 19.3 N
b y = (120 N)sin 135= 84.9 N
cy = (60 N) sin 260 = 59.1 N
Sum the y-components.
R y = ay + by + cy = 19.3 N + 84.9 N 59.1 N = 45.1 N
The magnitude of the resultant is determined from
the Pythagorean theorem. fig. (b)
R = Rx2
tan =
Ry
Ry2 =
=
( 72.3 )
( 45.1)
15. Find the x-component of each force. fig. (a)

F1x = (200N)cos 53 = 120 N
F2x = (300 N) cos 150 = 260 N
F3x = 0
F4x = (350 N) cos 310 = 225 N
Sum the x-components.
Rx = F1x + F2x + F3x + F4x
Rx = 120 N + 260 N + 0 + 225 N = 85 N
Find the y-components for each force.
Fly = (200 N) sin 53 = 160 N
F2y = (300 N) sin 150 = 150 N
F3y = 200 N
F4y = (350 N) sin 310 = 268 N
Sum the y-components
Ry = F1y + F2y + F3y + F4y
Ry = 160 N + 150 N 200 N 268 N = 158 N
The resultant is determined from the
Pythagorean theorem. fig. (b)
= 85.2 N
45.1 N
= 0.624
72.3 N
Rx
= 32
R: magnitude of 85.2 N
direction = 32 above x-axis
or 148 from + x-axis
R = Rx2
Ry
Ry2 =
( 85 )
(158 )
= 179 N (magnitude)
158 N
= 1.86 ; = 61.7
85 N
Rx
Direction: 61.7 below + x-axis or 298.3
counterclockwise from + x-axis
tan =
2-4
Chapter 2 Vectors
17. Since the problem only asks for multiples and

combinations of vector A, the direction of the
resultant will be along a line 50 north of east in the
first quadrant (+A) to 50 south of west in the third
quadrant (A).
a. 2 = 2(15.0 m) = 30.0 m;
direction: 50 north of east
b. 0.5A = 0.5(15.0 m) = 7.50 m;
c. = 15.0 m;
direction: 50 south of west
d. e. f.
d.
= 5(15.0 m) = 75.0 m;
e.
A = 5A = 5(15.0 m) = 75.0 m;
f.
A = 3 = 3(15.0 m) = 45.0 m;
1 6 . a . Fh = Fcos 53 = 210 N cos530

Fh = 126.4 N
b. Fv = F sin 53 = 210 N sin 53
Fv = 167.7 N
c. The resultant downward force includes the
verticle component of F (upward) and the weight
of the trunk (taken to be negative downward)
R d o w n = Fv - w = 167.7 N 800 N
R d o w n = 632 N
2-5
Chapter 2 Vectors
The vector F3 points toward the origin. Therefore
the direction of this vector would be 600 below the
positive x-axis. The magnitude is 34.6 N
18.
19.
We want B + A = R
Therefore
B x + A x =Rx
By + A y = Ry
B x + (5.00 m/s) cos 60 = (8.00 m/s) cos 85
B x = 3.20 m/s
B y + (5.00 m/s) sin 60 = (8.00 m/s) sin 85
B y = 3.64 m/s
B = Bx2
Direction:
F32y =
(17.3 N )
= tan 1
F3 y
F3 x
(30.1 N )
= tan 1
(3.20 m/s )
(3.64 m/s )
= 4.85 m/s
Since Bx and By are both postive, is in the 1st

Quadrant.
By
3.64 m/s
= tan 1
= tan 1
= 48.70
3.20 m/s
Bx
Direction: = 48.7 above the + x-axis
B+A=R
To determine a third force that results in a

summation that equals zero, resolve the three forces
(as seen in figure b), into their x- and y-components
and solve for F 3x and F 3y. Then proceed to determine
the magnitude and direction of F3.
We need F1+ F 2 + F3 = 0
Therefore
F 1x + F 2x + F 3x = 0
and
F 1y + F 2y + F3y = 0
F 1x = F 1 cos 30
F ly = Fl sin 30
F 2x = F 2 cos 30 or F 2 cos 150
F 2y = F 2 sin 30 or F 2 sin 150
x-component:
(20.0 N) cos 30 (40.0 N) cos 30 + F3x = 0
F 3x = (40.0 N) cos 30 (20.0 N) cos 30 = 17.3 N
y-component:
(20.0 N) sin 30 + (40.0 N) sin 30 + F 3y = 0
F 3y = (20.0 N) sin 30 (40.0 N) sin 30 = 30.0 N
F = F32x
By2 =
= 34.6 N
30.0 N
= 60.00
17.3 N
2-6
Chapter 2 Vectors
21.
20.
2
x
R = R
tan =
Ry
Rx
2
y
R =
=
(100 km )
( 45.0 km )
= 110 km
45.0 km
= 0.450
100 km
= 24.2 north of west

The graphical solution to the problem requires the
use of a ruler and protractor. The scale for the
diagram is 1 cm = 10 km. Measuring the hypotenuse
to be 10.9 cm, equivalent to 109 km, and a measured
angle of 24.5 with protractor) north of west.
We need
A+B=R
Therefore
Ax + Bx = Rx
Ay + By = Ry
R x = (25 N) cos 53 (100 N) cos 63
Rx = 30.4 N
Ry = (25 N) sin 53 + (100 N) sin 63
Ry = 109.1 N
R = Rx2
Ry2 =
( 30.4 N )
(109.1 N )
= 113 N
Direction: R x is negative and Ry is positive;

the 2nd Quadrant.
Ry 109 N
tan =
=
= 3.59
Rx 30.4 N
is in
= 74.4 above the x-axis

22. Find the x-components; the wind blows from
the northwest toward the southeast. fig. (a)
a. vpx = 200 km/hr
vWx = (50 km/hr) cos 45 = 35.4 km/hr
Sum the x-components, west is negative.
Rx = upx + u wx = 200 km/hr + 35.4 km/hr
= 164.6 km/hr = 165 km/hr
Find the y-components.
vpy = 0
vWy = (50 km/hr) sin 45 = 35.4 km/hr
Ry = 35.4 km/hr
The resultant determined from the Pythagorean
theorem. fig. (b)
R = Rx2
tan =
Ry
Rx
Ry2 =
=
( 165 )
( 35.4 )
35.4
= 0.215
165
=12.1 (in the third quadrant)

2-7
= 169 km/hr
Chapter 2 Vectors
The velocity of the aircraft is 169 km/hr in the
direction 12.1 south of west.
The pilot must point the plane in a direction 10.2 N

of W.
c. To find the velocity of the plane, find the

resultant velocity in the east - west direction.
vresult, x = vplane,x + vwind,x
= 200 km/hr cos 10.2 + 50 km/hr cos 45
vresult, x = velocity of plane due west = 162 km/hr
= due west.
Time to travel = distance = 400 km = 2.47 hr
velocity 162 km/hr
23.
b. In order for the plane to travel due west, the pilot

must point the plane at some angle into the wind.
The final direction of the plane is due west. fig. (c)
vwind,x = 50 km/hr cos 45
vwind,y = 50 km/hr sin 45
vplane,x = 200 km/hr cos
vplane,y = 200 km/ hr sin
vresult, x = vresult, x '
vresult, y = 0
Using the information for the y(north - south)
direction, vwind,y + vplane,y = vresult,y = 0
(50 km/hr) sin 45 + 200 km/hr sin = 0
sin = (50 km/hr) sin 45 = 0.177
200 km/hr
At the end of the 3 segments of the trip, the airplane

is to be 200 km and 45 north of west (Resultant);
Therefore
A+B+C=R
A = 50 km due east
B = 75 km at 30.0 north of east
C = Unknown
Therefore:
Ax + Bx + Cx = Rx
2-8
Chapter 2 Vectors
d = VRL t = 7 km/hr (.079 hr) = 0.55 km
d. In this case, the boat must head against the flow
of the river, so that its resultant is pointed straight
across (due east). Referring to the diagram (fig. b)
V
7 km/hr
sin = RL =
= 0.368
VBR 19 km/hr
= 21.6
Directions: 21.6 north of east
21.6 Against the flow of the river
(above the horizontal)
Ay + By + Cy = Ry
x-component:
50 km + (75 km) cos 30 + Cx = (200 km) cos 45
Cx = 256 km
y-component:
0 + (75 km) sin 30 + Cy = (200 km) sin 45
Cy = 103.9 km = 104 km
C = Cx2
( 256 km )
C y2 =
(104 km )
= 276 km
Direction: is a second quadrant angle

Cx < O; Cy > 0
C y 104 km
tan =
=
= 0.406
Cx 256 km
24. The vectors representing the velocity of the boat
and river are at right angles to each other [See fig.
(a)].
VRL = velocity of the river relative to the land
= 7 km/hr
VBR = velocity of boat relative to the river
= 19 km/hr
VBL = velocity of the boat relative to the land
a. The Vector Equation is:
VB L = V B R + V R L
2
VBL = VBR
2
VRL
(19.0 km/hr )
(7 km/hr )
25. The easiest way to do this problem is by

construction (graphically).
Given < 90
1. Transfer tail of vector b to head of vector a.
2. Resultant of a + b is the vector R drawn from the
tail of a to the head of b.
3. Examine the figure (a); R is the main diagonal of
a parallelogram.
= 20.25 km/hr
(a)
For a b = a + (b):
1. Transfer tail of vector b to the head of
vector a.
2. Resultant of a + (b) is vector R drawn from
the tail of a to the head of (b).
3. Examine the figure (b); R is the minor diagonal of
a parallelogram.
For 0 > 90: follow the same procedure for the
addition of two vectors as described in the previous
part of this example.
b. The speed of the boat relative to the land is

20.25 km/hr. Since the river current does not change
the component of the boat's velocity directly across
the river, the boat travels the 1.5 km at 19 km/hr.
The time to cover this distance is
d = VBR t
t = d = 1.5 km = 0.79 hr or 4.74 minutes
VBR 19 km/hr
c. During the time it takes the boat to cross, the
river current carries the boat downstream
(southward) a distance
2-9
Chapter 2 Vectors
R y = a y + by + c y
= 2.5 km + 7.66km 18.8 km
R y = 8.63 km
R = Rx2
tan =
Ry
Rx
Ry2 =
=
( 4.74 km )
( 8.63 km )
= 9.85 km
8.63 km
= 1.82
4.74 km
= 61.20 below + x-axis
27.
26.
Find the x- and y-components for each vector and

sum to determine the components of the Resultant
Flx = (2.00 N) sin 40
Fly = (2.00 N) cos 40
F2x = (8.00 N) sin 50
F2y = (8.00 N) cos 50
F3x = (6.00 N) cos 20
F 3y = (6.00 N) sin 20
R x = F 1x + F 2x + F 3x
= 1.29 N 6.13 N + 5.64 N = 0.80 N
R y = F 1y + F 2y + F 3y
= 1.53 N 5.14 N 2.05 N = 5.66 N
Find the components (x and y) for each vector and

sum to determine components of the Resultant
ax = (5 km)cos 30
ay = (5 km)sin 30
b x = (10 km)cos 50
b y = (10 km)sin 50
c x = (20 km)sin 20
cy = (20 km)cos 20
R x = a x + bx + c x
R x = 4.33 km 6.43 km + 6.84 km
R x = 4.74 km
R = Rx2
2-10
Ry2 =
( 0.80 N )
( 5.66 N )
= 5.71 N
Chapter 2 Vectors
tan =
Ry
Rx
y-component of vector a. Therefore a equals

the vector sum of its x-and y-components and
can be represented as a = ax i + ay j
5.66 N
= 7.07
0.80 N
= 82
= 82 below + x-axis
a =
ax i
ay j =
( ax )
(a )
which is the definition of vector magnitude as

expressed by equation 2.24.
30. This relationship is called the Cauchy - Schwartz
inequality and can be demonstrated by using the
special case of the right triangle. Let a be 4 units
and b be 3 units. Also let a be perpendicular to b.
Then a and b form the sides of a right triangle with
an hypotenuse of 5 units, represented by the
vector c.
c =
b =
(4 )
(3)
= 5 units
a b = c = 5 units
but a
It is therefore demonstrated that

a b a b
28. Given three vectors A, B, and C, a linear combination can be constructed so that
C = nA + mB,
where n and m are scalars. Write vectors A and B
in terms of their components, Ax, Ay and Bx, By.
Multiply A by n, which yields nAx and nAy.
Multiply B by m which yields mBx and mBy.
By summing the x-components of A and B,
the x-component of C is acquired:
Cx = nAx + mBx
Repeating the process for the y-components yields
Cy = nAy + mBy
The new vector C has components Cx and Cy given
by nAx + mBy and nAy + mBy, respectively.
The magnitude of C is
C = Cx2
= tan 1
C y2 =
Cy
Cx
( nAx
= tan 1
mBx )
nAy
mBy
nAx
mBx
( nA
mBy )
b = 4 units + 3 units = 7 units
By adding a and b in the same direction,

|c| = |a| + |b|
|a + b| = |a| + |b| = 4 units + 3 units = 7 units.
In this special case it has been demonstrated that
|a + b| = |a| + |b|
To prove this for all possible vectors, a vector
algebra technique that is beyond the scope of the
course must be employed.
29. Show that a = ax i + ay j

i = unit vector in x-direction
j = unit vector in y-direction
ax = magnitude of x-component
ay = magnitude of y-component
i has a magnitude of 1 unit. ax = scalar and ay =
scalar.
Therefore ax i is a vector of length ax in the xdirection, which corresponds to the x-component of
vector a.
Also, ay j is a vector of length ay in the ydirection, which corresponds to the
31. velocity of plane relative to the air

V PA = 200 km/hr due east
velocity of air (wind) relative to land
vAL = 40 km/hr; 45 S of E
vPL = velocity of plane relative to land. Remember
the wind direction is given from the direction in
which it blows-northwest to southeast. fig. (a)
vPL = v PA + vAL
vPA. = 200 km/hr
2-11
Chapter 2 Vectors
vALx = (40 km/hr) cos 45 = 28.3 km/hr
vPLx = 200 km/hr + 28.3 km/hr = 228.3 km/hr
vPAy = 0
vALy = (40 km/hr) sin 45 = 28.3 km/hr
vPLy = 28.3 km/hr
In 1 hr time, the plane will be
dx = vx t = 228.3 km/hr (1 h) or 228.3 km east of its
starting point A, and
dy = vy t = 28.3 km/hr(1 h) = 28.3 km south of it
starting point. If the city at B is 200 km from A, due
east, then the plane has flown 228.3 km 200 km =
28.3 km east and 28.3 km south of the city.
Its final position would be D. fig. (b)
D =
( 28.3 )
( 28.3 )
tan =
Ry
Rx
90.2
= 12.2
7.4
= 85.3 above x-axis

b. a b = R
Rx = ax bx = 41.9 (49.3) = 91.2
Ry = ay by = 27.2 63.0 = 35.8
R = Rx2
Ry2 =
( 91.2 )
( 35.8 )
= 97.97 = 98.0
Direction fourth quadrant:

Ry 35.8
tan =
=
= 0.393
Rx 91.2
= 40.0 km to the south east of the city at B (45

south of east)
c.
a 2b = R
Rx = ax 2bx = 41.9 2(-493) = 140.5 = 141
Ry = ay 2by = 27.2 2(63.0) = 98.8
R = Rx2
Ry2 =
(141)
( 98.8 )
= 172
Direction fourth quadrant

Ry 98.8
tan =
=
= 0.701
141
Rx
d. 3a + b = R
Rx = 3ax + bx = 3(41.9) + (49.3) = 76.4
Ry = 3ay + by = 3(27.2) + (63.0) = 145
R = Rx2
Ry2 =
(76.4 )
(145 )
= 164
Direction first quadrant:

Ry 145
tan =
=
= 1.90
Rx 76.4
= 62.2 above + x-axis
e. 2a b = R
Rx = 2ax bx = 2(41.9) (49.3) =133
Ry = 2ay by = 2(27.2) (63.0) = 8.60
R = Rx2
Ry2 =
(133 )
( 8.60 )
= 133
Direction fourth quadrant:

f. 2b a = R
Rx = 2bx ax = 2(49.3) 41.9 = 141
Ry = 2by ay = 2(63.0) 27.2 = 98.8
32. a. a + b = R
ax = 50 cos 33 = 41.9
ay = 50 sin 33 = 27.2
bx = 80 cos 128 = 49.3
by = 80 sin 128 = 63.0
Rx = ax + bx = 41.9 + (49.3) = 7.4
Ry = ay + by = 27.2 + 63.0 = 90.2
R = Rx2
Ry2 =
( 7.4 )
( 90.2 )
R = Rx2
Ry2 =
( 141)
Direction second quadrant

Ry 98.8
tan =
=
= 0.701
141
Rx
= 35.0 above x-axis
= 90.5
Direction second quadrant:

2-12
( 98.8 )
= 172
Chapter 2 Vectors
F = w = 50 N = 144 N
2sin
2sin10
if = 20,
F = 50 N = 73.1 N
2sin20
Note that the force is about half as great.
33. Ty = (200 N) sin 38 = 123 N

Tx = (200 N) cos 38 = 158 N
34. The force exerted by the hanging block (w2) is

transmitted through the string and is equal to the
force, exerted up the incline, that holds the second
block in place. Since the blocks do not move, the
force w2 must balance, be equal to, the component of
w1 that acts parallel to and down the incline.
w1|| = w 2
w1|| = wl sin = w 2
sin = w 2 = 3 N = 0.6
wl
5N
= sin10.6 = 36.9
37. r1 = 20 m, 1 = 600
r2 = 25 m, 2 = 25
r1x = (20 m) cos 600 = 10.0 m
r1y = (20 m) sin 60 = 17.3 m
r2x = (25 m) cos 25 = 22.7 m
r2y = (25 m) sin 25 = 10.6 m
R = r2 r1
Rx = r2x r1x = 22.7 m 10.0 m = 12.7m
Ry = r2y r1y = 10.6m 17.3 m= 6.7m
R = Rx2
Ry2 =
(12.7 )
( 6.7 )
Direction first quadrant:

Ry 6.7
=
= 0.528
tan =
Rx 12.7
= 27.8 below the + x-axis
35. The force holding block 1 up is equal to the force

holding block 2 up. This force F, is also equal to the
component of w1 downward and parallel to the
plane. Further more, this force F is equal to the
component of w2 downward and parallel to the
plane. Therefore,
F = wl sin = w2 sin
sin = w 1 sin = 2 N sin 65 = 0.363
w2
5N
= sin 1 0.363 = 21.30
36. The force F acts all along the string. Redraw

the diagram.
= 10
The components of F acting in the vertical direction
must sum to equal the weight w for the object to be
held in place. The component of F in the vertical
direction is F sin , therefore,
2F sin = w
2-13
= 14.4
Chapter 3 Kinematics - The Study of Motion

8. To find the velocity along each segment, find the
slope of the line along each segment.
1. (25 min(1 hr/60 min) = 0.417 hr

t = 5.00 hr + 0.417 hr = 5.417 hr
a. v av = x = 500 km = 92.3 km/hr
t
5.417 hr
b. 92.3 km/hr (1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600 s) = 25.6 m/s
2. v = x/ t
Determine the distance traveled for each part
x1 = 65 km/hr(2 hr) = 130 km
x2 = 100 km/hr(3 hr) = 300 km
x = x1 + x2 = 130 km + 300 km = 430 km
The average velocity is defined as the total distance
traveled divided by the total time.
vav = x = 430 km = 86.0 km/hr
t
5.00 hr
a.
3. x = vav t = 343 m/s (5 s) = 1715 m = 1720 m away

4. vav =
vav
x=
t
= 1.28
= 1480
b.
3.84
108 m = 1.28
108 m/day
3.00 day
108 m/day(1 day/24 hr)(1 hr/3600 s)
m/s
c.
d.
5. Since this is a radio transmission

vavg = speed of light = c
x = vavg t
t = x = 7.80
107 km = 7.80
107 km (1000 m/km)
108 m/s
3
108 m/s
c
3
t = 260 sec = 4.33 min
OA : vavg = x = 15 m 0 m = 7.5 m/s

t
2s 0s
AB: vavg = x = 15 m 15 m = 0 m/s
t
4s2s
BC : vavg = x = 25 m 15 m = 5 m/s
t
6s4s
CD: vavg = x = 5 m 25 m = 10 m/s
t
8s6s
9. To find the acceleration along each segment, find

the slope of the line along each segment.
a. OA : aavg = v = 6 m/s 0 m/s = 3 m/s2
t
2s 0s
b. AB: aavg = v = 6 m/s 6 m/s = 0 m/s2
t
4s2s
c. BC : aavg = v = 10 m/s 6 m/s = 2 m/s2
t
6s4s
d. CD: aavg = v = 2 m/s 10 m/s = 4 m/s2
t
8s6s
6. x = vavg t
160 km/hr(1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600 s) = 44.4 m/s
t = x = 18.5 m = 0.417 s
vavg 44.4 m/s
For a speed of 95.0 km/hr,
95 km/hr(1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600 s) = 26.4 m/s
t = x = 18.5 m = 0.700 s
vavg 26.4 m/s
7. Student 1 will run around the track in a time
t = x = 2r 1 = 2(250 m) = 349.1 s
v1avg
vavg
4.50 m/s
In order for student 2 to "keep up" with student 1 he
must also run around the track in 349.1 sec.
However, student 2 travels a greater distance x =
2r 2. His speed must therefore be
v2avg = x2 = 2r 2 = 2(255 m)
t
t
349.1s
v2avg = 4.59 m/s
10. a. (110 naut. mi/hr)(6076 ft/naut. mi)

(1m/3.281 ft)(1 km/1000 m) = 204 km/hr
3-1

xl = at2 = (0.833 m/s2)(10 s)2 = 41.7 m;
v1 = at = (0.833 m/s2)(10 s) = 8.33 m/s
x2 = at2 = (0.833 m/s2)(15 s)2 = 93.7 m;
v2 = at = (0.833 m/s2)(15 s) = 12.5 m/s
x3 = at2 = (0.833 m/s2)(20 s)2 = 167 m;
v3 = at = (0.833 m/s2)(20 s) = 16.7 m/s
x4 = at2 = (0.833 m/s2)(25 s)2 = 260 m;
v4 = at = (0.833 m/s2)(25 s) = 20.8 m/s
b. (110 naut. mi/hr)(6076 ft/naut. mi)

(1m/3.281 ft)( 1 hr/3600 s) = 56.6 m/s
11.
Using the kinematic equations derived in the

chapter, the girl's initial speed is 1.00 m/s and
her final speed is 2.50 m/s
v = vo + at
v vo = a
t
a = 2.50 m/s 1.00 m/s = 0.300 m/s2
5.00 s
16. v2 = vo 2 + 2ax
a = v2 vo 2 = (75.0 m/s)2 0 = 3.88 m/s2
2x
2(725 m)
12. The final velocity of the car is zero.

vo = (95 km/hr)(1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600 s)
= 26.4 m/s
v2 = vo 2 + 2ax
v2 vo 2 = a
2x
a = 0 (26.4 m/s)2 = 5.81 m/s2
2(60 m)
Note: the result is negative, which demonstrates that
the car is decelerating.
17. v2 = vo 2 + 2ax
a = v2 vo 2 = (5.3 108 cm/s)2 0 = 3.88 m/s2
2x
2(0.25 cm)
= 5.62 1017 cm/s2
18. v = 100 km/hr(1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600s)
= 27.8 m/s
v2 = vo 2 + 2ax
a = v2 vo 2 = 0 (27.8 m/s)2 = 2.97 m/s2
2x
2(130 m)
Note: The negative sign indicates a deceleration.
13. Convert from km/hr to m/s.

