CH 12

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Chapter 12: Personality

46 terms by sydonie
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OriginalAlphabetical
Personality
An individual's characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling.
Self-report
A series of answers to a questionnaire that asks people to indicate the extent to
which sets of statements or adjectives accurately describe their own behavior or
mental state.
MMPI
A well-researched, clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and
psychological problems,
Projective Techniques
A standard series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique responses that
reveal inner aspects of an individual's personality.
Rorschach Inkblot Test

A project personality test in which individual interpretations of the meaning for a
set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent's inner feelings
and interpret his or her personality structure.
Thematic Appreciation Test

A projective personality test in which respondents reveal underlying motives,
concerns, and the way they see the social world through the stories they make up
about ambiguous picture of people.
Trait
A relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way.
Big Five
The traits of the five-factor model; conscientiousness; agreeableness; neuroticism;
openness to experience; and extraversion.
Psychodynamic Approach
An approach that regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires,
largely operating outside of awareness-- motives that can also produce emotional
disorders.
Dynamic Approach
An active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's
deepest instincts and desires, and the person's inner struggle to control these
forces.
ID
The part of the mind containing drives present at birth; it is the source of our
bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive
drives.
Pleasure Principle
The psychic force that motivates the tendency to seek immediate gratification of
any impulse.
Ego
The component of personality, developed through contact with the external world,
that enables us to deal with life's practical demands.
Reality Principle
The regulating mechanism that enables the individual to delay gratifying
immediate needs and function effectively in the real world.
Superego
The mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned
as parents exercise their authority.
Defense Mechanism
Unconscious coping mechanism that reduce anxiety generated by threats from
unacceptable impulses.
Rationalization
A defense mechanism that involves supplying a reasonable-sounding explanation
for unacceptable feelings and behaviors to conceal one's underlying motives or
feelings.
Reaction Formation
A defense mechanism that involves unconsciously replacing threatening inner
wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of their opposite.
Projection
A defense mechanism that involves attributing one's own threatening feelings,

motives, or impulses to another person or group.
Regression
A defense mechanism in which the go deals with internal conflict and perceived
threat by reverting to an immature behavior or an earlier stage of development.
Displacement
A defense mechanism that involve shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a
neutral or less-threatening alternative.
Identification
A defense mechanism that helps deal with feelings of threat and anxiety by
enabling us unconsciously to take on the characteristics of another person who
seems more powerful or better able to cope.
Sublimation
A defense mechanism that involves channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive
drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities.
Psychosexual stages
Distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children
experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas and caregivers redirect or
interfere with those pleasures.
Fixation
A phenomenon in which a person's pleasure-seeking drives become
psychologically stuck, or arrested, at a particular psychosexual stage.
Phallic Stage
The third psychosexual stage, which is dominated by the pleasure, conflict, and
frustration associated with the phallic-genital region as well as powerful
incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealousy, and conflict.
Oral Stage
The first psychosexual stage, in which experience centers on the pleasure and
frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking, and being fed.
Anal Stage
The second psychosexual stage, which is dominated by the pleasures and
frustrations associated with the anus, retention, and expulsion of feces and urine,
and toilet training.
Oedipus Conflict
A developmental experience in which a child's conflicting feelings toward the
opposite-sex parent is usually resolved by identifying with the same-sex parent.
Latency Stage
The fourth psychosexual stage, in which the primary focus is on the further
development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skill.
Genital Stage
The final psychosexual stage, a time for the coming together of the mature adult
personality with a capacity to love, work, and relate to others in a mutually
satisfying and reciprocal manner.
Self-actualizing tendency
The human motive toward realizing our inner potential.
Unconditional Positive Regard

An attitude of nonjudgmental acceptance toward another person.
Existential Approach
A school of though that regards personality as governed by an individual's ongoing
choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death.
Social Cognitive Approach

An approach that views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the
situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them.
Person-Situation Controversy
The question of whether behavior is caused ore by personality or by situation
factors.
Personal Constructs
Dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences.
Outcome Expectancies
A person's assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behavior.
Locus of control
A person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or
external in the environment.
Self-concept
A person's explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviors, traits, and other
personal characteristics.
Self-verification
The tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept.
Self-esteem
The extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self.
Self-serving bias
People's tendency to take credit fo rtheir successes but downplay responsibility for
failures.
Narcissim
A trait that reflects a grandiose view of the self combined with a tendency to seek
admiration form and exploit others.
Prior events and Anticipated Events

The two kinds of events that shape personality.
Reticular Formation
The part of the brain that is more easily stimulated in introverted people. Gray
theorized that it contributed to the behavioral activation system (BAS) and the
behavioral inhibition system (BIS).
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Psych 101 Ch. 12.3

32 terms by natalienatalie6
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An approach that regards personality as formed by needs, striving, and
desires largely outside of awarenessmotives that can produce
emotional disorders
Freudon Slips
Origins of everyday mistakes and memory lapses
Dynamic Unconscious
An active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the
person's deepest instincts and desires, and the person's inner struggle
to control those features
id
the part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; it is the
source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our
sexual and aggressive drives.
Pleasure Principle
The psychic force that motivates the tendency to seek immediate
gratification of any impulse. The id operates according to this
Superego
The mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules,
mainly learned as parents exercise their authority.
Ego
The component of personality, developed through contact with the
external world, that enables us to deal with life's practical demands.
Reality Principle
immediate needs and function effectively in the real world. Ego follows
this principle
Repression
Removing painful experiences and unacceptable impulses from the
conscious mind: "motivated forgetting"
Rationalization
Supplying a reasonable sounding explanation fro the unacceptable

feelings or behavior to conceal one's underlying motives or feelings
Reaction formation
Unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an
exaggerated version of their opposite
Projection
Attributing one's own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses to
another person or group
Regression
Reverting to an immature behavior or earlier stage of development, a
time when things felt more secure, to deal with internal conflict and
perceived threat.
Displacement
Shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or less threatening
alternative
Identification
Dealing with feelings of threat and anxiety by unconsciously taking on
the characteristic pf another person who seems moe powerful or better
able to cope
Sublimation
Channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially

acceptable and culturally enhancing activities
The dynamics among id, superego and ego are largely governed by:
Anxiety
"Alert signal"
The ego receives this in the form of anxiety and launches into a
defensive position in an attempt to ward off the anxiety
Defense Mechanisms
Unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by
threats from unacceptable impulses
Psychosexual Stages
experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas and caregivers
redirect or interfere with those pleasures.
According to Sigmund Freud, the id operates according to the _____

principle, and the ego is regulated by the ___ principle.
pleasure; reality
Sigmund Freud proposed that personality is formed as children go

through ____ and experience sexual pleasures from specific body
areas; caregivers then redirect or interfere with those pleasures.
psychosexual stages
According to existentialists, people think about profound concepts

related to life and death:
Only occasionally, while dealing with feelings of anxiety through
superficial means.
_____ are dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences

Personal Constructs
According to psychoanalytical theory, ____ are useful because they

help people to overcome anxiety.
Defense mechanisms.
Fixation
psychologically stuck, or arrested, at a particular psychological stage.
The 1st year and a half of life. The first psychosexual stage, in which
experience centers on the pleasures and frustrations associated with
the mouth sucking, and being fed.
Oral Stage
Between years 2 and 3. The second psychosexual stage, in which

experience is dominated by the pleasures and frustrations associated
with the anus, retention, and explosion of feces and urine, and toilet
training.
Anal Stage
Between the ages of 3 and 5. The third psychosexual stage, in which

experience is dominated y the pleasure, conflict, and frustration
associated with the phallic-gential region as well as coping with
powerful incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealously, and conflict.
Phallic Stage
Occurs during the Phallic Stage. A developmental experience in which

a child's conflicting feelings toward the opposite sex parent are
resolved by identifying with the same-sex parent.
Oedipus conflict
Between the ages of 5 and 13. The fourth psychosexual stage, in which
the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual,
creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills
Latency Stage
The time for the coming together of the mature adult personality with
a capacity of love, work , and relate to others in a mutually satisfying
and re
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Psych 110 Ch. 12

