Law As A Healing Profession - Susan Daicoff

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Reyes, Leila
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8/2/2016
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LAW AS A HEALING PROFESSION: THE..., 6 Pepp. Disp. Resol....
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6 Pepp. Disp. Resol. L.J. 1
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Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal
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2006
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LAW AS A HEALING PROFESSION: THE \u8220\'3fCOMPREHENSIVE LAW MOVEMENT\u8221\'3f
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Professor
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Susan Daicoff
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Copyright (c) 2006 Pepperdine University School of Law; Professor Susan Daicoff
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I. Introduction
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Beginning in the last decade of the twentieth century, partially in response to
widespread dissatisfaction within the legal system and among lawyers, a new move
ment in law emerged. This movement takes an explicitly comprehensive, integrated
, humanistic, interdisciplinary, restorative, and often therapeutic approach to
law and lawyering. It is the result of a synthesis of a number of new discipline
s within law and legal practice that have been rapidly gaining visibility, accep
tance, and popularity in the last decade and a half. These disciplines represent
a number of emerging, new, or alternative forms of law practice, dispute resolu
tion, and criminal justice. The converging main \u8220\'3fvectors\u8221\'3f of t
his movement are (1) collaborative law,
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(2) creative problem solving,
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(3) holistic justice,
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(4)
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preventive law,
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(5) problem solving courts,
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(6) procedural justice,
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(7) restorative justice,
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(8) therapeutic jurisprudence,
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and (9) transformative mediation.
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As early as 1997, several of these emerging disciplines had begun to merge, int
egrate, coalesce, or link, based on similarities in their overall purposes and g
oals. One of the first scholars to identify this was a University of California,
Santa Barbara sociology professor, Thomas Scheff. Mr. Scheff observed in 1997 t
hat \u8220\'3f[i]n recent years, an alternative approach to law, a worldwide mov
ement, has been building momentum. This movement has two vectors, restorative ju
stice and therapeutic jurisprudence.\u8221\'3f
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The term \u8220\'3fvectors\u8221\'3f reflects the forward movement of the disci

plines into the future and their convergence toward common goals. In 1998, I beg
an building on Professor Scheff\rquote s insight by examining other potential \u
8220\'3fvectors\u8221\'3f and exploring what their unifying characteristics migh
t be. There appeared to be at least seven more; and, by 2000, the similarities o
f the nine or so vectors were so clear that I began using the \u8220\'3fcomprehe
nsive law movement\u8221\'3f as a working title for the movement.
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The similarities coalesce into two common features, unifying the vectors as a \
u8220\'3fmovement.\u8221\'3f First, each explicitly recognizes and values the la
w\rquote s potential as an agent of positive interpersonal and individual change
and seeks to bring about a positive result (such as healing, wholeness, harmony
, or optimal human functioning) as part of the resolution of legal matters. Seco
nd, each integrates and values extralegal concerns--factors beyond strict legal
rights and duties--into law and legal practice. These \u8220\'3frights plus\u822
1\'3f
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factors include: needs, resources, goals, morals, values, beliefs, psychologica
l matters, personal wellbeing, human development and growth, interpersonal relat
ions, and community wellbeing.
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In recent years, a number of efforts have been made to link and disseminate the
important developments represented by the \u8220\'3fvectors.\u8221\'3f
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This article will synthesize those efforts, explore the underpinnings of this m
ovement, and then explore the ramifications of this exciting movement for the fu
ture of legal education and the legal profession.
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Law as a healing profession has great transformational potential. It could begin
to address the \u8220\'3ftripartite crisis\u8221\'3f in the legal profession of
deprofessionalism, low public opinion of lawyers, and lawyer distress.
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It could make the legal system a more inspiring, humane, and hospitable place f
or clients, lawyers, judges, and indeed society as a whole.
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II. Areas of Convergence--Common Ground
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While intuitively the vectors of the comprehensive law movement may appear simil
ar, it is important to examine the precise ways in which they resemble each othe
r, as well as the ways in which they differ. Professor Bruce Winick, one of the
two fathers of therapeutic jurisprudence, described the vectors beautifully when
he said they are like members of an extended family.
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He explained that some have red hair, some have brown hair and brown eyes, some
have blue eyes; but when you put them all together for a group photo, a strikin
g family resemblance is evident in each member.
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Yet, each member has his or her own distinctive features that are peculiar to t
hat member only.
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The beauty of the movement is evident not only in the features that unify the v
ectors but also in their distinct and individual differences. They remain separa
te and vibrant movements of their own, while sharing common ground.
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All of the disciplines comprising the comprehensive law movement share at least
two features in common: (1) a desire to maximize the emotional, psychological, a
nd relational wellbeing of the individuals and communities involved in each lega
l matter; and (2) a focus on more than just strict legal rights, responsibilitie
s, duties, obligations, and entitlements.
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These two features unify the vectors and distinguish them from more traditional
approaches to law and lawyering.
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The dominant, traditional approach found in the profession usually downplays, if
not ignores these concerns. It does not value the emotional consequences of the
outcomes and processes involved in resolving legal matters or factors other tha
n legal rights. Law schools traditionally teach students to sift through facts a
nd issues to eliminate \u8220\'3firrelevant\u8221\'3f concerns and focus only on
what is \u8220\'3frelevant\u8221\'3f to the rule of law.
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The emotional and interpersonal dynamics of a matter are deemed irrelevant to t
he pure legal analysis learned in the first year of law school. Sometime during
the third year of law school or first few years of practice, lawyers are left to
their own to rediscover their ability to evaluate these dynamics and somehow in
corporate that assessment into their work as lawyers.
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}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EY3AE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EY3AE_1}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*6
}
}
But this process (if it occurs at all) happens haphazardly and without directio
n. For example, empirical research on lawyers indicates that, compared to non-la
wyers, lawyers tend to evaluate settlement options by focusing solely on monetar
y value (the \u8220\'3feconomic bottom-line\u8221\'3f). In contrast, non-lawyers
tend to be much more influenced by non-monetary, psychological factors in their
decisions to accept a settlement offer in a lawsuit.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F22310072290_ID0EK4}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F22310072290_ID0EK4}
22
}}}
}
This suggests that, instead of re-incorporating non-legal factors into our prof
essional decisions, lawyers focus instead on pure legal analysis (who wins or lo
ses) and the economic bottom-line (how much in damages will the winner receive).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ET4AE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ET4AE_1}
Certainly, in law school, emotional and interpersonal concerns are strongly de-e
mphasized, if not blatantly ignored. Empirical research indicates that law schoo
l actually fosters two shifts in values that echo this de-emphasis. The first sh
ift is away from what Carol Gilligan calls an \u8220\'3fethic of care\u8221\'3f
and towards a \u8220\'3frights\u8221\'3f or \u8220\'3fjustice\u8221\'3f orientat
ion.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F23310072290_ID0EB5}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F23310072290_ID0EB5}
23
}}}
}
The care ethic values preserving interpersonal harmony, maintaining relationshi
ps, attending to people\rquote s feelings and needs, and preventing harm.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F24310072290_ID0EG5}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F24310072290_ID0EG5}
24
}}}
}
In contrast, the \u8220\'3frights\u8221\'3f or \u8220\'3fjustice\u8221\'3f orie
ntation focuses on rights, rules, standards, individuality, independence, justic
e, fairness, objectivity, accomplishments, ambitions, principles, personal belie
fs, and freedom from the interference of others.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F25310072290_ID0EL5}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F25310072290_ID0EL5}
25
}}}
}
During law school, law students tend to either intensify their rights orientati
ons or move from care ethics to rights orientation.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F26310072290_ID0EP5}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F26310072290_ID0EP5}
26
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EW5AE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EW5AE_1}
The second shift that occurs during law school is away from an emphasis on \u822
0\'3fgrowth/self-acceptance, intimacy/emotional connection, and community/societ
al contribution,\u8221\'3f which have been called \u8220\'3f\u8216\'3fintrinsic\
u8217\'3f values,\u8221\'3f and towards an emphasis on \u8220\'3fappearance/attr
activeness,\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*7
}
}
\u8220\'3fmoney/luxuries, popularity/fame, and beauty/attractiveness,\u8221\'3f
which have been called \u8220\'3f\u8216\'3fextrinsic\u8217\'3f value[s].\u8221\
'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F27310072290_ID0EV6}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F27310072290_ID0EV6}
27
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E46AE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E46AE_1}
Both shifts appear among law students as early as the first year of law school.
In both shifts, a movement away from valuing interpersonal harmony, connectednes
s, and emotional wellbeing is evident. The comprehensive law movement, in contra
st, values these concerns. It asks lawyers to focus on these concerns and issues
that are traditionally ignored, if not actively silenced, in law school and law
practice. In this way, it differs from traditional approaches to law and lawyer
ing.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EWAAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EWAAG_1}

While \u8220\'3fgood\u8221\'3f traditional lawyers may implicitly or unconscious
ly take these concerns into account in their representation of clients, the comp
rehensive law movement differs from traditional lawyering in that it explicitly
values interpersonal, emotional, psychological, and relational concerns. It elev
ates the importance of these concerns in the law and seeks to consciously train
lawyers to effectively deal with these concerns. The revolutionary nature of the
movement is thus evident. The next two sections explore the two unifying featur
es in more detail.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \b1 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ELBAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ELBAG_1}
A. Optimizing Human Wellbeing
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EVBAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EVBAG_1}
First, the vectors of the comprehensive law movement seek legal solutions that m
ake things better, or at least not worse, for the people involved in the legal m
atter. They explicitly or implicitly attempt to optimize the psychological and e
motional wellbeing of the individuals involved. All of the vectors seek to resol
ve the legal dispute or matter in a way that prevents harm to, preserves, or enh
ances individuals\rquote interpersonal relationships, psychological wellbeing,
opportunities for personal growth, mental health, or satisfaction with the proce
ss and outcome of the matter.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F28310072290_ID0ECC}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F28310072290_ID0ECC}
28
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EJCAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EJCAG_1}
While the vectors may initially focus on the wellbeing of the individual client
at hand, they often seek to preserve or enhance the wellbeing of all of the indi
viduals involved in the matter. They intuitively understand the well-known socia
l science finding that positive relationships and good connections with one\rquo
te s family, friends, colleagues, peers, and community
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*8
}
}
lead to enhanced psychological wellbeing and functioning.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F29310072290_ID0EZC}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F29310072290_ID0EZC}
29
}}}
}
As a result, the vectors often work to preserve, maintain, restore, or create g
ood interpersonal relationships.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ECDAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ECDAG_1}
Because of the emotional devastation that can result from traditional adversaria
l litigation, many of the vectors explicitly seek non-litigious solutions to leg
al problems.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F30310072290_ID0EKD}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F30310072290_ID0EKD}
30
}}}
}
Some vectors are explicitly therapeutic to the individuals involved,
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F31310072290_ID0END}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F31310072290_ID0END}
31
}}}
}

and some are indirectly therapeutic.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F32310072290_ID0ESD}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F32310072290_ID0ESD}
32
}}}
}
Many utilize collaborative methods in solving legal problems.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F33310072290_ID0EXD}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F33310072290_ID0EXD}
33
}}}
}
However, some explicitly acknowledge that litigation, uncompromising positions,
and legal force can themselves be healing; and they use these methods in achiev
ing their goals.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F34310072290_ID0E2D}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F34310072290_ID0E2D}
34
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ECEAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ECEAG_1}
Social scientists might call this feature \u8220\'3foptimizing human functioning
.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F35310072290_ID0EKE}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F35310072290_ID0EKE}
35
}}}
}
They might define a vector\rquote s goal as \u8220\'3fsatisfaction with the leg
al process\u8221\'3f or \u8220\'3fgood mental health.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F36310072290_ID0EPE}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F36310072290_ID0EPE}
36
}}}
}
Jurisprudents might call the goal therapeutic or curative. Others might describ
e the goal as a search for healing or restoration.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F37310072290_ID0EXE}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F37310072290_ID0EXE}
37
}}}
}
Native American tradition might call the goal \u8220\'3fharmony\u8221\'3f and t
hen define harmony as three-part wholeness, meaning harmony within oneself (intr
apersonal harmony), harmony between self and a Supreme Being, if one so believes
(vertical harmony), and harmony between self and others (horizontal or interper
sonal harmony).
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F38310072290_ID0E4E}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F38310072290_ID0E4E}
38
}}}
}
Whatever moniker is used, the concept is focused on leaving people in the best
possible internal, psychological, emotional, moral, relational, and spiritual st
ate at the conclusion of their legal matter.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \b1 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EGFAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EGFAG_1}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*9
}
}

B. \u8220\'3fRights Plus\u8221\'3f: Considering Extra-Legal Factors
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EUFAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EUFAG_1}
The second unifying feature is that, when assessing or resolving a legal problem
, all of the vectors take into consideration more than just the strict legal rig
hts, liabilities, obligations, duties, and entitlements presented. While law sch
ool teaches us to focus only on the law and what facts are relevant to the legal
tests used in courts, the comprehensive law approaches explicitly go above and
beyond the law to incorporate a consideration of one or more extra-legal factors
. The factors include: the social, psychological, and emotional consequences of
various courses of action; the communities in which the individuals involved exi
st; and the parties\rquote emotions, feelings, needs, resources, goals, psychol
ogical health, relationships, values, morals, and financial concerns.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F39310072290_ID0ECG}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F39310072290_ID0ECG}
39
}}}
}
Pauline Tesler, one of the founders of the collaborative law movement, calls th
is feature \u8220\'3frights plus.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F40310072290_ID0EGG}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F40310072290_ID0EGG}
40
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ENGAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ENGAG_1}
Every traditional lawyer probably takes his or her client\rquote s financial con
cerns into account, so that extra-legal factor is usually considered beyond the
client\rquote s legal rights or duties.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F41310072290_ID0EVG}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F41310072290_ID0EVG}
41
}}}
}
In fact, focusing on the economic bottom line is rather characteristic of attor
neys, as compared to non-attorneys.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F42310072290_ID0E1G}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F42310072290_ID0E1G}
42
}}}
}
Unlike a more traditional approach, however, the comprehensive law approaches a
lso consider the psychological, social, emotional, and relational consequences o
f various legal courses of action.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EDHAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EDHAG_1}
These two main areas of common ground appear to be the unifying characteristics
of the otherwise somewhat diverse main vectors of the movement. Other features a
re shared by some but not all of the vectors, such as: non-litigious or collabor
ative approaches to dispute resolution, a focus on spirituality and faith, expli
citly therapeutic goals, interdisciplinary approaches, shared equal power instea
d of a hierarchical top-down power structure, a focus on interpersonal relations
hips, and a focus on process rather than outcome. However, the movement\rquote s
greatest impact comes in its unifying features, not in its differences. The nex
t section describes each of the vectors in detail.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \b1 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \qc \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EYHAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EYHAG_1}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*10
}
}

III. The Vectors
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EGIAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EGIAG_1}
The vectors of the comprehensive law movement range from infinitely theoretical
to highly concrete. Professor David Wexler, one of the founders of therapeutic j
urisprudence, has noted that the most theoretical vectors can be thought of as \
u8220\'3flenses\u8221\'3f through which an attorney can view a particular legal
problem.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F43310072290_ID0ERI}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F43310072290_ID0ERI}
43
}}}
}
These lenses help the attorney evaluate the problem as well as potential soluti
ons.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E1IAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E1IAG_1}
The more concrete and tangible vectors provide specific \u8220\'3fprocesses\u822
1\'3f by which an attorney can resolve civil or criminal cases. The process-type
vectors provide a particular method for resolving civil or criminal lawsuits, w
hile the lens-type vectors dictate how an attorney might approach a case. For ex
ample, every legal process can be viewed from a therapeutic jurisprudence perspe
ctive (Is this process therapeutic or not? How could it be made so?), a procedur
al justice view (How will this process affect the participants psychologically?)
, or a creative problem solving approach (Does this process allow for the broade
st, most creative approach to solving the problem?).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EPJAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EPJAG_1}
Until now, the legal system offered only one \u8220\'3flens,\u8221\'3f the tradi
tional approach to lawyering. This lens typically focuses on legal rights, dutie
s, and responsibilities and on resolution of legal matters and disputes. The com
prehensive law movement adds at least five more \u8220\'3flenses.\u8221\'3f Each
of these new lenses focuses on concerns beyond legal rights, through which to v
iew legal matters.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EEKAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EEKAG_1}
Despite perhaps being limited to one \u8220\'3flens,\u8221\'3f the existing lega
l system offers a number of \u8220\'3fprocesses\u8221\'3f which can be used to c
arry out the goals identified by the traditional \u8220\'3flens.\u8221\'3f The e
xisting processes include: litigation, mediation (facilitative and evaluative fo
rms thereof), arbitration, private adjudications, private trials, and old-fashio
ned negotiation and settlement. The comprehensive law movement adds at least fiv
e more \u8220\'3fprocesses\u8221\'3f to the lawyers\rquote toolkit, each of whi
ch is consistent with a different paradigm for resolution of legal matters. Thes
e lenses and processes are individually examined below.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \b1 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EZKAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EZKAG_1}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*11
}
}
A. \u8220\'3fLenses\u8221\'3f
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EHLAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EHLAG_1}
1. Therapeutic Jurisprudence
\par
}
}
}