vo = 25 km/hr (1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600s) = 6.94 m/s
vf = 65 km/hr (1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600 s)= 18.1 m/s
The acceleration is determined from
vf = vo + at
a = vf vo = 18.1 m/s 6.94 m/s = 1.31 m/s2
t
8.5 s
The distance is determined from
x = vo t + 1/ 2 at2 assuming xo = 0
x = (6.94 m/s)(8.5 s) + 1/2 (1.31 m/s2)(8.5 s)2
x = 106 m
19. Convert km/hr to m/s.

vo = 140 km/hr(1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600s) = 38.9 m/s
Knowing the distance to come to a stop,
v2 = vo 2 + 2ax
a = v2 vo 2 = 0 (38.9 m/s)2 = 6.31 m/s2
2x
2(120 m)
vf = vo + at
t = vf vo = 0 38.9 m/s = 6.16 s
a
6.31 m/s2
14. To determine the "takeoff' velocity use:

vf = vo + at where vo = 0 and t = 15.0 s.
To determine the needed acceleration use:
x = vo t + at2
a = 2x = 2(0.450 km)(1000 m/km) = 4.00 m/s2
t2
(15.0 s)2
The final velocity at takeoff is
v f = vo + at = 0 + (4.00 m/s2)15 s = 60.0 m/s
v f = 60 m/s(3600 s/hr)(1 km/1000 m)
v f = 216 km/hr
20. v2 = vo 2 + 2ax
a = v2 vo 2 = (30.0 m/s)2 0 = 180 m/s2
2x
2(2.50 m)
21. vo = 95 km/hr(1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600s) = 26.4 m/s
The final velocity is zero.
v = vo + at
Using the above equation, solve for a and substitute
into the equation for distance traveled.
a = v vo = 0 26.4 m/s = 5.80 m/s2
t
4.55 s
x = vo t + 1/ 2 at2
x = (26.4 m/s)(4.55 s) + 1/ 2 ( 5.80 m/s2)(4.55 s)2.
x = 60.1 m traveled before the car comes to rest
15. vo = 0;
v = 30.0 km/hr(1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600s) = 8.33 m/s
The acceleration needs to be determined in order to
use it in the distance relationships.
v = vo + at
a = v = 8.33 m/s = 0.833 m/s2
t
10.0 s
To find the distance, we need the relationship
x = vo t + at2
3-2

x = vavg t = 1/2 (vo + v )t
= 1/ 2 (22.2 m/s + 36.1 m/s)(26.9 s)
= 784 m
22. vo = ?; a = ?; v = 50 m/s; x = 200 m

Since the initial velocity vo is unknown, solve for it
and substitute v = vo + at into the given distance
equation.
x = vo t + 1/ 2 at2
v a t = vo
x = (v at)t + 1/ 2 at2 = v t at2 + 1/ 2 at2 = v t 1/ 2 at2
Solve for the acceleration, it is the only unknown in
the equation.
a = 2(x ut ) = 2[200 m 50 m/s (8 s)]
t2
(8 s)2
= 6.25 m/s 2
vo = v at = 50 m/s 6.25 m/s 2 (8 s) = 0 m/s
26. Find the distance during each type of motion and then
the total distance = dl + d2 + d3.
1. The acceleration of 4 m/s 2
dl = v0tl + 1/2 at2 = 0+ (4 m/s2 )(5 s)2 = 50 m
2. Determine the velocity after 5 s; and this velocity is
constant for 25 s.
d2 = v2t2 = (vo + at1 )t2 = (0 + 4 m/s2 (5 s))(25 s) = 500 m
v2 = v0 + at1 = 0 + 4 m/s 2 (5 s) = 20 m/s
v2 = v32 + 2ad3
3. The deceleration of 2.00 m/s 2
v3 = v2 = 20 m/s
v=0
23. vo = 30 km/hr(1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600) = 8.33 m/s

The velocity is constant during the reaction time of
the driver, t = 0.600 s, therefore the distance traveled
is
xreact = vavg t = 8.33 m/s(0.600 s) = 5.00 m
Deceleration: a = 4.50 m/s'
The stopping distance during deceleration is determined from
v2 = vo 2 + 2ax
x = v2 vo 2 = 0 (8.33 m/s)2 = 7.71 m
2a
2(4.5 m/s2)
The total distance traveled at 30 km/hr
= xreact + xdecel = 5.00 m + 7.71 m = 12.7 m.
By tripling the speed to 90 km/hr or 25.0 m/s the
reaction time distance is tripled from 5.0 m to 15 m.
xdecel = v2 vo2 = 0 (25.0 m/s)2 = 69.4 m
2a
2(4.5 m/s2)
Total distance traveled = xreact + xdecel
= 15.0m + 69.4m = 84.4m
0 ( 20 m/s )
v2 v32
=
= 100 m
d3 =
2a3
2 2.00 m/s2
2
The total distance = dl + d2 + d3

= 50 m + 500 m + 100 m = 650 m
27. Total time = tl + t2;
a1 = 3.00 m/s 2; a2 = +0.500 m/s2
t1 is the time to reach a velocity of 18 m/s.
v = vo + at1
v vo = t1 = 18 m/s 0 = 6 s
a
3s
t2 is the time to cover a distance of 250 m.
x = v1t2 + 1/ 2 a2t22
250 m = 18 m/s (t2) + 1/2 (+0.5 m/s2)t22
0.25t22 + 18t2 250 = 0
Apply the quadratic formula
t2 =
24. vo = 25.0 km/hr (1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600)

= 6.94 m/s
x = vot + 1/2 at2
a = 2(x vot) = 2(125 m (6.94 m/s)(12 s))
t2
(12 s)2
2
= 0.579 m/s
v = vo + at = 6.94 m/s + 0.579 m/s2 (12s)
= 13.9 m/s
t2 =
18
b2 4ac
2a
182 4(0.25)( 250)

2(0.25)
= 12.0 s
Total time T = tl + t2 = 6 s + 12.0 s = 18.0 s
Another way to solve is as follows: tl = 6 s
v2 = v12 + 2ax
Find the velocity after traveling 250 m
v2 = (18.0 m/s)2 + 2(+0.5 m/s2 )(250 m)
= 574 m2/s2
v = 24.0 m/s
Find the time to accelerate to that velocity.
v = v1 + at2
v v1 24.0 m/s 18 m/s
=
= 12 s
t2 =
a
0.500 m/s2
Total time T = 6 s + 12.0 s = 18.0 s
25. vo = 80 km/hr(1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600s)

= 22.2 m/s
v = 130 km/hr(1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600s)
= 36.1 m/s
There are two possible methods to solve this problem.
First, find the acceleration and then the distance.
a = v vo = 36.1 m/s 22.2 m/s = 0.517 m/s2
t
26.9 s
x = vo t + 1/ 2 at2
= 22.2 m/s (26.9 s) + 1/ 2 (0.517 m/s2 )(26.9 s)2
= 784 m
Or, find the average velocity and then the distance.
3-3

time for the handbag to hit the floor if the elevator was
28. The deck is to be y = 0 and the water is y = 15 m;

downward is negative.
v2 = vo 2 2gy = 0 2(9.8 m/s2)(15 m)
= 294 m2/s2
We must choose the minus root because downward is
negative.
v = 17.2 m/s
29. The level of the bridge is taken as y = 0, and the
water below as y = 30 m.
y = vot 1/2gt2
30 m = 0 1/2 (9.8 m/s2)t2
2 ( 30 m )
= t = 2.47 s
9.8 m/s2
v = vo gt
v = 0 9.8 m/s 2 (2.47 s) = 24.2 m/s
30. v = 95 km/hr(1000 m/km)( 1 hr ) = 26.4 m/s

(3600 s )
v2 = vo 2 2gy
v2 v02 ( 26.4 m/s ) 0
=
= 35.6 m
2 g
2 9.80 m/s2
2
y=
The car must fall a distance downward of 35.6 m.

31. The top of the building is taken as y = 0.
y = vot 1/2 gt2 = 0 1/2 (9.8 m/s2)(8 s)2 = 314 m
The rock falls 314 m; the building is 314 m tall.
32. y = vot 1/2gt2
t=
2 y
=
g
vo =0
2 ( 50 m )
9.8 m/s2
= 3.19 s
not moving at all

yf = vit 1/2gt2
1.25 m = 1/2 (9.80 m/s2)t2
0.505 s = t
It is the same!
33. The handbag has an initial velocity of 3.75 m/s

upward, and its position is taken as y = 0, relative to
the elevator shaft. The motion of the handbag is
taken as
yf = vot 1/2gt2
(3.75 m/s)t 2 (9.80 m/s2)t2 = 3.75t 4.9t2
yf is the position where the handbag meets the
elevator floor relative to the elevator shaft.
The floor of the elevator is moving upward at a
constant speed of 3.75 m/s and meets the handbag at
the same position yf. The floor, however, starts off
1.25 m below the handbag's initial position
yf = 1.25 m + (3.75 m/s)t = 1.25 + 3.75t
The two final positions are the same.
3.75t 4.9t2 = 1.25 + 3.75t
t2 = 0.255 s2
t = 0.505 s
The bag will hit the floor in 0.505 s (see diagram).
Since the velocity of the elevator is constant, the time
for the bag to hit the floor should be the same as the
34. y = vot 1/2gt2

v = vo gt
y2 = (40 m/s)(2 s) 1/2 (9.80 m/s2)(2 s)2 = 60.4 m
v2 = 40 m/s (9.80 m/s2)(2 s) = 20.4 m/s
y4 = (40 m/s)(4 s) 1/2 (9.80 m/s2)(4 s)2 = 81.6 m
v4 = 40 m/s (9.80 m/s2)(4 s) = 0.800 m/s
y6 = (40 m/s)(6 s) 1/2 (9.80 m/s2)(6 s)2 = 63.6 m
v6 = 40 m/s (9.80 m/s2)(6 s) = 18.8 m/s
y8 = (40 m/s)(8 s) 1/2 (9.80 m/s2)(8 s)2 = 6.4 m
v8 = 40 m/s (9.80 m/s2)(8 s) = 38.4 m/s
Note: The velocity is negative on the way down.
3-4

t=
t=
b2 4ac
2a
25
( 25 )
4 ( 4.9 )( 40 )
2 ( 4.9 )
25 37.5
9.8
= 6.38 s or 1.28 s (Time cannot be negative.)

t = 6.38 s to reach ground
37. Let y = 0 at top of bridge. The final position is
30 m below the top of the bridge.
y = vot 1/2gt2
30 m = (15 m/s)t 1/2 (9.80 m/s2 )t2
4.90t2 15t 30 = 0
t=
t=
b2 4ac
2a
15
( 15 )
4 ( 4.9 )( 30 )
2 ( 4.9 )
15 28.5
9.8
= 4.44 s or 1.38 s
Time must be positive, so it took
t = 4.44 s to reach water level
38. The initial velocity is downward, vo is negative.
vo = 15 m/s
y = 0 at the top of bridge.
y = vot 1/2gt2
30 m = (15 m/s)t 1/2 (9.80 m/s2 )t2
4.90t2 + 15t 30 = 0
t=
t=
35. y = vot 1/2gt2

v = vo gt
y1 = (40 m/s)(1 s) 1/2 (9.80 m/s2)(1 s)2 = 35.1 m
v1 = 40 m/s (9.80 m/s2)(1 s) = 30.2 m/s
y3 = (40 m/s)(3 s) 1/2 (9.80 m/s2)(3 s)2 = 75.9 m
v3 = 40 m/s (9.80 m/s2)(3 s) = 10.6 m/s
y5 = (40 m/s)(5 s) 1/2 (9.80 m/s2)(5 s)2 = 77.5 m
v5 = 40 m/s (9.80 m/s2)(5 s) = 9.0 m/s
y7 = (40 m/s)(7 s) 1/2 (9.80 m/s2)(7 s)2 = 39.9 m
v7 = 40 m/s (9.80 m/s2)(7 s) = 28.6 m/s
Note: The velocity is negative on the way down
b2 4ac
2a
15
(15 )
4 ( 4.9 )( 30 )
2 ( 4.9 )
15 28.5
9.8
= 1.38 s or
s
Time must be positive, so it took 1.38 s to reach
water.
39. The initial velocity is downward, vo is negative.
y0= 0 at the top of the building
a.
v2 = vo 2 2gy
v2 = (15 m/s)2 2(9.8 m/s2 )(40 m)
= 1009 m2/s2
v = 31.8 m/s
We must take the negative sign because the object is
moving downward.
b. v = vo gt
(v0 v) = t = [( m/s) (3
m/s)]
g
9.8 m/s 2
t = 1.71 s
36. Let y = 0 at top of building. The final position is

40 m below the top of the building.
y = 40 m vo = 25 m/s
y = vot 1/2gt2
40 m = (25 m/s)t 1/2 (9.8 m/s2)t2
4.9t2 25t 40 = 0
40. Solve for initial speed first. We know it rises 30.0

m and at the top of the rise, the velocity v = 0.
v2 = vo 2 2gy
3-5

vox at ground = 300 m/s
The y-component is determined from the freefall
relationship
vyg at ground = voy gt = 0 9.8 m/s2 (2.02s)
vyg = 19.8 m/s downward
2gy = vo2
2
v0 = 2 gy = 2(9.80 m/s )(30.0 m) = 24.2 m/s

To find the time to reach the height, v = 0,
v = vo gt
t = v vo = 0 2 2 m/s = 2.47 s
g
9.80 m/s2
The total time of the trip = 2t
= 2.47 s(up) + 2.47 s(down) = 4.94 s
v = v02x
tan =
v0 y
v02y =
=
(300 m/s )
( 19.8 m/s )
= 301 m/s
19.8 m/s
= 0.0660
300 m/s
v0 x
= 3.78 below the horizontal
41. Determining the time it takes to travel the

horizontal distance of 85 m.
x = vx t
t = x = 85 m = 5.67 s
vx 15 m/s
5.67 s is the time for the object to fall the height of the
building with initial vertical velocity equal to zero.
voy = 0
y = voyt 1/2 gt2 = 1/2 (9.8 m/s2 )(5.67 s)2
= 158 m
The building is 158 m tall.
45. Given the range, solve for the angle .

Range = v02 sin 2
g
sin2 = gR = (9.8 m/s 2)(3000 m) = 0.327
v 02
(300 m/s)2
2 = sin 0.327 =19.1

= 9.55
46. By aiming 1.00 m above the target the angle of
launch becomes
tan = 1.00 m = 3.33 x 103
300 m
= 0.1910
Using the equation (3.47) for Range
R = v02 sin 2
g
vo2 = Rg _
sin 2
42. y = 0 at the position of the nozzle and falls

0.650 m by the time it reaches the wall.
y = voyt gt2
voy = 0
0.650 m = 0 1/2 (9.8 m/s2)t2
t = 0.364 s, which is the time to fall 0.650 m.
The time to fall 0.650 m = the time to travel 7.00 m
horizontally
x = v0xt
v0x = x = 7.00 m =19.2 m/s
t
0.364s
Rg
(300 m)(9.80 m/s2 )
=
sin 2
sin2(0.191)
vo = 664 m/s
v0 =
43. v0 = 970 km/hr(1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600 s) = 269 m/s

Set y = 0 at the position of the airplane.
voy = 0
Find the time it takes for the bomb to fall 2000 m,
with the initial vertical velocity = 0.
y = gt2
47. vo = 50.0 m/s

voy = (50.0 m/s) sin 55 = 41.0 m/s
vox = (50.0 m/s) cos 55 = 28.7 m/s
vy = 0 (The vertical component of the velocity at the
top.)
a. v2 = vo 2 2gy
y = voy 2 = (41.0 m/s)2 = 85.8 m
2g
2(9.80 m/s 2)
b. The final position of the golf ball is on the ground
y = 0.
y = voyt 1/2gt2
0 = voyt 1/2gt2
voy = 1/2gt
t = 2voy = 2(41.0 m/s) = 8.37 s
g
9.80 m/s2
c. R = v02 sin 2 = (50.0 m/s)2 sin 2(55)
g
9.80 m/s2
= 240 m
2 ( 2000 m )
2 y
=
= 20.2 s
g
9.8 m/s2
The horizontal distance is determined to be
x = v0xt = 269 m/s (20.2 s) = 5430 m
t=
44. The initial velocity in the vertical direction = 0;

determine the time to hit ground.
y = 0 at top of hill, vox = 300 m/s, voy = 0
y = gt2
2 ( 20 m )
2 y
=
= 2.02 s to reach ground
g
9.8 m/s2
x = voxt = 300 m/s (2.02 s)
= 606 m horizontal distance away
The velocity in the x-direction remains unchanged.
t=
3-6

48. v 0 = 20 m/s
The vertical component of the velocity at the top
vy = 0.
a. vy 2 = voy 2 2gy
vy = 0
y = voy2 = (vo sin )2
2g
2g
= [(20 m/s) sin400] 2 = 8.43 m
2(9.8 m/s2 )
b. vy = voy gt
t = voy = vo sin = (20 m/s) sin 40
g
g
9.8 m/s2
=1.31 s
c. At top of trajectory, the vertical component
vy = 0.
vx = vox = vo cos = (20 m/s)(cos 40)
=15.3 m/s horizontally
d. R = vo 2 sin 2 = (20 m/s) 2 sin 2(40)
g
9.8 m/s2
= 40.2 m
e. The time of flight is equal to twice the time to
reach maximum height (path is symmetrical),
from part (b)
T = 2t = 2(1.31 s) = 2.62 s
51. acar = 2.50 m/s2

vcaro = 0 m/s
vtrucko = 60.0 km/hr(1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600 s)
= 16.7 m/s
a. The time for the car to overtake the truck occurs
when the car and the truck have traveled the
same distance.
xcar = vcarot + 1/2 acart2(position of car)
xtruck = vtruckot (position of truck)
xcar = xtruck
0 + acart2 = vtrucko t
t = 2vtrucko = 2(16.7 m/s) =13.3 s
acar
2.50 m/s2
b. xcar = vcaro t + 1 / 2 acart2
= 0 + 1 / 2 (2.5 m/s 2 )(13.3 s)2 = 221 m
c . v car = vcaro + acar t = 0 + 2.5 m/s 2 (13.3s)
v car = 33.3 m/s
52. v = v o + at; to the right is positive (+)
a. a = v v0 = 3.00 m/s 8.00 m/s
t
l0 s
= 1.1 m/s2
The acceleration is to the left.
b. The boat reverses its direction when it has a
velocity = 0.
v = v o + at
0 = 8.00 m/s (1.1 m/s2 )t
t = 7.27 s
The boat reverses direction after 7.27 s and covers a
distance
x = vot + 1 / 2 at2
= (8.00 m/s)(7.27 s) + 1/2 (1.1 m/s2)(7.27 s)2
= 29.1 m
c. The boat would take an additional 7.27 s to
return to the buoy. Total time to return to the
buoy is 14.54 s.
d. Since the motion is symmetrical, the speed is
8.00 m/s or v = v o + at
v = 8.00 m/s +(1.1 m/s2)(14.54 s)
= 7.99 m/s = 8.00 m/s
49.
v =(16,000 km/hr)(1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600s)

= 4440 m/s
a. The average acceleration is
a = v = v v0 = 4440 m/s 0
t
t
120s
= 37.0 m/s2
b. g = 9.8 m/s 2
37.0 m/s 2 = 3.78 acceleration due to gravity
9.8 m/s2
= 3.78 g's
50. = 25 (see figure below)
Acceleration down the ramp is the component of
gravity (g) parallel to the surface of the ramp.
a = g sin = 9.8 m/s 2 (sin 25) = 4.14 m/s2
(positive is downward in this case)
The length =10.0 m
v2 = vo 2 + 2ax
v2 = 0 + 2(g sin )x = 2(9.8 m/s2 sin 25)(10 m)
= 82.8 m2/s2
v = 9.10 m/s
v = v0 + at (positive direction is down the ramp)
t = v = 9.1 m/s = 2.20 s
a
4.14 m/s2
53. The first train is 50 m ahead of the second.

a1 = 2.00 m/s2
x1 = xo + vot + 1/2 alt2
2
a2 = 2.50 m/s
x2 = vot + 1 / 2 a2t2
xl = 50 m + 0 + 1 / 2 (2.00 m/s2 )t2
x2 = 0 + 1 / 2 (2.50 m/s2 )t2
The final positions will be the same; set the two
equations equal and solve
3-7

x1 = x2
50 + t2 =1.25t2
50 = 0.25t
200 = t2
14.1 s = t Train 2 will travel
x2 = vot + 1 / 2 a2t21
= 0 + 1 / 2 (2.50 m/s2)(14.1 s)2 = 249 m
v2 = 80 km/hr(1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600 s) = 22.2 m/s

al = 2.00 m/s2
a2 = 1.50 m/s2
The total distance available to stop is 2.00 km;
therefore, xl + x2 < 2.00 km or 2000 m in order for the
trains to stop safely.
v1f2 = 0 = v12 + 2alx1
v2f2 = 0 = v22 + 2a2x2
x1 = v12 = (34.7 m/s)2
2a1
2(2.00 m/s2)
x1 = 301 m
x2 = v22 = (22.2 m/s)2
2a2
2(1.50 m/s2)
x2 =165 m
xl + x2 = 466 m
The trains will stop in time.
54. The relationships remain the same, only this

time train 1 has an initial velocity v10 = 5.00 m/s
and train 2 has an initial velocity v20 = 7.00 m/s.
x1 = x0 + v10t + 1/ 2 a1t2
x2 = v20t + 1/ 2 a2t2
x1 = x2
x1 = 50 m + (5.00 m/s)t + 1/ 2 (2.00 m/s2)t2
x2 = (7.00 m/s)t + 1/2 (2.50 m/s2)t2
50 + 5t + t2 = 7t + 1.25t2
0.25t2 + 2t 50 = 0
t=
( 2)
( 2 ) 4 ( 0.25 )( 50 )
2 ( 0.25 )
2
57. Since the boy and the elevator are at rest relative
to each other and traveling at constant speed, the boy
will need to jump up with a velocity of
v2 = vo 2 2gy
The speed at height 0.500 m is zero relative to the
elevator floor.
vo 2 = v2 + 2gy = 2gy
= 2(9.8 m/s2)(0.5 m) = 3.13 m/s
The boy will be in the air a time
y = vot 1/2gt2
y = 0 at the floor
0 = vot 1/2gt2
vot = 1/2 gt2
t = 2vo = 2(3.13 m/s) = 0.639 s
g
9.8 m/s
The floor, moving at 5.00 m/s (downward) will travel
a distance relative to the elevator shaft (earth)
y = vyt = 5.00 m/s (0.639 s) = 3.19 m
2 7.35
0.5
=10.7 s or 18.7 s
Time must be positive: 10.7 s for train 2 to
overtake train 1.
Train 2 travels a distance
x2 = v20t + 1/ 2 a2t2
= 7.00 m/s (10.7 s) + 1/ 2 (2.50 m/s2 )(10.7 s)2
= 218 m
55. vpolice = 80 km/hr(1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600 s)
= 22.2 m/s
vcar =120 km/hr(1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600 s) = 33.3 m/s
In order for the policewoman to catch the speeding
car she must reach the county line in the same
amount of time as the other car. The distance she
travels will be 400 m.
xpolice = v0police t + 1/2 a1t2
The distance the speeding car travels is
xcar = x0 + vcart
The speeding car would reach the county line in a time
of
t = xcar x0 = 400 m 50 m = 10.5 s
vcar
33.3 m/s
Solve for the acceleration of the police car.
apolice = 2 (xpolice v0t)
t2
= 2(400 m (22.2 m/s)(10.5 s)
(10.5 s)2
apolice = 3.03 m/s2
58. v2 = vo2 2gmoon y