72 terms by democ21
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Personality
Any individual's characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling
Darwin's Evolution Theory

Explained how differences among species occur
Two elements to shape personality

1. Prior Events
2. Anticipated Events: might motivate the person to reveal particular personality
characteristics
ex. because someone expects to find love through sex and happiness through
alcohol, that person will drink heavily and have sex frequently.
Self-Report
A series of answers to a questionnaire that asks people to indicate the extent to
which sets of statements or adjectives accurately describe their own behavior or
mental state
Examples: circle numbers on a scale, true/false questions
*answers COMBINED to get a general sense of this person's personality
Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI)

-A well-researched, clinical questionnaire used to asses personality and
psychological problems.
-Consists of more than 500 descriptive statements
-Ex: "I often feel like breaking things."
-Ex: "I think the world is a dangerous place."
- In addition to assessing tendencies toward clinical problems -- for example,
depression -- this inventory measures some relatively general personality
characteristics, such as degree of masculinity/femininity identification, etc.
The Projective Techniques

-Consists of a standard series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique
responses that reveal inner aspects of an individual's personality
-Assumption that people will project personality factors that are out of awareness
into ambiguous stimuli and will not censor their responses
-Ex: Cloud watching and the different interpretations

A projective personality test in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a
set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent's inner feelings
and interpret his or her personality structure.
Thematic Appreciation Test

-A projective personality test in which respondents reveal underlying motives,
concerns, and the way they see the social world through the stories they MAKE UP
about ambiguous pictures of people.
-Psychologists look for repeated themes across multiple cards
-A relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way
-Some believe traits reflect NEEDS or desired
-Ex: Organized closet -- need to be organized
Eysenck's Factor Analysis

-4 emotional dimensions (organized like a compass)
-Emotional (N), Extroverted (E), Stable (S), and Introverted (W)
Big Five (Five Factor Theory)
1. Contentiousness
2. Agreeableness
3. Neuroticism
4. Openness to experience
5. Extraversion
-These traits are seen throughout children and adults of different cultures (and
languages), therefore thought to be universal
Trait
A relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way
Continuousness
organized to disorganized
careful to careless
self-diciplined to weak-willed
(one of the Big Five)
Agreeableness
softhearted to ruthless
trusting to suspicious
helpful to uncooperative
Neuroticism
worried to calm
insecure to secure
self-pitying to self-satisfied
Openness to experience
imaginative to down-to-eart
variety to routine
independent to conforming
Extraversion
social to retiring
fun loving to sober
affectionate to reserved
Anthropomorphize
to attribute human characteristics to nonhuman animals
Extraverts
Personality types who many need to seek out social interaction, parties, and even
mayhem in attempt to achieve full mental stimulation
Reticular Formation is not easily stimulated.
Introverts
Personality types who avoid mayhem, parties, huge social interactions because
they are so sensitive that such stimulation is unpleasant.
Reticular Formation is easily stimulated.
Reticular Formation
Part of the brain that regulates arousal or alternates
The ability to easily stimulate greatly differs between extroverts and introverts.
Behavioral Activation System (BAS)

Essentially a "go" system that activates approach behavior in response to the
anticipation of a reward.
People highly reactive in this area may actively engage the environment, seeking
social reinforcement in a highly extraverted manner.
Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

A "stop" system that inhibits behavior in response to stimuli signaling punishment.
People highly reactive in this area might tend toward neuroticism and emotional
instability, anxiously focusing on the possibility of negative outcomes and
perceiving the world as threatening.
Personality is formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of
awareness -- motives that can produce emotional disorders.
Mindbugs
Offer glimpses into hidden motives of personality.
Example: Imagine that you forget your best friend's birthday: Her complaint about
your slip -- "You don't care enough to remember!" -- might offer you real insight
into the current state of your relationship.
Three Levels of Consciousness

Conscious, Preconscious, Dynamic Unconscious
Conscious
These aspects of mental life are those in awareness at any given moment
Preconscious
Mental contents that are outside awareness, but can easily enter consciousness
Dynamic Unconscious
An active system of encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's
forces. This form of consciousness can NOT be easily brought to mind.
The thoughts that reside here are embarrassing, unspeakable, and even
frightening because they operate without any control by consciousness.
ID
The part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; it is the source of our
drives.
Reflects our "true psychic reality" before the impact of the outside world
influences it with all of its restraints.
Governed by the pleasure principle
All it can do is wish.
Pleasure Principle
The psychic forces that motivates the tendency to seek IMMEDIATE gratification of
any impulses
Governs the ID
Ego
Component of personality, developed through contact with the external world, that
enables us to deal with life's practical demands.
Operates according to the reality principle.
Can be thought of the "self," with functions such as logical tough, problem solving,
creativity, attention, and decision making.
Helps you RESIST impulses
Reality Principle
immediate needs and function effectively in the real world.
Superego
The mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned
as parents, exercise their authority.
Consists of a set of guidelines, internal standards, and other codes of conduct that
regulate and control our behaviors, thoughts, and fantasies.
Punishes us when we doing or thinking something wrong and rewards us for living
up to ideal standards.
Anxiety
Governs the dynamics between the id, ego, and superego
An unpleasant feeling that arises when unwanted thoughts or feelings occur -such as when the id seeks a gratification that the ego thinks will lead to real-world
dangers for the superego sees as eliciting punishment.
Repression
A mental process that removes painful experiences and unacceptable impulses
from the conscious mind.
"Motivated forgetting"
Defense Mechanisms
Unconscious coping mechanism that reduce anxiety generated by threats from
unacceptable impulses.
Rationalization
A defense mechanism that involves supplying a resonable-sounding explanation
for unacceptable feelings and behavior to conceal (mostly from oneself) one's
underlying motives or feelings.
Example: Someone who drops a class after having failed an exam might tell
herself that she is quitting because poor ventilation in the classroom made it
impossible to concentrate. Rationally, that is a "likely story" to explain our
behavior.
Reaction Formation
A defense mechanism that involves unconsciously replacing threatening inner
wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of their opposite.
Example: being excessively nice to someone you dislike, finding yourself very
worried and protective about a person you have thoughts of hurting, or being cold
towards someone you love
Protection
A defense mechanism that involves attributing one's own threatening feelings,
motives, or impulses to another person or group.
Regression
A defense mechanism in which the ego deals with the internal conflict and
perceived threat by reverting to an immature behavior or earlier stage of
development, a time when things felt safer and more secure.
Examples: use of baby talk or whining in a child (or adult) who has already
mastered appropriate speech, thumb sucking, teddy beard cuddling, watching
cartoons in response to something distressing.
Displacement
A defense mechanism that involves shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a
neutral or less threatening alternative.
Examples: slamming door, throwing textbook across room in anger, yelling at
roommate, etc.
Identification
A defense mechanism that helps deal with feelings of threat and anxiety by
seems more powerful or better able to cope.
Examples: A child whose parent bullies or severely punishes her may do the same
to other children.
Identification with the Aggressor

Anxiety is reduced by becoming like the person posing the threat.
Sublimation
A defense mechanism that involves channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive
drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities.
Psychosexual Stages
interfere with those pleasures. Because of this interference, the child experience
conflict that will influence his or her personality in adulthood.
Fixation
psychologically stuck, or arrested, at a particular psychosexual stage.
Oral Stage
In the first year and a half of life, the infant is in this stage, during which
experience centers on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth,
sucking, and being fed.
Infants who are deprived of pleasurable feeding or overfed may develop an oral
personality, that is, their lives will center on issues related to fullness and
emptiness and when they can "take in" from others and the environment. When
angry, such people may describe them as "biting" or "mouthing off."
Anal Stage
Between 2-3 years of age