\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ETLAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ETLAG_1}
Therapeutic jurisprudence (\u8220\'3fTJ\u8221\'3f) emerged around 1990 and now i
s represented by more than 581 articles and eighteen books. Its cofounders, law
professors David Wexler and Bruce Winick, often define it by quoting law profess
or Christopher Slobogin\rquote s definition of TJ: \u8220\'3fthe use of social s
cience to study the extent to which a legal rule or practice promotes the psycho
logical or physical well-being of the people it affects.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F44310072290_ID0EHM}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F44310072290_ID0EHM}
44
}}}
}
TJ explicitly acknowledges, \u8220\'3flike it or not,\u8221\'3f that law, legal
personnel, and legal procedures have psychological effects upon the individuals
and groups involved in each legal matter.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F45310072290_ID0EMM}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F45310072290_ID0EMM}
45
}}}
}
According to Professors Wexler and Winick, it asks, \u8220\'3fwhether the law\r
quote s anti-therapeutic consequences can be reduced, and its therapeutic conseq
uences enhanced, without subordinating due process and other justice values.\u82
21\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F46310072290_ID0EZM}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F46310072290_ID0EZM}
46
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EANAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EANAG_1}

Because it grew out of an interdisciplinary, legal, and psychological viewpoint,
TJ was first applied to traditional mental health law topics \u8220\'3fsuch as
the civil commitment of the mentally ill, the insanity defense, and incompetency
in both civil and criminal contexts.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F47310072290_ID0ERN}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F47310072290_ID0ERN}
47
}}}
}
TJ has rapidly grown and spread into many other areas that include the civil co
mmitment of sexual offenders and outpatient drug abusers.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F48310072290_ID0EWN}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F48310072290_ID0EWN}
48
}}}
}
TJ has also reached sentencing and probation agreements, workers\rquote compen
sation law, sexual orientation law, disability law, fault-based tort compensatio
n schemes, domestic violence, crime victims, mandatory child abuse reporting, co
ntract law,
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F49310072290_ID0EZN}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F49310072290_ID0EZN}
49
}}}
}
and family law.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F50310072290_ID0E5N}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F50310072290_ID0E5N}
50
}}}
}
TJ has even explored the therapeutic consequences of practicing law upon lawyer
s.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F51310072290_ID0ECO}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F51310072290_ID0ECO}
51
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EJOAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EJOAG_1}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*12
}
}
Importantly, therapeutic jurisprudence seeks to optimize the therapeutic effect
s of substantive rules of law, legal personnel\rquote s actions, and legal proce
sses without elevating therapeutic concerns over traditional legal concerns such
as rights or due process. It simply says, given two different options for achie
ving a particular legal result, if one option is more therapeutic than the other
, the lawyer should attempt to pursue the more therapeutic course of action.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E3OAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E3OAG_1}
For example, suppose that a mental health patient is involuntarily civilly commi
tted to a long-term treatment center for chemical dependency. Suppose also that
this patient has the legal right to receive a certain standard of care
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F52310072290_ID0EFP}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F52310072290_ID0EFP}
52
}}}
}
and is not receiving that care. The lawyer representing this patient as a clien
t might well proceed to bring legal action against the treatment center in order
to force the center to provide more appropriate care for the client.
}
However, the lawyer could either: (1) do this with the collaboration of and inp
ut from the client\rquote s treatment team, consisting probably of a unit direct
or, psychiatrist, psychiatric nurse, and social worker or mental health counselo
r, and maybe even with the involvement of and input from the client\rquote s fam
ily; or (2) do this alone with the client, following the client\rquote s wishes.
The legal result may be the same in both situations; the client gets his or her
legal standard of treatment care.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EXPAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EXPAG_1}
However, suppose that this particular client has been hospitalized many times be
fore and is quite belligerent and resistant to treatment. The client\rquote s tr
eatment team views the client\rquote s efforts to secure an attorney as simply m
ore evidence of the client\rquote s resistance to treatment and, from a psycholo
gical perspective, as simply a diversion to allow the client to avoid making any
real positive changes in his or her life.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EGQAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EGQAG_1}
In the first scenario, the lawyer is more likely to accomplish the client\rquote
s legal goal in a way that allows the treatment team to assist the client in ga
ining some psychological insights about why he or she is pursuing legal action.
The lawyer and the treatment team might actually be able to collaborate to achie
ve the legal goal while making the process therapeutically meaningful for the cl
ient and thus enhancing his or her treatment.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EVQAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EVQAG_1}
The lawyer in the second scenario is more likely to work at cross purposes to th
e treatment, actually becoming a distracting influence on the client, and hamper
ing any real psychological progress the client is making in treatment. Given tha
t both options are likely to achieve the same legal
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

*13
}
}
result, the TJ-oriented lawyer might encourage the client to allow him or her t
o pursue the first approach.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F53310072290_ID0EER}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F53310072290_ID0EER}
53
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ELRAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ELRAG_1}
TJ has been applied to employment law to argue that the Americans with Disabilit
ies Act\rquote s provision requiring confidentiality of employee claims made pur
suant to the Act is counter-therapeutic.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F54310072290_ID0ETR}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F54310072290_ID0ETR}
54
}}}
}
Confidentiality deprives the claiming employee\rquote s coworkers of an opportu
nity to assist and cooperate in designing and implementing reasonable accommodat
ions for the employee\rquote s disability.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F55310072290_ID0EYR}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F55310072290_ID0EYR}
55
}}}
}
Coworker assistance and participation can reduce resentment towards the accommo
dated employee, increase social support for the accommodation and the accommodat
ed employee, and maintain or increase overall workplace morale.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F56310072290_ID0E3R}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F56310072290_ID0E3R}

56
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EDSAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EDSAG_1}
TJ has also been applied to the United States military\rquote s policy on homose
xuality of \u8220\'3fdon\rquote t ask, don\rquote t tell and don\rquote t pursue
\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F57310072290_ID0ESS}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F57310072290_ID0ESS}
57
}}}
}
to demonstrate the policy\rquote s counter-therapeutic aspects. Under this poli
cy, the armed services do not require applicants to disclose whether they are ho
mosexual or bisexual.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F58310072290_ID0E1S}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F58310072290_ID0E1S}
58
}}}
}
The military will not discharge homosexual members unless homosexual conduct is
engaged in; but making a statement that one is homosexual or bisexual constitut
es \u8220\'3fhomosexual conduct.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F59310072290_ID0E6S}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F59310072290_ID0E6S}
59
}}}
}
Thus, a member of the armed forces who states that he or she is gay or bisexual
can be discharged from military service.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F60310072290_ID0EET}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F60310072290_ID0EET}
60
}}}
}
However, \u8220\'3f[n]o investigations or inquiries will be conducted solely to
determine a service member\rquote s sexual orientation.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F61310072290_ID0ERT}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F61310072290_ID0ERT}
61
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EYTAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EYTAG_1}
From a TJ perspective, Kay Kavanagh argues that this policy is counter-therapeut
ic for homosexual service members; because, while it allows them to be homosexua
l, it requires them to refrain from discussing their sexual orientation. It requ
ires deception and prevents them from talking about
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*14
}
}
activities that would raise a presumption that they are engaging in homosexual
acts.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F62310072290_ID0EIU}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F62310072290_ID0EIU}
62
}}}
}
For example, they cannot discuss with whom they spent the weekend or from whom
they are receiving a phone call.
}
This sets them apart from their colleagues and forces them to be emotionally di
stant and isolated from their co-workers.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0

{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F63310072290_ID0EQU}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F63310072290_ID0EQU}
63
}}}
}
It reduces the social support available to gay service members, causes constant
strain and tension in maintaining secrecy, causes distressing isolation, and lo
wers self-esteem due to inauthenticity.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F64310072290_ID0EUU}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F64310072290_ID0EUU}
64
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E2UAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E2UAG_1}
TJ asks lawyers to beware of \u8220\'3fpsycho-legal soft spots,\u8221\'3f which
are, according to Bruce Winick, areas \u8220\'3fin which certain legal issues, p
rocedures, or interventions may produce or reduce anxiety, distress, anger, depr
ession, hard or hurt feelings, and other dimensions of [emotional] . . . well-be
ing.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F65310072290_ID0EMV}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F65310072290_ID0EMV}
65
}}}
}
For example, elderly clients may present developmental, end-of-life, health, an
d family relationship concerns. Clients with terminal cancer or HIV/AIDS may pre
sent needs relating to the dying process, the emotional stages of grief, and fam
ily relationships. Personal injury clients may display anger, depression, and a
desire for revenge. Their anger can be misdirected onto the lawyer. They may nee
d the opportunity to \u8220\'3ftell their story\u8221\'3f and be \u8220\'3fheard
.\u8221\'3f They may need to hear an apology from the defendant or need help to
avoid becoming emotionally \u8220\'3fstuck\u8221\'3f in the grief process.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EEWAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EEWAG_1}
Domestic violence victims may need extra understanding and support, suffer from
low self-esteem, and have ambivalent feelings towards the offender. A lawyer or
judge who insists that a domestic violence victim be completely finished with th
e relationship, or who buys into the victim\rquote s denial and justification, c
an be counter-therapeutic. For example, Kate Paradine relates a case in which th
e lawyer told the victim that the perpetrator was behaving poorly, because he \u
8220\'3fstill loves you,\u8221\'3f at a time when she said she most needed to he
ar, \u8220\'3fYou don\rquote t have to put up with that behavior.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F66310072290_ID0E2W}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F66310072290_ID0E2W}
66
}}}
}
Alcohol or drug dependent clients are likely to display denial, rationalization
, and resistance; and they are prone to relapse. A TJ lawyer considers the effec
ts of these potential issues, includes them in lawyer-client discussions, and co
nsiders them in developing, with the client, a course of action that is most lik
ely to have the desired legal and therapeutic outcome.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F67310072290_ID0ECX}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F67310072290_ID0ECX}
67
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EJXAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EJXAG_1}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*15
}
}
TJ recognizes the often devastating effects of protracted, costly, and adversar
ial litigation as a \u8220\'3fpsycho-legal soft spot\u8221\'3f and sometimes, th
erefore, seeks non-litigation alternatives for certain clients.

}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F68310072290_ID0EVX}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F68310072290_ID0EVX}
68
}}}
}
For example, it is a known phenomenon that doctors are more likely to either co
mmit malpractice or have another malpractice action filed against them in the si
x months following the filing of a malpractice suit against them.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F69310072290_ID0E1X}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F69310072290_ID0E1X}
69
}}}
}
For this reason, a TJ defense lawyer might use this social science insight to r
ecommend a non-litigated, immediate settlement of his or her client\rquote s fir
st malpractice case to minimize the effect of this phenomenon on the doctor\rquo
te s medical practice.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EDYAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EDYAG_1}
In cases where ongoing relationships are key, a non-litigated settlement may pre
serve the interpersonal relationships between the parties and lead to a better o
verall outcome.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F70310072290_ID0ELY}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F70310072290_ID0ELY}
70
}}}
}
For example, a tenured professor who sues his or her school for gender discrimi
nation may desire to continue working there after the lawsuit. A mediated resolu
tion might preserve a better future working relationship for employee and employ
er and thus a better outcome for all involved, in the long run.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EXYAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EXYAG_1}
Litigation itself, however, can at times be therapeutic. In cases that present a
significant power imbalance between the parties, such as a sexual harassment su
it where the employer is intractable, arrogant, and self-righteous and where the
employee has a long history of victimization, litigation may be the most therap
eutic process for both parties.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F71310072290_ID0ECZ}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F71310072290_ID0ECZ}
71
}}}
}
It could allow the plaintiff to assert himself or herself, perhaps for the firs
t time.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F72310072290_ID0EHZ}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F72310072290_ID0EHZ}
72
}}}
}
It would also give the employer a terrific \u8220\'3fwake up call\u8221\'3f whi
ch might force it to reassess its treatment of its employees and make some posit
ive changes.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F73310072290_ID0ELZ}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F73310072290_ID0ELZ}
73
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ESZAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ESZAG_1}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

*16
}
}
TJ is probably the most visible and prolific vector, at least in academic and j
udicial circles. It has rapidly spread to all areas of the law and has been enth
usiastically adopted by American judges in the form of \u8220\'3fproblem-solving
courts.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F74310072290_ID0EA1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F74310072290_ID0EA1}
74
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EH1AG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EH1AG_1}
2. Preventive Law
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ET1AG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ET1AG_1}
Preventive law (\u8220\'3fPL\u8221\'3f) is perhaps the oldest vector of the move
ment. Preventive law emerged in the 1950s, although its founder, attorney and la
w professor, Louis Brown, conceived of it in the 1930s.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F75310072290_ID0E51}
75
}}}
}
Its 1978 casebook, Planning by Lawyers, was revised and republished as a preven
tive law textbook in 1997.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0

{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F76310072290_ID0ED2}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F76310072290_ID0ED2}
76
}}}
}
The Preventive Law Reporter has been published since 1982.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F77310072290_ID0EH2}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F77310072290_ID0EH2}
77
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EO2AG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EO2AG_1}
Preventive law attempts to avoid or prevent litigation before it arises. As a le
ns, preventive law asks what measures can be put in place to prevent future liti
gation or future legal problems.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F78310072290_ID0EZ2}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F78310072290_ID0EZ2}
78
}}}
}
It takes a proactive approach and allows the attorney to intervene in clients\r
quote lives before problems arise.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F79310072290_ID0E52}
79
}}}
}
By anticipating disputes before they arise, planning ahead, and intervening to
prevent legal problems whenever possible, the lawyer serves the client\rquote s
interests in a proactive, albeit nontraditional, way.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F80310072290_ID0ED3}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe

ference_F80310072290_ID0ED3}
80
}}}
}
The client may be spared the traumatizing effects of a litigated confrontation
with another person or legal entity.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EM3AG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EM3AG_1}
Preventive law also considers the fact that interpersonal relationships, such as
husband-wife or employer-employee, may endure long after the current difficulty
has passed.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F81310072290_ID0EU3}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F81310072290_ID0EU3}
81
}}}
}
And a solution that irreparably ruptures the bond may lead to future legal prob
lems and thus be really no solution at all.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F82310072290_ID0EZ3}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F82310072290_ID0EZ3}
82
}}}
}
The emphasis in preventive law is on a good, ongoing lawyer-client relationship
, open communication, and the prevention of legal disputes.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EC4AG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EC4AG_1}

For example, a preventive employment law attorney might assess a corporate clien
t\rquote s employee policies, procedures, manuals, and practices to assess wheth
er the corporation has any potential exposure to harassment or discrimination su
its. Then, the PL lawyer would put into place policies and
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*17
}
}
procedures, perhaps including some in-service training, if any \u8220\'3flegal
soft spots\u8221\'3f emerged as a result of the lawyer\rquote s \u8220\'3faudit.
\u8221\'3f Periodic checkups would be performed with the client to intervene pro
actively with any troubled employee-employer situations.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EZ4AG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EZ4AG_1}
Dean Emeritus Edward Dauer gives this example. Suppose a mature gentleman comes
to see a lawyer about issuing some new shares of stock in the family corporation
to his son-in-law. It turns out that the amount of stock involved would allow t
he son-in-law to exercise some influence over the direction of the business. In
discussing the client\rquote s intentions, the lawyer realizes there are numerou
s risks the client may not have considered. Any competent lawyer would investiga
te the statutory, regulatory, and tax liability implications of the transaction,
as well as issues of voting control, percentage ownership, and buy-sell agreeme
nts.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ER5AG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ER5AG_1}
Preventive law would take the additional steps of anticipating and pre-empting o
pportunities for conflict, dashed hopes, unfulfilled assumptions, and damaged re
lationships. If, for example, the client and his son-in law fail to get along af
ter the stock is issued, their disagreements, frustrated expectations, and confl
icting interests may result in shareholder deadlock or even civil litigation, im
pacting the family as well as the business.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F83310072290_ID0E25}