The velocity at the maximum height is zero.
0 = (25 m/s)2 2(l.62 m/s2 )y
y = 193m
59. voy = 20 m/s is the vertical velocity at the end of the
wheel's rise. Wheel will rise an additional
v2 = vo 2 2gy
y= vo2 = (20 m/s)2 = 20.4 m
2g
(2)(9.8 m/s2)
Total height above the ground = 300 m + 20.4 m
= 320.4 m
For the wheel to hit ground, the time will be
y = vot gt2
300 m = (20 m/s)t 1/2 (9.8 m/s2)t2
4.9t2 20t 300 = 0
56. Let x1 = distance traveled by train 1 during deceleration

Let x2 = distance traveled by train 2 during deceleration
v1 =125 km/hr(1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600 s) = 34.7 m/s
t=
( 20)
( 20 ) 4 ( 4.9 )( 300 )
2 ( 4.9 )
2
Must take positive Result: t =10.1 s

3-8
20 79.3
9.8

and R1 = R2
The velocity at the ground will be

vground = vo gt = 20 m/s (9.8 m/s2)(10.1 s)
= 79 m/s
63. The horizontal component of the velocity is

constant. Therefore
R = Range = v0 cos t =1.50 km =1.50 103 m
The vertical component of the motion
0 = vo sin t 1/2 gt2
Solve for one of the unknowns, in this case vo;
vo = R _
cos t
Substitute for vo
0 = Rsin t t 1/2 gt2
cos t
Solving for
0 = Rtan 1/2 gt2
tan = gt2 = (9.8 m/s z)(10.5 s)2
2R
2(1.5 x 103 m)
tan = .360
=19.81
Substitute to determine vo ;
R = vo cos t
R = vo
cos t
1500 m
_
vo =
cos(19.81)(10.5 s)
vo = 152 m/s
60. v10 = 0
yl = 1/2 gt2
yl = 20 m
v20 = ?
y2 = v20t 1/ 2 gt2
y2 = +20 m
The time to reach halfway from roof
2y1 = t2 = 2(20 m)
g
9.8 m/s2
t = 2.02 s for balls to collide.
The balls will meet halfway, which is 20 m above the
ground.
20 m = v20(2.02 s) 1/2(9.8 m/s2 )(2.02 s)2
40 = v20(2.02)
19.8 m/s = v20, the initial speed of the ball thrown
upward
61. tl = time for first ball to reach ground.
y1 = 1/ 2 gt12
40 m(2) = t12
9.8 m/s2
2.86 s = t1
The time for second ball to reach the ground is
t2 = tl 2.00 s = 2.86 s 2.00 s = 0.86 s.
For the second ball to reach the ground at the same
time, the initial velocity must be
y2 = v20t2 1/ 2 gt22
(y2 + 1/ 2 gt22) = v20
t2
v20 = 40 m + 1/2 (9.8)(0.86 s)2
0.86 s
= 42.3 m/s (downward)
64. The final position of the ball is y = 0

voy = vo sin 65 = (20 m/s) sin650 = 18.1 m/s
vox = vo cos 65 = (20 m/s) cos650 = 8.45 m/s
a. y = voyt gt2
2v0y = t
g
t = 2(18.1 m/s) = 3.69 s
m/s2
62. Range = v02 sin 2

g
1 = 45 +
2 = 45
sin(A + B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB
R1 = v02 sin (90 + 2 )
g
2
= v0 (sin 90 cos 2 + cos 90 sin 2 )
g
= v02 cos 2
g
R2 = v02 sin (90 2 )
g
= v02 [sin 90 cos(2 ) + cos 90 sin(2 )
g
= v02 cos(2 )
g
Use the trig. identity cos A = cos(A), therefore,
v02 cos 2 = v02 cos(2 )
g
g
b. R = v02 sin 2
g
= 31.3 m
= (20.0 m/s)2 sin 2(65)

9.80 m/s2
c. vy 2 = voy 2 2gy The final velocity at top is zero.

y = voy 2 = [18.1 m/s]2 = 16.7 m
2g
2(9.80 m/s2)
d. x-component remains unchanged = v0 cos 65
= 8.45 m/s
y-component (due to symmetry) = v0 sin 65
=
m/s
v = vx2
tan =
3-9
vy2 =
vy
vx
(18.1 m/s )
18.1 m/s
= 2.14
8.45 m/s
( 8.45 m/s )
= 20.0 m/s

= (30 m/s cos 50) =19.3 m/s
The vertical component vy = voy gt
= vo sin 50 gt
= (30 m/s) sin 50 (9.8 m/s 2 )(7.44s)
= 49.9 m/s
The velocity at impact with ground
= 650 below + x-axis
v = vx2
x
1
x
g
2 v0 cos 450
v0 cos 450
= (35 m/s)sin 450
(19.3 m/s )
( 49.9 m/s )
= 53.5 m/s
vy 49.9 m/s
tan =
=
= 2.59
vx 19.3 m/s
= 68.9 below horizontal (+x-axis)
65. voy = vo sin 45

vox = vo cos 45
Determine the time to reach the fence
x = vox t
t= x =
x _
vox
vo cos 45
Position of the ball at the fence in the y-direction:
y = voyt gt2
y = v0 sin 450
vy2 =
92 m
35 m/s cos450
2
1
92 m
(9.80 m/s2 )
2
35 m/s cos450
= 92 m 67.7 m = 24.3 m
The ball is at a height of 24.3 m above the ground
and clears the fence by 21.3 m.
35.5
67. voy = vo sin 35.5

u oy is negative because it is directed downward. Let
y = 0 at top of building. Let y = 20 m at base of
building. To determine the time to hit the ground:
a. y = vo sin t gt2
20 m = 22.5 m/s sin 35.5t
4.9t2 +13.1t 20=0
t=
13.1
1/2 (9.8
(13.1) 4 ( 4.9 )( 20 )
2 ( 4.9 )
2
m/s2)t2
13.1 19.8
9.8
must take value t > 0

t = 0.684 s
66. voy = vo sin 50; y = 0 at bridge; vox = vo cos 50
a. vy 2 = voy 2 2gy
y = (vo sin500)2 = (30 m/s sin500)2
2g
2(9.80 m/s2)
= 27 m above the bridge or 127 m above
the ground.
b. y = voyt gt2
The ball lands at a position y = 100 m.
100 m = (30 m/s sin 50)t 1/2 (9.8 m/s2)t2
4.9t2 23t 100 = 0
t=
( 23)
( 23 ) 4 ( 4.9 )( 100 )
2 ( 4.9 )
2
23 49.9
9.8
Must take positive time:

t = 7.44 s
b. Horizontal distance
R = v0 cos t
R = (22.5 m/s) cos 35.5(0.684 s)
R =12.53 m away from base of building
68. The kinematic equations of motion are
x = v0xt
y = voyt gt2 + y0
Eliminating the time between the equations we get
t = x/v0x
y = v0 y
x
x
12 g
v0 x
v0 x
Simplifying,
v0 y
x2
y=
x 12 g 2
v0 x
vox
y=
c. Horizontal distance = v ox t = vocos50t

R = (30 m/s cos 50)(7.44 s) =143 m
v0 y
v0 x
d. Horizontal velocity = constant = v o cos 50

3-10
y0
g
x2
2
2vox
v0 y
g
x2
x
2
v0 x
2vox
y0
y y0 = 0
y0

which is of the standard form of the equation of a
parabola
A x 2 + D x + Ey + F = 0 .
Hence the trajectory of the projectile is a parabola.
69. For ball 1, motion in the y-direction,
v10y = 0, v10x = 0
y1 = gt12
For ball 2, motion in the y-direction,
v20y = 0, v10x = v0x
y2 = gt22
and the x-direction
x 2 = v0x t 2
but, yl = y2
1/2 gt12 = 1/2 gt22
tl = t 2
The two balls will reach the ground at the same time.
3-11
Chapter 4 Newtons Laws of Motion
Chapter 4 Newton's Laws of Motion

1. we a r t h = mg e a r t h = 100 kg(9.8 m/s2) = 980 N
wm a r s = m g m a r s = 100 kg(3.84 m/s2) = 384 N
2. w = m g
m= w =
g
F = ma = 68.1 kg(-1160 m/s2)

= 7.90 104 N opposite to direction of motion.
With the boxes present, the distance to stop is
5 1.25 m = 6.25 m; find the deceleration,
v2 = vo 2 + 2ax
a = v2 vo 2 = 0 (26.4 m/s)2
2x
2(6.25 m)
= 55.8 m/s2 (deceleration)
Compute the force as before
F = ma = 68.1 kg(-55.8 m/s2)
= 3.80 103 N opposite to direction of motion.
890 N = 90.8 kg
9. 8 0 m /s2
3. F = ma = 15.0 kg(5.00 m/s2) = 75.0 N

4. a. 95 km/hr(1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600 s) = 26.4 m/s
The acceleration is determined from the
kinematic relationships of Chapter 3.
v = vo + at
a = v vo = 26.4 m/s 0 = 2.20 m/s2
t
12s
8. Find the acceleration using the kinematic

equations of Chapter 3.
v2 = vo 2 + 2ax
a = v2 vo 2 = (75.0 m/s)2 0
2x
2(1 m)
= 2.81 103 m/s2
Compute the force
F = ma = 0.012 kg(2.81 103 m/s2)
= 3.37 101 N
b. F = ma = (1450 kg)(2.20 m/s2) = 3190 N

5. As above 95 km/hr = 26.4 m/s
Find the acceleration using the kinematics of
Chapter 3.
v2 = vo 2 + 2ax
a = v2 vo 2 = 0 (26.4 m/s)2
2x
2(76.0 m)
a = 4.59 m/s2 (deceleration)
m = w/g = (14,240 N)/(9.80 m/s2) = 1450 kg
F = ma = (1450 kg( 4.59 m/s2)
= 6.66 103 N (opposite to direction of motion)
9. Find the acceleration

v = vo + at
a = v v0 = 3 m/s 0 = 0.25 m/s2
t
12.0 s
Compute the force needed to accelerate the truck;
F = ma = (2270 kg)(0.25 m/s2 ) = 568 N
6. vo = 88 km/hr (1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600 s) = 24.4 m/s

Find the deceleration using the kinematics equations
of Chapter 3.
v2 = vo 2 + 2ax
where v = 0
a = v2 vo 2 = 0 (26.4 m/s)2
2x
2(70.0 m)
a = 4.25 m/s2
Newton's 2nd Law
F = ma = 910 kg (4.25 m/s2)
F = 3870 N (opposite to the direction of motion)
7. 95 km/hr = 26.4 m/s
(Assume driver comes to rest in same distance
as car) Weight of driver is
w = m g = 68.1 kg(9.8 m/s2) = 667 N
Using the kinematics of Chapter 3 to find
the acceleration.
v2 = vo 2 + 2ax
a = v2 vo 2 = 0 (26.4 m/s)2
2x
2(0.30 m)
= 1160 m/s2 (deceleration)
Compute the force
10. a. w = mg
m = w = 265 N = 27.0 kg
g
9.80 m/s2
b. F = ma
a = F = 890 N
m
27.0 kg
= 33.0 m/s2
Use the kinematic relationships.
c. v2 = vo 2 + 2ax = 0 + 2(33.0 m/s2)(3.00 m)
= 198 m/s
11. A free body diagram (see below) shows the
tension acting upward and the weight acting
downward.
The sum of these forces = ma.
a. F = T w = ma
T = w + mg = mg + ma = m(g + a)
= w (g + a)
g
4-1

= 8000 N (9.80 m/s2 + 1.5 m/s2)
9.8 m/s2
= 9220 N
b. An acceleration downward is a negative
acceleration.
F = T w = ma
T = ma + w = mg + ma = m(g + a)
= w (g + a)
g
= 8000 N (9.80 m/s2 1.5 m/s2)
9.8 m/s2
= 6780 N
Notice the tension in the cable is less than in
part a. There is less strain on the cable when
the elevator accelerates downward.

tension acting upward and the weight downward.
The maximum tension is 30 N and the acceleration
downward is negative.
F = T w = ma Newton's second law
a = T w = T w = 30N 60N
m
w/g
60 N/9.8 m/s2
2
= 4.9 m/s (downward)
15. Find the acceleration needed to produce the

change in velocity described using the kinematic
equations of Chapter 3.
vo = 25 km/hr = 6.95 m/s
v = 50 km/hr = 13.9 m/s
v2 = vo 2 + 2ax
a = v2 vo 2 = (13.9 m/s)2 (6.95 m/s)2
2x
2(60.0 m)
= 1.21 m/s2
Compute the force.
F = ma = (9.08 105 kg)(1.21 m/s2)
= 1.10 106 N
16. Although the force is directed at an angle of
43.5 above the horizontal, it is the horizontal (xaxis) component that causes the acceleration along
the smooth surface (refer to free body diagram).
Fx = ma
F cos 43.5 = a
m
70 N cos 43.50 = a
30.0 kg
a = 1.69 m/s2
The distance follows from
x = vot + 1 / 2 at2
x = 0 + 1/2 (1.69 m/s2)(8.5 s)2
x = 61.1 m
13. v2 = vo 2 + 2ax
The final velocity of the bullet is zero. Determine the 17. From the free body diagram, the tension acts
acceleration from the kinematic equations.
upward and the weight downward.
a = v2 vo 2 = 0 (100 m/s)2 = 8.33 104 m/s2
Newton's second law yields F = T w = ma
2x
2(0.06 m)
T = w + ma = mg + ma = m(g + a)
F = ma = (0.005 kg)(8.33 104 m/s2)
= (80 kg)(9.80 m/s2 + 0.300 m/s2) = 808 N
= 417 kg m/s2 = 417 N
14. The free body diagram shows the tension acting
upward and the weight acting downward. From
Newton's second law, F = ma = T w
a = T w = T w = 450 N 350 N _ = 2.80 m/s2
m
w/g
350 N/9.80 m/s2
4-2

18. a. F = ma
a = F = 10 N = 0.500 m/s2
m 20 kg
21. From the free body diagram and Newton's

2nd Law
b. v = vo + at = 0 + 0.500 m/s2(5 s) = 2.50 m/s

c. x = vo t + 1 / 2 at2 = 0 +
= 6.25 m
1/2(0.500
m/s2)(5 s)2
d. At 7.00 s
v = vo + at = 0 + (0.500 m/s2 )(7 s) = 3.5 m/s
Since the force is removed at 7.00 s, there is no
acceleration. Therefore, the speed at 8.00, 9.00, and
10.00 s is the same as at 7.00 s namely 3.5 m/s. The
velocity is constant after 7.00 s.
The following text and diagram apply to
problems 19 and 20.
The weight of the block can be resolved into two
components: one parallel (w ||) and one perpendicular
(w|) to the surface of the incline. Apply Newton's
second law to the forces acting parallel and
perpendicular to the incline.
F|| = w sin = ma||
F| = F N - w| = 0
19. a. The force accelerating the block down the

incline is the component of gravity parallel to the
plane.
w|| = w sin = (200 N) sin 37 = 120 N
b. F = ma
a = F = F = Fg =
m w/g w
= 5.88 m/s2
(120 N)(9.80 m/s2 )

200 N
20. The acceleration is caused by the component of

the weight parallel to the incline.
F = ma
a = F = F = w|| g =
w sin g = g sin
m w/g
w
w
a = 4.9 m/s 2
Compute the velocity using the kinematic
relationships.
v2 = vo 2 + 2ax = 0 + 2(4.9 m/s2)(10.0 m)
= 98.0 m2/s2
v = 9.9 m/s
Let F N be the force exerted by the scale on the

individual. This will be the force reading on the
scale.
a . F = FN w = ma
FN = w + ma = mg + ma
= 90.0 kg (9.8 m/s 2 + 1.5 m/s 2 )
F N = 1017 N = 1020 N
b. For a constant Velocity a = 0
F = FN w = ma = 0
F N = w = mg = 90.0 kg (9.8 m/s 2 )
F N = 882 N
c. Assuming the elevator is moving upward and
decelerating: (deceleration is negative)
F = FN w = ma
FN = w + ma = mg + ma
F N = 90.0 kg (9.8 m/s 2 1.50 m/s 2 )
F N = 747 N
d. At constant Velocity a = 0. The direction of
the forces is unchanged.
F N = w = mg = 90.0 kg (9.8 m/s 2 ) = 882 N
e. If the cable breaks, then the elevator and
the person in it experience a downward
acceleration equal to g = 9.8 m/s 2 (downward is
negative).
Therefore: F = FN w = ma = m (9.8 m/s 2 )
F N = w + m(9.8 m/s 2 ) = mg m(9.8 m/s 2 )
F N = m(9.8 m/s 2 9.8 m/s 2 ) = 0
spring force acts upward (the positive direction)
and the weight acts downward (the negative
direction). Applying Newton's second law,
F = Fs w = ma
a. Fs = w + ma = m(g + a)
= 2.00kg(9.8 m/s 2 + 1.5 m/s 2 )
= 22.6 N
A deceleration is negative. a = 1.5 m/s 2
b. F S = w + ma = m(g + a)
4-3

= 0.165 s
= 2.00 kg(9.8 m/s 2 1.5 m/s 2 )

= 16.6 N
24. Draw a free body diagram of each block (see

below). Choose down the incline as positive. The
forces affecting the motion of the block A are the
component of the weight parallel to the incline and
the tension in the string.
c. There is no acceleration with a constant

velocity.
a=0
Fs w = 0
F s = w = mg = 2.00 kg(9.8 m/s2) = 19.6 N
d. In free fall, the acceleration is equal to the
acceleration due to gravity.
a=g
F s = w + ma = mg mg = 0
23. The weight of the block can be resolved into two

components, one parallel to and the other perpendicular to the incline. It is the component parallel to
the incline, acting downward, that causes the
deceleration of the block. Since the block is initially
directed up the incline, this direction is taken as
positive. Apply Newton's second law to the block for
the forces parallel to the incline. (See diagram below.)
Newton's second law gives

FA = w||A TB = mA a
For block B, the important forces are again the
parallel component of the weight and the tension T B.
From Newton's second law FB = w||B + TB = mB a
a. mAg sin TB = mAa
(1)
mBg sin + TB = mBa (2)
Add equations (1) and (2)
(mA + mB)g sin = (mA + mB)a
g sin = a
a = (9.8 m/s2 ) sin 38 = 6.03 m/s mA + mB 2
b. Using equation (1) the tension in the string
mAg sin TB = mAa
mAg sin mAa = TB
TB = mAg sin - mAg sin = 0
F = w|| sin = ma (up the plane is positive)

a. w sin = ma
mg sin = ma
g sin = a
The distance traveled is determined from the
kinematic relationships
v2 = vo 2 + 2ax = vo 2 + 2(g sin )x
x = v 2 vo 2 =
(1.20 m/s)2
= 0.0989 m
2g sin
2(9.80 m/s2)sin480
b. To find the time
v = vo + at where v = 0 at the top of the incline
t = v v0 = v v0 = 0 1.2 m/s
_
a
g sin
(9.80 m/s2)sin480
25. A free body diagram of block B (see below), where

to the right is positive, applying Newton's second
law.
a.
FB = T = mBa
(1)
For block A, a free body diagram, where up is
positive yields,
FA = T wA = mA a
(2)
Multiply equation (2) by 1, and add the two
equations
T =mBa
T + wA = mAa
wA = (mB + mA )
(2.00
a =
wA
= mAg
mB + mA mB + mA
4-4

=
(2.00 kg)(9.8 m/s2) = 0.891 m/s2

(20.0 kg + 2.00 kg)
Using kinematic relationships to find speed and

position at t = 3.00 s
b.
v = vo + at = 0 + 0.891 m/s2 (3.00 s) = 2.67 m/s
c.
x = vot + 1 / 2 at2 = 0 + 1 / 2 (0.891 m/s2 )(3.00 s)2

= 4.01 m
x = 4.01 m to the right
26. See figure 4.14 for diagram. Drawing a free body

diagram for both objects (see below) and applying
Newton's second law yields equations (1) and (2).
mB = 30.0 g
mA = 50.0 g
FA = T wA = mAa
(1)
FB = T wB = + mBa
(2)
Subtract equation (2) from (1).
T wA = mAa
T + wB = mBa
wB wA = (mA + mB)a
mAg mBg = (mA + mB)a
a = (mA mB)g = (0.050 kg 0.030 kg) (9.80 m/s2)
(mA + mB ) (0.050 kg + 0.030 kg)
= 2.45 m/s2
Block A moves downward and block B upward.
a.
27. Drawing a free body diagram of each mass (see

below) and applying Newton's second law yields the
first three relationships. To the right is positive.
F1 = T1 = m1a
(1)
F2 = T2 T1 = m2a
(2)
F3 = F T2 = m3a
(3)
Add the three equations
F T2 + T2 T1 + T1 = (m1 + m2 + m3)a
F = (m1 + m2 + m3)a
= (0.1 kg + 0.2 kg + 0.3 kg)(4.00 m/s2)
= 2.4N
Use equation (3) to determine T 2
T2 = F m3a = 2.4 N 0.3 kg(4.00 m/s 2 )
= 1.2 N
T1 is acquired from equation (1)
Tl = mla = 0.1 kg(4.00 m/s2) = 0.400 N
b. v = vo + at = 0 + (2.45 m/s2)(4.00s)
= 9.8 m/s
Block A is moving downward, therefore a negative
sign is attached to the acceleration.
c. Use the kinematic relationships.
y = vot + 1/ 2 at2 = 0 + (2.45 m/s2 )(4.00 s)2 = 19.6
m
y = 19.6 m below its orginal position
d. Substitute the value for a into equation (1)
T wA = mAa
T = wA mAa = mA(g a)
= 0.050 kg(9.80 m/s 2 2.45 m/s2)
= 0.368 N
28. A free body diagram (see top of next page)

shows that Fc, the contact force acts, to the left
on wl and to the right on w2. From Newton's
second law, we acquire equations 1 and 2 for
each block.
F 1 = F F c = mla
(1)
4-5

F2 = F c = m2a
(2)
Adding the two equations 1 and 2
F F c + F c = (ml + m2)a
Solving for the acceleration
a=
F
=
90.0 N
= 1.65 m/s2
ml + m2 (45.4 kg + 9.08 kg)
F c is the net force acting to accelerate w2
Fc = m2a = (9.08 kg)(1.65 m/s2)
= 15.0 N
The net horizontal force on m1 is equal to
F Fc = m1a
F Fc = 90.0 N 15.0 N = 75.0 N
29. vo = 85.0 km/hr = 23.6 m/s

A free body diagram (see below) is used to apply
Newton's second law in the y- and x-directions,
yielding equations (1) and (2). Upward and to the
right are the positive directions.
Fy = F N w = 0
(1)
FN = w = mg
Fx = f = ma
(2)
The frictional force decelerates the object and is
negative. Substituting FN = mg into the definition of
friction, f = k F N 1 the acceleration a can be determined.
(k )(FN) = k mg = ma
a = k g = (0.300)(9.8 m/s2) = 2.94 m/s2
Use kinematics to determine the stopping distance x:
v2 = v02 + 2ax
x = v 2 vo2 = 0 (23.6 m/s)2
2a
2(2.94 m/s2)
x = 94.8m
FN = w = 200N
Fx = F fs = 0
(2)
F = fs = sF N = (0.500)(200 N) = 100 N
To get the container moving the force applied must
equal the force of static friction. Use the definition
of friction fs = sF N and solve.
To keep the container moving at constant velocity,
the applied force must equal the force of kinetic
friction.
Fx = F fk = 0
F = fk = kFN = (0.400)(200 N) = 80 N
31. Use the free body diagram (see below) and

Newton's second law to establish equations (1) and
(2). To the right is positive. Apply the definition for
kinetic friction and solve for F , equation (3)
Fy = FN w = 0
FN = w = mg
Fx = F fk = ma
fk = kFN
F = m a + fk = m a + k m g
Use the kinematic relation to find a .
v = vo + at
a = v vo = 3.00 m/s 0 = 0.375 m/s2
t
8.00s
Substitute into the relationship for F, equation (3)
F = (2.00 kg)(0.375 m/s2)
+ (0.300)(2.00 kg)(9.8 m/s2) = 6.63 N
32. Resolve F l from the free body diagram (see

below), into its x- and y-components. Apply Newton's
second law for both the x- and y-directions.
a.
F y = F N F1 sin 35 w = 0
There is no motion in the y-direction; a = 0.
FN = Fl sin35 = w
The velocity is constant in the x-direction;
a
x = 0.
30. A free body diagram of the container (see below)
F x = F 1 cos 35 fk = 0
and Newton's second law yields equations (1) and (2).
Substitute
for F N and solve for Fl.
ma = 0 because there is no initial acceleration, and in
F l cos 35 kFN = 0
part 2, the velocity is constant.
Fl cos 35 k(Fl sin 35 + w) = 0
Fy = FN w = 0
(1)
4-6

F 1 (cos 35 k sin 35) = k w = k mg
F1 =
k mg
_
cos 35 k sin 35
= 0.300(23.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2)
cos 35 (0.300) sin 35
= 104 N
b. A similar procedure as in part (a) is used for part

(b).
F y = F N + F2 sin 35 w = 0
In this case, the y-component of F2 is positive,
acting upward.
F N = w F2 sin35
F x = F 2 cos 35 fk = 0
F 2 cos 35 kFN = 0
F2 cos 35 k(w F2 sin 35) = 0
F 2 (cos 35 k sin 35) = k w = k mg
F2 =
k mg
_
cos 35 k sin 35
= 0.300(23.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2)
cos 35 + (0.300) sin 35
= 68.2 N
c. Method (b) requires less force to move the box.