Experience is dominated by the pleasures and frustrations of associated with the
anus, retention and expulsion of feces and urine, and toilet training.
Individuals who have difficulty dealing with the conflict of soiling one's self and
following parents orders may develop rigid personalities and remain preoccupied
with their possessions, money, issues of submission and rebellion...
Phallic Stage
3-5 years of age
During which experience is dominated by the pleasure, conflict, and frustration
associated with the phallic-genital region as well as coping with powerful
incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealously, and conflict.
Parental concerns about the child's developing awareness of the genital region set
off the conflict: the child may touch his or her genitals in public or explore
masturbation and may be curious about the parent's genitals.
Oedipus Conflict
Developmental experience in which a child's conflicting feelings towards the
opposite-sex parent is (usually) resolved by identifying with the same-sex parent.
Those who cannot override this feeling often have jealously, seduction,
competition, power, and authority issues
Latency Stage
Ages 5-13
Stage in which the primary focus is on further development of intellectual,
creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills.
Relatively undisturbed by personality conflicts developed from birth to age 5
because that's when the most important developments occur (before age 5).
Genital Stage
The time for the coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity
to love, work, and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner.
All results from the unresolved conflicts at the earlier stages of development.
Self-Actualizing Tendency
The human motive toward realizing our inner potential. Observed by Humanists as
a major factor in personality.
Examples: the pursuit of knowledge, the expression of one's creativity, the quest
for spiritual enlightenment, and the desire to give to society

An attitude of nonjudgemental acceptance toward another person.
Hierarchy of Needs
A model of essential human needs arranged according to their priority, in which
basic physiological and safety needs must be satisfied before a person can afford
to focus on higher-level psychological needs. Only when these basic needs are
satisfied can you pursue higher needs, culminating in self-actualizaiton.
Self-Actualization
The need to be good, to be fully alive, and to find meaning in life. Must first satisfy
the hierarchy of needs before pursuing.
An attitude of nonjudgemental acceptance toward another person. This type of

attitude is crucial for the development of an authentic self that can be in genuine
contact with others.
Existential Approach
A school of thought that regards personality as governed by an individual's
ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death.
These followers focus on the challenges to the human condition that are more
profound than than the lack of a nurturing environment.
Example: The awareness of our own existence and the ability to make choices
about how to behave have a double edged quality: They bring an extraordinary
richness and dignity to human life, but they also force us to confront our own
realities that are difficult to face, such as the prospect of our own death.
Angst
The difficulties we face in finding the meaning in life and in accepting the
responsibility of making free choices provoke a this type of anxiety -- the anxiety
of full being.
Example: You may have experienced this if you've ever contemplated the way
evan a small decision can alter your life course -- deciding what to study, when to
move to a new city, etc.
Morality Salience
People find security from existential dread by devoting themselves to upholding
the values and standards of their cultures or families, seldom questioning when
these values fit with their own views.
Studies of this have shown that people defend themselves in this way when they
have been guided to think even briefly about their own death.
Social Cognitive Approach

This approach views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the
situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them.
Brings together insights from social psychology, cognitive psychology, and leaning
theory, this approach emphasizes how the person experiences and construes
situations.
These psychologists focus on how people PERCEIVE their environments.
Believe that the strong push and pull of SITUATIONS can influence almost anyone.
Person-Situation Controversy
Focuses on the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by
situational factors.
Proposed that measured traits do not predict behaviors very well because
behaviors are determined more by the SITUATIONAL factors (more than
personality theorists were willing to acknowledge).
Personal Constructs
Dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences.
Examples: Different individual's personal constructions of a clown: one person may
see him as a source of fun, another as a tragic figure, and yet another as so
frightening that the circus is off-limits.
Outcome Expectancies
A person's assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behavior.
Example: If I am friendly toward people, they will be friendly in return; if I ask
people to pull my finger, they will withdraw from me.
Outcome expectancies combine with a person's goals to produce the person's

characteristic style of behavior.
Locus of Control
Internal Locus of Control

People believe they control their own destiny.
Example: people tend to be less anxious, achieve more, and cope better with
stress than people with external beliefs.
External Locus of Control

People that believe outcomes are random, determined by luck, or controlled by
other people.
Self-Concept
A person's explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviors, traits, and other
personal characteristics.
"I" and the "Me:" The "I" is the self that thinks, experiences, and acts in the world;
it is the self as a "knower." The "Me" is the self that is an object of this world; it is
the self that is "known."
Self-Verification
The tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept.
Self-Esteem
The extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self.
Self-Serving Bias
People's tendency to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for
their failures.
Examples:
Good grade:"I studied really intensely, and I'm good at that subject"
Or bad grade "The test was ridiculously tricky and the professor is a dumbass."
Narcissism
A trait that reflects a grandiose view of the self combined with a tendency to seek
admiration from and exploit others.

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ch 12
83 terms by WilliamFDawson
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personality
an individuals characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feelings
- most personality psychologists focus on meaningful individual differences;
honesty, anxiousness, moody, etc
- one's descriptions of his friends tends to be very similar "jason is kind, joe is
compassioniate, etc"
- however, resemblance is quite low when many people describe one person
- reflects that personality is observed and projected
prior events
events that have happened that can shape one's personality (Genes, for example;
researchers delve into our subconscious, environmental and personal
surroundings, biology)
anticipated events
future events that might motivate the person to reveal particular personality
characteristics (emphasizes the persons own perspective and often seems
intimate and personal in its reflection of the persons inner hopes, dreams, fears)
Personality psychologists
study questions of how our personalities are determined by the forces in our minds
and in our personal history of heredity and environment and the choices we make
and the goals we seek
self report
a series of answers to a questionnaire that asks people to indicate the extent to
which sets of statements or adjectives describe their own behavior or mental state
- * personality inventory test *
- content based questions
- answers then combined and researcher gets an idea of individuals personality w/
respect o particular domain
- adding up the answers that support a trait, and then subracting the amount of
answers that don't can lead to a measure
actuarial method
if people in some identifiable group answer any self report item differently than do
other people outside their group, answers on that item can be used to predict
membership in that group
- if convicted criminals happen to like turnips, reports of a love for turnips can be
used along with other reports to predict a tendency toward criminality
- shows self report scales can also be constructed without much attention to the
specific content of the items and be good
- data driven profiling
MMPI 2
-actuarial method is basis
- a well researched, clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and
psychological problems
- more than 500 descriptive statements w/ answers T/F/ n/a
- its 10 main subscales, depression, paranoia, anxiety, masc/fem role id, created
through actuarial method; generated by studying how specific groups of people as
compared to the general population completed the items and then creating the
scales from the items that these groups answered differently
- includes "validity scales" that assess a person's attitudes toward test taking and
any tedency to try to distort the results of by faking answers
Inventory Test Pros and cons

easy to administer and to score
objective as no biased interpretations are needed
but relies on truthful responses, which can be influenced by response style (more
likely true or more likely false), or someone could be willfully lying
projective techniques
a standard series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique responses that
reveal inner aspects of an individuals personality that people aren't aware of
rorschach inkblot test
*projective test* in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of

unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent's inner feelings and
interpret his or her personality structure
- if you respond differently than population, you perceive the world differently
- problem is its open to the subjective interpretation and biases of experimenter
thermatic apperception test

*projective test* in which respondents reveal underlying motives, concerns, and
the way they see the social world through the stories they make up about
ambiguous pictures of people
- who are these people, what are they doing/thinking, etc
- one is identifying with characters and projecting his view of others and the world
onto the other details in the drawing
- tend to elicit consistent set of themes
projective tests pros and cons