83
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EC6AG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EC6AG_1}
In the late 1990s, preventive law was integrated with therapeutic jurisprudence,
melding its processes and concepts with TJ\rquote s therapeutic goals to provid
e a richer approach to practicing law.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F84310072290_ID0EK6}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F84310072290_ID0EK6}
84
}}}
}
The integration of TJ and PL, collectively referred to as therapeutically-orien
ted preventive law (\u8220\'3fTOPL\u8221\'3f), merges the well-developed lawyeri
ng skills of PL with the psychological sophistication of TJ. From this integrati
on developed the concept of lawyers foreseeing not just legal soft spots but als
o \u8220\'3fpsycho-legal soft spots\u8221\'3f and acting to prevent situations f
rom occurring that were troublesome both legally and psychologically.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F85310072290_ID0ES6}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F85310072290_ID0ES6}
85
}}}
}
To effectively practice TOPL, a lawyer must employ excellent communications ski
lls and interpersonal sensitivity, as well as a familiarity with psychology.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E26AG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E26AG_1}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

*18
}
}
3. Procedural Justice
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ELABG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ELABG_1}
In 1990, social scientist Tom Tyler published an empirical study finding that li
tigants\rquote satisfaction with judicial processes depended more on three psyc
hological factors than on the actual win-lose outcome of the process.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F86310072290_ID0ETA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F86310072290_ID0ETA}
86
}}}
}
These three factors were (1) being given an opportunity to speak and be heard;
(2) being treated with dignity and respect by the judge and the other legal pers
onnel; and (3) perceiving the judicial authorities as trustworthy.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F87310072290_ID0EYA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F87310072290_ID0EYA}
87
}}}
}
Being allowed to participate in the decision-making process and having the judg
e explain his or her reasons for making his or her decision were also relevant t
o these factors and, thus, to litigants\rquote satisfaction.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F88310072290_ID0E4A}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F88310072290_ID0E4A}
88
}}}
}
In other words, whether these factors were present dictated how satisfied one w
as with a legal process, regardless of whether one won or lost.

}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F89310072290_ID0ECB}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F89310072290_ID0ECB}
89
}}}
}
Tyler concluded:
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri800 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri800 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
People\rquote s evaluations of the fairness of judicial hearings are affected by
the opportunities which those procedures provide for people to participate, by
the degree to which people judge that they are treated with dignity and respect,
and by judgments about the trustworthiness of authorities. Each of these three
factors has more influence on judgments of procedural justice than do either eva
luations of neutrality or evaluations of the favorableness of the outcome of the
hearing.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F90310072290_ID0EVB}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F90310072290_ID0EVB}
90
}}}
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E6BBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E6BBG_1}
Procedural justice (\u8220\'3fPJ\u8221\'3f) suggests that litigation is not nece
ssarily what people want from the law. Rather, they want a voice, an opportunity
to tell their story, respectful treatment by the authority figures, and a decis
ion--if made by a third party--explained to them.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EOCBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EOCBG_1}
The following scenario illustrates these procedural justice concepts. If a sexua
l harassment plaintiff brings a lawsuit against her former employer and ultimate
ly receives back pay and a fair damage award but is poorly treated by the judge,
the attorneys, and the employer\rquote s representatives throughout the proceed
ing, the glow of the \u8220\'3fwin\u8221\'3f is likely to fade substantially. If
she feels as if she was not given an opportunity to tell her story because of t
he restrictions placed on witness\rquote testimony or if her credibility and ch
aracter are impugned during cross-examination in a way that leaves her feeling d
ecimated afterward or if she gets the impression that the judge does not want he
r to speak freely, then she may feel violated by the process rather than vindica
ted. Tyler\rquote s work would suggest that she would feel less satisfied, or ev
en be unhappy, with the outcome under these circumstances.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F91310072290_ID0E5C}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F91310072290_ID0E5C}
91
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EFDBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EFDBG_1}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*19
}
}
Another example can be seen in the treatment of a chronic substance-dependent m
an who is facing sentencing for a minor, drug-related criminal offense. The sent
ence is likely to consist of a multitude of measures, including mandatory inpati
ent and outpatient substance abuse treatment, jail time, house arrest, community
service, and community restitutionary measures.
}
It will likely take eighteen months to complete.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E2DBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E2DBG_1}
Wexler has applied Meichenbaum and Turk\rquote s empirical research on factors e
nhancing patients\rquote compliance with health care professionals\rquote dire
ctions (i.e., \u8220\'3fdoctor\rquote s orders\u8221\'3f) to situations like thi
s and concluded that this man will be more likely to comply with the terms of hi
s sentence if he is given a chance to participate with the judge in the formulat
ion of its terms, among other things.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F92310072290_ID0EDE}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F92310072290_ID0EDE}
92
}}}
}
If he is given a voice in the decisional process, is treated with dignity and r
espect by the judge and the other legal personnel, and is given an explanation b
y the judge as to how he came to his decision, he is more likely to \u8220\'3fbu
y in\u8221\'3f to the program and follow it.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F93310072290_ID0EIE}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F93310072290_ID0EIE}
93
}}}
}
In the long run, this approach will be more likely to facilitate this man\rquot
e s successful recovery from substance abuse.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EREBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EREBG_1}
Another example can be found in corporate hierarchical decision-making. Suppose
that a medium-sized corporation (without unionized employees) has just revised i
ts employment contracts with its employees, because it just concluded an expensi
ve and painful lawsuit with an ex-employee over the terms of her contract. In an
effort to prevent future lawsuits, the corporation unilaterally amends its annu
al employment contracts and policies and procedures manual in order to minimize
future disputes over its employment-related decisions, acting on the advice of i

ts lawyer (who may even be practicing preventive law). The employees receive the
new contracts in the mail, with no explanation as to the changes. They feel fur
ious, feel betrayed by the corporation, and perceive the new contracts as underc
utting their legal rights, to their detriment and to the corporation\rquote s un
ilateral benefit.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EJFBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EJFBG_1}
Now the corporation has to engage in \u8220\'3fdamage control\u8221\'3f to prese
rve the morale of its employees. Procedural justice would have dictated that the
corporation should have included its employees or a representative group thereo
f in the process of revising the standard employment contracts. If they were inv
olved in the process, understood the reasons for the changes, were
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*20
}
}
given a voice and an opportunity to be heard and to participate in revising the
contracts, they would have been more likely to accept the new contracts without
question. Morale and favorable employer-employee relations would have been pres
erved. Future employee lawsuits might have been prevented.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EGGBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EGGBG_1}
Procedural justice alone is not a way of practicing law or administering justice
, but its insights have weighty consequences for lawyers, clients, and judges. I
t applies to and can inform all of the approaches, traditional or comprehensive,
to legal practice and the administration of laws.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EVGBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EVGBG_1}
4. Creative Problem Solving
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EBHBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EBHBG_1}
Creative Problem Solving (\u8220\'3fCPS\u8221\'3f) refers to a broad approach to
solving legal problems that takes into account a wide variety of non-legal issu
es and concerns and then seeks creative, win-win solutions to otherwise win-lose
scenarios.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F94310072290_ID0EJH}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F94310072290_ID0EJH}
94
}}}
}
Its website explains that:
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri800 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri800 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
clients and society are increasingly asking lawyers to approach problems [not al
ways as fighters, but] more creatively. The Center develops curriculum, research
, and projects to educate students and lawyers in methods for preventing problem
s where possible, and creatively solving those problems that do exist. The Cente
r focuses both on using the traditional analytical process more creatively and o
n using nontraditional problem solving processes, drawn from business, psycholog
y, economics, neuroscience, and sociology among others.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F95310072290_ID0E6H}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F95310072290_ID0E6H}
95
}}}
\par
}
}
}
}
}

\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EJIBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EJIBG_1}
Law professor Linda Morton gives an example of how the principles of CPS can be
applied to and reinforced in other areas of the law school curriculum.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F96310072290_ID0ERI}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F96310072290_ID0ERI}
96
}}}
}
She starts with the common example given in property class of the client whose
neighbor has sued them claiming adverse possession:
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri800 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri800 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
The students\rquote initial reaction might be to examine legal doctrine learned
through the study of appellate cases (e.g., Was there sufficient use of the pre
mises? Was the use permissive?). In teaching substantive law, this process must
be undertaken in order to learn both content and legal analysis. However, analys
is of the issue should not end there. A creative problem solving paradigm can te
ach other methods that lawyers might use to resolve the issue. In doing so, stud
ents would inevitably incorporate more humanistic and creative concepts in their
thinking.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EYJBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EYJBG_1}

}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*21
}
}
In using the model offered, students would first have to identify the problem,
taking into account interests and needs of those involved (e.g., Is this a case
of neighborhood hostility? Land acquisition? What does the client want to happen
? What can she afford? How do her values and interests compete with others invol
ved?).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EUKBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EUKBG_1}
Understanding the problem is the next step (e.g., What further research would ha
ve to be undertaken? What other disciplines should be consulted? How could the p
roblem have been prevented?). Once the problem is thoroughly understood, solutio
ns, in addition to that of litigation, are posed (e.g., Can this be resolved thr
ough a negotiation, mediation, or neighborhood coffee? Or should the client simp
ly sell the property? What are the possible results of each?).
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EPLBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EPLBG_1}
After a full range of solutions is offered, the next step is to choose among the
m, keeping in mind the effects of implementing each one (e.g., Who decides? And,
according to whose values? Who might be harmed?). Ultimately, an analysis is re
quired as to whether the \u8220\'3fbest\u8221\'3f solution has been chosen (e.g.
, Will such choice prevent future problems?). By framing class discussion in a c
reative problem solving context, the student is exposed to a much richer variety
of approaches to the issue that legal analysis alone can offer.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F97310072290_ID0ECM}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F97310072290_ID0ECM}
97
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EJMBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EJMBG_1}
Law professor Janeen Kerper in her 1997 article on CPS uses the famous Palsgraf
explosion-on-the-railroad-platform case to give a vivid example of creative prob
lem solving.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F98310072290_ID0ERM}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F98310072290_ID0ERM}
98
}}}
}
She asserts that in most first-year torts classes across the country, Cardozo\r
quote s opinion in this case is analyzed as a \u8220\'3fbrilliant piece of legal
reasoning,\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F99310072290_ID0EUM}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F99310072290_ID0EUM}
99
}}}
}
deciding just how far liability extends. In contrast, Kerper points out that th
e ultimate result of this famous torts case for Helen Palsgraf was dismal if not
devastating.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F100310072290_ID0E3}
100
}}}
}
From a CPS perspective, it is \u8220\'3fan example of particularly bad lawyerin
g.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F101310072290_ID0EK}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F101310072290_ID0EK}
101
}}}
}
Not only did Mrs. Palsgraf lose the case on appeal but she also had to pay her
own and the railroad\rquote s attorneys\rquote fees. A single mother, strugglin
g to provide for her children by working two menial jobs and suffering from a sp
eech impediment as an after effect of the incident that impaired her ability to
work and communicate with her children, Mrs. Palsgraf was ultimately held liable
for costs roughly equivalent to a year\rquote s earnings. Financially, she ende
d up poorer as a result of the lawsuit, and she achieved none of her non-legal g
oals.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F102310072290_ID0EV}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F102310072290_ID0EV}
102
}}}
}
Anecdotal evidence suggests that she even became mute as a result of the lawsui
t\rquote s eventual outcome.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F103310072290_ID0EZ}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F103310072290_ID0EZ}
103
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EAOBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EAOBG_1}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*22
}
}
Kerper re-evaluates Mrs. Palsgraf\rquote s case from a creative problem solving
standpoint and contrasts what the CPS lawyer might do with what her lawyer, Mat
thew Wood, did.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F104310072290_ID0EM}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F104310072290_ID0EM}
104
}}}
}
For example, solutions that would have addressed Mrs. Palsgraf\rquote s physica
l problems, medical expenses, limited employment opportunities, and childcare ob
ligations might well have been fashioned with the railroad\rquote s concurrence.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F105310072290_ID0ER}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F105310072290_ID0ER}
105
}}}
}
By \u8220\'3fbrainstorming\u8221\'3f to identify mutually acceptable alternativ
es to litigation, Mrs. Palsgraf\rquote s attorney may have better served her nee
ds. Indeed, Kerper suggests, had Mrs. Palsgraf been afforded the opportunity to
thoroughly explore her options and acknowledge her needs, she might have avoided
the risks of a lengthy lawsuit that ultimately left her worse, physically and f
inancially, than when she started.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F106310072290_ID0EY}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F106310072290_ID0EY}
106
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E6OBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E6OBG_1}
5. Holistic Justice
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ELPBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ELPBG_1}
Holistic lawyering encompasses many forms of practice that would easily fit with
in some of the other vectors, such as TJ or CPS.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F107310072290_ID0ET}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe

ference_F107310072290_ID0ET}
107
}}}
}
Holistic law or holistic justice (\u8220\'3fHJ\u8221\'3f) is hard to define bec
ause it refers to a loose coalition of practicing lawyers in the United States a
nd world who embody a rather diverse set of approaches.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
108
}}}
}
Most see themselves as healers and peacemakers; some focus more expressly on sp
iritual principles. HJ explicitly seeks to:
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri800 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri800 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
promote peaceful advocacy and holistic legal principles; encourage compassion, r
econciliation, forgiveness, and healing; advocate the need for a humane legal pr
ocess; contribute to peace building at all levels; enjoy the practice of law; li
sten intentionally and deeply in order to gain complete understanding; acknowled
ge the opportunity in conflict; and wholly honor and respect the dignity and int
egrity of each individual.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F109310072290_ID0EL}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F109310072290_ID0EL}
109
}}}
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EVQBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EVQBG_1}
Holistic lawyers often view the client\rquote s situation as an opportunity for
growth for both the client and the lawyer, although they might be inclined to de
fine growth along spiritual lines rather than along psychological lines.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F110310072290_ID0E4}
110
}}}
}
Some explicitly hold that \u8220\'3feverything happens for a reason\u8221\'3f a
nd seek to find a greater purpose for or meaning in the legal problem or the int
eraction of the lawyer and client. Some explicitly follow their own personal val
ues in
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*23
}
}
their professional work and refuse to take actions that conflict with those per
sonal values, always of course discussing those actions and values with the clie
nt. Some try to elicit from their clients their deepest desires, use the client\
rquote s heartfelt goal as the goal of the lawyer-client relation, and view thei
r role as helping the client achieve that deeper goal.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ERRBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ERRBG_1}
Wall Street attorney Arnie Herz, who was profiled in the American Bar Associatio
n Journal in 2001,
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F111310072290_ID0EX}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F111310072290_ID0EX}
111
}}}
}
describes holistic practice well when he gives this example of his lawyering wo
rk:
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri800 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri800 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Attorney Arnie Herz, for example, represented an imposing ex-football player we
shall call John Smalls, in a dispute with the new owners of the company Smalls h
ad just sold, after ten years of successful solo ownership. Smalls was furious w
ith the new owners\rquote treatment of him as employee post-sale and with their
mismanagement of the company. Unfortunately, he had signed a noncompete agreeme
nt as part of the sale and felt bound by it, despite his frustration.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EVSBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EVSBG_1}
Determined to sue the new owners for mistreatment and mismanagement, he approach
ed Herz, who opined that a lawsuit might succeed but would cost well over $100,0
00 in fees and costs to litigate. Smalls was ready to move, but Herz decided to
slow him down a bit and asked, \u8220\'3fIf you could have anything you wanted i
n your life, what would you want your life to look like six months from now?\u82
21\'3f Smalls said more than anything, he wanted to be free of the new owners an
d wanted to make more money.
}
He thought he could make a lot more money without them but didn\rquote t want t
o \u8220\'3flet them off the hook.\u8221\'3f
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ETTBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ETTBG_1}
Frustrated that Herz was trying to talk him out of suing, Smalls commented, \u82
20\'3fYou\rquote re too nice. I need a tough litigator,\u8221\'3f packed up, and
started to walk out the office. Talking a big risk, Herz responded, \u8220\'3fI
know you think you are so tough and I am not, but the truth is, in all my years
of experience, I think you may be the weakest person I\rquote ve worked with. H
ere you have set out a vision that was to be free of these people--you didn\rquo
te t mention that you wanted to punish them, teach them a lesson, or spend $100,
000 of your own money and five years of your life doing so. What I see is that y
ou don\rquote t have the strength to hold on to your own vision and deal more ef
fectively with your own anger. And I\rquote ll bet you\rquote ve been doing this
all your life.\u8221\'3f
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E6UBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E6UBG_1}
At first Smalls flushed red with anger. But something in what Herz said rang tru
e. He sat down and began listening and discussing; together, they agreed on a pl
an of action that involved a more collaborative, nonlitigious approach to resolv
ing the matter.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ERVBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ERVBG_1}
Smalls was freed from his noncompete clause three weeks later. The new owners te
etered on the edge of bankruptcy for years--as Herz had predicted; even had Smal
ls sued, he would not have been able to collect a dime. Freed of the new owners,
Smalls was in fact able to make a lot more money. Financially, the plan was a h
uge success. Personally, Smalls later said, the process of resolving this legal
matter had allowed him to learn how his anger had been controlling his life, aff
ecting his relationship with his wife and his kids, and blocking him from his fu
ll potential, thus he gained more than a simple legal resolution to his problem;
he learned from and was enriched by the experience.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EJWBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EJWBG_1}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*24
}
}
Herz\rquote s approach to representing Smalls is one illustration of how a comp
rehensive lawyer might conduct such a law practice. Herz went beyond the law to
ask about the client\rquote s deepest needs, goals, and desires and then used th
at information to create, with the client, the best strategy. Admittedly, he too
k a major risk early in the lawyer-client relationship, and not all comprehensiv
e lawyers would be comfortable doing so. Using excellent interpersonal skills, t
hough, Herz assessed that Smalls was a no-nonsense person who would respond only
to straight talk--which he did. Litigation in this case only would have wasted
time and money and fueled the client\rquote s excessive anger. The final process
and outcome were not only financially successful but also personally and emotio
nally beneficial for Smalls.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F112310072290_ID0ED}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F112310072290_ID0ED}
112
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \b1 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EKXBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EKXBG_1}
B. Processes: The Process-Type Vectors
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EUXBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EUXBG_1}
Approximately four of the vectors consist of concrete processes for lawyering or
dispute resolution, rather than the broad, general, approaches to law and law p
ractice embodied by the lens-type vectors.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F113310072290_ID0E3}
113
}}}
}
These are collaborative law, transformative mediation, restorative justice, and
problem-solving courts.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0

{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F114310072290_ID0EB}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F114310072290_ID0EB}
114
}}}
}
Each is examined in turn below.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EKYBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EKYBG_1}
1. Collaborative Law
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EWYBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EWYBG_1}
Collaborative law (\u8220\'3fCL\u8221\'3f) is a non-litigious method of resolvin
g divorce and custody actions that allows the clients and their attorneys contro
l over the resolution without a third-party decision-maker.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F115310072290_ID0E5}
115
}}}
}
It originated among practicing family lawyers who were seeking a better, less e
motionally damaging, more economical way for divorcing spouses to resolve their
differences.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
116
}}}
}

The theory is that the traditional methods of resolving family
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*25
}
}
law disputes often create more animosity between the divorcing spouses and harm
family relationships.
}
This is, in part, because the traditional approach takes people whose behavior
and emotional state are at their worst and then engages them in an adversarial p
rocess.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F117310072290_ID0EP}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F117310072290_ID0EP}
117
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EWZBG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EWZBG_1}
If the clients\rquote attitudes indicate that they are appropriate for a collab
orative process, collaborative law allows the ex- or divorcing spouses and their
attorneys to meet in a series of four-way conferences outside of court to resol
ve the issues in divorce and custody cases.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F118310072290_ID0E5}
118
}}}
}
The attorneys and clients work together in a collaborative atmosphere with a fo
undation of mutual, contractual agreement to the process and a commitment to par
ticipate in good faith.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
119
}}}
}
CL offers the opportunity for divorcing spouses to dissolve their marriages wit
h less anger, hostility, cost, time, and negative emotion that result from most
litigation processes. Through the CL process, they can also begin to develop a w
orkable, cooperative post-divorce relationship that may be useful if they must c
ontinue to co-parent children in the future.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EP1BG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EP1BG_1}
The main features distinguishing CL from simple mediation or negotiation are the
six-way communication (among and between the two spouses and two lawyers), the
parties\rquote commitment to the CL process, and the binding agreement of the a
ttorneys to withdraw if the parties go to court.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
120
}}}
}
No formal litigation is usually instituted until settlement is reached. A stron
g psychological component to the lawyer-client relationship exists, because emot
ions, needs, and transference are openly acknowledged and dealt with to maximize
the results of the four-way conferences.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ED2BG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ED2BG_1}
According to one of the two co-founders, attorney Pauline Tesler, one of the mos
t important features of CL is the contractual provision that forbids the attorne
ys from representing their clients in court should the collaborative process bre
ak down.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
121
}}}
}
This feature aligns the attorneys\rquote financial interests with that of thei
r clients\rquote and greatly incentivizes the attorneys to work towards creativ
e solutions to the outstanding issues.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F122310072290_ID0EQ}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F122310072290_ID0EQ}
122
}}}
}
Without this, the attorneys can easily lapse into, \u8220\'3fWhy worry if my cl
ient is misbehaving or the clients aren\rquote t agreeing? I get paid either way
.\u8221\'3f Attorney Tesler maintains that this feature produces unprecedented c
reativity and
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*26
}
}
resolutionary energy in both attorneys and clients.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F123310072290_ID0EJ}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F123310072290_ID0EJ}
123
}}}
}
This contrasts with the usual process, where the lawyers simply litigate if neg
otiations break down, collect a fee, and thereby \u8220\'3fwin\u8221\'3f whether
or not the clients settle.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ES3BG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ES3BG_1}
In a collaborative divorce process, the lawyer first assesses with the client th
e appropriateness of the client for a collaborative process.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0

ference_F124310072290_ID0E1}
124
}}}
}
The client must be able to deal effectively with his or her negative emotions (
what Tesler calls the client\rquote s \u8220\'3fshadow self\u8221\'3f) and must
be able to negotiate with honesty and in good faith with his or her spouse.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F125310072290_ID0E6}
125
}}}
}
Second, the lawyers create in the four-way conferences what psychologists might
recognize as a container, or safe space, within which conflicts and issues betw
een the spouses can be aired and resolved. Establishing ground rules, guidelines
, boundaries, and consequences of inappropriate behavior by a participant create
s this \u8220\'3fcontainer.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F126310072290_ID0EG}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F126310072290_ID0EG}
126
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EN4BG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EN4BG_1}
One example that founders and attorneys Pauline Tesler and Stewart Webb have use
d in their trainings is the hypothetical \u8220\'3fHenry/Ruth\u8221\'3f divorce.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
127
}}}
}
In this case, Henry has a Type \u8220\'3fA\u8221\'3f personality and is very or
ganized and conscientious, but a bit controlling.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F128310072290_ID0E1}
128
}}}
}
Ruth has been a homemaker for years but is now living on her own and making her
way financially.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F129310072290_ID0E6}
129
}}}
}
Henry and Ruth have been married for twenty years and have one seventeen-year-o
ld son, Justin, who is currently being treated in-patient for drug and alcohol a
buse.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F130310072290_ID0EE}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F130310072290_ID0EE}
130
}}}
}
Ruth has moved out of the house into her own apartment and begun working part-t
ime. Henry is providing her with spousal support that is inadequate, as it is be
low the statutory guidelines in amount.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
131
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ES5BG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ES5BG_1}
Because they have seen so many of their friends go through agonizing, lengthy, c
ostly divorces, they elect to use collaborative law attorneys for theirs. Henry
and Ruth, despite their differences, some distrust, and a bit of hostility, both
agree that for Justin\rquote s sake, this process needs to be as amicable and c
ooperative as possible.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F132310072290_ID0E4}
132
}}}
}
They agree that they need to resolve their differences and come to agreement on
property division, child and spousal support, and custody in an amicable fashio
n to maximize their
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*27
}
}
son\rquote s chances of success in his treatment program and in the future.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F133310072290_ID0EH}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F133310072290_ID0EH}
133
}}}
}
However, they are not in agreement on all of the financial issues.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EQ6BG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EQ6BG_1}
Despite their disputes over money, they are ultimately able to resolve the issue
s, divide their property, develop a plan for Justin, and agree on spousal and ch
ild support in a series of four-way conferences involving Henry, Ruth, and their
respective attorneys.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
134
}}}
}
The process takes four months and costs about a fourth of what a traditional un
contested divorce would cost in legal fees and court costs.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F135310072290_ID0E4}
135
}}}
}
At the end of the process, the parties attach their signed agreement to their p
etition for dissolution, file it, and are promptly divorced.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F136310072290_ID0EC}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F136310072290_ID0EC}
136
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EJAAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EJAAI_1}
The attorneys and the spouses agree at the outset to honor the specific guidelin
es of the CL process, which includes a contractual undertaking by the attorneys
to withdraw from representation if the process breaks down and the parties end u
p litigating the issues.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
137
}}}
}
Neutral third-party evaluators are agreed to, engaged, and used to explore and
help resolve the psychological and financial issues involved in Henry and Ruth\r
quote s lives.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F138310072290_ID0EW}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F138310072290_ID0EW}
138
}}}
}
Full and honest disclosure of assets and financial matters is required.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F139310072290_ID0E2}
139
}}}
}
In the four-ways, communication flows in six directions, between all members of
the four-party conference. Between the four-ways, the attorneys and their clien
ts talk, the two clients may talk, and the two attorneys talk.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EHBAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EHBAI_1}
CL has spread rapidly to many metropolitan areas in the United States.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
140
}}}
}
Groups of specially trained lawyers in these areas offer CL processes to divorc
ing spouses, as long as the opposing side\rquote s attorney is also trained in t
he CL process. In 1997, Pauline Tesler conducted a training session at the annua
l meeting of the American Bar Association; and, in 2001, the American Bar Associ
ation published her practice-oriented book, Collaborative Law.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
141
}}}
}
CL may eventually be expanded into other areas of law, such as employment law d
isputes.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EACAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EACAI_1}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*28
}
}
2. Transformative Mediation
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EQCAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EQCAI_1}
Transformative mediation (\u8220\'3fTM\u8221\'3f) is a form of mediation founded
in the 1990s by R. Baruch Bush, a law professor, and Joseph Folger, a communica
tions professor.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
142
}}}
}
Transformative mediation differs substantially from traditional mediation (both
the facilitative and evaluative forms) in both its goals and process. Unlike tr
aditional mediation, which focuses on dispute resolution, transformative mediati
on focuses less on the outcome of the mediation or the solution to which the par
ties agree and more on how the process of mediation might change the individuals
involved.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F143310072290_ID0EA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F143310072290_ID0EA}
143
}}}
}
Specifically, transformative mediation seeks to foster a sense of \u8220\'3femp
owerment\u8221\'3f and the experience of \u8220\'3frecognition\u8221\'3f in each

of the parties.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F144310072290_ID0EF}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F144310072290_ID0EF}
144
}}}
}
Empowerment, as defined by Bush and Folger, means the parties grew in maturity
by developing and owning their own solution.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
145
}}}
}
It does not refer to the experience of having a third party enforce one\rquote
s rights; instead, it refers to an internal condition in which the person feels
more capable of solving his or her problems.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F146310072290_ID0EO}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F146310072290_ID0EO}
146
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EVDAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EVDAI_1}
Recognition, as defined by Bush and Folger, resembles a feeling of empathy for a
nother person, in which one person is able to \u8220\'3fstand in the shoes\u8221
\'3f of the other and see the matter from another\rquote s perspective.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F147310072290_ID0E4}
147
}}}
}
It often results in feelings of compassion for the other and, in its finest for
m, culminates in forgiveness. Once a party can experience recognition, the next
goal is for that party to communicate those insights or feelings to the other pa
rty. This is called \u8220\'3fgiving recognition.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F148310072290_ID0EI}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F148310072290_ID0EI}
148
}}}
}
Bush and Folger explain that the ability to see a matter from the other person\
rquote s standpoint is a mark of personal growth, just as rigid egocentrism is a
measure of emotional immaturity.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F149310072290_ID0EN}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F149310072290_ID0EN}
149
}}}
}
Transformative mediation thus explicitly seeks to foster personal and moral gro
wth in the parties as its goal, rather than the resolution of the dispute, which
is secondary in importance to growth.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
150
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EYEAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EYEAI_1}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*29
}
}
TM views conflict as a destabilizing \u8220\'3fcrisis in human interaction\u822
1\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
151
}}}
}
rather than a violation of rights or conflict of individual interests. Its thre
e-person mediations seek to restore balance between self and other and to transf
orm conflict into a positive, constructive process. The mediations also encourag
e parties to do two things: (1) regain their sense of strength and self-confiden
ce (the \u8220\'3fempowerment\u8221\'3f shift); and (2) expand their responsiven
ess to each other (the \u8220\'3frecognition\u8221\'3f shift).
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
152
}}}
}
By focusing on these goals, the parties are moved towards increased personal de
velopment and enhanced personal and interpersonal skills.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F153310072290_ID0ES}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F153310072290_ID0ES}
153
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EZFAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EZFAI_1}
Bush and Folger use the example of the \u8220\'3fSensitive Bully\u8221\'3f to il
lustrate TM.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
154
}}}
}
In this case, Charles, a young man, is charged with assault and battery of an a
dolescent, Jerome. Jerome\rquote s father, Regis, an imposing, stern African-Ame
rican man, accompanies Jerome to the mediation and enters the room visibly angry
.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
155
}}}
}
Charles, in contrast, appears undefensive, quiet, and even cowed. Charles is co
ntrite and ashamed of what he has done. However, Regis begins with a very aggres
sive and unforgiving attitude towards what Charles has done to his son. The medi
ator asks Regis and Charles to take turns describing what happened.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E2GAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E2GAI_1}
Charles is a young, slight, African American man who walks with a limp. Charles
routinely cut through Jerome\rquote s neighborhood on his way from the bus stop
to see his girlfriend, and Jerome and his friends routinely \u8220\'3frazzed\u82
21\'3f Charles as he passed. The two had had verbal altercations before the inci
dent. On this occasion, Jerome was with a group of his friends when the dispute
arose. On this day, Jerome took it a bit far with his verbal insults, and Charle
s physically assaulted Jerome. Charles finally snapped and retaliated, albeit in
appropriately.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EWHAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EWHAI_1}
Through this mediation, Regis realizes that his son, Jerome, and his friends had
been making fun of Charles\rquote physical disability and that, finally, Charl
es could not take it anymore. Once Regis realizes this, he scolds his son for ma
king fun of Charles. He gives \u8220\'3frecognition\u8221\'3f by telling Charles
he understands \u8220\'3fhow cruel kids can be.\u8221\'3f Charles explains that
all he wants to
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*30
}
}
do is see his girlfriend and that he is happy to walk a different route through
the neighborhood.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EQIAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EQIAI_1}
By subtly focusing on Charles\rquote physical condition, the content of the ver
bal interactions between Charles and Jerome before the assault, and the effect o
f each party\rquote s comments in the mediation on the other, the mediator was a
ble to elicit \u8220\'3frecognition\u8221\'3f from both Charles and Regis. Each
was able to appreciate the other\rquote s feelings and motivations. Then, by hav
ing the parties jointly develop the solution to the problem, the mediator facili
tated what TM calls \u8220\'3fempowerment.\u8221\'3f The parties worked together
to develop a way that Charles can walk through Jerome\rquote s neighborhood wit
hout encountering Jerome and his friends. The mediator does not offer or impose
a solution for the future but encourages the parties to work it out themselves.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EIJAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EIJAI_1}
TM has been a bit controversial in its explicit goals and methods. It is part of
the CL movement, because it seeks to improve the relational, moral, and persona
l functioning of the parties involved in the resolution of legal disputes. It fo
cuses explicitly on processes that can foster growth in the parties\rquote abil
ities to communicate, understand each other, solve their own problems, resolve c
onflicts, and interact with other people.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E1JAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E1JAI_1}
3. Restorative Justice
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EGKAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EGKAI_1}
Restorative justice (\u8220\'3fRJ\u8221\'3f) is a widespread movement in the cri
minal justice area that has been steadily growing since the mid-1980s. RJ seeks
to restore the relationship between the criminal offender and his or her communi
ty and seeks to restore harmony. It does this through dialogue, negotiation, pro
blem solving for the future, and an emphasis on the offender\rquote s acceptance
of accountability to his or her victim and to the community. RJ is seen in almo
st every jurisdiction in the United States in many forms, such as teen court, vi
ctim-offender mediation, reparative probation programs, and community parole boa
rds.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E2KAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E2KAI_1}
RJ is particularly popular for use in the United States with juvenile offenders;
due to its reliance on the pressure brought to bear on the offender by peers, f
amily, and community members, and its resultant potential for rehabilitating juv
enile offenders. However, it is even more widely used in Australia, Canada, and
the United Kingdom, extending even to use in sentencing adult offenders. Outside
the American criminal justice system, RJ forms include collaborative forms of a
djudication and sentencing, such as circle sentencing and family group conferenc
es that actually substitute for prosecution, trial, and sentencing.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ENLAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ENLAI_1}
In RJ, the community, victim, and offender, in a collaborative process, particip
ate in some form in criminal adjudications or criminal sentencing. It may be as
simple as post-sentencing victim-offender mediation or as
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*31
}
}
complicated as sentencing that is done in a community \u8220\'3fcircle\u8221\'3
f conference with all parties present. It usually relies on some sort of confere
nce, which can be as small as a three-person mediation between the victim and th
e offender or as large as a community-wide circle sentencing process that utiliz
es community or peer pressure brought to bear on the offender.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EEMAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EEMAI_1}
This interpersonal or public pressure is designed to produce \u8220\'3ftherapeut
ic shame,\u8221\'3f which facilitates responsibility-taking, accountability, and
personal growth and development in the offender. It emphasizes restitution and
relationships between the offender, victim, and community instead of a top-down,
hierarchical system focused on imposing punishment. The website for The Center
for Restorative Justice & Peacemaking at the University of Minnesota School of S
ocial Work explains that:
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri800 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri800 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[t]hrough restorative justice, victims, communities, and offenders are placed in
active roles to work together to . . . Empower victims in their search for clos
ure; Impress upon offenders the real human impact of their behavior; Promote res
titution to victims and communities. Dialogue and negotiation are central to res
torative justice, and problem solving for the future is seen as more important t
han simply establishing blame for past behavior. Balance is sought between the l
egitimate needs of the victim, the community, and the offender that enhances com
munity protection, competency development in the offender, and direct accountabi
lity of the offender to the victim and victimized community.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
156
}}}
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ENNAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ENNAI_1}
In the United States in particular, RJ principles have been added to traditional
criminal justice processes as an enhancement, rather than as a substitute for e
xisting criminal law procedures. This allows for full preservation of the consti
tutional rights of the accused and procedural due process, which are particularl
y important in the United States\rquote criminal law. For example, in the domes
tic violence area, restorative justice principles might dictate that domestic vi
olence victims \u8220\'3fshould have more input into the proceedings,\u8221\'3f
that the state should attempt to restore victims to their former state through c
ompensation and economic and social support, and that victims need varied suppor
t to become independent. The principles may also demand that offenders be held a
ccountable to make amends, to participate in rehabilitation programs, and to rei
ntegrate into the community. In addition, the principles may direct that the com
munity be more involved
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*32
}
}
and responsible for assisting the victim, the offender, and their family throug
h the process of solving the problem.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
157
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EVOAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EVOAI_1}
Victim-offender mediation is a specific, direct RJ \u8220\'3fprocess.\u8221\'3f
Writer Barbara Stahura relates the following story to illustrate this point:
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