33. A free body diagram is used with Newton's
second law to sum the forces in the x- and ydirections; equations (1) and (2).
Fy = f w = 0
(1)
Fx = F N F = 0
(2)
F is the applied force pushing the block against
the wall.
f = s F N = s F = w = mg
Solve for F ;
F = mg = ( 2 . 3 0 k g ) ( 9 . 8 0 m / s 2 ) = 75.1 N
s
0.300
34. Use kinematics to determine the deceleration.

v2 = vo 2 + 2ax
a = v2 vo 2 = 0 (0.50 m/s)2 = 0.0833 m/s2
2x
2(1.50 m)
The force of friction acts opposite to the direction
of motion and is the cause of the deceleration.
kFN = ma
kmg = ma
The coefficient of kinetic friction
k = a = (0.0833 m/s2) = 0.0085
g
9.8 m/s2
35. Newton's second law is applied to the forces
in the x- and y-directions. (see diagram bottom of
page)
Fy = FN w = 0
FN = w = mg
F x = F fk = 0 (velocity is constant)
F = fk = kmg = 0.300(20.0 kg)(9.8 m/s2 ) = 58.8 N
This force is required to overcome friction
and maintain a constant velocity. When the
force is removed, the object decelerates.
Friction acts opposite to the direction of
motion.
F x = kmg = ma
a = kg = 0.300(9.8 m/s2) = 2.94 m/s2
v = vo + at
t = v vo = 0 (4.00 m/s)2 = 1.36 s to stop.
a
(2.94 m/s2)
2
2
v = vo + 2ax
x = v2 vo 2 = 0 (4.00 m/s)2
2a
2(-2.94 m/s2)
= 2.72 m down the table
36. Use a free body diagram (see below) and

Newton's second law to determine the forces parallel
and perpendicular to the incline
F| = FN w cos = 0
FN = w cos
4-7

F|| = w sin fk = ma
a. k = 0 for a frictionless surface. From equation 2
ma = mg sin
a = g sin
= sin
= 23
v2 = vo 2 + 2ax = 0 + 2g sin (15 m)
= 2(9.8 m/s2)sin23.60(15 m)
v = 10.8 m/s
b. k = 0.300 From equation 2 and substituting for
FN from equation 1,
wsin kFN = ma
ma = mg sin k mg cos
a = g sin k g cos
= 9.8 m/s2 sin23.60 0.300(9.8 m/s2) cos23.60
= 1.22 m/s2
2
v = vo 2 + 2ax = 0 + 2(1.22 m/s2)(15 m) = 36.6 m2/s2
v = 6.05 m/s
38. Use kinematics to determine the acceleration

down the plane.
v2 = vo 2 + 2ax
a = v2 vo 2 = (3.00 m/s)2 0 = 2.25 m/s2
2x
2(2 m)
Use a free body diagram (see below) and Newton's
second law to determine equations (1) and (2).
F| = FN w cos = 0
FN = w cos
F|| = w sin fk = ma
w sin ma = fk
a. Solving for fk,
fk = m(g sin a)
= 4.00 kg(9.8 m/s2 sin 30 2.25 m/s2) = 10.6 N
b. fk = kFN
From equation (1), substitute for FN.
k = fk = 10.6 N_ =
10.6 N
_
FN w cos
(4.00 kg)(9.8 m/s2) cos 30
= 0.312
37. Apply Newton's second law to the free body

diagram (see below) to acquire equations (1) and (2),
the sum of the forces perpendicular and parallel to
the incline respectively. Up the incline is selected as
the positive direction. Note both fk (friction) and w||
(parallel component of the weight) act down () the
incline.
w|| = w sin
;
w| = w cos
F| = FN w cos = 0
(1)
FN =w cos
F|| = F w sin fk = 0
(2)
For constant velocity, the acceleration is zero.
F = w sin + k FN = w sin + k w cos
= mg (sin + k cos )
= (90.8 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(sin40 + (0.300) cos 40)
= 779 N
39. Only the frictional force prevents the crate from

slipping and therefore causes the crate's acceleration
(static friction). From the free body diagram and
Newton's second law, find the forces in the x- and ydirections (1) and (2).
Fy = FN w = 0
(1)
FN = w
Fx = fs = ma
(2)
s FN = ma
s mg = ma
a = s g = 0.300(9.80 m/s2) = 2.94 m/s2
40. Use the free body diagram (see below) and
Newton's second law to determine equations (1) and
(2). Down the slope is chosen as positive.
(1)
F|| = w|| fk = ma
Friction acts up the slope and is negative.
(2) F| = FN w| = 0
4-8

w|| = w sin
w| = w cos
w sin k w cos
= ma
a. Solve for the acceleration to use in the kinematic

equation.
v2 = vo 2 + 2ax
mg sin k mg cos = ma
a = g(sin k cos )
a = 9.8 m/s2(sin23.0 (0.100) cos 23.0) = 2.93 m/s2
v2 = 0 + 2ax = 2(2.93 m/s2)(85.0 m)
v = 22.3 m/s
a. F mg sin k mg cos = ma
Solve for a,
a = F mg sin kmg cos = F mg(sin kcos )
m
m
= 50 N 2.0 kg(9.8 m/s2)(sin 50.0 0.400 cos 50.0)
2.0 kg
= 50 N 9.98 N = 20.0 m/s2
2.0 kg
b. Assume the same k. Draw another free body

diagram (see below), where, to the right is positive.
Apply Newton's second law to acquire equations 3 &
4.
Fy = FN w = 0
(3)
FN = w
Friction acts to slow the skier and is negative
Fx = fk = ma
ma = kFN = kw = kmg
a = kg = (0.100)(9.8 m/s2) = .98 m/s2
v2 = vo 2 + 2ax
x = v2 vo 2 = 0 (22.3 m/s)2
2a
2( .98 m/s2)
x = 254m
41. Use the free body diagram and Newton's second

law to acquire equations (1) and (2). Up the plane is
positive. Note, fk and w1l are pointed down the plane
and are negative.
w|| = w sin
w| = w cos
F| = FN w cos = 0
FN = w cos
F|| = F w sin fk = ma
b. Use kinematics to determine the speed after

traveling 3.00 m.
v2 = vo 2 + 2ax = 0 + 2(20.0 m/s2)(3.00 m) =120 m2/s2
v = 11.0 m/s
diagrams (below) for block A and B and arrive at
equations (1) and (2). Note the direction of the
arrow indicating the + direction.
FyB = FBN wB = 0
F B N = wB = mB g
FxB = T fk = mBa
( 1)
a. T km B g = m B a
FA = T w A = m Aa
( 2)
Subtract equation (2) from equation (1)
T km B g = m B a
(1 )
(T w A = m A a )
(2)
Solve for the acceleration
w A km B g = ( m B + m A ) a
a = m A g km B g
mB + mA
= 9.8 m/s2(20 kg) 0.45(20 kg)
(20 kg + 20 kg)
= 2.70 m/s2
b. Use equation (1) to determine the tension in the
string.
T km B g = m B a
T = km B g + m B a = m B (a + kg )
= 20 kg[2.70 m/s2 + 0.45(9.8 m/s2 )]
= 142 N
4-9

m A falls a distance of 30.0 cm, acquiring a velocity vl
(assume m A starts from rest). This is also the velocity
of m B . This velocity can be expressed in terms of a1
and the distance traveled.
v12 = 2a1x 1
(6)
When m A hits the floor, mB continues to move,
traveling a distance x2 = 20.0 cm before coming to
rest. mB decelerates due to the force of kinetic
friction. The tension in the string is now zero.
diagrams (see below) for blocks A and B and arrive at
equations (1) and (2). Note the direction of the arrow
indicating the positive direction.
FxB = f k = m B a 2
k m B g = mB a 2
k g = a 2
Also, v2 = v 1 2 + 2 a 2 x 2
( 8)
0 = v12 + 2a2x2
Substitute for a 2 (equation (7))
0 = v 1 2 + 2 ( k g )x 2
v 1 2 = 2 k g x 2 substitute into (6)
2 k g x 2 = 2 a 1 x 1 substitute for a1 and substitute into
(5)
a 1 = k g x 2 / x1
x
mA g ( mA mB ) k g 2
x1
k =
mB g
At the instant before motion begins F = 0

FyB = FB N wB = 0
F B N = w B = mB g
F xB = T fs = 0
T = fs = s F B N = s m B g
( 1)
F yA = T w A = 0
T = wA = mA g
(2)
Substitute equation (2) into equation (1)
mA g = s m B g
s = m A = 1.50 kg
mB
2.50 kg
s = 0.600
44. This part of the problem should be divided into 2
parts before and after block A hits the floor. Before
block A hits the floor:
Use the free body diagrams developed earlier in
problem 47. This time, since there is acceleration,
m A = 1.85 kg,
F = ma
FyB = FNB wB = 0
F NB wB = mBg
F xB = T f k = m B a 1
T k F N B = mB a 1
T k m B g = mB a 1
( 3)
F y A = T mA g = m A a 1
T = mAg mA a1
(4)
m A g m A a 1 k m B g = mB a 1
Solve for k
k m B g = mB a 1 + m Aa 1 m A g
k = m A g ( m A + m B ) a 1
(5)
mBg
k mB g
( mA
mB ) k g
k mB
( mA
mB )
k =
k =
x2
g = mA g
x1
mA
mB
( mA
x2
= mA g
x1
mB )
x2
x1
1.85 kg
2.50 kg
k = 0 . 3 4 3
(1.85 kg
2.50 kg )
0.20 m
0.30 m
45. Construct a free body diagram for each of the two

masses. The positive (+) direction is taken to the right
in both cases. Note that in the free body diagram for
block A, the weight of block B is acting downward on
block A, and that the frictional forces f1 (friction
between blocks A and B) and f 2 (friction between
4-10

block A and the floor) both act on block A, opposite in
direction to the motion of A, which is to the left.
Use Newton's second law of motion for the xand y-directions and acquire equations (1) and
(2) for the motion of blocks B and A in the xdirection.
FBy = F B N wB = 0
F B N = wB = m B g
FB x = T f 1 = mB a = 0
(1) (constant velocity)
FAy = FA N wB w A = 0
F AN = w B + w A = g( m A + m B )
F A x = T + f 1 + f 2 F = m Aa = 0 (2) (constant
velocity)
Subtract equation (2) from equation (1)
T f 1 = mBa = 0
T + f1 + f2 F = mAa = 0
T f1 T f1 f2 + F = 0
Solve for F,
F = 2f 1 + f 2 = 2 k F B N + k F A N
Substitute for FBN and FAN from previous relations.
Solve for F ,
F = 2 k m B g + k (g ) ( m A + m B)
= k g [ 2m B + m A + m B ]
= kg [3mB + mA ]
= 0 . 3 0 0 ( 9 . 8 m/s2) [ 3 ( 2 . 0 0 kg) + (6 kg)]
= 35.3 N
Fx = T sin = ma
(1)
(2)
Fy = T cos mg = 0
T cos = mg
T = mg
substitute into equation (1)
cos
mg sin = ma
cos
g tan = a
a = (9.8 m/s2) tan 150
a = 2.63 m/s2
47. The force exerted on both gliders when the string
is cut is the same. Therefore for glider A,
FA = mA aA, and for glider B, FB = mB aB.
FA = FB
mAaA = mBaB
The accelerations al and a2 are given and we need to
solve for mB
mB = mAaA = (0.200 kg)(0.200 m/s2) = 0.800 kg = 800 g
aB
(0.05 m/s2)
48. a. Construct a free body diagram and sum the
forces parallel to the plane. Determine the
acceleration for use in the kinematic relationship.
v2 = vo 2 + 2ax
Fx = F w|| = ma
F w sin = a
m
46. Draw a free body diagram and apply Newton's

second law.
35.0 N (1.87 kg)(9.8 m/s2) sin 35.8 = a

1.87 kg
a = 13.0. m/s2
After traveling 1.50 m up the plane, the velocity of
the block is x = 1.50 m.
v2 = vo 2 + 2ax
= 0 + 2(13.0 m/s2 (1.50 m) = 39.0 m2/s2)
v = 6.24 m/s
T = tension in the string
49. Draw free body diagrams for ml and m2 (see top

of page 51). Choose down the plane positive (+) for m1
and up the plane positive (+) for m2. This eliminates
4-11

some confusion with signs and keeps the objects
moving in the same (+) direction. Apply Newton's
second law to the forces acting parallel to the plane in
both cases arriving at equation (1) for block 1.
(1)
F1 = w1 sin T = m1a1
and equation (2) for block 2
(2)
F2 = T w2 sin = m2a2
Since the objects are moving together, they will both
have the same acceleration a.
Add equations (1) and (2).
w1 sin T = m1a
(1)
T w2 sin = m2a
(2)
w1 sin w2 sin = m1a + m2a = (m1 + m2 )a
Solve for the acceleration a
a = g(m1 sin m2 sin )
m1 + m2
= 9.8 m/s2 (20.0 kg sin25.0 10 kg sin 35)
20.0 kg + 10 kg
= 0.887 m/s2
The acceleration is positive. Block m1 moves down (+)
the incline
w1 sin T = m1a
The tension in the string is determined from
equation (1).
T = w1 sin m1a = m1(gsin a)
= 20.0 kg[9.8 m/s2 (sin 25) - 0.887 m/s2] = 65.1 N
50. The normal force (FN) acting on mA prevents mA

from falling vertically downward. It is the horizontal
component of this normal force that accelerates the
block mA in the x-direction. The free body diagram
shows the other (vertical) component and the weight
w. A little geometry will verify that is the angle
between FN and FNv e r tic al
Since both blocks M and mA accelerate together, the
acceleration of mA (horizontally) is ax. There is no
motion along the incline.
Apply Newton's second law to the forces in the x
(horizontal) and y (vertical) directions, arriving at
equations (1) and (2).
Fx = FN sin = mAax
(1)
Fy = FN cos wA = 0
(2)
FN cos = wA
FN = wA
cos
Solve for ax
mAax = wA sin = mAg sin = mAg tan
cos
cos
ax = g tan = 9.8 m/s2 (tan 43) = 9.14 m/s2
The normal force that acts on mA, acts on M, but in
the opposite direction. The horizontal component of
this force acts in the opposite direction to the
applied force F. Apply Newton's second law to the
forces acting horizontally (x-direction) on M.
F = F FN sin = Ma
F = FN sin + Ma = wA sin + Ma
cos
= mA g tan + Ma
= (1.50 kg)9.8 m/s2 tan 43 + 10.0 kg(9.14 m/s2 )
=105 N
51. Construct a free body diagram for each mass and

apply Newton's second law to the forces acting in the
vertical direction.
FA = TA TB w A = mA a
The acceleration is the same for all blocks.
FB = TB TC w B = mBa
Fc = Tc wC = mCa
TC = mCa + wC = mC (a + g)
= 2.00 kg(3.00 m/s2 + 9.8 m/s2) = 25.6 N
TB = TC + wB + mBa = TC + mB(g + a)
= 25.6 N + 3.00 kg(9.8 m/s2 + 3.00 m/s2 )
= 64.0 N
TA = TB + wA + mA a = TB + mA(g + a)
= 64.0 N + 5.00 kg(9.8 m/s2 + 3.00 m/s2) = 128 N
4-12

acceleration of either object individually. Since m3 is
more massive, take the downward direction of m3 as
positive.
F = w 2 T2 = m2a
(3)
F = w 3 T2 = m3a
(4)
Multiply equation 3 by 1 and add to equation 4.
w3 w2 = (m2 + m3)a
(m3 m2)g = (m2 + m3 )a'
a' = (m3 m2) g
(m2 + m3)
= (0.025 kg 0.020 kg)9.8 m/s2
(0.020 kg + 0.025 kg)
= 1.09 m/s2
m3 is accelerating downward at 1.09 m/s2 . However,
the pulley is accelerating upward at 0.516 m/s2. The
net acceleration of m 3, choosing downward as
positive, is 1.09 m/s2 0.516 m/s2 = 0.574 m/s2 m3 has
a net acceleration of 0.574 m/s2 downward.
52. Draw a free body diagram of each object (see top
of next column) in the system initially treating the
second pulley and the two masses m2 and m3 as a
single object with total mass (m2 + m3). Since m1 is
greater than m2 + m3 take the downward direction of
m1 as positive and apply Newton's second law.
F = w 1 T = m1a
(1)
(2)
F = w 23 T1 = (m2 + m3)a
Multiply equation 2 by 1 and add to equation 1:
w 1 w 23 = (m1 + m2 + m3)a
m1g (m2 + m3)g = (m1 + m2 + m3)a
a = [m1 (m2 + m3)] g
m1 + m2 + m3
= [0.050 kg (0.020 kg + 0.025 kg) ]9.8 m/s2
0.050 kg + 0.020 kg + 0.025 kg
= 0.516 m/s2
53. Apply Newton's second law of motion to each of

the three masses, taking into account the forces
acting on each body according to the free body
diagrams.
Note: The positive direction arrow. These diagrams
yield equations (1), (2), and (3).
F1 = T1 = m1a
(1)
(2)
F2 = T1 w 2 T23 = m2a
F3 = T23 w 3 = m3a
(3)
Substitute equation (1) into equation (2).
m1a w 2 T23 = m2a
(m1 + m2)a w 2 = T23
(2)
Solve for a from equation 3
(T23 w 3) = a
m3
Substitute into equation (2') and solve for the tension
T23.
(m1 + m2)(T23 w3) w 2 = T23
m3
(m1 + m2)T23 w 3(m1 + m2) + m3w2 = T23 m3
T23(m1 + m2 + m3) = w3(ml + m2) m3w 2
T23 = w3(ml + m2) m3w 2
The second pulley is accelerated upward at 0.516 m/s2
(m1 + m2 + m3)
adding an additional tension to the string attached to =1.00 kg(9.8 m/s2)(10 kg+2. kg)1.00 kg(2 kg)(9.8 m/s2)
m2 and m3. Since this tension is the same on both
10.0 kg + 2.00 kg + 1.00 kg
sides of the pulley, it does not increase the
= 7.54 N
4-13
54. Apply Newton's second law to each of the three

masses and, since the pulley is massless and
frictionless, TB = TA. From the free body diagrams,
equations (1), (2), and (3) are obtained.
FC = TC = mCa
(1)
(2)
FB = TB TC = mBa
FA = TA wA = mAa
(3)
TB mCa = mBa
TA = TB = wA mAa
Solve for a.
wA mAa mCa = mBa
wA = mAa + mBa + mCa = (mA + mB + mC)a
a=
_=
6.00 kg(9.8 m/s2)
_
wA
mA + mB + mC 6.00 kg + 3.00 kg + 2.00 kg
= 535 m/s2
Solve for the tensions TC, TA, and TB.
TC = mCa = 2.00 kg(5.35 m/s2) = 10.7 N
TA = TB = TC + mBa = 10.7 N + 3.00 kg(5.35 m/s2)
= 26.8 N

diagram (positive is to the right)
Resolve F into its x- and y- components

Fx = F cos35 fk = ma
Fy = FN + F sin35 w = 0
Fcos35 kFN = ma
FN = w Fsin35 = mg Fsin35
Fcos 350 k(mg Fsin350) = ma
Fcos35 k(mg Fsin35) = a
m
a = {(15.0 N)cos 35 0.250((2.00 kg)(9.8 m/s2)
(15.0 N) sin 35)}
2.00 kg
a = 4.78 m/s2
56. Newton's second law applied to the forces acting
on block B parallel to the plane result in equation (1).
(see diagram)
a.
FB = wB sin T = mB a
(1)
For block A, Newton's second law yields equation
(2). FA = T = mAa
(2)
wB sin mAa = mBa
wB sin = (mA + mB )a
Solve for a.
a = wB sin = 5.00 kg(9.8 in/ s2 )sin 50 = 4.69 m/s2
mA + mB
5.00 kg + 3.00 kg
If mass A starts from rest, use the kinematic
relationship.
x = vo t + 1/ 2 at2 = 0 + 1/2 (4.69 m/s2)(0.5 s ) 2 = 0.586 m
to the left of its original position
57. Apply Newton's second law to each of the masses