-can offer insight to richer, more nuanced aspects of personality (deeper picture,
understanding)
-subjective, vulnerable to theoretical biases, very hard to SCORE fairly Tester
always must include his interpretation
-not valid or reliable in predicting behavior (does it actually capture what a
personality is, and do the outcomes remain the same, and continue to)
- more reflective of in the moment
new personality tests

wireless communication
real time computer analysis
automated behavior identification
EAR - electronically activated recorder (shows men and women are equally
talkative)
trait
a relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way
- trait can be preexisting disposition of the person that cause the persons behavior
- trait may be a motivation that guides the persons behavior
- inherent traits measured with personality tests (inventories)
- motivation traits measured with projective tests
factor analysis
computational procedure which sorts traits into small dimensions to represent the
core of the personality
- factor analysis calculates patterns to determine similarities in raters usage
- data can show what traits predict others
- can reveal which adjectives/traits are unrelated
-Cattell proposed a 16 factor theory
Eysenck
used factor analysis to minimize traits down to 2
- introverted and extroverted
- also identified another dimension of neurotic/emotionally unstable to emotionally
stable
big five
the traits of the five factor model:
-CANOE:
conscientiousness, agreeableness,
neuroticism, openness to experience, and extraversion

- Most preferred model of traits because modern factor analysis confirm that this
set of five factors strikes the right balance between accounting for as much
variation in personality without overlap
- in a large number of studies using different kinds of data, the same five factors
have emerged
- seems to also show up among a wide range of participants: different cultures,
children -- adults, different languages.... may be universal "Even show up when
used to identify traits of complete strangers" -- innate
Twins and personality

identical twins proved markedly more similar to each other in personality than did
fraternal twins
- shows that the more genes you have in common with someone, the more similar
your personalities will be
- studies of identical twins reared apart suggest that shared enviornments have
little impact
- when two siblings are similar, it is thought to be due to genetics
genetics and personality

genetics seem to influence most personality traits and current estimates place the
average genetic component of personality int he range of .4-.6
- heritability coefficients indicate that roughly half the variability among
individuals result from genetic factors
- non biologically related people in the same households personalities no different
than two strangers
- personalities of adopted children bear no significant relationship to those of their
adoptive parents
- finally, findings suggest parental styles may have little effect on personality
Eysenck neural
eysenck argued that differences in levels of cortical arousal underlie differences
between extraverts and introverts, with the formal liking more stimulation
- extraverts pursue stimulation because their reticular formation is not easily
stimulated, and thus are drawn to intense stimuli to generate greater cortical
arousal
- introverts prefer lets stimulating activities, because their cortex is very easily
stimulated and thus don't need to experience greater cortical arousal
- intraverts respond more strongly to a range of intense stimuli, because their
cortical cortex is very easily stimulated
- extraverts perform well at tasks in intense, loud environments, and vice versa
behavioral activation system

Jeffrey gray
- essentially a go system which activates approach behavior in response to the
anticipation of reward
- extrovert has a highly reactive bas and will actively engage in environment
behavioral inhibition system

jeffrey gray
a stop system, which inhibits behavior in response to stimuli signaling punishment
- emotionally unstable person, in turn, has a highly reactive BIS and will focus on
negative outcomes and be on the lookout for stop signs
animals and personality

animals, across circumstances, might display consistent individual differences in
behavior and those underlying differences might reflect underlying biological basis
of personality
- 19 studies found evidence of traits similar to big five
- implying theres an evolutionary history to personality
Brain damage or pharmaceutical treatments

may cause changes in personality
psychoanalysis
freuds theory of personality and his method of treating patients
- personality is a mystery to those who own it because it motives arise from the
unconscious
psychodynamic approach
personality is formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of
awareness -- motives that can produce emotional disorders
dynamic unconscious
an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's
forces
- what influences the personality
id
the part of the mind containing the drives present at birth it is the source of our
drives
- GO! part of personality
pleasure principle
the psychic force that motivates the tendency to seek immediate gratification of
any impulse
ego
component of personality, developed through contact with the external world that
enables us to deal with life's practical demands
- balancing between the ID desires and Superego principles/standards
reality princple
the regulating mechanism that enables the individual to delay gratifying
immediate needs and function effectively in the real world
superego
the mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned
as parents exercise their authority and outside forces
- STOP! part of unconscious personality
- consists of a set of guidelines, internal standards, and other codes of conduct
that regulate and control our behaviors, thoughts, and fantasies
anxiety
created by Id vs. superego
- an unpleasant feeling that arises when unwanted thoughts or feelings occur such as when id seeks gratification and supergo sees as punishment, and EGO has
to deal with it
repression
a mental process that removes painful experiences and unacceptable impulses
from the conscious mind
- reduced hippocampal activity during repression
defense mechanisms
unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from
unacceptable impulses
- ego uses these to deal with anxiety generated by conflict between superego and
id
rationalization
a defense mechanism that involves supplying a reasonable sounding explanation
for unacceptable feelings and behavior to conceal, from oneself, ones underlying
motives or feelings
- I didn't quit because i hated being hit in football, I quit to focus on my grades
- i didn't lose because i was worse, I lost because i was tired
- i don't want to hurt my brother because he's better than me at sports, its
because he's mean
reaction formation
a defense mechanism that involves unconsciously replacing threatening inner
wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of their opposite; because we
feel vulnerable about our true inner wants
- being excessively nice to someone you dislike
- finding yourself worried and protective of someone you hate
- being cold and mean towards your crush
- hating homosexuals because deep down you feel ashamed of your inner
homosexuality
projection
a defense mechanism that involves attributing one's own threatening feelings,
motives, or impulses to another person or group
- for example, people who think that they themselves are overly rigid or dishonest
may have a tendency to judge other people as having the same qualities
- your really upset, so you act as if others are upset too
regression
a defense mechanism in which the ego deals with internal conflict and perceived
threat by reverting to an immature behavior or earlier stage of development
- use of baby talk or whining in argument where you feel you have lost, been
defeated, or feel threatened, even though youve mastered speech
- a return to thumb sucking, or watching cartoons to make you feel safe if your
distressed
- start crying and physically lashing out when things don't go your way
displacement
a defense mechanism that involves shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a
neutral or less threatening alternative
- kick your dog because your mad at your wife, but can't hit her
- slam a door, or throw a textbook when your really angry at your boss
- "displacing" your anger, that you cant properly and directly vent, onto someone
else
identification
a defense mechanism that helps deal with feelings of threat and anxiety by
seems more powerful or better able to cope
- bullied becomes the bully
- pretending you are a superhero
sublimination
a defense mechanism that involves channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive
drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities
- channeling aggressive tendencies through contact sports
psychosexual stages
distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children
interfere with those pleasure
- child experiences conflict as a result of adult interference
- problems and conflicts at any stage will influence personality in adulthood
fixation
the persons pleasure seeking drives become stuck or arrested at that
psychosexual stage; characteristics that remain prevalent in later life
- results from person being deprived or overindulged at any given stage
erotogenic zone
part of body that dominates subjective desires and wants at particular stage
- oral stage, mouth
oral stage
during which experience centers on the pleasures and frustrations associated with
the mouth, sucking, and being fed
- infants who are deprived of pleasurable feeding or indulgently overfed may
develop an oral personality
- lives centers on issues related to fullness or emptiness; people fixated are
talkative, dependent, addictive, needy
- when angry, may express w/ biting sarcasm or mouthoff at others, called oral
aggression
anal stage
during which experience is dominated by the pleasures and frustrations associated
with the anus, retention and expulsion of feces and urine, and toilet training
- toddlers perspective = soiling diapers easy and comfortable
- people fixated are preoccupied with issues of control of others and of themselves
and their own emotions
phallic stage
during which experience is dominated by the pleasure, conflict, and frustration
associated with the phallic-genital region as well as coping with powerful
incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealousy, and conflict
- conflict partly set off by parental concerns
- males fixated and unable to settle oedipus complex = preoccupied with
seduction, jealousy, competition, power, authority
- females = seductive, flirtatious, jealous
oedipus conflict
a developmental experience in which a childs conflicting feelings toward the