One evening in July, 1998 Terri Carlson was walking home with her husband from t
he annual community festival in Byron, Minnesota, when a four-wheel-drive pickup
swerved into the gutter and slammed into them at 55 mph. Terry was thrown 150 f
eet and survived. Her husband died instantly. Even four hours after the accident
, the driver, Eric, a 25-year-old deputy county sheriff, had a blood alcohol con
tent 50% over the minimum for drunk driving. Yet Terri later discovered she coul
dn\rquote t hate the driver. For one thing, she, too, had occasionally driven af
ter drinking a little too much. \u8220\'3fHe was only 25,\u8221\'3f she says. \u
8220\'3fJust a baby. He had lost everything he\rquote d committed to in his prof
ession.\u8221\'3f She requested that Eric receive 10 years\rquote [sic] probati
on and community outreach, but the county attorney refused and sentenced Eric to
44 months. Terri felt further violated.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E1QAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E1QAI_1}
. . . [Upon finding out about restorative justice, she] and Eric began to meet s
eparately with Mark Umbreit, director of the Center for Restorative Justice and
Peacemaking at the University of Minnesota . . . It took a year before Terri and
Eric were ready to meet. But then, with Umbreit as mediator, they had a warm an
d honest talk, even laced with laughter, and reached an agreement. Eric\rquote s
actions had ripped him from the fabric of the Byron community, which was his wh
ole existence, says Terri. She promised to do whatever she could to help integra
te him back into the life of the small town. They also agreed to speak jointly t
o schools and community groups in the area, as well as to the Byron city council
, to ask them to build a sidewalk on the frontage road where the incident had oc
curred. In addition, they both believed that Eric should talk to the three Carls
on children about the death of their father.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
158
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E1RAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E1RAI_1}
This is a vibrant and stirring example of restorative justice at work. In the Un
ited States, as this story illustrates, restorative justice is most often a post
-sentencing process designed to bring about reconciliation between the victim, o
ffender, and community, resolution for all, and reintegration of the offender in
to the community. With teenage offenders, it is often used for sentencing minor
crimes. However, it is equally useful to bring healing to victims of serious cri
mes, to their offenders, and to the communities in which they live.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EPSAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EPSAI_1}
In other legal systems, such as in Native American and aboriginal settings, rest
orative justice is used even for sentencing of adult crimes. These \u8220\'3fcir
cle sentencing conferences\u8221\'3f are used to discuss the event, to air feeli
ngs, and to sentence the offender via a collaborative, community-wide process. R
J allows the victim to ask questions, express feelings, and reach resolution abo
ut the event. It also allows the offender to experience
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*33
}
}
\u8220\'3ftherapeutic shame,\u8221\'3f accept personal responsibility for his o
r her actions, and perhaps even apologize, thus possibly leading to changed beha
vior.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
159
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ELTAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ELTAI_1}
4. Problem Solving Courts
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EXTAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EXTAI_1}
A parallel shift has occurred in the court system, mainly due to judges\rquote
interest in therapeutic jurisprudence.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F160310072290_ID0E6}
160
}}}
}
A number of specialized, \u8220\'3fproblem solving\u8221\'3f courts (\u8220\'3f
PSC\u8221\'3f) have been established, based on TJ principles.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
161
}}}
}
Their approach to judging is long-term, relational, interdisciplinary, and focu
sed on healing. Examples of these courts are drug treatment courts, mental healt
h courts, domestic violence courts, and unified family courts, which focus on tr
eating and resolving the interpersonal and psychological issues underlying the l
egal problems rather than on punishing defendants or assigning fault. The follow
ing chart compares traditional adjudication with the general approach taken by t
hese problem solving courts.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \b1 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \qc \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ETUAI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ETUAI_1}
A Comparison of Transformed and Traditional Court Processes
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
162
}}}
\sa200
\sb200
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_tbl1_1}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_tbl1_1}
\par
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0 {
\clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrt \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \clwW
idth5040 \cellx5040
\clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrt \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \clwW
idth5040 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Traditional Process
\par
}
}
}\f2 \li30 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \ql \sb0 \fs20 \ri30 \cf1 \i0 \intbl \cell \in
tbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Transformed Process
\par
}
}
}\f2 \li30 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \ql \sb0 \fs20 \ri30 \cf1 \i0 \intbl \cell \ro
w }
\clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \clwWidth5040
\cellx5040
\clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \clwWidth5040
\cellx10080
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EDHAG_1" }{\fldrslt
Dispute resolution
}\f2 \super \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0 }}
\par
}
}\f2 \li30 \b0 \ql \fs20 \ri30 \cf1 \i0 \intbl \cell \intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EDHAG_1" }{\fldrslt
Problem-solving dispute avoidance
\par
}
}\f2 \li30 \b0 \ql \fs20 \ri30 \cf1 \i0 \intbl \cell \row }
\cellx5040
\cellx10080
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Legal outcome
\par
}
}
tbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Therapeutic outcome
\par
}
}
w }
\cellx5040
\cellx10080
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EWYBG_1" }{\fldrslt
Adversarial process
\par
}
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EWYBG_1" }{\fldrslt
Collaborative process
\par
}
\cellx5040
\cellx10080
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Claim- or case-oriented
\par
}
}
tbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
People-oriented
\par
}
}
w }
\cellx5040
\cellx10080
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Rights-based
\par
}
}
tbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Interest- or needs-based
\par
}
}
w }
\cellx5040
\cellx10080
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Emphasis placed on adjudication
\par
}
}
tbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Emphasis placed on post adjudication and alternative dispute resolution
\par
}
}
}\f2 \li30 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \ql \sb0 \fs20

w }
\clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrl
\cellx5040
\clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrr
\cellx10080
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Interpretation and application of law
\par
}
}
tbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Interpretation and application of social science
\par
}
}
w }
\cellx5040
\cellx10080
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Judge as arbiter
\par
}
}
tbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Judge as coach
\par
}
}
w }
\cellx5040
\cellx10080
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Backward looking
\ri30 \cf1 \i0 \intbl \cell \ro

\trql \clvertalt \clwWidth5040
\ri30 \cf1 \i0 \intbl \cell \in


\par
}
}
tbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Forward looking
\par
}
}
w }
\cellx5040
\cellx10080
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Precedent-based
\par
}
}
tbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Planning-based
\par
}
}
w }
\cellx5040
\cellx10080
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Few participants and stakeholders
\par
}
}
tbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Wide range of participants and stakeholders
\par
}
}


w }
\cellx5040
\cellx10080
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Individualistic
\par
}
}
tbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Interdependent
\par
}
}
w }
\cellx5040
\cellx10080
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Legalistic
\par
}
}
tbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Common-sensical
\par
}
}
w }
\cellx5040
\cellx10080
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EGGBG_1" }{\fldrslt
Formal
\par
}
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EGGBG_1" }{\fldrslt
Informal
\par
}
\clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrb \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalt \clwW
idth5040 \cellx5040
\clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrb \clbrdrr \trql \clvertalt \clwW
idth5040 \cellx10080
\intbl
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EACBI_1" }{\fldrslt
Efficient
\par
}
{\li30 \ri30
{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_g_ID0EACBI_1" }{\fldrslt
Effective
\par
}
}\f2 \li30 \b0 \ql \fs20 \ri30 \cf1 \i0 \intbl \cell \row }}\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EL2AI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EL2AI_1}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*34
}
}
Drug treatment courts have rapidly proliferated throughout the United States si
nce the first one was implemented in Miami, Florida, in 1989. Their success rate
s have drawn attention and propelled their implementation in other jurisdictions
across the country.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F163310072290_ID0E1}

163
}}}
}
Statistics show that up to eighty percent of incarcerated individuals may be su
ffering from substance abuse.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F164310072290_ID0E6}
164
}}}
}
Where substance abuse is involved, courts may offer an offender a
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*35
}
}
choice of traditional criminal prosecution or participation in a drug treatment
court (\u8220\'3fDTC\u8221\'3f). The goals of drug treatment court are to reduc
e repeated criminal behavior, avoid the costs of incarceration, and rehabilitate
the offender, thereby ultimately benefiting the community.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EQ3AI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EQ3AI_1}
DTCs can be implemented either pre-plea or post-plea. An offender must voluntari
ly enter into a formal contract that explains the conditions of DTC participatio
n, which typically include frequent court appearances, participation in a drug r
ehabilitation program, close supervision, and drug screens. If the offender is a
juvenile, then the offender\rquote s parents must sign the contract as well.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EC4AI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EC4AI_1}
Treatment is monitored by regular appearances before a DTC judge. Mandatory cour

t appearances are weekly, then fortnightly, and finally monthly. The treatment \
u8220\'3fteam\u8221\'3f usually consists of the judge, prosecutor, defense attor
ney, probation officer, drug treatment court coordinator, treatment provider, an
d community-policing officer. Typical terms of a contract include regular attend
ance at recovery fellowship meetings, interactions with a mentor already in the
recovery program, participation in the recovery program with the mentor, complia
nce with routine check-ins with the DTC coordinator or case manager, random urin
e tests, and perfect attendance at court appearances.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EX4AI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EX4AI_1}
If an offender fails to comply with the terms of the contract, the offender face
s a number of graduated, intermediate sanctions. Repeated failures can eventuall
y lead to expulsion from the DTC and a return to traditional court for prosecuti
on, trial, or sentencing (depending on whether the diversion to DTC occurred pre
- or post-plea). Program completion usually takes about fourteen to twenty-four
months, depending on individual progress. After completion of the program, a joy
ous \u8220\'3fgraduation ceremony\u8221\'3f is held and the originating charges
are dismissed. Offenders sometimes ask that the arresting officer be present at
graduation, out of gratitude for the officer\rquote s intervention in their live
s.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
165
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ER5AI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ER5AI_1}
The DTC approach to adjudication modifies judicial rules, procedures, and commun
ication postures.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
166
}}}
}
DTC team members attempt to collaborate with their clients to develop a flexibl
e and realistic treatment strategy and a
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*36
}
}
changed lifestyle for the client. Hobler asserts that the offender is, \u8220\'
3frecast into the role of \u8216\'3fclient,\u8217\'3f a term of respect and equa
nimity [while the judge is required to have] the temperament and technique to se
rve as a team player or coach, mediating differences, coordinating styles, and e
ncouraging the client [to recover.]\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
167
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EV6AI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EV6AI_1}
The judge no longer needs to referee the attorneys who collaborate for the clien
t\rquote s benefit and accountability. The judge\rquote s role shifts from a neu
tral arbiter to that of the central figure in the team, a \u8220\'3fcheerleader,
\u8221\'3f and a \u8220\'3fstern parent.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
168
}}}
}
To this point, Hobler states:
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri800 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri800 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

The attorneys cease gamesmanship and behave like partners for a common client, t
ailoring remarks and input to support adherence to the treatment plan or modific
ation of it. Treatment professionals report on the client\rquote s recovery prog
ress, not the need for perfection. Emphasis is placed on positive behavior chang
e by confirming client strengths and suggesting restorative options.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
169
}}}
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EABBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EABBI_1}
Sanctions for non-compliance are imposed to obtain compliance for treatment and
recovery, rather than to punish clients.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
170
}}}
}
When intermediate sanctions are necessary, the entire team evaluates what needs
immediate attention, discusses the best way to accomplish the goals, and then c
omes to a collaborative resolution.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
171
}}}
}
In the case of juvenile offenders, parents, school representatives, and concern
ed significant adults attend court and contribute to the solution as team member
s.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
172
}}}
}
The future of drug treatment courts appears sound; their reported success rates
are impressive,
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
173
}}}
}
and their effect on judges\rquote satisfaction has been remarkable.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
174
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EACBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EACBI_1}
Other problem solving courts, such as mental health courts,
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
175
}}}
}
domestic violence courts, and unified family courts,
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0