A and B.
FA = T wA sin = mAa
(1)
Note that up is chosen as positive for block A, and
down is chosen as positive for block B. Since mB > mA ,
block B will move downward in the positive direction.
FB = wB sin - T = mBa
(2)
T w A sin
wB sin T = (mA + mB )a
4-14

a = wB sin w A sin
mA + mB
w|| = w sin
w| = w cos
a. F A | F A N wA c o s = 0
a. If = 90, mass B is vertical and mA accelerates up F A N = w A cos
the ramp, given mB > mA .
F A || = wAsin T fA = mA a (1)
F B | = F B N wB c o s = 0
b. The problem reduces to an Atwood machine if both F B N = w B cos
and are equal to 90
F B || = wBsin + T fB = mBa (2)
a = ( mB mA ) g
mA + mB
wAsin fA + wBsin fB = (mA + mB )a
wAsin kAw A cos + wBsin kBw B cos = (mA + mB )a
Solve for the acceleration
wA(sin kAcos ) + wB(sin kBcos ) = a
mA + m B
a = {4.00 kg(9.8 m/s2)(sin 30 0.3 cos30)
+ (2.00 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(sin 30 0.4 cos 30)}
4.00 kg + 2.00 kg
= 9.42 kg m/s2 + 3.01 kg m/s2 = 2.07 m/s2
6 kg
b. Use equation (1) to find T.
T = wAsin fA mAa = mA(gsin kA gcos a)
= 4.00 kg[9.8 m/s2 sin 30 0.3(9.8 m/s2)cos30
58. Apply Newton's second law to each of the two
2.07 m/s2]
masses. To the right is taken as positive. Friction
= 1.14 N
acts to the left and is negative.
F 1 y = F 1 N w1 = 0
F 1 N = w1 = m1g
F 1 x = T1 f1 = m1a = 0
The velocity is constant, giving an acceleration equal
to zero.
T1 k1m1g = 0
T1 = k1m1g =(0.300)(2.00 kg)(9.8 m/s2)
= 5.88 N
F 2 y = F 2 N w2 = 0
F 2 N = w2 = m2g
F 2 x = F T1 f2 = 0
60. We need to find velocity when the block leaves
F = T1 + f2 = k1m1g + k2m2g = ( k1m1 + k2m2) g
the table, then the problem becomes a simple
= [(0.300)(2.00 kg) + (0.200)(5.00 kg)]9.8 m/s2
kinematic one. On the incline, we determine, using
=15.7 N
Newton's second law, the acceleration of the block
down the plane (downward is +).
F = wsin = ma
a = g sin = 9.8 m/s2 (sin 30) = 4.9 m/s2
The velocity at bottom of plane is, from kinematics,
v2 = vo 2 + 2ax = 0 + 2(4.9 m/s2 )(2.00 m)
v = 4.43 m/s
On the horizontal surface, we again use Newton's
second law to determine the deceleration.
F x = f = ma
Fy = FN w = 0
59. By applying Newton's second law to blocks A and F N = w = mg
B, equations (1) and (2) are acquired. These forces are kmg = ma
directed parallel to the plane. Note downward is
kg = a (deceleration on table top)
taken as positive since that is the direction of motion. To find the velocity at end of table, we use
Friction acting against the motion is directed up the
kinematics.
hill and is negative.
v2 = vo 2 + 2ax = vo 2 + 2( kg )x
4-15

= (4.43 m/s)2 +2(0.300)(9.8 m/s2)(0.5 m)
v = 4.09 m/s
Find the time to fall 1 m.
y = 1/2gt2
1 m = 1/2 (9.8 m/s2)t2
t = 0.452 s This is also the time to travel horizontally.
Horizontal distance traveled = vxt
= (4.09 m/s)(0.452 s) = 1.85 m
61. Since the pulley is massless and frictionless

TA = TB. Apply Newton's second law to each mass
giving equations (1), (2), and (3).
FCy = FCN wC = 0
FCN = wC = mCg
FCx = TC fC = mCa
(1)
Note the direction to the right is positive.
FBy = FBN wB = 0
FBN = wB = mBg
FBx = TB TC fC = mBa
(2)
Note the direction upward is positive.
FA = TA wA = mAa
(3)
TB = TA = wA mAa
T C = mCa + f C = mC(a + kCg)
Substitute into equation (2), combine terms and solve
for a.
w A mAa mC(a + kCg) kB mBg = mBa
w A g(kCmC + kB mB) = (mA + mB + mC)a
a = mA g g(kCmC + kB mB)
mA + mB + mC
= {6.00 kg(9.8 m/s2) 9.8 m/s2 [0.400(2.00 kg)
+ 0.300(3.00 kg)] }
6.00 kg + 3.00 kg + 2.00 kg
= 3.83 m/s2
Use equation (3) to determine TA.
TB = TA = mAg mA a = mA(g a)
= 6.00kg(9.8 m/s2 3.83 m/s2) = 35.8N
Use equation (2) to determine TC.
TC = m C a + f C = mC(a + kCg)
= 2.00 kg[3.83 m/s2 + 0.400(9.8 m/s2)] = 15.5 N
62. Apply Newton's second law to each of the

three masses. Acquire equations (1), (2), and (3).
As in the previous problems be sure to note the
positive (+) direction; TB = T A .
FA = T A w A = mA a
(1)
F B = T B T C = mB a
(2)
FC = TC w C sin = m C a
(3)
TC = w C sin + m C a
Substitute into equation (2)
TB (w C sin + m Ca) = m B a
TB = TA = w A m Aa [Substitute into equation (2)]
w A m Aa (w C sin + mCa) = m B a
w A w C sin = (m A + m B + m C )a
a = m A g mCgsin
mA + mB + mC
= 9.8 m/s2(4.00 kg 4.00 kg sin58)
4.00 kg + 2.00 kg + 4.00 kg
= 0.596 m/s2
4-16

63. Apply Newton's second law to each block and
acquire equations (1), (2), and (3) (TA = TB as before.)
FA = T A w A = m Aa
(1)
Be sure to note the positive direction (+).
FBx = T B TC fB = m B a
(2)
FBy = FBN w B = 0
F BN = w B
We take up the plane as positive for block C because
we know it will move in that direction.
mA > mC
F| = F CN w C cos
F CN = w C cos
F|| = TC f C w C sin = m Ca
(3)
Friction acts down the plane ().
TC = f C + w C sin + m C a
T B = TA = w A m A a
Combine terms and solve for a.
w A m Aa (f C + w C sin + mCa) f B = m B a
w A w C sin kC m C g cos kB mB g
= (mA + mB + mC)a
g(m A m C sin ) g( kC m C cos + kB mB ) = a
mA + mB + mC
a = {9.8 m/s2 (6.00 kg 4.00 kg sin60)
9.8 m/s2[0.200(4.00 kg)cos60 + 0.300(2.00
kg)]}
6.00 kg + 2.00 kg + 4.00 kg
= 1.25 m/s2
64. Apply Newton's second law to the forces acting on

A parallel and perpendicular to the plane.
FA| = FNA wA cos = 0
FNA = wA cos
Positive (+) is taken down the plane since that is the
direction of motion of A.
FA|| = wA sin T f A = mAa
(1)
Apply Newton's second law to the vertical and
horizontal forces acting on block B.
FBy = FBN wB = 0
FNB = wB
FBx = T fB = mBa
(2)
a. Add equations (1) and (2).
wA sin f A fB = (mA + mB)a
Combine terms and solve for a.
mAg sin kA mAg cos kB mB g = a
mA + mB
a = { 9.8 m/s2[(5.00 kg) sin 50 (0.200)(5.00 kg)cos50
0.300(3.00 kg)]}
5.00 kg + 3.00 kg
= 2.80 m/s2
b. The velocity of A is determined from kinematics. v

= vo + at = 0 + 2.80 m/s2 (0.500 s) = 1.40 m/s
Use equation (1) to determine TA.

TB = TA = wA mAa = mA (g a)
= 6.00kg(9.8 m/s2 1.25 m/s2) = 51.3N
Use equation (3) to determine TC.
TC = f C + wC sin + mCa
= kC m C g cos + mCg sin + mCa
= mC( kC g cos + g sin +a)
= 4.00 kg[0.200(9.8 m/s2)cos60 + 9.8 m/s2sin60
+ 1.25 m/s2] = 42.9 N
65. Apply Newton's second law to each of the three

blocks (see next page). Note the positive (+) direction.
Arrive at equations 1, 2, and 3
FBy = FN w B wC = 0
FBx = T f C = mBa
(1)
FCx = f C = mCa
(2)
FCy = FN w C = 0
acceleration of blocks A, B, and C are all the same
The force causing block C to accelerate is the
frictional force (static) between blocks C and B.
FA = T wA = mAa
(3)
Substitute equation 2 into equation 1:
a. T m Ca = m B a
T = m Ca + m Ba
Substitute into equation 3,
Combine terms, and solve for a
m Ca + m Ba w A = m A a
w A = (m A + m B + m C)a
a =
mA g
=
2.00 kg(9.8 m/s2)
_
m A + m B + m C 2.00 kg + 3.00 kg +1.00 kg
= 3.27 m/s 2
4-17

b. Use the definition of frictional force (f = FN) to
find fC = m Ca the coefficient of friction
sm C g = m C a
s = a = 3.27 m/s2 = 0.333
g
9.8 m/s2
68. If t is allowed to be very large, (infinite), the

term
e (k/m)t = 1 _
e(k/m)t
approaches 0. Therefore, the velocity v becomes
v = mg/k
v = mg (1 e (k/m)t )
k
The exponential e x can be expanded in a power series
as follows
e x = 1 + x + x2
2!
66.
e(k/m)t = 1 + ( k/m)t + (other terms) that are very

small and can be neglected.
Replace the exponential with the first two terms of
the power series
v = mg [ (1 (1 kt/m)] = mg [ (1 1 + kt/m)]
k
k
Simplify
v = mg (kt/m) = gt for small t and k
k
Compare with equations in Chapter 3.
v = gt is the kinematic expression for free fall.
This means that after a relatively long time, the

velocity of the object becomes constant. Actually, this
happens much faster than one would think. This is
referred to as the terminal velocity.
It is therefore possible that two objects with the same
shape (same k value) but different masses will reach
different terminal velocities. The more massive object
would reach a higher terminal velocity.
This seems like a contradiction to Galileo's observation that all objects fall at the same rate and
agreement with Aristotle's observation that heavier
objects fall faster.
The contradiction is resolved by understanding the
difference between acceleration and velocity.
The more massive object will reach a higher terminal
velocity, however. The rate at which the velocity
changes as the object falls, the acceleration will be
the same as the acceleration for a less massive object.
All objects do accelerate at the same rate.
67. When the object reaches terminal velocity, the

sum of all forces, air resistance (friction), and
gravity are equal. The object falls, at a constant
velocity. The acceleration = 0. From Newton's
second law (with up as positive)
F=fw =0
kv2 = mg
mg
v=
k
4-18
Chapter 5 Equilibrium
Chapter 5
Equilibrium
2. Use the geometry given to determine the angle
cos = 2.29 m = 0.751
3.05 m
= 41.3
Apply the first condition for equilibrium.
Fy = 0 = Tsin + Tsin 312 N
Only the y - direction is needed to provide the
necessary information.
2T sin = 312 N
T = 312 N = 312 N = 236 N
2 sin
2 sin 41.3
4..58 m
T
T
Ty
Ty
312 N
5-1
3.05 m
4.
6.
Since there is no motion F = 0. Resolve

the forces into their x- and y-components.
Fy = Tsin +Tsin 712 N = 0
Only the y-component is needed to solve
the problem.
2T sin = 712 N
T = 712 N = 712 N
= 8890 N
2 sin
2(0.153/3.82)
7.63 m
T
0.153 m
3.82 m
3.82 m
+ y
712 N
7.
5-2
Since there is no motion, the first condition for equilibrium

gives F = 0. Resolve the tension of each rope into their x and y-components and use the geometry present to
determine the angles and . The positive direction is taken
to the right -> + and upward T +. (see figure at bottom of
page)
Fx = T1 cos - T 2 cos = 0
Fy = T1 sin +T2 sin 2 = 0
T1 cos = T2 cos
T1 = T2 cos
cos
sin = 0.0915 = 0.0598
1.53
= 3.43o
sin = 0.0915 = 0.015
6.10
= 0.859o
T 2 cos sin + T2 sin = 712 N
cos
T2 (cos tan + sin ) = 712 N
T2 =
712 N______
cos tan + sin
T2 =
712 N_
_ = 9481 N
cos 0.859 tan 3.43 + sin 0.859
T1 = T2 cos = (9481 N) cos 0.859 = 9497 N
cos
cos 3.43o
9.15 cm
T2
6.10 m
T2y
T1
T1y
1.53 m
712 N
Fy = T sin +T sin 668 N = 0

2T sin = 668 N
Use the geometry given to determine the angle .
sin = 0.610 m = 0.0666
9.15 m
T = 688 N = 688 N = 5010 N
2 sin
2(0.0666)
18.3 m
0.610 m
T
Ty
Ty
Tx
Tx
668 N
5-3
9.15 m
12. The symmetry of the problem enables us to state

that the tension in the cable will be the same on
both sides of the center. Resolving the tension T
into its x - and y - components, we can see that it
is only necessary to apply the first condition of
equilibrium to the forces acting in the y direction. The tension in the cable on both sides of
the center contribute a component in the y direction.
F=0
Fy = T sin + T sin 668 N = 0
2Tsin = 668 N
The angle is determined
sin = 0.915 m = 0.1196
7.65 m
T = 668 N = 668N = 2790 N
2sin
2(0.1196)
5-4
4.4 5 N
O
r = 0.750 m
14.
16.
Let 0 be the axis of rotation (the door hinges).

Determine the component of F perpendicular to
the door.
=
rF sin
= rF sin(180 - )
= rF sin 28.5o
=.75m(50 N) sin 28.5 = 17.9 m N
17.
Let 0 be the axis of rotation (door hinges).

Apply the definition of torque.
= r F sin
= 90
= (0.75 m)(4.45 N) =1.67 m N
2
0.750 m
Fy = T2 sin 50 T3 = 0 (1)
T2 sin 50 = T3
Fx = T1 T2cos50 = 0
(2)
T1 = T2 cos 50
Fy = T3 w = 0
(3)
T3 = w = 100 N
Substitute for T3 and solve for T2 and T1.
T2 == T3 = 100 N = 131N
sin 50 sin 50
T1 = T2 cos 50 = (131 N) cos 50 = 84.2 N
15.
18.
Let 0 be the axis of rotation, (the hinges of the

door). From the definition of torque,
= r F sin
= 90
= (0.750 m)(4.45 N) = 3.34 m N
5-5
F = 4.4 5 N
The axis of rotation is at the center of the pulley.

The two tensions act tangent to the rim of the
pulley and therefore the radius is perpendicular
to each force. Note that clockwise is taken as
positive.
= T1 r| T2 r|
rnet = 50 N(0.25 m) 30 N(0.25
m) = 5.00 m N
19. From the diagram, it can be observed that r|

(the moment arm) of the torque is equal to
r cos . Applying this to the relationship yields.
= r| F = r cos F = 0.18 m cos 37.0(11.0 N)
= 158 m N
22.
20.
23.
21.
5-6
24.
25.
26. The center of gravity is the location on the stick

where the weight of the stick can be thought to be
concentrated. Therefore,
= 0 = (xcg)(111 N) (1.53 m)(22.3 N)
The axis of rotation is at the midpoint
(xcg)(111 N) = 34.1 m N
xcg = 0.307 m
27. Apply the second condition for equilibrium to
determine the force required to lift the wheelbarrow.
= 0 = w(xcg) F(1.83 m)
The weight is concentrated at the center of gravity
F(1.83 m) = (334 N)(0.610 m)
F = (334 N)(0.610 m) = 111 N
1.83 m
F represents the total force exerted to lift the
5-7
3.05 m
1.53 m
x cg
111 N
22.3 N
F
1.83 m
O
x cg
Pivot at O - the wheel axis
wheel barrow at the ends of the arms.

Since there are two arms, each arm will carry
1 F = (111 N) = 55.7 N
2
2
28.
29.
30. Take the axis of rotation to be at 0, the fulcrum.

x = distance of child from the fulcrum
1.53 m x = distance of center of gravity from fulcrum.
The second condition for equilibrium:
=0
0 = (267 N)(x m) (178 N)(1.53 m x)
5-8
(178 N)(1.53 m) (178 N)x = (267 N)x

272 m N = (445 N) x
x = 0.611 m
The fulcrum is 0.611 m from the end where the child sits.
1.53 m
x
178 N
31.
32.
33.
5-9
267 N
34.
35.
36.
5-10
37.
38.
5-11
39.
40. Resolve T into its horizontal and vertical components and apply the first condition of equilibrium
Tl + T2 = weight of sign = 356 N
Assuming symmetrical placement of these cables on
the sign Tl = T2 = 178 N
Fx = H T cos 35 = 0
(1)
Fy = V + T sin35 w Tl T2 = 0
(2)
The axis of rotation is at 0, clockwise is positive.
= 0 = Tl(2.43 m) + w(1.52 m) + T2(0.914 m) Tsin35(3.04 m)
T = 178 N(2.43 m) + (111 N)(1.52 m) + 178 N(0.914 m) = 438 N
sin35(3.04 m)
Hinges H and V are determined by using equations (1) and (2)
H = T cos 35 = 359 N
V = w + Tl + T2 T sin35 = 111 N + 178 N + 178 N (438 N)sin35 =
216 N
41.
5-12
0.914 m
1.52 m
35o
0.61 m
T2
T1
42.
43.
44.
F = (wl/2) cos40o = (w/2) cos40o = 1 (111 N) cos40o = 66.1 N

l sin40o
sin40o
2
sin40o
s = F = F = 66.1 N = 0.596
FN V
111 N
5-13
45.
46. Data from figure 5.22.

Resolve the biceps muscle force into its horizontal and vertical components.
Fx = FM cos 600 FH = 0
(1)
Fy = FM sin60 wA wD FJ = 0
(2)
The axis of rotation is at 0, the elbow, and clockwise is positive
= 0 = wA (18.5 cm) cos30 + wD (36.8 cm) cos30 FM (5.08 cm)
FM = 66.8 N(18.5 cm)cos30 + 334 N(36.8 cm)cos30 = 2310 N
5.08 cm
FM sin600 = wA + wB + FJ
FM = wA + wD + FJ = 668 N + 334 N + 2310 N = 3130 N
sin 60
sin 60
47. Resolve FM and FR into their horizontal and vertical
components.
Fy = FM sin12 + FR sin wT wB wH = 0
Fx = FR cos FMcos12 = 0
for = 0
Assume the orientation of the spinal muscle (FM) is
the same as in figure 5.23(b). Therefore,
= 900 + 120 = 102
5-14
FR
68.6 m
y
34.3 m
FR
x
FM
12 0
50.8 m
45.7 m
wT
wB
wH
Applying the first condition of equilibrium, solve for FM and FR

FM sin 12 = 668 N + 356 N + 62.3 N = 1090 N
FM = 1090 N = 5240 N
_ sin12
Fx = FR cos = FM cos12
FR = FM cos12 = 5240 N cos12 = 5130 N
1
48. Apply the second condition for equilibrium with the
axis of rotation at 0, the fifth lumbar vertebra
= 0 = FM (5.00 cm) 0.65w(8.00 cm)
clockwise is positive
FM = 0.65(801 N)(8.00 cm) = 833 N
5.00 cm
To find the reaction force FR, apply the first
condition of equilibrium in the y - direction.
Fy = 0 = FR FM 0.65w = 0
FR = 833 N + 0.65(801 N) = 1350
49. This problem is similar to problem 53 except the center
of gravity is further away at 15 cm.
65%w = weight of upper body (prob. 53)
The axis of rotation is at 0, clockwise is positive.
Fy = FR 0.65w FM = 0
= 0 = FM (6.00 cm) 0.65w(15.0 cm)
FM = 0.65(801 N)(15.0 cm) = 1300 N
6.00 cm
FR = 0.65(801 N) + 1300 N = 1820 N
50.
5-15
51.
52.
5-16
53.
54. a = 15.5 cm b = 57.4 cm c = 88.9 cm

d = 68.6 cm
The axis of rotation is at 0 and clockwise is
positive. R| is the horizontal distance from the
axis of rotation to each vector wT, wL, T, and wA.
A free body diagram of the weight at the end of
the string yields
F y= T w = 0
T = w
r1d
Apply the second condition of equilibrium
= 0 = wT(15.5 cm)cos20 + wL(57.4 cm) cos20
+ wA (88.9 cm)cos20 T(68.6 cm)cos 20
T = 192 N(15.5 cm) + 85.4 N(57.4 cm) + 30.1 N(88.9 cm) = w = 154 N
68.6 cm
The torque produced by R = 0 since it acts at the axis of rotation.
55.
5-17
56. a.
= r|F = ( 22 .85 cm)( 111 N) = 2540 cm N
b. This assumes the force is exerted tangent to the rim.
Since the wheel is rigidly connected to the axle,
the torque applied is the same 2540 cn N.
c. = r|F; Solving for the force,
F =
= 2540 cm N = 1000 N
r|
2.54 cm
57.
58.
59.
5-18
F = 111 N
R = 22.85 cm
60.
61.
62. There is an additional force acting in the vertical direction - friction fs

Fy = fs + V w = 0
Fx = F H = 0
F=H
The axis of rotation is at 0. Clockwise is positive.
= 0 = Fl sin + fs l cos wl cos
2
Given s,
f = s F
F sin + s F cos w cos = 0
2
F(sin + s cos ) = w cos
2
F=
w cos
=
(134 N) cos 40
= 54.1 N
2(sin + s cos )
2(sin 40 + 0.400 cos 40)
f = sF = 0.400(54.1 N) = 21.6 N
H = F = 54.1 N
V = w f = 134 N 21.6 N = 112 N
5-19
63.
Do a free body for each side of the step ladder.

length of tie rod = 45.8 cm
0 .6 1 m
wp = 1000 N
sin = 22.9 cm = 0.375
61 cm
L =1 . 8 3 m
= 22.0
Choose the axis of rotation at 0, the hinge.
Resolve the hinge force into its horizontal and
vertical
L
components F V and FH.
diag. (a)
Fy = F V + FN1 wp w1 = 0
(1)
= 0 = FN1(1.83 m)sin w1(0.915 m)sin
wp(0.458 m)sin T(0.61 m)cos
(2)
The axis of rotation is still at the hinge. As a result the hinge force does not
produce torques.
diag. (b)
= 0 = w2(0.915 m)sin + T(0.61 m)cos FN2(1.83 m)sin
(3)
Fy = FN2 Fv w2 = 0
(4)
Add equations (1) and (4)
FV + FN1 wp w1 + FN2 F V w 2 = 0
FN1 + FN2 = wp + wl + w2 = 1000 N + 89.9 N + 44.5 N
FN1 + FN2 = 1130 N
From equation (3),
T(0.61) cos = FN2(1.83)sin w2 (0.61)cos
T = FN2 (1.83)sin22 44.5(0.61) cos22
(0.61)cos22
FN2 = 1130 N FN1
0 = FNI (1.83) sin22 89(0.915)sin22 (1000)(4.58)sin22
[(1130 FN1)(1.83sin22 44.5(.61)cos220]
(0.61)cos22
0 = FN1(0.686) 30.5 172[775 FNI (0.686) 25.2
0.566
0 = FNI(0.686) 30.5 172 1370 + 1.21FNI + 44.5
1.90FNI = 1528
FN2 = 1000 N - FN1 = 196 N
FNI = 804 N
T = 196 N(1.83 m)sin22 - 44.5 N(0.61 m)cos22 = 192 N
(0.61 m)cos22
5-20
T ie
L =1 . 8 3 m
Chapter 6 Uniform Circular Motion

Gravitation and Satellites

l.
2.
3.
a. 360(0.01745 rad/degree) = 6.28 rad =2 rad

2 rad
b. 2700
= 4.71 rad = 32 rad
3600
2 rad
c. 1800
= 3.14 rad = rad
3600
d. 90(0.01745 rad/degree) = 1.57 rad = /2 rad
2 rad
e. 600
= 13 rad
3600
2 rad
f. 300
= 16 rad
3600
g. 1 rev(2 rad/rev) = 2 rad
8.
9.
a. 2 rad( 360o ) = 360

(2 rad)
b. rad( 3600 ) =180
(2 rad)
) = 57.30
c. 1 rad ( 1o
(0.01745 rad)
1o
) = 28.70
d.0.5 rad (
(0.01745 rad)
10. ac = v2 = [(80.0 km/hr)(1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600 s)]2

r
125 m
ac = 3.95 m/s 2
33 1/3 rpm(2 rad/rev) = 209 rad/min

= (209 rad/min)(1 min)
s = r =10.0 in.(209 rad/min)(1 min) = 2090 in.
= 174 ft ( 1 m /3.281 ft) = 53.0 m
The force of friction acts as the centripetal

force keeping the car in circular motion. At
the point of skidding, the force of friction has
reached its maximum magnitude.
Fc = mv2 = mac = s F N = s mg
r
Solve for the coefficient of static friction
s = ac
g
s = 3.95 m/s 2 = 0.403
9.80 m/s2
4. a. a = v2 = (15.0 m/s)2 = 113 m/sz

r
2.00 m
b. F = ma = mv2 = 4.00 kg(113 m/sz) = 452 N
r
5.
a = v2 = (8.00 m/s)2 = 284 m/sz

r
0.45 m/2
6. ac = v2 = (86.0 km/hr)(1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600 s)]2

r
325 m
ac = 1.76 m/s2
Centripetal force Fc = mv2 = ma
r
Fc =1500 kg (1.76 m/s2)
Fc = 2630 N
7. F = mv2 = (9.11 1031 kg)(2.00
r
0.0500 m
17
= 7.29 10 N
v = 2r
t
F = mv2 = m 42r2 = m 42r
r
rt2
t2
2
= 318 N 4 (3.00 m) = 2.40 N
9.80 m/s2 (40.0 s)2
11.
106 m/s)2
6-1