opposite sex parent are resolved by identifying with the same-sex parent
- in able to move on in life, must become boys with your dad and stop wacking off
to your mom
latency stage
in which the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative,
interpersonal, and athletic skills
- no fixation here
- but if you make it here relatively undisturbed, healthy personality
genital stage
the time for the coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity to
love, work, and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner
- degree to which someone is encumbered in unresolved conflicts from earlier
stages, or fixated in earlier stages, will impact whether they reach a full level of
genital development
- if your fixated in this stage, its good: your authentically invested in love and work
and have capacity for adult relationships
humanistic psychologists
emphasized a positive, optimistic view of human nature that highlights
people's inherent goodness and their potential for personal growth
- glass half full
- explain individual personality differences as arising from the various ways
the environment facilitates and blocks attempts to satisfy psychological needs
existentialist psychologists
focused on the individual as a responsible agent who is free to create his life while
negotiating the issue of meaning and the reality of death
self actualizing tendency

the human motive toward realizing our inner potential
- humanists see this as a major factor in our personality
- pursuit of knowledge, expression of creativity, quest for spiritual/philosophical
enlightenment
- but can only be satisfied when more important, pressing needs are satisfied
(Maslow)
- one may not be able to realize full potential if they are dealing with hierarchical
needs
- research shows that when people shape their lives around goals that do not
match their true nature and capabilities, they are less likely to be happy
flow
an energized focused caused by engagement in tasks that exactly match ones
abilities
- tasks below our abilities cause boredom
- tasks too challenging cause anxiety
existential approach
regards personality as governed by an individuals ongoing choices and decisions
in the context of the realities of life and death
- difficulties we face in finding meaning in life and in accepting the responsibility of
making free choices provokes angst
- instead of ruminating on death and meaning frequently, people pursue
SUPERFICIAL ILLUSIONS that help them deal with the angst and dread they
experience, and the defenses they construct form the basis of their personalities
- pursuit of superficial relationships, material goods, etc, can harm the
development of the whole
- best way to deal with this is to face issues square on and learn to accept and
tolerate the pain of existence; better to confront then to deny or embracing
comforting illusions
angst
the anxiety of fully being
social cognitive approach

views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations
encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them
- emphasizes how the person experiences and construes situations
- agree with behaviorists that results of situation and learning history are key
determinants of personality and behavior
- but, instead, focus on how people perceive their environments, as a result of
their personality; thus attribute to situation and personality
- looks at how personality and situation interact to cause behavior, how
personality contributes to the way people construct situations in their own minds,
and how people's goals and expectancies influence their responses to situations
situation
can often trump personality
- people dont act the same at a birthday party and a funeral
- knowing how a person will behave in one situation cannot accurately predict how
he will behave in the next
person situation controversy

focus on the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by
situational factors
- influenced by idea that measured personality traits often do a poor job of
predicting behavior
- actual correlation between trait and behavior is about .3 (thus low)
- powerful situations induce people to act similarly and w/out regard to personality
(funeral)
- weaker situations cause personality to influence behavior
personality consistency
depends on when and where a certain kind of behavior tends to be shown
personal constucts
dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences
- differences in perspective can be used to understand differences in personality
- one person may see a clown as a source of fun, another as a tragic figure, one as
scary
- different personal constructs are key to personality differences
outcome expectancies
a persons assumpstions about the likely consequences of a future behavior
- people translate goals into behavior partially this way
- combine w/ personal goals to produce the persons characteristic style of
behavior
- we don't want same things from life and our personalities largely reflect the goals
we pursue and the expectancies we have about the best ways to pursue them
locus of control
a persons tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or
external to the environment
- are we fully in control or is the world/environment
- different views translate into individual differences in emotion and behavior
internal locus of control

people who believe they control their own destiny
external locus of control

outcomes are random, determined by luck, or controlled by other people
the I
the self that thinks, experiences, and acts in the world
- the "knower"
- "I" describes the "me"
the Me
is the self that is an object in the world
- it is the self that is "known"
- asked to describe the "me" you might mention physical characteristics, your
activities, personality traits, social roles
self concept
a persons explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviors, traits, and other
personal characteristics
- organized body of knowledge about the self that develops through social
experiences and effects behavior
- the knowledge of the "me"
- we more often arrive at our self concepts through interacting with others,
especially young children
- thus sense of self is largely maintained through social interactions and
relationships
autobiographical memory
the knowledge of ourselves and our lives organized into two ways: as narratives
about episodes in our lives and in terms of traits
-self narrative
-autobiographical memory
- self narrative and self schema don't always match up
self narrative
story that we tell about ourselves
- episodic memory
- humanistic/existential suggest that peoples self narratives reflect their fantasies
and thoughts about core motives
self-schemas
the traits people use to define themselves, emphasizing that we draw information
about the self into a coherent scheme
- judgement reaction times for traits about self-schemas faster than other traits
( we know who we are)
self relevance
- when people make judgements on traits, they later recall the traits better when
the trait is asked about themselves than about others
- mPFC involved in this, area involved in understanding people
- more activation when people are judging themselves on traits than others,
meaning increased memory
- thus more activation when understanding themselves
self verification
the tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept
- when people give us evidence that we are not this person, we work extremely
hard to prove them otherwise
self esteem
the extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self
- the evaluative aspect of self concept
- studied through self esteem questionnairres
- people with high self esteem tend to be happier and live healthier lives
- only small correlation, though, between self esteem and life outcomes
Sources of Self Esteem

- high self esteem arises primarily from being accepted and valued by significant
others
- reflected appraisal: self esteem based on how we believe others perceive us
- also influence of specific self-evaluations, judgements about ones value or
competence in specific domains
- important who you choose for comparison; if the actual self is seen as falling
short of the ideal self, people tend to feel sad
- when people become aware that the actual self is inconsistent with the self they
have a duty to be, they feel anxious/agitated
- self esteem can be influenced by present of important, authority figure
- self esteem also affected by what kinds of domain we consider most important in
our self-concept and what happens in those domains
Sociometer theory
self-esteem is a gauge of how much a person feels included by others at any given
moment
- we seek higher self esteem because we have evolved to seek out belongingness
in our families, work groups, and culture, and high self esteem indicates we have
been accepted
- evolutionary
-when people havelow self esteem, they feel there is a probability of rejection
-if people see probability of rejection being low, have high self esteem
terror management and self esteem

the desire for self esteem is a need to find value in ourselves as a way of escaping
the anxiety associated with recognizing our mortality
- the higher our self esteem, the less anxious will feel that we will die
- self esteem gives meaning to peoples lives
self-serving bias
people tend to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their
failure
- how most people satisfy their desire for high self esteem
- if you dont engage in this bias, more possible that your depresssed, etc
- good grade = i studied so hard

- bad grade = the test was tricky, professor unfair
better than average effect

people tend to see themselves as better than average person in most domains
- simply inaccurate
narcissim
a grandiose view of the self combined with a tendency to seek admiration from
and exploit others
- downside of self esteem
- extreme narcissism = personality disorder
name letter effect

when you choose letters that have to do with your name,
this happens more often than not
implicit egotism
bias towards homes, areas, occupations, choices, etc that relate to your name
- implicit because you are unaware
- your snap judgements of yourself tend to be good/positive

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Chapter 12 Personality
40 terms by ktchick12
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*MNPI test measures all of the following tendencies to following problems except
which one?
Boredom
*trait
relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way.
* How many definitions did they come up with from dictionary?

18,000
* Catel initially had _____ personality factors

16
*Will Monozygotic or dizogotic have more similiarty?