176
}}}
}
have processes similar to the
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*37
}
}
drug treatment court procedures. Domestic violence courts (\u8220\'3fDVC\u8221\
'3f) have had mixed success.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
177
}}}
}
DVCs place the offender into a treatment program much like a DTC but also combi
ne the criminal domestic violence action with a civil protective order for the v
ictim.
}
DVCs can also address other legal needs of the family, such as those involving
family law, custody, visitation, and child support.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F178310072290_ID0E5}
178
}}}
}
It consolidates the court interaction for the victim and family, providing onestop shopping rather than several trips to more than one court and related offic
es. However, the process has been described as being time-consuming and ineffici
ent and is often poorly received by judges, prosecutors, and the existing system
.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
179
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EMDBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EMDBI_1}
Judge William Schma of Michigan\rquote s Ninth Judicial Circuit provides the fol
lowing two examples of the effectiveness of drug treatment courts and mental hea
lth courts in criminal cases involving drug addiction and mental illness, respec
tively.
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[1] Mark, a drug addict, was arrested for selling crack cocaine. He was placed o
n lifetime probation but kept using. Besides facing 20 years in prison (at a cos
t of $20,000 to $25,000 per year), he was dying from kidney failure but could no
t stay clean long enough to undergo a transplant procedure. Despite these obstac
les, Mark was enrolled in a drug court program. A team I supervised directed his
recovery through regular court visits, treatment and case management. Now, for
the first time in a life of substance abuse, Mark is clean and crime-free. And h
e is ready for his transplant.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EUEBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EUEBI_1}
. . . .
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EAFBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EAFBI_1}
[2] When Melvin came to court he was out of control. A paranoid schizophrenic on
lifetime probation for delivery of cocaine, he had stopped taking his medicatio
n and had been arrested. As deputies led him out of the courtroom, he shouted to
me, \u8220\'3fYou\rquote re a white-scum son of a bitch. You haven\rquote t hea

rd the last of this.\u8221\'3f The exasperated probation agent was prepared to r
ecommend prison. But when Melvin\rquote s attorney, family and probation agent a
greed to cooperate, I delayed disposition of the violation. Melvin was released
to the custody and supervision of family and the probation department. He resume
d treatment, counseling and his medication, and he was placed on electronic moni
toring. Today Melvin is stabilized and has a standing, informal visit with me ev
ery other Tuesday. The last time he brought along his toddler son and spoke enth
usiastically of his hopes for the boy\rquote s future. When Melvin leaves, we sh
ake hands.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
180
}}}
}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*38
}
}
Among practicing attorneys, problem solving courts, restorative justice, and co
llaborative law have perhaps been the most visible vectors to date. The next sec
tion explores why comprehensive approaches are rapidly growing and examines deve
lopments within the legal profession, society, and the world that may be precurs
ors of the comprehensive law movement.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \b1 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \qc \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EAHBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EAHBI_1}
IV. Jurisprudential Underpinnings, Philosophical Precursors and Propellers, and
Historical Context
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EKHBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EKHBI_1}
Several philosophical shifts have occurred in recent decades, perhaps paving the
way for the emergence of comprehensive law approaches within the legal professi
on. Some of these are global and societal in nature and not limited to law. Othe
rs exist entirely within the legal profession. This section will explore what le
d up to the comprehensive law movement and why it developed now.

\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \b1 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E6HBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E6HBI_1}
A. Philosophical Shifts in Society
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EJIBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EJIBI_1}
First, the globalization of the world, hastened by technological advances and wo
rldwide environmental concerns, has made the world smaller. Other cultures and c
ountries have become more accessible and \u8220\'3freal.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F181310072290_ID0EU}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe
ference_F181310072290_ID0EU}
181
}}}
}
Environmental problems have made us more dependent upon other countries and hav
e forced us to collaborate with them to solve imminent global environmental conc
erns that threaten our way of life.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
182
}}}
}
For example, once we realized that toxic dumping in the United States creates a
hole in the ozone layer over another country that in turn affects our supply of
a particular good produced elsewhere, we began to realize that we were not and
could not remain isolated from the rest of the world. In turn, we have gained an
awareness that \u8220\'3fwe are all in this together\u8221\'3f and that coopera
tion is necessary in order for us to thrive and prosper in the future.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EOJBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EOJBI_1}
Also, in the last decade of the 1990s, partly as a result of the end of the Cold
War, there may have been a decline in the prominence of a polarized, adversaria
l, \u8220\'3fus and them\u8221\'3f mentality in which we viewed other people, ot
her countries, and other cultures as enemies to be feared and avoided.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
183
}}}
}
We found ourselves collaborating with countries and people that we formerly
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*39
}
}
viewed as hostile and intractable. These developments, then, may have contribut
ed to a growing societal awareness of our \u8220\'3fconnectedness\u8221\'3f to,
and an open-mindedness towards, all people, all countries, and all cultures in t
he world.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
184
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EJKBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EJKBI_1}
Second, some assert that our society has witnessed the decline of a philosophy f
ocused on individual rights, logic, and reason; and the concomitant rise of a co
unterbalancing ethos, focused on compassion, care, relationships, and connectedn
ess.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
185
}}}
}
Perhaps our societal values have begun to shift and change as a result of growi
ng diversity in our power structure, governments, corporations, schools, and oth
er institutions. The ethics and values of previously disempowered individuals ma
y have begun to seep into our collective consciousness.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
186
}}}
}
The increasing influence of a \u8220\'3ffeminine ethic\u8221\'3f or \u8220\'3fe
thic of care\u8221\'3f may have led to a greater emphasis on interpersonal relat
ionships, emotional wellbeing, and interpersonal harmony.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F187310072290_ID0E4}
187
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EELBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EELBI_1}
For example, in 1988, Anne Wilson Schaef and Diane Fassel argued that our entire
society is undergoing a paradigm shift from the predominance of what they call
the \u8220\'3fWhite Male System/Reactive Female System,\u8221\'3f which values l
ogic, rationality, objectivity, superiority, individuality, detachment, and corr
ectness, to the rise of an alternative system, the \u8220\'3fEmerging Female Sys
tem.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
188
}}}
}
They described this paradigm shift as a move from a closed, static, objective w
orldview to one valuing wholeness, reconciliation, vulnerability, holism, health
, cooperation, ecology, spirituality, and transformation. They describe it as a
shift from positivism, empiricism, and the certainty of right answers to the unc
ertainty of the unknown.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F189310072290_ID0E4}
189
}}}
}
They track this paradigm shift from science to business, education, religion, a
nd medicine and note the contribution of feminist thought and alternative perspe
ctives to its momentum.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
190
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \b1 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EIMBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EIMBI_1}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*40
}
}
B. Post-Enlightenment Values
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EWMBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EWMBI_1}
Law Professor Thomas Barton brilliantly puts this philosophical shift in histori
cal perspective when he identifies that our society is moving into a \u8220\'3fP
ost-Enlightenment\u8221\'3f phase, complete with a new set of values.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0

ference_F191310072290_ID0E5}
191
}}}
}
He explains that the current American legal system has idealized Enlightenment
values such as personal freedom, independence, autonomy, will, and individual li
berty for years; but these values are now giving way to a Post-Enlightenment per
iod in which \u8220\'3fthe concepts of separation--both intellectual and social-are eroding in favor of the long-subordinated notions of [human] connection.\u8
221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
192
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ESNBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ESNBI_1}
Professor Barton points to an \u8220\'3femerging culture of connectedness\u8221\
'3f as evidence of the rise of Post-Enlightenment values such as belongingness,
loyalty, community, cultural identity, and interpersonal relationships.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F193310072290_ID0E1}
193
}}}
}
For example, Professor Barton notes a growing concern in the law for issues of
inequality of power in human relationships (e.g., domestic violence law) and str
onger recognition and protection of one\rquote s cultural identity or membership
in a particular ethnic group (e.g., Native American law, recognition of specifi
c cultural beliefs as exonerating or mitigating factors, and legal respect for c
ultural differences).
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
194
}}}
}
These developments evidence the growth of Post-Enlightenment values.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
195
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ELOBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ELOBI_1}
Professor Barton goes on to argue that law based on Enlightenment values functio
ns well when a decision as to right or wrong, black or white, must be made.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
196
}}}
}
However, it is ineffective in other situations, because it does not easily acco
mmodate or honor the fact that the parties may have an ongoing relationship with
each other or with their communities.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
197
}}}
}
To this point, Barton states:
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri800 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri800 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

*41
}
}
in a given case the law may oscillate between either separationist functions or
connectedness values. This is because the desired outcomes often involve both p
rotection and the building of a stronger relationship. In many instances of dome
stic violence, for example, the victim certainly wants and needs protection. The
victim, however, may not want or may not be able to afford for the underlying r
elationship to be terminated. Instead, the victim desires the underlying relatio
nship to be made more healthy and respectful. Yet this is precisely the sort of
solution for which the Enlightenment legal process is poorly equipped . . . Case
s involving communities which are hostile to racial, ethnic, or sexual orientati
on minorities, cases involving unruly children, and even cases involving noisy n
eighbors may present the same challenges--to build stronger relationships among
the parties while simultaneously stopping whatever immediately threatening behav
iors escalated the problem to the legal domain. The fundamental need is for an i
ntegrative solution that works with, rather than ignores, the given social conte
xt.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
198
}}}
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ELQBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ELQBI_1}
Perhaps in response to the shortcomings of Enlightenment law, various alternativ
e ways of handling legal problems have developed, such as creative problem solvi
ng, transformative mediation, victim-offender mediation in criminal law, communi
ty-based sentencing of criminals, teen court, and collaborative approaches to di
vorce and child-custody matters. All of these approaches, which are part of the
comprehensive law movement, explicitly honor people\rquote s relationships with
each other instead of focusing solely on individual rights. Because they seek to
maintain and preserve those connected relationships instead of sacrificing or d
estroying them in the name of individuality and separateness, they are consisten
t with Professor Barton\rquote s Post-Enlightenment values.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0

199
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \b1 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E6QBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E6QBI_1}
C. Jurisprudential Propellers
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EJRBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EJRBI_1}
For years, legal realism was the predominant jurisprudential school of thought i
n the United States. The pessimism of legal realism and its critical legal studi
es offspring may have created a longing for solutions and hope. The certainty of
realism\rquote s predecessors--natural law and legal positivism--probably foste
red a reassuring sense of order, predictability, and rationality in the law; but
this predictability has disintegrated in the last forty or fifty years. Cynicis
m and discouragement may have grown, when legal realism emerged in the 1930s to
debunk the neat universe of legal positivism. This skepticism has pointed out th
at law, as made by legislators and judges, was
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*42
}
}
much more capricious and biased than positivism made it appear.
}
Realism may have helped us lose faith in the justice meted out by the legal sys
tem.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
200
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ELSBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ELSBI_1}
After realism, jurisprudential thought \u8220\'3fBalkanized\u8221\'3f into vario
us movements that understand law from the lens of a particular viewpoint, includ
ing critical legal studies, feminist theory, and the \u8220\'3flaw and\u8221\'3f
movements.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
201
}}}
}
Most of these newer schools of thought expand upon the basic concept of legal r
ealism by viewing law as a product of deep and pervasive societal biases.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
202
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E5SBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E5SBI_1}
However, all of these schools of thought leave us with a terrific explication of
a problem without a solution. If law is indeed arbitrary and capricious, what a
pproach does one then take to practicing law, judging cases, or making law? Furt
hermore, once we accept that law and our legal system are not necessarily ration
al or logical, the question becomes, \u8220\'3fWhy use it at all?\u8221\'3f In f
act, some sectors of American society have abandoned formal legal courts, either
resorting to self-help methods, private judges, mediation, or private courts to
settle their legal problems.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ETTBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ETTBI_1}
Therapeutic jurisprudence and the comprehensive law movement may have developed
in response to the lack of hope and direction that we are left with. Once we acc
ept the major premise of legal realism and these newer schools of thought, the i
dea of recognizing law\rquote s potential to have a positive impact on people\rq
uote s lives and of creating alternative means of resolving legal problems provi
des hope during a time when the reliability, utility, or rationality of law and
legal procedures are in question.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ECUBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ECUBI_1}
Viewing law as a healing profession is also a natural outgrowth of feminist juri
sprudence. To the extent that feminist jurisprudence focuses on the healing, res
torative, and curative functions of law, it is entirely consistent with the comp
rehensive law movement.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
203
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ETUBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ETUBI_1}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*43
}
}
The comprehensive law movement is also a natural product of the law and psychol
ogy movement, which looks at law, lawyering, and legal processes from a psycholo
gical perspective.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0

ference_F204310072290_ID0E6}
204
}}}
}
An examination of the psychological aspects of law, legal problems, or clients
makes the therapeutic potential of law and legal processes apparent. Therefore,
it is natural to propose ways to maximize this potential and minimize any detrim
ental psychological effects. This is precisely what one of the most vibrant vect
ors of the movement, therapeutic jurisprudence, seeks to do.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
205
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EQVBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EQVBI_1}
Since 1980, commentators within the legal profession have bemoaned the state of
the profession.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
206
}}}
}
Commentary on our lack of professionalism, rampant immorality, malfeasance, mal
practice, client neglect, overly aggressive natures, greed, and unethical behavi
or, as well as the lack of attorney discipline and oversight, has been prolific.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F207310072290_ID0E4}
207
}}}
}
Individuals inside and outside the legal profession alike have been dissatisfie
d with the law, the American legal system, and lawyers.

}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
208
}}}
}
The situation has been described as a \u8220\'3ftripartite crisis\u8221\'3f in
the legal profession, consisting of deprofessionalism, low public opinion of law
yers, and lawyer distress and dissatisfaction.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
209
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ENWBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ENWBI_1}
Society\rquote s opinion of lawyers is depressingly low.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
210
}}}
}
The public sees lawyers as makers of conflict and dissension rather than as pos
itive forces in people\rquote s lives or work.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F211310072290_ID0E1}
211
}}}
}
Alcoholism, depression, and other psychological problems exist in the legal pro
fession at least twice as frequently as they appear in the general population.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0

ference_F212310072290_ID0E6}
212
}}}
}
In response to this tripartite crisis, many well-seasoned, practicing lawyers h
ave sought alternative forms of law practice, often saying something like,
}
\u8220\'3fIf I can\rquote t find another way to practice
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*44
}
}
law, one that I find satisfying and fulfilling, then I am quitting law entirely
.\u8221\'3f The search for alternatives has led many practicing lawyers to devel
op the forms of practice that comprise the comprehensive law movement. Many of t
he vectors emerged because of lawyers\rquote , clients\rquote , and society\rquo
te s deep dissatisfaction with existing models for handling legal matters.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E3XBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E3XBI_1}
Another proposed solution to the, \u8220\'3ftripartite crisis\u8221\'3f favored
by academics is the \u8220\'3fethic of care\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
213
}}}
}
or \u8220\'3fmoral lawyering.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
214
}}}
}
This approach promotes increasing pro bono and public service, returning to the
roots of legal profession as counselors and advisors, viewing law as a \u8220\'
3fcalling\u8221\'3f rather than as a business, and taking client-oriented approa
ches to lawyering.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
215
}}}
}
Despite the lack of an explicit link between these proposals and the emergence
of the vectors of the comprehensive law movement, it is clear that the approache
s embodied in the comprehensive law movement are consistent with the call of the
se commentators for value-laden approaches.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
216
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \b1 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EXYBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EXYBI_1}
D. Parallel Developments in Psychology
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EBZBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EBZBI_1}
The comprehensive law movement also reflects the parallel progression within sci
ence, and social science, away from analytical approaches, and towards a more hu
manistic, relativistic, and individualized approach. Psychology, for example, or
iginated with the analytic approach of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung and psychodyn
amic theory.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
217
}}}
}
Then, it progressed from this past-oriented and sometimes elusive approach, to
the more scientific, logical, and tangible approach of B. F. Skinner\rquote s be
haviorism.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
218
}}}
}
Then, in response perhaps to the black-and-whiteness of behaviorism, Carl Roger
s\rquote humanistic psychology emerged, with a focus on optimizing human potent
ial, on client-centered, individualized treatment, and on the interpersonal rela
tionships involved in therapy.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
219
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E3ZBI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E3ZBI_1}
Similarly, law was first seen as a somewhat undisciplined liberal \u8220\'3fart,
\u8221\'3f until Christopher Langdell of Harvard proposed a more \u8220\'3fscien
tific,\u8221\'3f rational,
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*45
}
}
and logical approach to law through the study of cases from 1870-1895.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
220
}}}
}
The comprehensive law movement, like similar developments in psychology, may be
a move toward a more humanistic mode, focused on human wellbeing and interperso
nal relationships, rather than on analysis and logic.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \b1 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ES1BI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ES1BI_1}
E. Humanism and Law in the 1970s and Neo-Humanism in the New Millennium
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E31BI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E31BI_1}
Finally, the comprehensive law movement may reflect a resurgence of a humanistic
movement in law that occurred in the 1960s and 1970s.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
221
}}}
}
This movement went \u8220\'3funderground\u8221\'3f during the materialistic and
prosperous 1980s, but it is resurfacing today in a sort of \u8220\'3fneo-humani
sm\u8221\'3f evidenced by the popularity of the vectors of the comprehensive law
movement.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EN2BI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EN2BI_1}
1. The Development of Humanism in the 1960s and 1970s
\par
}
}
}