14.
12.
= [(370 km/hr)(1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600 s)]2

tan30o (9.8 m/s2 )
= 1870 m
15.
13.
6-2
The angle of banking for an airplane is the

equivalent to a road banked at the same angle .
The force F, which is normally considered to be
the normal force exerted by the road, is now
produced by the air and is applied to the
underside of the wings. Notice, the location of the
angle is the same for the airplane as it is for
the car on the banked highway. Therefore,
equation 6.32 is applied.

tan = v2/rg
[(650 km/hr)(1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600 s)]2
(8000 m)(9.8 m/s2 )
tan = 0.416
= 22.60
16.
b.
c.
F = Gm1m2
r2
= (6.67
1011 Nm2/kg2)(5000 kg)(5000 kg)
(2.00 m)2
4
= 4.17
10 N
Since gravity is a "mutual" force. The force

the 5.00 kg mass exerts on the 10.0 kg mass is
the same as the force the 10.0 kg mass exerts
on the 5.00 kg mass = 3.34 109 N.
F = ma = Newton's second law.
a5 kg = F/m
= 3.34
109 N = 6.68
1010 m/s 2
5.00 kg
a10 kg = F/m
= 3.34
109 N = 3.34
10.0 kg
17. a. F = Gm1 m2
r2
= (6.67
10 Nm2/kg2)(5.00 kg)(10.0 kg)
(1.00 m)2
= 3.34
109 N
18.
19. The answer is no. The force of gravity between the two is
F = GmIm2 = 6.67 1011 Nm2/kg2(75.0 kg)(50.0 kg)
r2
(3.00 m)2
= 2.78
108 N
However, this force is too weak to bring them together.
6-3
1010 m/s2

20. F = Gmemp
r
= 6.67 1011 Nm2/kg2 (9.11 1031kg)(1.67
(5.29 1011 m)2
= 3.63
1047 N
1027 kg)
21.
22.
23.
g mars = Gmmars2
r mars
= (6.67 1011 Nm2/kg2)(6.40
(3.32 106 m)2
1023 kg)
6-4

= 3.87 m/s2
A ratio can be established to determine the man's weight on Mars

wearth = 804 N = mgearth = gearth = 9.8 m/s2
wmars
wmars
mgmars
gmars 3.87 m/s2
wmars = 3.87 m/s2 (810 N) = 316 N
9.8 m/s
24. gmars = 3.87 m/s2 = 0.395 = wmars
gearth 9.8 m/s2
wearth
1 N on earth would weigh 0.395 N on Mars. Therefore, a 10 N purchase of coffee would cost
$11.20 on earth. Transported to Mars, the coffee would weigh 10 N(0.395) = 3.95 N. Selling at
$2.25/N, the coffee would sell for $8.89. The merchant would lose $2.31 on the sale or $0.23/N.
25.
26.
27.
6-5

28.
29.
30.
31.
6-6

32. The horizontal component of the tension Th in the string is the centripetal force
Fc = mv2
r
Apply Newton's second law to the forces acting in the
horizontal and vertical directions.
Fh = Tsin = mv2
r
Fv = Tcos mg = 0
Tcos = mg
T = mg
cos
mg sin = mv2
cos
r
2
tan = v = [(80 km/hr)(1000 m/km)( 1 hr /3600s)]2
rg
(153 m)(9.80 m/s2)
= tan1 0.329 = 18.2
6-7

33.
34.
Using the results from problem 33a and taking towards the center of the earth as positive a.
6-8

35.
36.
v = rg =
( 300 m ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) = 54.2 m/s
6-9

37.
38.
39.
6-10

40.
41.
6-11

42.
43.
6-12

44.
45.
46.
6-13

47.
48.
49.
6-14

50.
51. re = 6.37
10 6 m
h = 177 km = 1.77 10 5 m
The radius of the orbit = re + h = 6.37 10 6 m + 1.77 10 5 m = 6.55
The velocity in the orbit with the time for one revolution given is
v = 2r = 2(6.55 10 6 m) = 7.79 103 m/s
T
88 min(60 s/min)
The acceleration due to gravity at this altitude
= g = Gm = v 2 = (7.79 10 3 m/s) 2 = 9.26 m/s 2
r2
r
(6.55 10 6 m)
52.
6-15
10 6 m

53.
54.
55.
56. Refer to the details of the discussion in the "Have you ever wondered" section
370 km = 3.70 105 m
150 km =1.50 105 m
6-16

6-17
Chapter 7 Energy and its Conservation
Chapter 7
Energy and Its Conservation

Hence it took 1960 J to lift the mass 1 m, and
another 980 J to move it through the horizontal
distance of 1 m.
1. The Work needed to lift the block is equal to

W = mgh = (2200 N)(4.60 m) = 1.01 104 J
7. a. Assuming the block moves upward with

constant velocity, the force parallel to the plane
W = F||x = mg sin (x)
= (4.00 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(sin 30)(10.0 m) = 196 J
b. W = mgh = (4.00 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(5.00 m)
= 196 J
c. The force in part a is half the force in part b.
The work done is still the same.
2. a. W = Fx = 150 N(5.00 m) = 750 Nm = 750J

b. W = Fx = 150 N(5.00 m) = 750 Nm = 750 J
3. Using the definition of work
W = Fx cos
W = (8.00 N)(100 m)(cos 40) = 613 J
4.
8. Each chin-up lifts his body weight vertically

Wchin-up = mgh = (110 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(0.50 m)
= 539 J
Since he does 25 chin-ups, his total work is
W = 25(539 J) = 1.35
104 J
Using the definition of work, we need the

component of the force in the direction of the
displacement = F cos
W = Fx cos = (50.0 N)(25.0 m) cos 35
= 1020 J
9. a. 793 kwh(1000 J/s)(3600 s/hr)

= 2.86 109 J
b. 2.86 109 J(0.7376 ft lb/J) = 2.11 109 ft lb
c.
Pave = Ptotal =
2.86 109 J
30 days
(30 days)(24 hr/day)
= 3.97 106 J/hr
10.a.
P=W= F x = F v
t
t
= (665 N)(0.600 m/s) = 399 J/s
b. W = P t = (399 J/s)(10 s) = 3990 J
5. 37 therms(100, 000 Btu/therm)(778

ftlb/Btu)(1.356 J/ft lb) = 3.90 109 J
11. The work required to lift the elevator is equal

to the weight times the distance traveled.
P = W = _ mgh = (17,800 N)(36.6 m)
t
t
60 s
= 1.09 104 J/s
1.09 104 J/s 1 hp = 14.6 hp
746 J/s
If half the power is needed to overcome friction,
we. need 2(14.6 hp) = 29.2 hp
6. a. W = mgh = 200 kg(9.8 m/x2)(1.00 m)

= 1.96 103 J
b. W = Fxcos90 = 0
The force applied is perpendicular to the
displacement
c. The work done by the man against friction in
moving in the horizontal at a constant velocity is
W = FAx The force FA that he applies must be just
enough to overcome friction.
Therefore let
FA = fs = sFN = sw = smg
When the man carries the additional mass of 200
kg he must apply a force of
FA = (0.5)(670 kg + 200 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = 4263 N
And the work that he does in moving his mass and
the extra mass is
W = FAx = (4263 N)(1 m) = 4263 J
Of that total work, the additional work that was
necessary to move the 200 kg mass is just
W = FAx = (0.5)(200 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(1 m) = 980 J
12. Power = Work = W = F d = F v

time
t
t
P = 55,000 N(88.0 km/hr)(1000 m/km)(1
hr/3600 s)
P = 1.34 106 Watts or 1.34 MW (MegaWatts)
13. PE = mghabove desk = 7.00 kg(9.8 m/s2)(2.00 m)
= 137 J
PEfloor = mghabove floor
= 7.00 kg(9.8 m/s2)(3.00 m) = 206 J
7-1

14. The height above the floor is
h = (4 m)sin35
PE = mgh = mg(4 m) sin
= 5.00 kg(9.8 m/s2)(4 m)sin350 = 112 J
21.
15. W = mgh =15.0 kg(9.8 m/s2)(2.00 m) = 294 J

The hammer falls under a force equal to its
weight (mg) for a distance h.
22.
16. The potential energy of the hammer

PE = mgh = (2000 N)(9.80 m/s2) = 6600 J
is converted into work by applying a force
over a distance of 0.100 m.
W = Fx
F = W = 6600 J = 6.60 104 N
x
0.100 m
17. KE = 1 mv2
2
= 1 (5.97 1024 kg)[(30 km/s)(1000 m/km)]2
2
= 2.69 1033 J
18. a. KE30 = 1/2 mvo 2
= 1/2(1200 kg)[(30.0 km/hr)(1000 m/km)
(1 hr/3600 s)]2
KE30 = 4.17 104 J
b. KE60 = 1/2 mv602 = 1/2 m(2v30)2 = 1/2 (4)mv302
KE60 = 4KE30 = 1.67 105 J
c. KE120 = 1/2 mv1202 = 1/2 m(4v30)2
= 1/2 (16)mv302
KE120 = 16KE30 = 6.67 105 J
or KE120 = 1/2 m(2v60)2 = 4KE60
23.
19. KE = 1/2 mv2 = (9.11 1031 kg )

(2.19 106 m/s)2 = 2.185 1018 J
2.185 1018 J(1 eV/ 1.60 1019 J) = 13.7 eV
20. KE = 1/2 mv2
= 1/2(700 kg)[(320 km/hr)
(1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600 s)]2
KE = 2.77 106 J
PE = mgh = 700 kg(9.8 m/s2)(1500 m)
= 1.03 107 J
7-2

27.
24.
25. At the maximum height, all of the projectile's initial

kinetic energy has become gravitational potential energy.
KEi = PE
1/2 mv2 = mgh
h = v2 = 60 m/s
= 184 m
2g 2(9.80 m/s2)
28.
26.
7-3

29.
31.
32.
30.
7-4

33.
34.
35.
W = Ffx = FNx = mgx = 0.30(2200 N)(4.50 m) = 9900 J (Should be negative indicating work against the
motion.)
36.
Wf = mgh 1/2 mv2 = (44.5 N)(6.10 m) (44.5 N/9.80 m/s2)(6.10 m/s)2 = 187 J
7-5

37.
38.
39.
7-6

40.
41.
42.
43.
7-7

44.
45.
7-8

46.
47.
7-9

48.
49.
7-10

50.
EC = EB = E A = 12 mvC2
vC =
2 ( EC mghC )
m
mghC
2 17.2 J - 0.350 kg(9.8 m/s 2 ) (3.00 m)
0.350 kg
51.
52.
7-11
= 6.28 m/s

53.
54.
55.
7-12

56.
57.
58.
7-13

59.
60.
61.
7-14

62.
7-15
Chapter 8 Momentum and Its Conservation

1. p = mv
= (1.45 103 kg)(80 km/hr)(1000 m/km)
(1 hr/3600 s)
6
= 3.22 10 kg m/s
6.
2. 137 km/hr = 38.1 m/s

p = m v = m(vf vi) = 1500 kg(0 38.1 m/s)
= 5.72 104 kg m/s
F t = p = 5.72 104 kg m/s
F = 5.72 4 kg m/s = 5.72 105 kg m/s
0.100 s
Note: the negative sign indicates that the force
acts opposite to the direction of motion.
Impulse = F t = (5.72 105 kg m/s)(0.100 s)
= 5.72 104 N s
3. p = m v = m(vf vi) = 1500 kg(0 38.1 m/s)
= 5.72 104 kg m/s
F t = p = 5.72 104 kg m/s
F = 5.72 4 kg m/s =
105 kg m/s
0.300 s
The negative sign indicates that the force acts
opposite to the direction of motion.
Impulse = p = 5.72 104 N s
7.
8. vm = mwvw = (45 kg)(1.50 m/s) = 0.75 m/s

mm
90 kg
The man moves backward with a velocity of 0.75
m/s
9.
8-1
10.
11. vB = mbvb = (0.910 kg)(7.60 m/s) = 0.0988 m/s

mB
70 kg
The boys direction is opposite to that of the ball.
16.
12.
13.
17.
14.
18.
15.
8-2
19.
20.
21.
22.
8-3
23.
24.
8-4
25.
26.
27.
28.
tan = Pfy = Piy = (79.5 kg)(65.0 km/hr) =1.23

Pfx Pix
(105 kg)(40 km/hr)
Velocity units were not converted to m/s because they cancel in this case.
8-5
= tan1 1.23 = 50.90 south of east.

From the momentum in the x (easterly) direction
vf =
Pix
=
(105 kg)(40 km/hr)
= 27.1 km/hr
(m1 + m2)cos
(105 kg + 79.5 kg)cos50.90
Final velocity = 27.1 km/hr at 50.90 south of east.
29.
30.
8-6
31.
32.
8-7
33.
34.
8-8
35.
36.
8-9
37.
38.
39.
The change in momentum of the lion (vf = 0) is caused by the change in momentum of the bullets.
(m v)lion (m v)bullets = 0
mlvl = mBvB
mB = mlvl = (1335 N/(9.80 m/s2)(3.00 m/s) = 0.536 kg
vB
762 m/s
Total mass of bullets needed = 0.536 kg to stop the lion. Each bullet has a mass of 0.536 kg.
Number of bullets = (0.550 N/9.80 m/s2) = 9.55 = 10 bullets needed.
0.0561 kg/bullet
40.
8-10
41.
42.
43.
8-11
44.
45.
46.
47.
8-12
8-13
48.
49.
8-14
50.
51.
8-15
52.
53.
54.
8-16
55.
8-17
56.
57.
8-18
58.
59.
8-19
8-20
Chapter 9 Rotational Motion
6. a. f = o + t = 0.010 rad/s + 0.050 rad/s2 (5.00 s) = 0.26 rad/s

b. = o t + 1/2 t 2
= 0.010 rad/s (5.00 s) + 1/2 (0.050 rad/s 2 )(5.00 s) 2 = 0.675 rad
c. v = r = 0.260 rad/s (0.25 m) = 0.065 m/s
d. a T = r = 0.050 rad/s2 (0.25 m) = 0.0125 m/s2
e. ac = 2r = (0.260 rad/s)2(0.25 m) = 0.0169 m/s2
f. a = ac2
aT2 =
( 0.0169 m/s ) ( 0.0125 m/s )

2 2
2 2
= 0.0210 m/s 2
= aT = 0.0125 m/s2 = 0.0740

ac 0.0169 m/s2
= tan1 0.0740 = 36.5 This angle is measured from the centripetal acceleration vector.
g. tan
9-1
10. I = 2/5 mr2 = 2/5 (7.27 kg)(0.102 m)2 = 3.03
102 kg m2
9-2
9-3
17. a. This problem was done as an example. From equation 9.47
a=
mA mB
0.200 kg - 0.100 kg
9.80 m/s 2 = 1.23 m/s 2
g=
0.200 kg + 0.100 kg 1.00kg/2
mA mB M /2
b. Use linear kinematics when Block A hits the floor.
9-4
9-5
9-6
9-7
9-8
9-9
9-10
9-11
9-12
9-13
Chapter 10 Elasticity
F
L
=Y
A
L
F = w = mg =
(3.00kg) (9. 80m/s2) =29. 4N
4.
L=
FL0
( 29.4 N)(1.00 m)
=
AY
(1.50 103 m)2 / 4 ( 21 1010 N/m 2 )
L = 7.92 x 105 m
5.
L=
FL0
( 223,000 N)(1.22 m)
=
AY
(0.102 m) 2 / 4 ( 7.0 1010 N/m 2 )
L = 4. 76 x 10 m
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
Chapter 11 Simple Harmonic Motion
11-1
11-2
11-3
11-4
26. The stroke of th e piston is twice the amplitude

2A = 203 cm; A = (20.3 c m)/ 2 = 10. 15 cm
a. a = 2Acos t (magnitude only)
The acceleration at x = A; co s t =1
a = 2A = (2f)2A = [2(1800 rpm)(1 min/60 s)]2(10.15 cm) = 3.61 x 105 cm/s2
b. At x = 0, cos t = 0 and sin t = 1
The speed at the midpoint, x = 0:
v = A = (2f)A = [2(1800 rpm)(1 min/60 s)](10.15 cm) = 1.91 x 103 cm/s
11-5
11-6
11-7
34. The spring force initially balances the weight of the car.
Fs = wcar = kx When the people get in, the springs compress 0.0508 m more.
wcar + wpeople = k[x + 0.0508 m]
Solving for k, kx + wpeople = kx + (0.0508 m)k
1800 N = k(0.0508 m)
k = 3.54 x 104 N/m
11-8
11-9
11-10
11-11
11-12
11-13
11-14
11-15
Chapter 12 Wave Motion
12-1
12-2
12-3
12-4
12-5
Chapter 13 Fluids
Chapter 13 Fluids
13-1
Chapter 13 Fluids
16.
17.
18.
19. Pressure is a scalar quantity, which means it is the same in all directions.
P = F/A
F = pA = (1.013 x 105 N/m2)(6.50 m)(12.2 m) = 8.03 x 106 N
13-2
Chapter 13 Fluids
20.
21. pbottom = ptop + gh + po

po = atmospheric pressure and should be included in the total. The pressure at the bottom must be
high enough to overcome the air pressure at the top.
pbottom = 3.45 104 N/m 2 + (1000 kg/m3 )(9.80 m/s 2 )(4.60 m) + 1.013 105 N/m 2
= 3.45 x 104 N/m2 + 4.51 x 104 N/m2 + 1.013 x 105 N/m2 = 1.81 x105 N/m2
22.
23.
24.
25.
13-3
Chapter 13 Fluids
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
13-4
Chapter 13 Fluids
32.
33.
34.
13-5
Chapter 13 Fluids
35.
36.
37.
38.
13-6
Chapter 13 Fluids
39.
A=
A = lw
1
4
1
wcar
4 (12,500 N)
=
= 1.04
5
pa pgauge 1.013 10 N/m 2 2.00 105 N/m 2
b. The length of tire on the ground is

l=
A 1.04 10-2 m 2
=
= 6.93 10-2 m = 6.93 cm
w
0.15 m
40.
41.
42.
43.
13-7
10-2 m 2
Chapter 13 Fluids
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
13-8
Chapter 13 Fluids
49.
13-9
Chapter 14 Temperature and Heat
9. The final temperature is 100C.
Q = mc T
= 0.450 kg(385 J/kg C)(100 C 20C)
= 1.39 104 J
10. The final temperature is 100C.

Q = mc T
= 0.250 kg(837 J/kg C)(100 C (23C))
= 2.57 104 J
11. Q = mc T = 5.00 kg(4186 J/kg C)(100 C 20.0C)
= 1.67 106 J
14-1
14. KE becomes thermal energy.

Q = KE = 1 mv2 = 1(2000 kg)[96.6 km/hr)(1000 m/km)(1 hr/3600 s)]2 = 7.20
2
2
105 J
15. The final temperature is 100C. The mass = V = 4 r3 where = density of aluminum.
3
Q = mc T = 4r3 c T = (2700 kg/m3) 4( 0.20 m) 3(900 J/kg C)(100 C 20 C) = 8.14
3
3
2
105 J
16. Q lost = Q gained

m1w c w T1 + m2w c w T2 = m3w cw T3
0.050 kg(4186 J/kg 0(70 C Ti )+ 0.025 kg(4186 J/kg 0(100 C Tf )
= 0.030 kg(4186 J/kg C)(Tf 5.00 C)
25,738 = 439 Tf
Tf = 5 8 . 6 C
17.
Qlost = Qgained
mlead clead Tlead = mwcw Tw + mccc Tc
0.080 kg(130 J/kg 0(100 C Tf
= 0.100 kg (4186 J/kg C)(Tf 20 C) + 0.060 kg (900 J/kg C)(Tf 20C)
1040 10.4 Tf = 418.6 Tf 8372 + 54 Tf 1080
483Tf = 10492
Tf = 21.7C
18. Q lost = Qgained

mscs Ts = mwcw Tw + mccc Tc
cs = mwcw Tw + mccc Tc
ms Ts
= 0.150 kg(4186 J/kg C(21.5 C 20.0 C) + 0.060 kg(900 J/kg 0(21.5 C 20.0 C)
0.100 kg(100 C 21.5 C)
= 130 J/kg C
Gold, platinum, or lead are all possibilities.
14-2
19.
Qlost = Qgained
mscs Ts = mwcw Tw + mccc Tc
cs= mwcw Tw + mccc Tc
ms Ts
= 0.150 kg(4186 J/kg C)(19.5 C 15.0 C) + (0.060 kg)(900 J/kg C)(19.5 C 15.0C)
0.100 kg(100C 19.5C)
= 381 J/kg C
Copper most likely.
20. Qlost = Qgained

mwcw T1 = m2wcw T2
mw = m2w T2 = 60.0 kg(20.0C 10.0C) = 20.0 kg needs to be added.
T1
(50.0C 20C)
21. Qlost = Qgained
mleadclead Tlead + mcopperccopper Tcopper = mwcw Tw + mccc Tc
0.100 kg(130J/kg C)(50.0C Tf ) + 0.060 kg(385 J/kg C)(60C Tf)
= (0.200 kg)(4186 J/kg C)(Tf 15.0 C) + (0.100 kg)(900 J/kg C)(Tf 15.0C)
Tf =16. 6C
22 Qlost = Qgained
mplatinumcplatinum Tplatinum = mwcw Tw + mccc Tc
T p l a t i n u m = mwcw Tw + mccc Tc
mplatinumcplatinum
T i T f = 0.400 kg(4186 J/kg C)(10.0 C 5.00 + 0.100 kg(900 J/kg C)(10.0C 5.00C)
0.200 kg(134 J/kg C)
= 329 C
T i = Tf + 329C =10.0C + 329C = 339C
The temperature of the furnace was 339C.
23. Heat must be added to raise the ice to 0C, melt the ice, and then raise the water to equilibrium.
Q = mici Ti; + miLf + mici T
= 0.050 kg(2093 J/kg C)[0 ( 10.0 C)] + 0.050 kg(3.34 105 J/kg) + 0.050 kg(4186 J/kg C)(20 C 0 C)
= 2.20
104 J
24. Qgained = Qlost

m i L f + mi c w T iw = m wc w T w
0.050 kg(3.34
105 J/kg) + 0.050 kg(4186 J/kg)(Tf 0C)
= 0.050 kg(4186 J/kg C)(80.0 C Tf

16,700 + 209.3Tf = 209.3Tf + 16,700
418.6Tf = 0 C
Tf = 0 C
There is only enough energy to melt the ice. No energy is left to raise it to a higher temperature.
14-3