Monozygotic
*62. Which of the following....?

psychodynamic
*behavioral activation system (BAS),

essentially a "go" system, activates approach behavior in response to the
anticipation of reward. The extravert has a highly reactive BAS and will actively
engage the environment, seeking social reinforcement and be on the go.
*Reality principle according to ego:

balances the pleasure principle of the id and demands of super ego
*Defence mechenism rationalization and identification
unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from

unacceptable impulses
*Chart of flow with optimal state of flow mix of:

anxiety and boredom
*Jennifer feels unconfortable she seeks

self verification
*When she gets a high grade on the test she says I did well and studied hard:
self serving bias
1. oral stage,
the first psychosexual stage, in which experience centers on the pleasures and
frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking, and being fed.
2. anal stage,
the second psychosexual stage, in which experience is dominated by the
pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus, retention and expulsion of
feces and urine, and toilet training.
*3. phallic stage,

the third psychosexual stage, in which experience is dominated by the pleasure,
conflict, and frustration associated with the phallic-genital region as well as coping
with powerful incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealousy, and conflict.
*4. latency stage,

the fourth psychosexual stage, in which the primary focus is on the further
development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills.
*5. genital stage

is the time for the coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity
to love, work, and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner.
* self-actualizing tendency,
the human motive toward realizing our inner potential,
* personal constructs,
dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences
*locus of control:
*Difference between internal and external locus of control

internal locus of control tend to be less anxious, achieve more, and cope better
with stress than do people with an external orientation
*Self-verification:
Tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept.
behavioral inhibition system (BIS),

a "stop" system, inhibits behavior in response to stimuli signaling punishment. The
anxious person, in turn, has a highly reactive BIS and will focus on negative
outcomes and be on the lookout for stop signs.
self-report,
a method in which people provide subjective information about their own
thoughts, feelings, or behaviors, typically via questionnaire or interview.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI),

a well-researched, clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and
psychological problems.
projective tests
which are tests designed to reveal inner aspects of individuals' personalities by
analysis of their responses to a standard series of ambiguous stimuli.

a projective technique in which respondents' inner thoughts and feelings are
believed to be revealed by analysis of their responses to a set of unstructured
inkblots.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

is a projective technique in which respondents' underlying motives, concerns, and
the way they see the social world are believed to be revealed through analysis of
the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people.
The case of Phineas Gage demonstrates that _____ can produce changes in
personality.
brain damage
Henry Murray believed that traits:

reflect a person's motives.
Research has demonstrated that introverts typically respond _____ to stimuli as

compared to extraverts.
more strongly
Hans Eysenck proposed that differences in levels of _____ arousal underlie the
differences between extraverts and introverts.
cortical
The Rorschach Inkblot Test and Thematic Apperception Test are similar in that
they are both _____ tests.
projective
Which statement is consistent with observations of the five-factor model?

Scores on the factors are relatively consistent across the life span.
In one study, when humans were asked to rate personality differences in a group
of hyenas, researchers found all these dimensions of personality EXCEPT for:
conscientiousness
The _____ theory suggests that personality and behavioral differences between
men and women result from cultural standards and expectations.
social-role
Gordon Allport believed that personality traits:

are preexisting tendencies to behave in a certain way.
Sandra Bem, the creator of the Bem Sex Role Inventory, has suggested that
psychologically _____ people who identify both with male and female traits are
the most likely to be successfully adjusted individuals.
androgynous
psychodynamic approach,
an approach that regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires
largely operating outside of awarenessmotives that can produce emotional
disorders.
dynamic unconscious,
an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's
deepest instincts and desires, and the person's inner struggle to control those
forces.

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psyc
186 terms by alryan_domingo
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7 building blocks of personality

-traits
-genetics
-neuroscience
-self and identity

-intrapsychic foundations of personality
-regulation and motivation: self-determination theory
-cognitive foundations
scientific method
describes how to make and test observations about the world in order to
draw conclusions while minimizing error or bias
3 ethical principles
-respect for persons
-beneficence
-justice
person x situations
-different people respond differently to same situations
-situations choose the person
-person choose their situations
-different situations prime different parts of the person
-person changes the situation
-situations change the person
personality trait
a person's typical style of thinking, feeling, and acting in different kinds
of situations
idiographic approach
understand the personality of a single individual with all of their quirks
or characteristics that make them unique
nomothetic approach
discover universal concepts that can apply to everyone by identifying
traits that can describe all people or that can be applied to any person
factor analysis
statistical technique that identifies meaningful underlying structure
among a set of variables
Eysenck's 3 factor model

-Psychoticism (tough minded & anti social people)
-Extraversion (outgoing people)
-Neuroticism (negative emotion)
Big 5
-Neuroticism
-Extraversion
-Openness
-Agreeableness
-Conscientiousness
philotimo
person who is polite, generous, responsible, respectful, and has a strong
sense of honour
filial piety
much more that obeying and honouring ones family, disappointing
family is like letting down all ancestors and future progeny
amae
relationship between lower and higher status
5 key findings
-questionnaire measures of 5 factor model reliably replicate across many
cultures & languages
-adjectival measures of the big 5 reveal variations of Neuroticism,
extraversion,agreeableness, & conscientiousness but not Openness in
many different cultures
-openness varies across cultures
-in some cultures more than 5 factors are needed to fully describe
personality
-need more research on indigenous personality to truly see which
aspects of personality are universal and which are unique to culture
triangulation
use multiple methods within a single program of research, each method
compensates for the weaknesses of others
4 kinds of data:
-S data
-L data
-O data
-T data
S data
self report data
-objective personality tests, interviews, narrative, life stories and survey
research
L data
life data
- info publicly available, graduating from college, getting married,
getting divorced
-criminal records to measure antisocial behaviour, counting bottles and
cans in garbage to measure alcohol consumption
O data
observation data
-watching people in lab or daily lives
-coding behaviour from photos or videos
-info from friends,spouses,parents etc
T data
test data
-testing situations
-intelligence tests, task persistence and reaction times
Different people respond differently to same situation

extroverts excited at parties, introverts get anxious
Situations choose the person

not everyone who wants to can attend harvard
People choose their situations

one person would pay to go bungee jumping another would pay to avoid
it
Different situations prime different parts of the person
studious in class but fun loving at parties
Persons change the situation

angry kid can turn playground into warzone
Situations change the person

one person goes to army, the other similar friend goes to college they
will be different than 4 years ago
Reliablility
how consistent a test is
Temporal consistency reliability

have respondent take test 2nd time to see if scores are similar (TESTRETEST RELIABILITY) make sure no practice effects, need to make
second test to be far enough removed in time so no memory or practise
effects. but not so far that they have changed
Internal consistency reliability

test if different items of the test give similar results
-parallel forms reliability
--make up 2 versions of test that were comparable and checked to see if
scores were similar
-split-half reliability
--split test in half to see if scores on one half correlated with the other
Cronbach's Alpha
the generalizability of a score of one set of items to another.

-take correlations between the scores of 2 halves of a test then
calculating the average correlation of all possible halves of the test
Interrater reliability
check measures are reliable across multiple raters
-research rate personality of behaviour then calculate average
correlation among scores of all raters if consistent then correlations are
high
-if low construct is ambiguous or too broad, researcher needs to rethink
their construct, revise the measure or clear confusion with judges
Validity
extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure
Construct validity
successfully measure the theoretical concept it was designed to
measure
Face validity
appears to measure construct of interest
-figure out test is measuring depression (high face validity)
--good: test takers try harder | bad: test takers fake answer
-can't figure out (low face validity)
Criterion validity
determines how good a test is by comparing results to an external
standard like another personality test or some behavioural outcome
Convergent validity
check to see if test is similar to other tests but also Discriminant validity
Discriminant validity
want test to be Convergent validity and different t0 be sure test taps a
different concept
Self-report based
answer questions about themselves, response formats and question
style and vary depending on purpose of test
Performance based
participants must respond to a stimulus in as much detail as they like
often within certain parameters
Dichotomous Scale
2 choice scale
-true or false
-yes or no
Likert Scale
rate agreement
-strongly disagree to strongly agree
-very little to quite often
-uncharacteristic of me to characteristic of me
-never to always
Forced choice format

respondents have limited number of choices
(locus of control scale or Machiavellianism scale)
Association techniques
word association test
rorschach inkblot test
Construction techniques
draw a person test
Thematic apperception test (TAT)
-write a story in response to a picture
Arrangement or selection of stimuli

pick favourite colour or picture or other stimuli
Expression techniques
creative doll or puppet play
Completion techniques
sentence completion test
Response sets
when people have a set way they tent to respond to self report
questionnaires, also known as noncontent responding
-faking good
-faking bad
-socially desirable responding
-acquiescent responding
-reactant responding
-extreme responding
-moderate responding
-patterned responding
Faking good
make themselves appear better than they really are
Faking bad
make themselves appear worse than they really are
Socially desirable responding