\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EZ2BI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EZ2BI_1}
As early as 1955, Dean Griswold argued for \u8220\'3fthe inclusion of human rela
tions and communications training in the law school curriculum.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
222
}}}
}
He pointed out that:
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri800 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li800 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri800 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
[L]awyers deal with people. They deal with people far more than they do with app
ellate courts. They deal with clients; they deal with witnesses; they deal with
persons against whom demands are made; they carry on negotiations; they are cons
tantly endeavoring to come to agreements of one sort or another with people, to
persuade people, sometimes when they are reluctant to be persuaded. Lawyers are
constantly dealing with people who are under stress or strain of one sort or ano
ther.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
223
}}}
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EN4BI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EN4BI_1}
In 1968, Robert Redmount charged that legal education emphasized \u8220\'3fa coh
ering framework and system of rules and reason . . . in which the data of experi
ence are subordinate.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F224310072290_ID0E5}
224
}}}
}
He argued for explicitly using psychology in
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*46
}
}
law school to teach law students greater psychological sophistication and asser
ted that \u8220\'3fcontinuing social change and the lack of good attunement to p
ersonal and social experience jeopardize law\rquote s standing and competence to
deal effectively with social and personal problems.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
225
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EX5BI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EX5BI_1}
During the 1970s, a number of authors advocated additional communication skills
training, human relations training, and infusion of social science knowledge in
legal education.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F226310072290_ID0E6}
226
}}}
}
In 1975, Shaffer and Redmount condemned legal education for lacking \u8220\'3fm
ental, moral, emotional, and social development and therefore . . . not serv[ing
] . . . the best interests of society, or for that matter, the best interests of
the legal profession. It lacks humanistic concern.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
227
}}}
}
Hunsaker agreed, stating that, \u8220\'3f[w]hile the law school may develop ski
lls in analysis, issue spotting, fact-principle discrimination, and logical dedu
ction, it has neglected and ignored the teaching of humanistic values and the de
velopment of human relations skills.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F228310072290_ID0E4}
228
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EEACI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EEACI_1}
These pleas were echoed in a 1978 book by clinical psychiatrist Andrew Watson, a
dvocating the integration of law and psychology and a psychological approach to
legal counseling.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
229
}}}
}
A number of articles and commentaries promoting humanistic values followed, cul
minating in a 1981 book by Dvorkin, Himmelstein, and Lesnick, titled Becoming a
Lawyer: A Humanistic Perspective on Legal Education and Professionalism.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0

230
}}}
}
This book and the humanistic movement proposed a greater emphasis in the law on
psychological knowledge, human experience, and interpersonal skills.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
231
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E3ACI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E3ACI_1}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*47
}
}
Most of this early humanism-in-law commentary noted that law and legal educatio
n focused almost exclusively on logical, rational analysis of cases and legal pr
oblems.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
232
}}}
}
Perhaps this was originally appropriate; because prior to the 1960s, lawyers ch
iefly concerned themselves with legal issues.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
233
}}}
}

However, the role of law in society in the 1960s began to change, as law became
a \u8220\'3fprimary instrument . . . for fundamental social change.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F234310072290_ID0E2}
234
}}}
}
Law began to permeate social problems, such as poverty, civil unrest, unemploym
ent, and mental illness.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
235
}}}
}
As law became more and more intertwined with social and human problems, law had
to look to social science for assistance and become \u8220\'3fthe queen of the
humanities.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
236
}}}
}
Lawyers and legal education needed to focus on developing interpersonal skills,
psychological sophistication, and a more humanistic orientation.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
237
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EQCCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EQCCI_1}
However, the ideas espoused in this earlier psychology in law movement did not e
ntirely become mainstream in legal education, nor did they appear in law practic
e. What did occur was greater emphasis on practical clinical training in law sch
ools, including lawyering skills training, interviewing and counseling, and nego
tiating, which is now available and encouraged in practically every American law
school. Thus, while the early humanistic movement did have an effect, it did no
t produce the wholesale infusion of psychology into legal training and practice
that its proponents had hoped for.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ECDCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ECDCI_1}
Edward Dauer, one of the leaders of preventive law, suggests that perhaps the id
ealism of this earlier humanism-in-the-law movement crumbled under the strain of
the Vietnam War and Watergate.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
238
}}}
}
The cynicism and disappointment felt by society after these two events may have
quashed burgeoning idealism in the 1960s and 1970s and paved the way for the ma
terialism and self-centeredness found in the legal profession (and society) in t
he 1980s.
}
If so, the comprehensive law movement may reflect a concrete reaction to growing
societal disillusionment and the materialism of the 1980s.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EWDCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EWDCI_1}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*48
}
}

2. The Development of Neo-Humanism Since 2000
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EGECI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EGECI_1}
In 1980, Chief Justice Warren E. Burger called for lawyers to return to their ro
les as healers, foreshadowing the comprehensive law movement by a decade or more
.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
239
}}}
}
In an article entitled, \u8220\'3fThe Decline of Professionalism,\u8221\'3f Bur
ger states, \u8220\'3f[Lawyers] must be legal architects, engineers, builders, a
nd from time to time, inventors as well. We have served, and must continue to se
e our role, as problem-solvers, harmonizers, and peacemakers, the healers - not
the promoters - of conflict.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F240310072290_ID0E5}
240
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EFFCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EFFCI_1}
The integration of law and psychology, or humanism and law, has reemerged since
the 1990s in the vectors of the comprehensive law movement. The approaches to la
w and lawyering embodied by the various vectors of the comprehensive law movemen
t are consistent with the humanistic approach advocated in the 1981 book, Becomi
ng a Lawyer.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
241
}}}
}
However, they did not develop as a direct result of this early humanistic movem
ent. Instead, they developed mostly from the practicing bar and therapeutic juri
sprudence. If earlier efforts to bring humanistic psychology into law have had a
n effect, the effect was indirect, skipping over legal education and emerging no
w from the \u8220\'3ftrenches\u8221\'3f a few decades later.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E6FCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E6FCI_1}
In short, a number of philosophical shifts in the last century and particularly
in the last decade have paved the way for the comprehensive law movement in the
twenty-first century. Perhaps American society has become sated with its thirst
for individual freedom, promotion of personal benefit at the expense of others,
and worship of individual rights. Maximizing legal rights has not brought attorn
eys or disputants emotional wellbeing, harmony, peace, or happiness.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
242
}}}
}
Many litigation-experienced clients and lawyers are saying, \u8220\'3fThere mus
t be a better way\u8221\'3f to resolve legal disputes, handle legal matters, and
practice law.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F243310072290_ID0E2}
243
}}}
}
Focusing on the human element in law and on how law can serve as a positive for
ce in the lives of individuals, families, groups, and communities is a natural r
eaction to this discomfort with and within the law.
\par
}
}
}

\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \b1 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \qc \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EEHCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EEHCI_1}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*49
}
}
V. Teaching Comprehensive Law Approaches
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ESHCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ESHCI_1}
As the comprehensive law movement develops, at least three new questions and con
cerns have emerged. First, there are a number of contemporary movements in legal
education that may be related to the movement, such as efforts to humanize lega
l education, to promote mindfulness meditation, and to infuse spirituality into
law school. Second, there may be additional skills that attorneys and law studen
ts will require to successfully practice comprehensive law. Finally, the relatio
nship of the comprehensive law movement to the psychology of lawyers should be e
xplored. This section will explore each of these concerns in turn.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \b1 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EKICI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EKICI_1}
A. Parallel Developments in Legal Education
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EUICI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EUICI_1}
While many of the vectors of the comprehensive law movement have been developed
by practicing lawyers and judges, some parallel developments have emerged in leg
al education, primarily through the work of various like-minded law professors.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F244310072290_ID0E3}
244
}}}
}
These academic developments are related to the comprehensive law movement becau
se of their emphasis on humanism, values, and enhanced interpersonal and intrape
rsonal sensitivity. They also help law students develop, and preserve core skill
s and attributes necessary to effectively practice law comprehensively.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EIJCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EIJCI_1}
1. The Humanizing Legal Education Movement
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EUJCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EUJCI_1}
Energized by the leadership and enthusiasm of law professor Lawrence Krieger,
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F245310072290_ID0E1}
245
}}}
}
a group of law professors banded together in the last seven years or so to make
law school and legal education more humanistic.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F246310072290_ID0E6}
246
}}}
}
Aware of common complaints about the competitive and intimidating nature of the
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*50
}
}
law school
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
247
}}}
}
and empirical data demonstrating that law students rapidly develop depression a
nd other psychiatric distress upon entering law school--which does not abate aft
er graduation,
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
248
}}}
}
these professors began sharing information, teaching techniques, and research o
n how to humanize legal education.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
249
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EVKCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EVKCI_1}
While the thrust of this movement has focused on humanizing the experience of la
w school for law students, its values are consistent with comprehensive law\rquo
te s intention of humanizing the legal process for all participants. The humaniz
ing legal education movement also encourages law students to identify, evaluate,
and maintain their own personal morals, values, beliefs, and standards during l
aw school.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
250
}}}
}
This exploration of values may prepare or propel some students to practice law
comprehensively rather than traditionally.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EJLCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EJLCI_1}
2. Mindfulness Meditation
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EVLCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EVLCI_1}
Leonard Riskin, Steven Keeva, and others have written about the importance of th
e lawyer\rquote s mental state to the efficacy of his or her work.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F251310072290_ID0E4}
251
}}}
}
One strategy that many attorneys and law students are experimenting with to imp
rove their professional efficacy is \u8220\'3fmindfulness meditation.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
252
}}}
}
Some have incorporated the principles and insights of mindfulness meditation in
to their preparation for professional practice. These concepts have been introdu
ced to law students through such avenues as the Yale Law School
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*51
}
}
project for Meditation and the Law and programs sponsored by the Fetzer Institu
te.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
253
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EWMCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EWMCI_1}
Being more aware of and able to manage and monitor one\rquote s mental state, em
otions, and reactions can assist lawyers in their daily work. This is particular
ly true if the lawyers are practicing comprehensive law, which places an emphasi
s on the ability to identify and cope with the emotions and mental states of oth
ers.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EFNCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EFNCI_1}
3. Law and Spirituality
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ERNCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ERNCI_1}
Some recent commentary has focused on how spiritual beliefs, values, and practic
es relate to law, legal education, and law practice.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
254
}}}
}
Specifically, commentators have found that spirituality is important for prepar
ing a lawyer\rquote s mental state for legal work, maintaining a lawyer\rquote s
mental health, facilitating a lawyer\rquote s professional choices, and influen
cing the way a lawyer interacts with clients. Lawyers who have personal spiritua
l practices or are explicitly faith-based may be drawn to comprehensive law prac
tice, due to the easy interface of the goals of comprehensive law with their per
sonal values.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \b1 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EFOCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EFOCI_1}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*52
}
}
B. Teaching Comprehensive Law Practice Skills
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ETOCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ETOCI_1}
In addition to mindfulness meditation and personal spiritual practices, lawyers
need to have strong interpersonal skills,
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
255
}}}
}
intrapersonal skills,
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F256310072290_ID0E3}
256
}}}
}
and emotional intelligence skills
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F257310072290_ID0E6}
257
}}}
}
to practice law comprehensively. These skills include excellent interpersonal,
human relations skills, self-knowledge (or intrapersonal skills), and rudimentar
y psychological sophistication or emotional intelligence.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ELPCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ELPCI_1}
Professor Leonard Riskin provides a terrific football analogy to understand the
relevance of these skills to the comprehensive law movement.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
258
}}}
}
He reminds us that a football coach teaches his players the overall philosophy
of football as well as how to throw, block, and tackle.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0

259
}}}
}
The players learn the game and then practice the moves on the field.
}
However, if the players do not actually go to the gym and become stronger throu
gh weight lifting, they do not become effective football players. Just as streng
th training prepares football players, interpersonal skills, intrapersonal skill
s, and emotional intelligence prepares lawyers to practice comprehensively.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
260
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EJQCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EJQCI_1}
1. Interpersonal Skills
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EVQCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EVQCI_1}
Interpersonal skills are the communications and relational skills that attorneys
need to form and maintain working relationships with their clients, opponents,
judges, and other legal personnel. These skills include empathy, advanced empath
y, reflective listening, and questioning skills. Empathy is often defined as the
ability to stand in another\rquote s shoes and express an understanding of the
other\rquote s thoughts and feelings.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
261
}}}
}
Advanced empathy refers to the ability to express the implicit thoughts and fee
lings under the surface of the other\rquote s actions and words.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
262
}}}
}
For example, a person facing major surgery might express anger, frustration, an
d irritation with the
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*53
}
}
doctors but underneath might feel afraid, worried, and mistrustful of the surge
ons. Basic empathy would reflect the person\rquote s anger; advanced empathy wou
ld recognize and acknowledge the underlying fear. Advanced empathy always runs t
he risk of being inaccurate, as the hearer must guess at the implicit or submerg
ed feelings of the other.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E3RCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E3RCI_1}
Reflective listening or active listening refers to the ability to hear and parap
hrase the facts of the other\rquote s words as well as the thoughts and feelings
expressed by the other.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
263
}}}
}
It usually employs paraphrasing of the events as well as basic empathy (in the
form of restatements of the explicit feelings expressed). It tends to result in
the other feeling \u8220\'3fheard\u8221\'3f and understood.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
264
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ESSCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ESSCI_1}
Questioning skills refers to the ability to know when to ask closed-ended questi
ons (requiring only a yes or no answer) and open-ended questions (requiring an a
nswer other than yes or no) from a client. Closed-ended questions tend to focus
and direct the speaker, often closing down the flow of information. Open-ended q
uestions, particularly when combined with basic empathy, tend to encourage the f
low of information and elicit more from the speaker.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EETCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EETCI_1}
2. Intrapersonal Skills
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EQTCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EQTCI_1}
Comprehensive lawyers also need to develop their intrapersonal skills, meaning t
he ability to know themselves well enough to determine when they are overreactin
g or under-reacting to a particular client, case, or party. Intrapersonal skills
are vital to helping lawyers avoid \u8220\'3fcountertransference.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F265310072290_ID0E2}
265
}}}
}
Countertransference refers to the fact that lawyers lose their ability to maint
ain neutrality and objectivity when their internal feelings, experiences, biases
, fears, or frustrations unduly influence or interfere with their work.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
266
}}}
}
Countertransference can only be detected if the lawyer is adept at knowing hims
elf or herself and his or her strengths and weaknesses and can effectively evalu
ate and monitor his or her emotions, thoughts, and actions.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EJUCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EJUCI_1}
Comprehensive lawyers, particularly those who feel compassion and empathy for th
eir clients, need intrapersonal skills to deal effectively with
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*54
}
}
countertransference.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
267
}}}
}
Otherwise, they can become enmeshed with clients and their emotions. Inappropri
ate attachment or involvement can cause the lawyer stress, derail the lawyer-cli
ent relationship, distort the legal representation, distract the client from see
king professional psychological help, and give rise to ethical dilemmas.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F268310072290_ID0E4}
268
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EEVCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EEVCI_1}
For example, lawyers working with clients who were sexually assaulted or abused
or who are fighting human rights violations can be vicariously traumatized by th
is exposure.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
269
}}}
}
Comprehensive lawyers may be particularly vulnerable to this secondary trauma,
because they are likely to respond to these clients with understanding and empat
hy. Coping strategies, therefore, need to go beyond simple stress management; la
wyers need the ability to identify, manage, and contain their own distressing em
otions.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
270
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E1VCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E1VCI_1}
3. Emotional Intelligence
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EGWCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EGWCI_1}
Comprehensive lawyers also need some psychological sophistication to help client
s manage and contain their emotions. One skill that lawyers particularly need is
the ability to recognize and deal with the stages of the grief process.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
271
}}}
}
Almost every litigant engaging an attorney has suffered a loss of some sort. Th
us, a litigant is likely to be experiencing one or more of Elizabeth Kubler-Ross
\rquote famous five stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and
acceptance.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
272
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E6WCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E6WCI_1}
Litigation can facilitate or suspend the grief process - the process of dealing
with and resolving the loss that resulted in the legal problem. For example, in
wrongful death actions, litigation can interrupt the process of
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*55
}
}
grieving if it focuses too long on the cause of or responsibility for the death
.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0