25. Q gained = Qlost
miLf + m i c w T iw = m wc w T w
mi (3.34 105 J/kg) + mi (4186 J/kg C)(20 C 0) = 0.050 kg(4186 J/kg C)(75C 20 C)
417720 mi = 11511.5 kg
mi = 0.0275 kg = 27.5 g
26. To melt all the ice : Q = miLf = 0.050 kg(3.34 105 J/kg) = 16,700 J
The amount of energy available : Q = mwcw Tw = 0.050 kg(4186 J/kg 0(20 C)
Qavailable = 4186 J
Since there is not enough energy to melt all the ice, the final temperature is 0C.
The amount of ice melted
miLf = 4186 J
mi = 4186 J =
4186 J
_ = 0.0125 kg =12.5 g
Lf
3.34 105 J/kg
27. Heat is needed to raise the ice to 0 C, melt the ice, raise the water to 100C, boil the water, and raise
the steam to 105 C.
Qneeded = mici Ti + miLf + micw Tw + m iLv + mics Ts
Q = 0.010 kg(2093 J/kg C)[0 ( 15C)] + 0.010 kg(3.34 105 J/kg ) + 0.010 kg(4186 J/kg C)(100 C)
+ 0.010 kg(2093 J/kg) + 0.010 kg(2013 J/kg 0(105 C 100 C) = 3.06 104 J
28. Qlost = Qgained
mwcw Tw + mcopperc copper Tcopper = m iLf + miwcw Tiw
mwcw Tw + mcu c cu Tcu miwcw Tiw = Lf
mi
Lf = [0.155 kg(4186 J/kg C)(23.0 C
6.25 C) + (0.085 kg)(385.1 J/kg C)( 23.0 C
(0.031 kg)(4186 J/kg C)(6.25 C 0 C)
6.25 C)
0.031 kg
Lf = 3.42 105 J/kg
%Error = [Experimental Accepted]
100%
Accepted
[3.42 105 J/kg 3.34 105 J/kg ] 100% = 2.43%
3.34 105 J/kg
29. Assuming the ice is initially at 0 C.
Qlost = Qgained
mironciron Tiron = miLf
m i = mironciron Tiron = (0.100 kg)(452 J/kg C)(100C 0C) = 0.0135 kg = 13.5 g
Lf
3.34 105 J/kg
30.
Qlost = Qgained
The steam must first be condensed into water, then cooled to equilibrium.
msLv + mswcw Ts = mwcw Tw
ms (Lv + cw Ts) = mwcw Tw
0.300 kg(4186 J/kg C)(80 C - 20 C)
_ = 0.0321 kg = 32.1 g
ms = mwcw Tw =
(Lv + cw Ts)
2.26
106 J/ kg + (4186 J/kg 0)(100 C 80 C)
31. Qlost = Qgained

The steam must first be condensed into water, then cooled to equilibrium.
ms Lv, + mswcw Tsw = miLf + miwcw Tw
ms = miLf + miwcw Tw = (1.00 kg)( 3.34 105 J/kg) + (1.00 kg)(4186 J/kg C)(20 C 0C) = 0.161 kg = 161 g
Lv, + cw Tsw
2.26
106 J/kg + (4186 J/kg C)(100 C 20 C)
14-4
33. Energy needed to raise 1.00 kg of water from 20C to 100 C and then boil it all away :
Q = mwcw Tw + miLv = 1.00 kg(4186 J/kg C)(100C 20 C) + 1.00 kg(3.06 104 J/kg) = 2.60 106 J
The power =1 kW = 1000 J/s
The time to produce the heat needed to boil the water
P = W = Q = 2.6 10 6 J = 2.60 103 s = 0.721 hr
P
P 1000 J/s
34. mwater = V = 1000 kg/m3 (100 cm3)(1 m3/1.00 106 cm3) = 0.100 kg
The heat (Q) needed to boil water = mwcw Tw + mwLv
Q = (0.100 kg)(4186 J/kg C)(100C 20.0 C) + (0.100 kg)( 3.06 104 J /kg) = 36,500 J
P= W=Q
t
t
t = Q = 36,500 J _ = 183 s = 3.04 min.
P
0.2 103 J/s
35.
36.
14-5

37.
38.
39.
14-6

40. Energy needed (miLf + micw Tw) to raise the temperature to 15 C.
Q = 0.050 kg(3.34 105 J/kg) + 0.050 kg(4186 J/kg C)(15.0 C 0C) =1.99
104 J
This heat is generated by a rotating paddle wheel. The power needed
Power = Energy =
= Fr
t
The heat per unit time is equal to the power generated.
Q = Fr
t
F= Q =
1.99 104 J
_
tr
10 min(60 s/min)(0.15 m)(60 rpm)(2 rad/rev)(1 min/60 s)
The force required F = 35.2 N applied to the end of the paddle wheel.
41. Q lost = Qgained
a. m body c body T body = Q lost
Tbody = (105F 102F) = 3F
From problem 8
5 tF = tC
9
5(3 F) = t C = 1.67 C
9
Q = (75.0 kg)(3474 J/kg C)(1.67C) = 4.35 105 J
b. The mass of alcohol needed
Q= m alcohol L v
4.35 105 J = m(8.50 105 J/kg)
0.512 kg = m
The volume of alcohol needed
V = m = 0.512 kg = (6.32 104 m3)(1 106 cm3/m3) = 632 cm3
810 kg/m 3
42. The mass of air is determined by the product of its density and volume.
Q= mc T = Vc T = (1.29 kg/m3)(14.0 m)(9.00 m)(3.00 m)(1000.8 J/kg C)(20.0 C 15.0C)
= 2.46 106 J
43.
14-7

44.
45. Q = mAlcAl Tm+ mAlLf = 100 kg(900 J/kg C)(660 C 20 C) + 100 kg(3.77
46.
47.
48.
2.33 109 J = 15.8 gal # 2 fuel oil

1.47 108 J/gal
2.33 109 J = 62.8 m3 of natural gas
3.71 107 J/gal
2.33 109 J = 649 kWhr
3.59 106 J/kWhr
14-8
105 J/kg) = 9.5
107 J

49.
50.
14-9

51.
d. Assume a linear relationship.

L = Lfinal Linitial = 2.51 106J/kg 2.26 106 J/kg = 0.250 J
100C 0C
kg C
temp tempf tempi
at 10C
L = L (t) + 2.26 106 J/kg = (0.250 J /kg C)(10 C) + 2.26 106 J/kg = 2.49
t
e.
Q = mLv
m = mass of water vapor condensed into water
m = 2.60 107 kg 7.27 106 kg = 1.87 107 kg
The thermal energy given off
f.
106 J/kg
Q = 1.87 107 kg)(2.49 106 J/kg) = 4.66 1013 J

Thunderstorms may cover areas the size of several states. Our dimensions for the box of air may be on the
order of 1000 km by 1500 km by 1 km. This volume contains (1 106 m)(1.5 106 m)(1 103 m) or
1 1015 m3 of air or about 1 106 times greater than our sample box in this problem. Now imagine the
amount of energy released in a real thunderstorm, given everything else the same.
14-10
Chapter 15 Thermal Expansion and the Gas Laws
Chapter 15 Thermal Expansion and the

Gas Laws
6.
7.
Co 2 ro
=
= When heated C = 2r where
Do
2ro
t)
r = ro + ro t = ro (1 +
and D = 2r where r = ro (1 + t) Therefore
t)
C 2 r 2 ro (1
=
=
=
D
2r
2ro (1
t)
Hence the ratio of the circumference C to the diameter
D is always a constant equal to .
3.
8.
9.
4.
5.
10.
Tf. = (0.865 cm 0.850 cm) + (2.4 105/C(0.850 cm)(20.0C)

107 /C)(0.850 cm)
(2.4
Tf = 755C
15-1
11.
12. The volume of mercury will change by

V = Vo T = Ah T = (1.8 104/ C)(25.0 mm2)(1 cm2/100 mm2)(20 cm)(30.0 C 0.0C) = 0.027 cm3
To find the rise in the column of mercury,
V = V0 + V = Ah + V= (25.0 mm2)(1 cm2/100 mm2)(20 cm) + 0.027 cm3 = 5.027 cm3
h = 5.027 cm3
h=
5.027 cm3
= 20.11 cm
25.0 mm2(1 cm2/100 mm2)
The original height of the mercury is 20.0 cm, the new height is 20.11 cm the column will rise 0.11 cm.
13.
14.
16. pV = nRT
T = PV = (2.03 105 N/m2)(0.250 m3)
nR
(1 mole)(8.314 /mole K)
= 6100 K
pV = nRT
Convert the given quantities to appropriate units for
use
V = 500 cm3(1 m3/106 cm3) = 5.00
p = 1.38
104 m3
105 N/m2
n = 2.00 g(1 mole/32 g) = 0.0625 mole
17. pV = nRT
n = PV = (2.03
105 N/m2)(50.0 cm3)(1 m3/106 cm3)
RT
(8.314 J/mole K)(300 K)
= 4.07
103 moles
The number of moles is the ratio between the number of
molecules and Avogadro's number
n= N
NA
N = nNA
= 4.07 103moles(6.023 1023 molecules/mole)
= 2.45 1021 molecules
18.
From the ideal gas law

T = pV = ( 1.38 105 N/m2)(5.00 104 m3)
nR
0.0625 mole(8.314 J/mole K)
=133 K
tC +2 73 = K
t C = K 273 =133 K 273 = 140C
15. pV = nRT
p = nRT
V
= 2 moles(8.314 J//mole K)(20 C + 273)
= 9.74
5.00 104 m3
106 N/m2
15-2

19.
26.
20.
21.
p1V1 = p 2V2 ;
T1
T2
p2 = p1V1 = (1.01
V2
Or p2 = 2 p1/2
T1 = T2
105 N/m2)(V1) = 0.505
2V1
105N/m2
22. .
p1V1 = p 2V2 ; T1 = T2
T1
T2
105 N/m2)(V1) = 2.02
p2 = p1V1 = (1.01
V2
V1
Or p2 = 2 p1
105N/m2
23. p1V1 = p2V2 ;

p1 = p2
T1
T2
The temperature must be in kelvin.
T1 = tC+ 273 = 50 + 273 = 323 K
T2 = T1V2 = (323 K)(6.00 m3) = 646 K = 373C
V1
(3.00 m3)
24. p1V1 = p2V2 ; p1 = p2
T1
T2
T1 = toC + 273 = 20 + 273 = 293 K
T2 = toC + 273 = 100 + 273 = 373 K
V2 = V1T2 = (4.00
103 m3)(373 K) = 5.09
T1
(293 K)
27. The pressure is determined from the ideal gas law.

pV = nRT
p = nRT
V
= (1 mole)(8.314 J/mole K)(300 K)
1.00 102 m3
= 2.49 105 N/m2
p1V1 = p 2V2 ; V1 = V2
T1
T2
At the new temperature the pressure is
p2 = p1T2 = (2.49
105 N/m2)(600 K) = 4.99 105 N/m2
T1
(300 K )
= 2 p1
The number of molecules remains unchanged.
N = nNA = 1 mole(6.023 1023 molecules/mole)
= 6.023 1023 molecules
28.
103 m3
25. . p1V1 = p2V2 ; p1 = p2

T1
T2
T1 = toC + 273 = 25 + 273 = 298 K
T2 = toC + 273 = 20 + 273 = 253 K
V2 = p1V1T2 = (1.52 105 N/m2)(3.00 m3)(253 K) = 7.64 m3
p2T1
(5.07 104 N/m2)(298 K)
15-3

29. From equation 15.45
KEavg = 3 kT
T must be in Kelvin
2
a. at 0C; KE avg = 3(1.38 1023 J/K)(273 K)
2
KEavg = 5.65 1021 J
b. at 20.0C; KEavg = 3(1.38 1023 J/K)(293 K)
2
KE = 6.07 1021 J
c . at 100C; K E = 7.72 10 2 1 J
d. at 1000C; KE = 2.64 1020 J
e. at 5000C; KE =1.09 1019 J
30.
31.
32.
15-4

33.
34.
KE = 1Nmv2rms
2
N = # of molecules in the room
m = mass of nitrogen molecule
m = M(N2) =
2(14.0 103 kg/mole)
= 4.65 1026 kg/molecule
NA
6.023 1023 molecules/mole
In order to find the number of molecules in the room, you need the number of moles of N2 in the room. Using the ideal gas law
pV = nRT
n = pV = (1 .01 105 N/m2)(10.0 m)(7.00 m)(4.00 m) = 1.15 104 moles
RT
(8.314 J/mole K)(295 K)
N = nN A = (1.15 104 moles)(6.023 1023 molecules/mole) = 6.94 1027 molecules in the room
KE = 1(6.94 1027 molecules)(4.65 1026 kg/molecule)(vrms)2
2
3kT
3(1.38 1023 J/K)(295 K)
=
= 2.63 105 = 512 m/s
m
4.65 1026 kg/molecule
KE = 1(6.94 1027 molecules)(4.65 1026 kg/molecule)(512 m/s)2 = 4.25
2
vrms =
35.
15-5
10 7 J

36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
15-6
41.
42.
43.
15-7

44.
45.
46.
15-8

47.
48.
15-9
49.
15-10
50.
51.
15-11

52.
15-12
Chapter 16 Heat Transfer

1.
Q = vmc T t
x
Q = vc T t = (24.0 km/hr)(1009 J/kg C)(4.00 C )(6.00 hr) = 5810 J/kg
m
x
100 km

Q = vmc T t
x
Q = vc T t = (30.0 km/hr)(1009 J/kg C)(2.50 C )(8.00 hr) = 6050 J/kg
m
x
100 km
Q = c V (Th Tc )
t
t
Q = (1.29 kg/m3)(1009 J/kg C)(10.5 m3)(30.0 C 18.5 C)
t
(1 min)
Q = 1.57 105 J/min
t
In one hour
Q = (1.57 105 J/min)(60 min/hr) = 9.42 106 J
4.
Q = c V (Th Tc ) = (1.29 kg/m3)(1009 J/kg C)(5.60 m3)(93.0 C 13.0 C)

t
t
(1 min)
Energy transferred per minute
Q = 5.83 J/min
t
Energy transferred per hour = Q = (5.83 J/min)(60 min/hr) = 3.50 107 J/hr
t
5.
In this case, the heating system is rated at 58.0% efficient, which means that out of the ideal energy
output of 6.3 107J/hr, only 58.0% of it or .58(6.3 107J/hr) = 3.65 107J/hr is transferred into the
room. Therefore
Q = c V (Th Tc ) = 3.65 107J/hr
t
t
Th = 3.65
107J/hr + Tc
c V
t
+17.0 C
Th =
(3.65 107 J/hr)(1 hr/60 min)
(1.29 kg/m3)(1009 J/kg C)(5.30 m3 / min)
Th = 105 C
6. The coefficient for thermal conductivity for glass is 7.91

101 J/(m s C)
Q = kA (Th Tc)t
d
Q = (7.91
101 J/m s C)(0.80 m)(1.20 m)(20 C (8.00 C))(12 hr)(3600 s/hr)
0.0035 m
Q = 2.62 108 J
16-1

7.
Outside temperature is now 15F due to the strong winds

Q = kA (Th Tc)t = (7.91 101 J/m s C)(0.80 m)(1.20 m)(20 C (15.0 C))(12 hr)(3600 s/hr)
d
0.0035 m
Q = 3.28 108 J
8.
For concrete, k = 1.30 J/m sC (metric system units)

Q = kA (Th Tc)t = (1.30 J/m s C)(10.0 m)(2.80 m)(20 C 5.0 C)(24 hr)(3600 s/hr)
d
22.0 cm(1 m/100 cm)
= 2.14
108 J
9. For a pine wood door, k = 1.13 101 J/m s C

Q = kA (Th Tc)t = (1.13 101 J/m s C)(0.91 m)(1.73 m)(20 C (5.0 C))(6 hr)(3600 s/hr)
d
0.05 m
= 1.92 106 J
10. For copper, k = 402 J/m s C
where A is the cross - sectional area of the copper rod and is equal to A = d2/4 = 1.96 103 m2
103 m2)(225 C 20.0 C)(1 hr)(3600 s/hr) = 3.88
105 J/hr
Q = kA (Th Tc)t = (402 J/m s C)(1.96
d
1.50 m
(The thickness (d) corresponds to the length of the rod which is 1.50 m.)
Q = 3.88 105 J/hr. That is 3.88
105 J are transferred in 1 hr.
11. For copper k = 402 J/m s C the thermal energy transferred.
Q = kA (Th Tc)t where A is the cross - sectional area of the rod and d is its length
d
= (402 J/m s C)[(0.03 m)2 /4](100 C 20 C)(5.00 min)(60 s/min) = 5460 J transferred in 5 min.
1.25 m
The rate of energy flow through the rod is uniform and is equal to
Q = 5460 J/(5 min (60 s/min)) = 18.2 J/s
t
This same rate of flow must occur at a distance of 45 cm from the hot end. Therefore, if we take the "thickness" to
be 45 cm, we have
Q = kA(Th Tc)
t
d
(Q/t)d = Th Tc
kA
(Q/t)d Th = Tc
kA
(18.2 J/s)(0.45 m)
Tc = Th (Q/t)d = 100 s
= 71.2C
kA
(402 J/m s C)[(0.03 m)2 /4]
12.
16-2

13. a. The mass of ice is determined from its density and the volume of the container
= m/V
m = V = 920 kg/m3 (0.34 m)(0.44 m)(0.34 m) = 53.2 kg
b. The thermal energy needed to melt the ice, assumed to be at 0C, is
Q = mLf = 53.2 kg(3.34 105 J/kg) = 1.78
107 J
Th = 35C
t=
Q
_
[2k(Th Tc)/d)(A1 + A2)
=
1.78 107 J
_
[2(0.201 J/m s C)(35 C 0C)/03 m][(0.34 m)(0.34 m)+ (0.44 m)(0.34 m)]
= 1.43 105 s(l hr /3600 s) = 39.8 hr
14. We need to determine the amount of heat transferred from the steam bath to the ice bath in 1 hr.
Q = kA(Th Tc)t ; For aluminum k = 234 J/m s C
d
= (234 J/m sC)()[(0.03 m)2/4](100C 0.00 C)(1 hr)(3600 s/hr)
0.50 m
= 1.19
105 J transferred in 3600 s or 1 hour.
105 J of heat energy is needed to melt 1 kg of ice at 0.00 C. Therefore,
3.34
1.19
105 J/hr = 0.356 kg/hr
3.34
105 J
There will be 0.356 kg of ice melted per hour.
15. The thermal energy transferred to the outside if the inside is 70 F is
Q = kA (Th Tc)t = kA(21.0 C ( 7.00 C))(8 hr ) = 224 kA J
d
d
d
Where the thermal conductivity, area, and thickness of the wall is unknown.
At 15.5 C internal temperature
Q = kA(15.5 C ( 7.00 C))(8 hr ) = 180 kA J
d
d
The energy saved by lowering the temperature inside the house is
224 kA J 180 kA J = 44 kA J
d
d
d
The percentage saved to what would have been used at 21.0C is
44 kA/d = 0.196
100% = 19.6%
224 kA/d
19.6 % is saved by lowering the internal temperature 5.5 C.
16-3

16. Q = kA(Th Tc)t = (0.2095 J/m s C)(1.9 m2)(37.0 C 35.00)(1.00 s) = 19.9 J
d
0.04 m
= 19.9 J of thermal energy transferred each second
17. a. R = d =
k
b. R = d =
k
4.00 in.(0.0254 m/in) = 2.45 s m2 C./J

4.14 102 J/m s C
6.00 in.(0.0254 m/in) = 3.68 s m2 C./J
4.14 102 J/m s C
18.
19.
Rtotal = 0.154 + 0.725 + 0.0171 + 0.177
20. a. For plasterboard, kplaster = 0.469 J/(m s C)

Q = kA(Th T c)t
d
= (0.469 J/(m s C)(8.00 m)(13.0 m)(71.0 C 21.0 C)(2 hrs)(3600 s/hr) = 1.85
109 J
0.00950 m
b. If glass wool is now added as insulation, the ceiling becomes a compound wall.
A (Th Tc ) t
Q=
n
Ri
i =1
R = Rplaster + Rglass wool = dplaster + dglass wool =

kplaster
kglass wool
0.00950 m
+
0.469 J (m s C)
16-4
0.150 m
_ = 3.64 (m2 s C)/J
0.0414 J (m s C)

Q = (8.00 m)(13.0 m)(71.0 C 21.0 C)(2 hrs)(3600 s/hr) = 1.03 107 J
3.64 (m2 s C)/J
= 1.03 107 J transferred from the attic into the house over a period of 2 hr.
21.
22. The flow of thermal energy through a compound wall is determined from
A (Th Tc ) t
Q=
n
Ri
i =1
where the area of the window is in m2. Rtotal is determined from

R = dglass + dair + dglass = 3.18 103 m +
0.150 m
_ + 3.18 103 m = 2.18 (m2 s C)/J
kglass
kair
kglass
0.791 J/(m s C)
0.0230 J/(m s C) 0.791 J/(m s C)
The thermal energy conducted
Q = (0.81 m)(1.14 m)(20.0 C (-7.00 C)(8.00 hr) (3600 s/hr) = 3.29 105 J
2.18 (m2 s C)/J
23.
24.
16-5

25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
16-6

31.
32.
33.
34. The amount of energy reaching the water through the bottom of the pot is transferred by conduction.
The amount of energy transferred per minute is
Q = kA(Th T c)t
d
The coefficient of thermal conductivity for aluminum is 0.234 J/m s C
Q = (0.234 J/m s C)()[(0.15 m) 2 /4](170C 100C)
t
0.003 m
= 9.65 104 J/s of heat is conducted through the bottom of the pot : 2.26 106 J /kg is required to boil water.
Therefore, 9.65 104 J/s = 0.0427 kg/s will be boiled away or 0.0427 kg/s (60 s/min)
2.26 106 J
= 2.56 kg/min will be boiled away.
35.
16-7

36.
= (35.6 J/m s)(0.25 m)(0C)+ (402 J/m s C)(0.10 m)(100C) = 81.9C

(35.6 J/m s C)(0.25 m) + (402 J/m s C)(0.10 m)
The energy flowing through the bar is the same in the lead and copper section as well as in the entire bar itself.
Therefore,
Q = kleadA(Th lead T c lead) = (35.6 J/m s C)(0.02 m)2(81.9C 0C)
t
dlead
0.10 m
= (11.7 J/s)(60 s/min) = 702 J/min
16-8

37.
38.
16-9
39. a. The total amount of heat incident on the driveway normal (|) to the surface in two hours is
Q = 1.38 103 J/(s/m2) (7200 s)(50 m2) = 4.97 108 J
The mass of the driveway
m = pV = (1219 kg/m3)(50 m2)(0.06 m) = 3660 kg
The temperature change is determined from
Q = mc T
T= Q =
4.97
108 J
= 31.8 C
mc
3660 kg(4270 J/(kg C)
b. For the energy incident at 35 from the horizontal,
the component perpendicular to the surface
Q| = Q sin 35
T = Q sin35 =
4.97 108 J(sin35)
= 18.2 C
mc
3660 kg(4270 J/kg C)
40.
16-10

41.
42. a. The thermal energy transferred by conduction is given as Q = kA(Th T c)t

d
There are two walls with an area of 12.0 m by 2.44 m and two walls with an area of 9.00 m by 2.44 m
(the 10 cm thickness of the walls is ignored in calculating the area of the walls). Therefore the
thermal energy conducted through the two walls in 8.00 hr is
Q1 = 2(0.0414 J/(m s C))(12.0 m 2.44 m)(21.0 C ( 7.00 C))(8 hr)(3600 s/hr) = 1.96 107 J
10.0 cm
Through the other wall, the energy lost is
2.44 m)(21.0 C ( 7.00 C))(8 hr)(3600 s/hr) = 1.47
10.0 cm
The total energy lost in 8 hr when the room is 21.0 C is
Q1 + Q2 = 1.96 107 J + 1.47 107 J = 3.43 107 J
Q2 = 2(0.0414 J/(m s C))(9.00 m
107 J
The energy lost when the room is 60.0F is