make themselves in a more positive manner often not admitting to
distasteful human tendencies
Acquiescent responding
yea saying (agree with everything)
Reactant responding
nay saying (disagree with everything)
Extreme responding
avoid middle of the scale choose ends
Moderate responding
choose midpoint of scale
Patterend responding
making patterns (1-2-3-2-1)
Integrity testing
test candidates for honesty if they are likely to steal or cheat
2 kinds overt/clear purpose integrity test and personality based
measures
Overt/Clear integrity test

responders understand the intent of test is to detect honesty
Disguised purpose integrity test

personality test to assess characteristics related to a range of
behaviours
Self concept
the set of ideas and inferences that you hold about yourself including
your traits social roles schemas and relationships
Attributive self-description
refer to their own psychological attributes or traits
Social self-description
refer to themselves in the social groups to which they belong
Self esteem
value people place on themselves
-high: have favourable view of themselves
-low: unfavourable view
Self esteem stability

how stable or variable peoples general feelings of self worth are over
time
Self concept clarity

how well people know or think they know themselves
refers to consistency of our self concepts
Qualitative method
analyze broad themes or characteristics reflected in participants
responses
Quantitative method
measures questionnaires test scores or other numerical data
Social Identity
who people are when they are with others
Self-presentation
acting, speaking, or dressing a certain way to convey a specific image of
ourselves to others
Impression management
regulation of public self-presentation
Authentic self-presentation
present themselves as they truly are
Strategic self-presentation
create a specific image for some ulterior motive (online dating profile:
make them more desirable)
5 most common types of self-presentation tactics

-Ingratiation
-Intimidation
-Self-promotion
-Exemplification
-Supplication
Ingratiation
likeable by flattery
Intimidation
dangerous by fear
Self-promotion
Competent(respect) by claims on performance
Exemplification
good example by guilt tripping others
Supplication
helpless by arousing empathy (saying you're my only hope to another
person)
Self monitoring
personality trait that describes extent to which people are aware of and
manage their self presentations to control the images and impressions
others form of them
High self monitors

sensitive to behaviour of others in social situations, use them as
guideline for own behaviours
Low self monitors
less concern for social appropriate ness and pay less attention to what
others in a situation are doing
Heritability
amount of observed individual differences in some characteristic that
can be accounted for by genetic differences
Environmentality
extent to which observed individual differences can be traced in any way
to individual differences in environments
Shared environment
aspects of the family environment that are generally same for all
children in the household (physical aspects of the house)
Non shared environment

experiences that relatives have which make them different from one
another (how you are treated as the eldest vs the youngest)
most environmental influence ends up here
Genotype environment interaction

when the genotype responds differently to the environment (prolonged
exposure to dopamine can lead to depression)
Genotype environment correlation

when the genotype is exposed differently to an environment
Passive genotype environment correlation

parents pass gifted language skills to child, but also provide an
environment with books
Reactive genotype environment correlation

child is babbling, parents the choose to respond back as if they were in a
conversation
Active genotype environment correlation

baby seeks out parent to talk with
Positive genotype environment correlations

conditions where favourable for developing a certain characteristic.
Environment encourages (passive)
Respond back (reactive)
child seeks (active)
Negative genotype environment correlations

conditions where it is unfavourable for developing a characteristic
Tv on all the time (passive)
baby talks then interrupted (reactive)
baby prefers quiet parent than talkative one (active)
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

most detailed view of brain activity at cellular level
works the same as tradtional MRI except brain activy levels are
monitored over time by tracing blood oxygen levels in the brain
more aitve areas ure up more oxygen done when participant is engaged
in some cognitive activity or viewing stimuli
Controversy of fMRI
timing of response
-view stimulus thoughts react within milliseconds where as blood flow
takes 2 seconds, difficult to pinpoint precise area
procedure is time intensive & equipment's expensive
-experiments us only small # of participants
nonindependence error
-researchers may unintentionally bias their results by not independently
selecting which brain areas to correlate with
Neurology of Extraversion
main difference between introverts and extraverts had to do with
arousal level or arousability
Neurology of Neuroticism
people high in neuroticism may be more sensitive to negative emotions
in particular and not arousing situations like introverts
Reinforcement sensitivity theory

3 hypothetical brain- behaviour systems
-fight,flight or freeze
-behavioural approach system
-behavioural inhibition system
Fight, Flight or Freeze
system associated with fear, personality factor that matches this

biological system is fearfulness and avoidance. if extreme may lead to
phobias and panic disorders
Behavioural approach system

organizes reactions that is stimuli rewarding, makes person more
sensitive to reward. personality factor is optimism,impulsiveness and
emotion of anticipatory pleasure. if extreme may lead to addictive
behaviours, high risk behaviours and mania
Behavioural inhibition system

resolves conflicts, may be 2 good things may be 2 bad or one of
each.activated when conflict within one of the other systems. until
solved ay experience anxiety worry. may lead to generalized anxiety
disorder or obsessive compulsive disorder.
Sensation seeking
seek varied intense sensations and experiences and willingness to take
physical social legal and financial risks for sake of such experiences
Transference
unconscious redirection of feelings for one person onto a different
person who resembles the original person in some way
Free Association
Fruedian technique in which patients talk about whatever pops into their
head following one thought after another without trying to control
monitor or censor what they are saying
Dream Analysis
detailed examination of content and symbolism of dreams in order to
decipher they hidden meaning
Manifest content
on waking many people describe in great detail what they saw in their
dreams
Latent content
dream symbolism and reactions to the dream expressed through free
association under guidance of therapist help understand this
Parapraxes
mistakes made by unconscious desires
Symbolic behaviours
express hidden instincts through innocent actions
Structural model of personality

made of 3 parts id,ego, superego
Id
pure instinctual energy, operates through primary process thinking and
pleasure principle
Primary process thinkning

makes decisions without logical rules and conscious thought
Pleasure principle
wants what it wants and demands immediate gratification by either
reflex action or wish fulfillment
Reflex action
id seeks gratification by immediate physical action
Wish fullfillment
id seeks gratification by imagining what it wants
Ego
decides whether id will be satisfied or not, matches the wishes of id
through identification. operate according to reality principle and
secondary process thinking
Identification
match wishes of id with objects and events in the real world
Reality principle
tries to satisfy id within constraints of social and physical reality (get

most amount of pleasure for id with least amount of negative
consequences from reality and super ego)
Secondary process thinking

logical thinking weight cost and rewards of possible courses of action
Super Ego
looks over everything we do ready to punish ego for letting id loose. 2
parts conscience and ego ideal.
Conscience(super ego)
contains knowledge of what we should not do, punishes us when we do
something wrong with guilt or embarassment
Ego ideal
contains knowledge of what we should do, rewards with feelings of pride
when things are done right
Topographic model of personality

consists of conscious mind (thoughts and sensations we are currently
aware of), preconscious mind (thoughts just outside of awareness, easily
accessible and readily to summon), and unconscious mind (contains
urges thoughts wishes desires and memories that we are unable to
retrieve by our own efforts)
Defence mechanism
egos way of handling threatening thought or an unacceptable impulse to

protect itself and minimize anxiety and distress
Reaction Formation
defence mechanism in which true unacceptable impulse is expressed by
the opposite acceptable impulse
Isolation
defence mechanism in which the ego mentally keeps an unacceptable
thought or feeling separate from other thoughts and feelings
Denial
defence mechanism in which threatening or traumatic events or
emotions are not acknowledged
Undoing
defence mechanism in which ego tries to nullify one action or thought
with another (best viewed as a coping mechanism than defence
mechanism)
Projection
defence mechanism in which ego attributes its own disturbing or
unacceptable impulses onto another person
Displacement
defence mechanism in which the ego substitutes an unacceptable object