Q1 = 2(0.0414 J/(m s C))(12.00 m 2.44 m)(15.0 C ( 7.00 C))(8 hr)(3600 s/hr) = 1.54
107 J
10.0 cm
The other wall loses
Q2 = 2(0.0414 J/(m s C))(9.00 m 2.44 m)(15.0 C ( 7.00 C))(8 hr)(3600 s/hr) = 1.16
107 J
10.0 cm
The total energy lost when the room is at 15.0 C is
Q1 + Q2 = 1.54 107 J + 1.16 107 J = 2.70 107 J
Energy saved due to lowering thermostat is
107 J 2.70 107 J = 7.30 106 J
3.43
b. The energy used to raise the temperature back to 21.0 C
Q = mc T
where m = mass of air = V
c = specific heat of air =1009 J/kg C
T = 10F = 9 tC
5
t C = 5.56C
106 J
Q =1.29 kg/m3 (12 m 9 m 2.44 m))(1009 J/kg C)(5.56 C) = 1.91
6
6
6
c. The amount saved = 7.30
10 J 1.91
10 J = 5.39
10 J
43. The thermal energy per unit time flowing into the cooling container, through the aluminum rod is
Q = kA(Th - TC) = (234 J/m s 0(25
104 m2)(100 C 20 C) = (46.8 J/s)(60 s/min)
t
d
1.00 m
= 2810 J/min
There is 2810 J of energy entering the cooling container each minute, which causes a change of 20C in the
incoming water. The amount of water needed is Q = mc T
t
m= Q =
2180 J/min
= 0.0336 kg/min = 33.6 g/min enters the container.
tc T (4186 J/kg)(30 C 10 C)
16-11

44. The amount of the thermal energy transferred from the engine to the water is
Q = kA(Th Tc) = (234 J/m s C)(0.525 m2)(300 C 100 C) = (1.64
106 J/s)(60 s/min)
t
d
0.015 m
7
= 9.83 10 J/min
106 J/kg to boil water. Therefore, the
which is the thermal energy transferred to the water. It takes 2.26
amount of water boiled away is
mLv = 9.83 107 J/min
m = 9.83 107 J/min = 43.5 kg/min
2.26 106 J/kg
43.5 kg/min of water must boil to cool the engine.
45. The problem is solved by entering the given information into the given equation. Make sure units are in their
proper form [ln(r2/r1) stands for the natural logarithm of (r2/r1)].
Q = 2kl T = 2(402 J/m s C)(5.00 m)(100 C 30.0 C) = (2.18 106 J/s)(3600 s/hr) = 7.85 109 J/hr
t
ln(r2/r1)
ln(0.15 m/0.10 m)
46.
Q=
4k T = 4(1.67 J/m s C)(15.0 C ( 40.0 C)) = (5.55 104 J/s)(3600 s/hr) = 2.00 108 J/hr
t
(r2 r1 )/r1r2
(3.20 m 3.00 m)/(3.00 m)(3.20 m)
This is the total energy lost from a sphere, since the igloo is 1/2 a sphere, the energy lost from the igloo is
1 Q = 1(2.00
108 J /hr) = 1.00 108 J/hr
2 t
2
47.
48.
Q = kA T
t
d
For the cylinder, use the outside radius to calculate the area of the surface (do not include top or bottom of
cylinder).
Q = k2rl T = (402 J/s m C)(2)(0.15 m)(5.00 m)(100C 30C) = (2.65
106 J/s)(3600 s/hr)
t
r2 ri
.15 m .10 m
= 9.54
109 J/hr
The percentage error is
% error = 9.54
109 J/hr 7.85
109 J/hr
100% = 21.5 %
7.85 109 J/hr
For the igloo,
Q = kA T = k4r2 T = (1.67 J/s m C)[4(3.20 m)2](55C) = 5.91
104 J/s
t
d
d
3.20 m 3 00 m
Again using the outside radius of the igloo,
Q = (5.91 104 J/s)(3600 s/hr) = 2.13 108 J/hr
t
The igloo is only the sphere, so the thermal energy lost is
1 Q = 1.06
108 J/hr
2 t
The percentage error is
16-12

% error = 1.06
108 J/hr 1.00 108 J/hr

1.00 108 J/hr
100% = 6.00 %
49.
50.
51. Q = hA Tt
Q = hA T = (7.45 J/s m2 C)(2.00 m2)(100 C 20.0 C) = (1.19
t
103 J/s)(60 s/min) = 7.16
104 J/min
52. The total amount of heat transferred per unit time is the sum of the heat transferred through the two
walls by conduction and the heat transferred per unit time by convection through the air gap.
Qtotal = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
Q1 = heat transferred through pine wood = kA T ; T = (18 C 13 C)
d
= (0.113 J/m s C)(25 m2)(5 C) = 7.06 102 J/s
0.02 m
Q3 = heat transferred through pine wood = kA T ; T = (10 C (6C))
d
103 J/s
= (0.113 J/m s C)(25 m2)(16 C) = 2.26
0.02 m
Q2 = heat transferred by convection Q = hA T = 0.177(3 C)1/4 J/(s cm2 C)(25
104 cm2) = 5.84 104 J/s
104 J/s = 6.14 104 J/s lost
Qtotal = 7.06 102 J/s + 2.26 103 J/s + 5.84
53.
16-13
Chapter 17 Thermodynamics
7. The heat required to raise the temperature of a monatomic gas at constant volume, by an amount
T, is given by Q = nCv T = (5 moles)(12.5 J/mole K)(10.0C + 273) = 1.77 104 J.
8. At constant pressure, the heat required to raise the temperature of a gas an amount of T is given by
Q = nCp T = (5 moles) (20.8 J/moles K)(10.0 C + 273) = 2.94 104 J.
17-1
9. a. Isochoricly means at constant volume. The heat absorbed is
Q = nCv T = (1 mole)(12.5 J/mole K)(400 K 200 K) = 2.50
b. Isobaricly means at constant pressure. The heat absorbed is
Q = nCp T = (1 mole)(20.8 J/mole K)(400 K 200 K) = 4.16
103 J
103 J
10. The internal energy of n moles of an ideal gas is given by (Equation 17.23)
a.
U = n(3/2)RT = (3.00 moles)(3/2)(8.314 J/mole K)(273 K) = 1.02
b.
U = n(3/2)RT = (3.00 moles) )(3/2)(8.314 J/mole K)(300 = 1.12
104 J
104 J
11. The change in internal energy of an ideal gas is given by

U = n(3/2) R T = (3.00 moles)(3/2)(8.314 J/mole K)(293 K 273 K) = 749 J
12. The change in intemal energy of an ideal gas is given by
U = n(3/2) R T = (1 mole)(3/2)(8.314 J/mole K)(500 K 300 K) = 2500 J
17-2
18. The working relationship for this problem is the first law of thermodynamics Q = U + W
a.
For path AB, the pressure is constant and the work done is :
WAB = p V = (0.500 105 Pa)(0.266 m3 0.133 m3) = 6.650 103 J
The heat added to the system is given by
b.
c.
Q = nCp T = (4 moles)(20.8 J)(400 K - 200 K) = 1.67 104 J

The change in internal energy is found from the first law of thermodynamics.
U= Q W=1.67 10 4 J 6.65 10 3 J =1. 01 10 4 J
For path BC, the volume is constant and the work done is 0.
W = p V = p(0) = 0
The amount of heat added to the system is determined by
Q = nCv T = 4 moles(12.5 J)(200 K 400 K) = 9.96 103 J
There is a loss of heat from the system (the negative sign) and the change in internal energy
is U =Q W = 9.96 10 3 J + 0 = 9.96 10 3 J
The internal energy decreases during this stage.
For path CD, the work done at constant pressure is
W = p V = 2.5 104 Pa(0.133 m3 - 0.266 m3) = -3.33
The work done is negative.
The heat added to the system at constant pressure is
Q = nCp T = 4 moles(20.8 J)(100 K 200 K) = 8.33
d.
103 J
103 J
There is a loss of heat from the system, and the internal energy is
U = Q W = 8.33 103 J ( 3.33 103 J) = 5.00 103 J
For path DA, the volume is constant and the work done is = 0.
W = p V = p(0)= 0
The change in internal energy at constant volume is
Q = nCv T = 4 moles(12.5 J)(200 K 100 K) = 4.98
103 J
The heat added to the system is
e.
U =Q W = 4.98 103 J + 0 = 4.98 103 J

This indicates an increase in the internal energy of the system.
For path ABCDA, which is one complete cycle, the work done is
W = W AB + WBC + WCD +W DA = 6.65
The heat added is
10 3 J + 0 +(3.33
10 3 J) + 0 = 3.32
10 3 J
Q=Q AB + Q BC + Q CD + Q DA = (1-67 104 J) + (9.96 10 3 J) + (8.33 103 J) + (4.98

10 3 J) = 3.39 103 J
The change in internal energy of the system is Q = U + W ; U =Q W = 3.39 103 J
3.32 103 J = 70 J The total is nearly equal to 0 as it should be. A complete cycle
ABCDA results in zero change in internal energy.
17-3
22. Isochoric means a constant volume process, which results in 0 work done.
W = p V = p(0) = 0
Therefore, the first law of thermodynamics becomes
U=QW=Q
Q = nCv T = 2 moles(12.5 J/mole K)(40.0 K) = 998 J
17-4
The final pressure = p = poVo where = Cp = 20.8 J/mole K = 1.67 for a monatomic gas
(2Vo)
Cv 12.3 J/mole K
17-5
T=
50.0 J
= 4.01 K
(3/2)(8.314 J/mole K)
33. The efficiency of an engine is defined as

work
_
heat extracted
Therefore, Eff = QH QC = 1 Qc = 1 Tc = 1 263 K = 0.1174 which can be
QH
QH
TH
298 K
expressed as 0.117 J of work per each joule of heat extracted. W = 0.117 Q
17-6
34.
Effic ien c y = Wor k ou t = 250 J = 0. 50

Eff
35.
Heat in
100% = 50%
500 J
Entropy is defined as S = Q where T is measured in Kelvin. For the two processes, melting of the
T
ice and the warming of the water, the total change in entropy is equal to the sum of the entropy change for
each individual process.
S = Q (to melt ice) + Q (to warm water) = mLf + mc T = 10.0 kg(3.34 105 J/kg)
T
Tave
273 K 278 K
273 K
+ 10.0 kg(4186 J/kg C)(10.0 C) = 1.37
278 K
104 J/K
36.
An adiabatic expansion results in Q = 0 therefore the change in entropy S = Q = 0.

T
37.
We must first determine the equilibrium temperature of the ice water mixture.
Qlost = Qgained
mwater c water(20.0 C Tf) = mice L f + m i c e c w a t e r (T f 0)
Substitute and solve for Tf
25 kg (4186 J/kg 0C)(20.0C Tf) = 2.00 kg(3.34 105 J/kg) + 2.00 kg(4186 J /kg C)(Tf 0C)
2.09 106 1.05 105 Tf = 6.68 105 + 8.372 103 Tf
1.13 105 Tf = 1.42 106
Tf = 12.6C
The change (total) in entropy is
S = S(warm water to equilibrium) + S2 (melting of ice) + S3 (ice water to equilibrium)
The change in entropy S1 is negative because there is a decrease in temperature (loss of heat)
S = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
T1avg T2
T3avg
= (25 kg)( 4186 J /kg C)(20.0C 12.6C) + 2.00 kg(3.34 105 J/kg)
289.3 K
273 K
+ 2.00 kg(4186 J /kg C)(12.6 C 0C)
279.3 K
The total change in entropy is
S = 2630 J/K + 2450 J/K + 378 J/K = +148 J/K
38. We first find the change in entropy for each stage of the process.
S1 (steam to 100C) =
Q = msteam csteam (110 C - 100 C)
Taverage
(378 K)
S1 = 2.00 kg(2013 J/kg C)(110 C - 100 C) = 107 J/K
378 K
S2(steam to water at 100C) = msteam Lv
373 K
S2 = 2.00 kg(2.26 106 J/kg) = 1.21 104 J/K
373 K
Q = mwater cwater (100 C 90 C)
S3(water to 90.0C) =
Taverage
(368 K)
S3 = 2.00 kg(4186 J/kg C)(10 C) = 2.28 102 J/K
368 K
Since heat is being lost in each process, the change in entropy for each process is negative; therefore the total
change in entropy
S = S1 + S2 + S3 = -107 J/K 1.21 104 J/K - 2.28 102 J/K = 1.24 104 J/K
17-7
39. During an isothermal expansion, U = 0.

Therefore, Q = U + W = W = 500 J
S = Q = 500 J = 1.62 J/K
T
308 K
17-8
17-9
45. The student generates heat at a rate of 4.186

105 J/hr. Assuming a nonconvection mode of heat
transfer, the heat gained by the room is Q = mc T per student per hour where m is the mass of the
air in the room.
m = pV = (1.29 kg/m3)(15.0 m)(30.0 m)(4.00 m) = 2.32 103 kg
The total heat generated in 1 hr by 100 students is
Q = 100 students (4.186
105 J/student) = 4.186
107 J.
The change in temperature of the air in the room in 1 hr is
T= Q =
4.186
107 J
_ = 17.9 C
mc (2.32 103 kg)(1009 J/kg C)
We want an air conditioner that is able to remove the heat and maintain a constant temperature of
20.0 C. In essence, we want the air conditioner to remove 4.186
107 J of thermal energy per
hour. Since the air conditioner is only 45% efficient, the air conditioner must be rated at
4.186
107 J/hr = 9.30 107 J/hr in order to remove 4.186
107 J/hr or
0.45
17-10
Chapter 18 Electrostatics
18-1
11. F =
kq1q2
r
so kq1q2 = Fr 2 = F '(r ') 2 . Thus F ' = F
r'
r2
Then F 2 = 4.36 N in the x-direction.
18-2
= ( 3.00 105 N )
2.00 101 m
5.00 102 m
= 4.80 104 N
18-3
18-4
18-5
18-6
18-7
18-8
18-9
18-10
18-11
18-12
18-13
18-14
18-15
18-16
Chapter 19 Electric Fields
19-1
19-2
19-3
19-4
Ex
3.60 104 N/C
= tan 1
= tan 1 (1.80 ) = 60.9 180 = 2410
Ex
2.00 104 N/C
The electric field at point A is 4.12 x 10 4 N/C directed at an angle of 241 0 from the +
x-axis and is in the third quadrant.
= tan 1
19-5
19-6
19-7
19-8
19-9
19-10
19-11
19-12
Chapter 20 Electric Currents and DC Circuits
20-1
Now R1, R4 and the equivalent resistances, R' and

R", are in series. Therefore, the circuit equivalent
resistance R = R1 + R4 + R' + R"
= 30.0
20-2
+ 70.0
+ 22.2
+ 54.6
20-3
41. The current read by the ammeter I is the current

through the series resistances R and RA. Thus
V = I(R + R A ) and
R = V RA =
12.0 V
20.0
I
5.45
102 A
R = 200
42. R2 = R4 R1 = (55.0
R3
35.0
20-4
)20.0
= 31.4
43.
44.
20-5

45.
47.
46.
For junction a,
I1 = I2 + I3
(1)
For left loop, I3R3 I1R1 + E1 = 0 or

9 15I1 20I3 = 0
(2)
For right loop, + I3R3 I2R2 + E2 = 0 or

6 12I2 + 20I3 = 0
(3)
Substituting for I1, from equation (1), in

equation (2), 9 15(I3 + I2) 20I3 = 0
9 15I2 35I3 = 0
20-6
(4)

50.
Multiplying equation (3) by 1.75,

10.5 21I2 35I3 = 0
Adding equations (4) and (5),
(5)
.5 36I2 = 0
I2 = 0.542 A
From equation (4),
51.
9 15(0.542 A) 35I3 = 0
I3 = 0.87 /35 = 0.0249 A
From equation (1),
I1 = I2 + I3 = 0.542 A + 0.0249 A = 0.567 A
48.
49.
20-7
52.
53.
20-8

54.
57.
55.
59.
56.
58.
20-9
Chapter 21 Capacitance
21-1
21-2
21-3
21-4
21-5
21-6
21-7
21-8
Chapter 22 Magnetism
22-1
22-2
22-3
31.
33.
F21 = 0I1I2 = (4 10 T m/A)(5.00 A)(3.00 A) = 6.00 10 N/m

l
2r21
2(0.050 m)
F21 is an attractive force, to the left in the diagram.
F23 = 0I2I3 = (4 10 T m/A)(3.00 A)(7.00 A) = 8.40 10 N/m
l
2r23
2(0.050 m)
F21 is a repulsive force, to the left in the diagram.
F2 = F21 + F23 = 6.00 10 N/m + 8.40 10 N/m = 14.4 10 N/m
l
l
l
F2 = 1.44 10 N/m to the left.
l
m = IA, A = r2
m = IA = r2 I = (0.100 m)2(5.00 A) = 0.157 A m2
22-4
22-5
22-6
22-7
22-8
Chapter 23 Electromagnetic Induction
4. = A
d 2 ( B f Bi )
B
cos =
cos =
t
4 t
23-1
23-2
23-3
23-4
23-5
23-6
23-7
23-8
Chapter 24 Alternating Current Circuits
24-1
24-2
24-3
24-4
24-5
24-6
24-7
Chapter 25 Maxwells Equations and Electromagnetic Waves
Chapter 25 Maxwells Equations and

Electromagnetic Waves
25-1
25-2
25-3
25-4
25-5
39. Intensity =
Power Power
50, 000 W
=
=
= 1.54 105 W/m 2
2
2
4
Area
4 r
4 (1.61 10 m )
25-6
Chapter 26 The Law of Reflection
6. If placed correctly, the minimum height will

be one half the height of the student; in this
case, it is one half of 1.73 m which is 0.865 m
See the solution to problem 7 for details.
7.
10 cm
1 .6 3 m
We begin with a large vertical mirror and we

want to cut off unneeded portions. The student's
eyes are 1.63 m from the ground. We ask, where
must the bottom of the mirror be in order for the
feet to be seen? By the law of reflection, the two
angles are equal. By simple geometry, the point
A is one half of the distance between the floor and
the eye, or 0.815 m. Any part of the mirror below
A allows us to see in front of our feet, and we are
not interested in that. So we cut off the mirror
at A. A similar analysis holds for seeing the top
of the head, which is 10 cm above the eyes. Point
B is therefore 5 cm below the level of the top of
the head or 1.68 m from the ground level. So
cutting the mirror at 1.68 m and below that at
0.815 m leaves a mirror of length 0.865 m, or
one half the height of the student, if the mirror
is properly located.
26-1
26-2
26-3
26-4
26-5
26-6
26-7
26-8
26-9
26-10
26-11
26-12
Chapter 27 The Law of Refraction
3. n1 = nglass = 1.52; and n2 = nwater = 1.33,

r = 34.50 n1 sin i = n2 sin r
sin i = n2 sin r
n1
= 1.33 sin 34.50 = 0.496
1.52
i = sin 0.496 = 29.70
27-1
27-2
27-3
27-4
27-5
27-6
27-7
Chapter 28 Physical Optics
28-1
28-2
28-3
28-4
28-5
28-6
28-7
Chapter 29 Special Relativity
29-1
29-2
14. L 0 = 4.57 m, L = 0.305 m ; L = L0 1 v / c
L2 = L02 1
v2
c2
v2
L2
L2
0.0930
2
2
1
;
v
c
1
=
= c2 1
= 0.996c 2
2
2
2
c
L0
L0
20.9
To park in the garage, the car would have to stop and its length, relative to the garage could be no longer than 30.5 cm
29-3
29-4
28. E = 2.26
m=
10 6 J E = mc2
2.26 106 J
E
=
c2
3.00 108 m/s
2.26 106 J
= 2.51 10 11 kg
9.00 1016 m2 /s2
29-5
29-6
29-7
29-8
Chapter 30 Spacetime and General Relativity
30-1
30-2
30-3
Chapter 31 Quantum Physics
31-1
31-2
31-3
31-4
Chapter 32 Atomic Physics
32-1
32-2
32-3
32-4
32-5
32-6
32-7
32-8
Chapter 33 Nuclear Physics
33-1
33-2
33-3
33-4
33-5
33-6
Chapter 34 Elementary Particle Physics and the Unification of the Forces
Chapter 34 Elementary Particle Physics and

the Unification of the Forces
34-1
34-2
34-3

Physics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Physics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Instructor's Solutions Manual

Fundamentals of College Physics

Dr. Peter J. Nolan

PART ONE MECHANICS

14. 50 ft3 (lm/3.281 ft) 3 = 1.416 m 3 = 1.42 m3

2. 305 ft ( 1 m ) = 92.96 m = 93.0 m

5. (24 hr/day)(60 min/hr)(60 s/min)

16. Cube : a = 50 cm = 0.50 m The cube has

6. Answers will vary.

0.125 m3 (3.281ft/m) 3 = 4.42ft 3

7. (60 mi/hr)(5280 ft/mi)( 1 hr )( 1 min )

18. 90 ft(1 m/3.281ft) = 27.4 m

8. (90 km/hr)(1000 m/km)(3.281 ft/m)

9. 1 km(1000 m/km)(3.281 ft/m) = 3281 ft

20. Sphere diameter = 6.28 cm

10. Using the result from problem 1.5,

= 129.7 cm3 = 130 cm3

21. 1245 ft(1 m/3.281 ft) = 379.5 m = 380 m

12. (55 mi/hr)(5280 ft/mi)(1 m/(3.281ft)

22. in. = 0.25 in.(2.54 cm/in.) = 0.635 cm

Chapter 1 Introduction and Measurements

24. 132 m = (4.258 m/story)(3.281 ft/m)

29. 2.54 cm = 1 in.

32. 1 angstrom = 1010 m

Chapter 1 Introduction and Measurements

41. 10,911 m(3.281 ft/m) = 35,798.99 ft

103 sec/year)(1 min/60 sec)

48. h = 1 7/8 in. = 1.875 in.

42. 6194 m(3.281 ft/m) = 20,322.5 ft

See Conversions: Appendix A

1. Fx = F cos 35 = (300 N)cos 35 = 246 N

4. Set up a horizontal axis (y) and vertical axis (x)

5. It is assumed that a direction of northeast is at 45as

Resolve the weight force into components. One

vx = (200 km/hr) cos 8 = 198 km/hr

7. See figure 2.13

The force exerted by the sled perpendicular to the hill

8. Draw a line parallel to the ground that contacts

11. It is assumed that the directions east-northeast

9. vx = (1000 m/s) cos 73 = 292 m/s

The direction is determined from

10. Use the theorem - two parallel lines cut by a

To determine the direction, look at the diagram

15. Find the x-component of each force. fig. (a)

17. Since the problem only asks for multiples and

1 6 . a . Fh = Fcos 53 = 210 N cos530

Since Bx and By are both postive, is in the 1st

To determine a third force that results in a

= 24.2 north of west

Direction: R x is negative and Ry is positive;

= 74.4 above the x-axis

=12.1 (in the third quadrant)

The pilot must point the plane in a direction 10.2 N

c. To find the velocity of the plane, find the

b. In order for the plane to travel due west, the pilot

At the end of the 3 segments of the trip, the airplane

Direction: is a second quadrant angle

25. The easiest way to do this problem is by

b. The speed of the boat relative to the land is

= 61.20 below + x-axis

Find the x- and y-components for each vector and

Find the components (x and y) for each vector and

y-component of vector a. Therefore a equals

which is the definition of vector magnitude as