of an impulse with a more acceptable one
(child angry at mom shows anger on door instead)
Sublimation
defence mechanism in which the ego substitutes an unacceptable
impulse with a more acceptable impulse (like taking issues out in playing
a sport) SHOULD BE ABANDONED (no evidence)
Repression
defence mechanism in which the ego unconsciously keeps unacceptable
thoughts or urges in the unconscious (done unconsciously)
Suppression
ego unconsciously keeps unacceptable thoughts or urges outside of our
awareness
Rationalization
defence mechanism in which the ego acknowledges an unacceptable
behaviour but reinterprets it to make it seem more acceptable
Psychosexual stages
progression from childhood to adulthood where we move from immature
reflexive expressions of sexual impulses involving id to mature socially
acceptable expressions involving ego and superego
Oral Stage
Anal Stage
Phallic Stage
Latency Stage
Genital Stage
secure attachment
infant used mother as secure base from which to explore and as a safe
haven to return for safety and comfort
avoidant attachment
less affectionate during childs first 3 month and frequently disliked and
avoided close bodily contact with child during 1st year, infant seemed
oblivious to mothers leave and did not seek her as a safe haven
unemotional during seperation
anxious-ambivalent attachment
mothers ignored babies but did not reject bodily contact infant showed
distress on seperation and ran to them when they returned but did not
accept comfort from them
disorganized/disoriented
parents often full of fear or behave in ways frightful to infant child does
not know how to approach/respond to parent
Self determination theory

big difference between engaging in activity for extrinsic reasons and
engaging in same activity for intrinsic reasons
humanistic tradition
emphasizes responsibility growth and actualizing tendency
actualizing tendency
bring about growth and positive change
3 basic and universal psychological needs

autonomy, competence, relatedness
autonomy
feeling free to make choices about ones actions
competence
feeling effective in ones actions and having opportunities and
experiences to expand ones abilities
relatedness
feeling connected to others having people care for and receive care
from, feeling a sense of belonging to a community
overjustification effect
when intrinsic interest in an activity is already high, if extrinsic factors
are made more salient by giving a reward people will disregard their own
intrinsic reasons for doing the activity which make them not like it
anymore
locus of control
peoples beliefs about what determines their outcomes in life their own
efforts(internal) or outside circumstances(external)
locus of causality
peoples beliefs about choice to engage in a behaviour feeling
autonomous or controlled
self efficacy
belief that one can be competent and effective at some activity 2 parts
outcome and efficacy expectation
outcome expectation
belief in behaving a certain way will produce an outcome
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Chapter 12 Personality
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self report
method in which people provide subjective information about their own thoughts, feelings, or
behaviors, typically via questionnaire or interview.
MMPI
a well-researched, clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological
problems.
projective tests
which are tests designed to reveal inner aspects of individuals' personalities by analysis of
their responses to a standard series of ambiguous stimuli.

a projective technique in which respondents' inner thoughts and feelings are believed to be
revealed by analysis of their responses to a set of unstructured inkblots.
Thematic Apperception Test

a projective technique in which respondents' underlying motives, concerns, and the way they
see the social world are believed to be revealed through analysis of the stories they make up
about ambiguous pictures of people.
What are the Big Five?

are the traits of the five-factor personality model: openness to experience,
conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
psychodynamic approach
an approach that regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely
operating outside of awarenessmotives that can produce emotional disorders
dynamic unconscious
an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's deepest instincts
and desires, and the person's inner struggle to control those forces.
ID
is the part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; it is the source of our bodily
needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives
superego
the mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents
exercise their authority.
ego
the component of personality, developed through contact with the external world, that
enables us to deal with life's practical demands.
pyschosexual stages
distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual
pleasures from specific body areas and caregivers redirect or interfere with those pleasures.
fixation
a phenomenon in which a person's pleasure-seeking drives become psychologically stuck, or
arrested, at a particular psychosexual stage.
oral stage
the first psychosexual stage, in which experience centers on the pleasures and frustrations
associated with the mouth, sucking, and being fed.
anal stage
the second psychosexual stage, in which experience is dominated by the pleasures and
frustrations associated with the anus, retention and expulsion of feces and urine, and toilet
training.
phallic stage
the third psychosexual stage, in which experience is dominated by the pleasure, conflict, and
frustration associated with the phallic-genital region as well as coping with powerful
incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealousy, and conflict.
latency stage
the fourth psychosexual stage, in which the primary focus is on the further development of
intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills.
genital stage
is the time for the coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity to love,
work, and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner.
Reaction formation
defense: Unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an
exaggerated version of their opposite. Being rude to someone you're attracted to.
Projection
defense: Attributing one's own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses to another person
or group. Judging others as being dishonest because you believe that you are dishonest.
displacement
defense: Shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or less threatening alternative.
Slamming a door; yelling at someone other than the person you're mad at.
sublimation
defense: Channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and
culturally enhancing activities. Diverting anger to the football or rugby field, or other contact
sport.
self-actualizing tendency
the human motive toward realizing our inner potential,
existential approach
is a school of thought that regards personality as governed by an individual's ongoing choices
and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death.
social-cognitive
approach views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations
encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them.
person-situation controversy
which focuses on the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by
situational factors.
personal constructs
dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences.
outcome expectancies
a person's assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behavior.
locus of control.
a person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in
the environment, a disposition he called
self-concept
a person's explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviors, traits, and other personal
characteristics.
self-verification
the tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept
self-esteem
is the extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self
self-serving bias
shows that people tend to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their
failures
narcissism
a grandiose view of the self combined with a tendency to seek admiration from and exploit
others
implicit egotism
because people are not typically aware that they are influenced by the wonderful sound of
their own names
Robin tells you that he is a completely different person than he used to be. According to
what you know about the five-factor theory of personality, is this the case?
Yes, because personality changes throughout the life span.
Yes, because personality is context-dependent.

No, because personality is dependent on social factors.
No, because personality remains relatively constant throughout the life span.
No, because personality remains relatively constant throughout the life span.
In research on judging personality traits of people based on some superficial cues,

participants could:
guess others' personality traits with high accuracy.
guess others' personality traits with moderate accuracy.
not accurately guess others' personality traits.
only guess selected traits accurately.
guess others' personality traits with high accuracy.

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Chapter 12: Personality

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Thematic Appreciation Test

A defense mechanism that involves attributing one's own threatening feelings,

Unconditional Positive Regard

Social Cognitive Approach

Prior events and Anticipated Events

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Psych 101 Ch. 12.3

Supplying a reasonable sounding explanation fro the unacceptable

Channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially

According to Sigmund Freud, the id operates according to the _____

Sigmund Freud proposed that personality is formed as children go

According to existentialists, people think about profound concepts

_____ are dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences

According to psychoanalytical theory, ____ are useful because they

Between years 2 and 3. The second psychosexual stage, in which

Between the ages of 3 and 5. The third psychosexual stage, in which

Occurs during the Phallic Stage. A developmental experience in which

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Psych 110 Ch. 12

Darwin's Evolution Theory

Two elements to shape personality

Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI)

The Projective Techniques

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Thematic Appreciation Test

Eysenck's Factor Analysis

Big Five (Five Factor Theory)

Behavioral Activation System (BAS)

Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

Three Levels of Consciousness

Identification with the Aggressor

Between 2-3 years of age

Unconditional Positive Regard

Unconditional Positive Regard

An attitude of nonjudgemental acceptance toward another person. This type of

Social Cognitive Approach

Outcome expectancies combine with a person's goals to produce the person's

Internal Locus of Control

External Locus of Control

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Inventory Test Pros and cons

rorschach inkblot test

*projective test* in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of

thermatic apperception test

projective tests pros and cons

new personality tests

neuroticism, openness to experience, and extraversion

Twins and personality

genetics and personality

behavioral activation system

behavioral inhibition system

animals and personality

Brain damage or pharmaceutical treatments

a developmental experience in which a childs conflicting feelings toward the

self actualizing tendency

social cognitive approach

person situation controversy

internal locus of control

projective test in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of