273
}}}
}
On the other hand, \u8220\'3flitigation . . . facilitate[s] the . . . grief pro
cess\u8221\'3f when it helps the survivors sort out the events leading to the de
ath or \u8220\'3ffulfill[s] their sense of duty to the deceased\u8221\'3f person
and is begun and concluded in a timely way after the death.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
274
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EMYCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EMYCI_1}
Lawyers working with traumatized clients can help reverse the effects of trauma,
by using excellent interpersonal skills. For example, if the client was raped a
nd experienced degradation and humiliation, the lawyer can provide the client wi
th an additional measure of respect, autonomy, and control. The attorney can ask
the client when and for how long she wants to talk about the event, listen well
, and treat her with respect.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F275310072290_ID0E1}
275
}}}
}
Therapeutically-oriented lawyers might well view this as a psycholegal soft spo
t that the lawyer can address with these restorative, relational measures.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F276310072290_ID0E5}
276
}}}
\par
}
}
}

\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EFZCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EFZCI_1}
Lawyers also need an understanding of when they are in over their heads and shou
ld refer a client to professional therapy or counseling. The lawyer should be pr
epared to make the referral and perhaps offer to personally make the call to a s
uitable professional (and let the client know that the professional is expecting
his or her call). Therapeutically-oriented lawyers might view these situations
as a psycholegal soft spot that needs to be properly addressed by the referral t
o professional psychological help. A second, conflicting psycholegal soft spot m
ay then arise if the referral to therapy in some way prejudices the client\rquot
e s legal case, for example, by raising doubt as to the client\rquote s mental s
tate.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \b1 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E1ZCI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E1ZCI_1}
C. Implications of the Movement for Law Student and Lawyer Distress
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EE1CI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EE1CI_1}
Lawyers experience alcoholism, depression, and other forms of psychological dist
ress and dissatisfaction at a rate of about twenty percent, about twice the amou
nt found in the general population.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
277
}}}
}
Many commentators have pointed to the long hours, the pressures of private prac
tice, competition in the profession, and deprofessionalism. However, empirical r
esearch in
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*56
}
}
the mid-1980s and early 1990s linked lawyer distress not to these traditional f
actors but to feelings of hostility, marital distress, job dissatisfaction, and
a lack of social support.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
278
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E61CI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E61CI_1}
In 2001, Kreiger and Sheldon\rquote s study discovered that law students\rquote
distress is associated with certain shifts in their value systems during law sc
hool.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
279
}}}
}
Specifically, law students were more likely to be distressed as they became pro
gressively less-oriented toward personal growth/self acceptance, intimacy/emotio
nal connection and community/societal contribution.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
280
}}}
}
Distress was also increased as students became less likely to act for interest
or inherent satisfaction and more for external goals such as appearance, wealth,
and popularity.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
281
}}}
}
Thus, as law students focused less on intrinsic satisfactions and more on extri
nsic rewards, they were more likely to experience a decline in their emotional w
ellbeing.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
282
}}}
}
This suggests that lawyers who focus on external rewards such as money, prestig
e, rankings, and even win-loss records may be at risk for developing distress.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E62CI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E62CI_1}
The vectors of the comprehensive law movement explicitly allow lawyers to infuse
a set of values into their law practice that may provide intrinsic rewards. For
example, the therapeutically-oriented lawyer may feel inherent satisfaction fro
m legal work if he or she values \u8220\'3fdoing good\u8221\'3f for others and d
efines \u8220\'3fgood\u8221\'3f as enhancing others\rquote psychological wellbe
ing. The collaborative lawyer may obtain inherent satisfaction from doing work t
hat preserves and fosters harmonious relationships between divorcing spouses, kn
owing that those relationships can lead to a better life and better mental healt
h for the children of the divorce.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ER3CI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ER3CI_1}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*57
}
}

Restorative justice practitioners may experience satisfaction in seeing victims
of crime achieve \u8220\'3fclosure\u8221\'3f or reconciliation. These practitio
ners may also derive satisfaction from seeing victims and offenders receive apol
ogy and forgiveness, respectively, and in seeing offenders experience \u8220\'3f
therapeutic shame\u8221\'3f that effectively motivates them not to recidivate.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EE4CI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EE4CI_1}
Preventive lawyers may experience satisfaction in knowing their legal efforts he
lped avoid the economic and temporal waste of a lawsuit. Lawyers and judges empl
oying the wisdom of procedural justice may appreciate the enhanced satisfaction
their clients and litigants gain from a legal process that allows for voice and
participation. Lawyers, judges, and other legal personnel involved in drug treat
ment courts have reported personal satisfaction from the success of the court\rq
uote s graduates in staying free from drugs and crime.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
283
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EY4CI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EY4CI_1}
Empirical research indicates that individuals who prefer the \u8220\'3fFeeling\u
8221\'3f mode of decision-making, as measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
,
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
ference_F284310072290_ID0E5}
284
}}}
}
are in the minority in the legal profession,
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0

285
}}}
}
tend to drop out of law school,
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
286
}}}
}
and may be more prone to experience job dissatisfaction as lawyers.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
287
}}}
}
Feelers prefer \u8220\'3fharmonizing, building relationships, pleasing people,
making decisions on the basis of [their own] . . . personal likes and dislikes,
and being attentive to the personal needs of others\u8221\'3f and like to avoid
conflict and criticism.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
288
}}}
}
The opposite of Feeling is Thinking;
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*58
}
}
Thinkers prefer \u8220\'3flogical analysis, principles, cool and impersonal rea
soning and cost/benefit analyses\u8221\'3f and are \u8220\'3fmore tolerant of co
nflict and criticism.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
289
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EZ6CI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EZ6CI_1}
Psychologist and lawyer Dr. Lawrence Richard, one of the leading researchers on
the Myers-Briggs type of lawyers, says that both Thinking and Feeling represent
\u8220\'3frational, valid decision-making methods . . . . Both involve thought,
and neither process is related to emotions.\u8221\'3f
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
290
}}}
}
Dr. Richard explains that
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
Those who prefer to make decisions on the basis of Thinking prefer to come to cl
osure in a logical, orderly manner. They can readily discern inaccuracies and ar
e often critical. They can easily hurt others\rquote feelings without knowing i
t. They are excellent problem-solvers. They review the cause and effect of poten
tial actions before deciding. Thinkers are often accused of being cold and somew
hat calculating because their decisions do not reflect their own personal values
.
}
They focus on discovering truth, and they seek justice.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ENBDI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ENBDI_1}
Those who prefer to make decisions on the basis of Feeling apply their own perso
nal values to make choices. They seek harmony and, therefore, are sensitive to t
he effect of their decisions on others. They need, and are adept at giving, prai
se. They are interested in the person behind the idea or the job. They seek to d
o what is right for themselves and other people and are interested in mercy.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
291
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EHCDI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EHCDI_1}
Feeling-type individuals are very likely to be attracted to comprehensive law ap
proaches, because they encourage the lawyer to focus on interpersonal harmony, t
o do what is right for others, to avoid conflict and harm to others, and to brin
g therapeutic, humanistic, or sanative values into his or her work. These approa
ches allow a Feeling-oriented lawyer to infuse his or her own personal morals an
d values into his or her work, assuming that the lawyer values enhanced mental w
ellbeing and improved interpersonal relationships.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EWCDI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EWCDI_1}
For example, restorative justice and collaborative law explicitly focus on inter
personal and relational harmony; transformative mediation may indirectly foster
it as well. All three tend to avoid interpersonal conflict. Holistic justice exp
licitly encourages lawyers to follow their own values in determining whether to
take a case and what courses of action to take in representing the client. Creat
ive problem solving and therapeutic jurisprudence allow the lawyer to feel as if
he or she is \u8220\'3fdoing good,\u8221\'3f assuming that \u8220\'3fgood\u8221
\'3f is defined as optimizing one\rquote s total life situation or maximizing ot
hers\rquote psychological wellbeing.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ELDDI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ELDDI_1}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*59
}
}
For Feeling-oriented lawyers and law students who may be more likely to drop ou
t of law or to be simply dissatisfied with their work, the comprehensive law app
roaches offer great promise and hope. They offer an appealing alternative to tra
ditional law practice that does not require the lawyer to leave the profession.
Instead, they actually utilize the lawyers\rquote Feeling preference as an asse
t in his or her professional life, rather than marginalizing it as a detrimental
or neutral feature.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \b1 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \qc \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EBEDI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EBEDI_1}
VI. Conclusion
\par
}
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ELEDI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ELEDI_1}
The curative potential of the comprehensive law movement for lawyers, the legal
profession, clients, and society is undeniable. Despite this potential, however,
there are a number of unanswered questions about comprehensive law. For example
, will the typical adversarial, competitive lawyer personality impede lawyers\rq
uote efforts to practice law comprehensively? Lawyers may resist retooling and
change, feel as if they are being asked to practice psychology without the appro
priate training and credentials, and worry about committing malpractice. Alterna
tively, they may worry that comprehensive law practice will increase the standar
d of care so that, if they fail to practice comprehensively, they will commit ma
lpractice.
\par
}
}
}

\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EDFDI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EDFDI_1}
Their general preference for the Myers-Briggs dimension of Thinking may hamper t
heir efforts to be more empathetic, compassionate, relational, and harm-avoidant
. However, research suggests that many lawyers may have had Feeling and care-ori
ented preferences that were silenced in law school.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
292
}}}
}
Comprehensive law approaches may actually encourage some lawyers to rediscover
the values and preferences with which they entered law school, rather than askin
g them to become something they are not. Legal education must, however, retool t
o effectively teach the skills, underlying theories, and approaches contained in
the comprehensive law movement. A handful of law schools teach courses on compr
ehensive law approaches or therapeutic jurisprudence; many law schools are teach
ing the skills necessary for practicing comprehensive law in their clinical cour
ses.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
293
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E6FDI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E6FDI_1}
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*60
}
}
Another concern is that comprehensive law practice may conflict with the rules
of professional responsibility. A close reading of ABA Model Rules 1.2, 1.3, 1.4
, and 2.1 reveals that comprehensive law practice need not violate the ethics co
de, as long as an open and trusting lawyer-client relationship is formed, client
s are given full informed consent, the scope of representation is fully disclose
d and agreed upon, and the lawyer\rquote s role as a comprehensive advisor is ag
reed upon.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
294
}}}
}
Model Rule 2.1 explicitly encourages lawyers to include extra-legal factors in
their advice to clients, blessing the \u8220\'3frights plus\u8221\'3f approach o
f the comprehensive law vectors.
}
{\f2 \b0 \fs16 \cf1 \i0
295
}}}
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EZGDI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EZGDI_1}
Lawyers must, however, be careful not to oversell comprehensive law approaches t
o clients simply because the lawyers themselves prefer to practice law this way.
They must be sure to present fairly the traditional approaches, alongside the c
omprehensive law approaches, without bias, and allow the client to decide. Clien
ts must still determine the ultimate goals of representation. Lawyers and judges
must also be careful not to use comprehensive law approaches paternalistically
in cases where they feel that the client \u8220\'3freally needs\u8221\'3f psycho
logical treatment or help, but the client simply refuses it even after full info
rmed consent and candid advice from the lawyer. Lawyers and judges must also, as
therapeutic jurisprudence directs, not allow comprehensive concerns to \u8220\'
3ftrump\u8221\'3f traditional values of due process and civil rights.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ERHDI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ERHDI_1}

Finally, it will be interesting to see how the comprehensive law vectors will be
incorporated into the existing law firm and legal profession culture. One optio
n might be for lawyers to incorporate parts of the movement into traditional pra
ctice. They may view the comprehensive law movement as a smorgasbord of lenses a
nd processes from which they will pick and choose, incorporating comprehensive c
oncepts in part or in whole as additions to their existing repertoire of legal m
oves. This is the \u8220\'3ftoolkit\u8221\'3f idea: that comprehensive law appro
aches simply add to the lawyer\rquote s existing toolkit to make the lawyer a mo
re competitive and well-rounded professional.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EGIDI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EGIDI_1}
Another option might be for firms to create entire departments devoted to compre
hensive law approaches, so that lawyers who excel at comprehensive law practice
(and clients appropriate for that kind of legal work) might be funneled to those
separate departments. This would allow traditional firms to retain clients that
might otherwise depart to comprehensive \u8220\'3fboutique\u8221\'3f practices
and would allow lawyers within existing firms to create forms of law practice th
at might be more creative and satisfying for them without leaving the firm. Alte
rnatively, the
}
{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
*61
}
}
comprehensive law movement\rquote s popularity might wane, and it might turn ou
t to be an experiment in the law that society ultimately abandons.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E4IDI_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E4IDI_1}
More likely, the comprehensive law movement will remain to color and add to our
understanding of what clients and society need and require from lawyers. It will
become incorporated into mainstream legal practice as part of the usual work th
at lawyers provide for their clients. It will help lawyers reach their full pote
ntial as solvers of legal problems and dispute resolution professionals. It will
help legal services consumers achieve greater satisfaction with the outcomes of
legal matters, improve their lives, and maximize the functionality of their rel
ationships. And it will thereby help our society transform into the next phase o
f our evolution.
\par
}
}
}
\u160\'3f
\par
}
}
}
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Footnotes
\par
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\par
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}
{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Susan Daicoff is a Professor of Law at Florida Coastal School of Law in Jacksonv
ille, Florida. Ms. Daicoff is a Fellow of the International Centre for Healing a
nd the Law. She has an M.S., J.D., and L.L.M. The expert guidance of David B. We
xler, the able research assistance of Dana Moss, and the overall unflagging supp
ort provided by Holly Bolinger and Florida Coastal School of Law in connection w
ith this work are acknowledged and gratefully appreciated. The author acknowledg
es that some of the ideas expressed herein have been published in shorter form i
n the following publications: Susan Daicoff, The
}
dType=Y&serNum=0298818022&pubNum=1628&originatingDoc=I1be024a15a1c11dbbe1cf2d29f
e2afe6&refType=LR&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=D

Comprehensive Law Movement, 19 Touro L. Rev. 825 (2004)
}\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs18 \cf5 \i0 }}
(speech); Susan Daicoff, Lawyer Know Thyself: A Psychological Analysis of Perso
nality Strengths and Weaknesses (2004) [hereinafter Daicoff, Know Thyself]; Susa
n Daicoff, Resolution Without Litigation: Are Courtrooms Battlegrounds for Loser
s?, GP Solo, Oct.-Nov. 2003, at 44, available at http:// www.abanet.org/genpract
ice/magazine/octnov2003/resolutionwithoutlit.html [hereinafter Daicoff, Resoluti
on]; and Susan Daicoff, Afterword: The Role of Therapeutic Jurisprudence Within
the Comprehensive Law Movement, in Practicing Therapeutic Jurisprudence 465 (Den
nis P. Stolle, David B. Wexler & Bruce J. Winick eds., 2000) [hereinafter Daicof
f, Afterword].
\par
}
}
}
}
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}
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\par
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See, e.g., Pauline H. Tesler, Collaborative Law: Achieving Effective Resolution
in Divorce Without Litigation (2001) (introducing the concepts and methods of co
llaborative law as founded by Minnesota divorce attorney Stuart Webb and advance
d by California divorce attorney Pauline Tesler). Some of the ideas expressed in
this article, namely the \u8220\'3fvectors\u8221\'3f of the \u8220\'3fcomprehen
sive law movement,\u8221\'3f were previously published by the author in shorter
forms in various book chapters and magazine articles. See, e.g., Daicoff, Know T
hyself, supra note 1; Daicoff, Afterword, supra note 1 (describing the comprehen
sive law movement and its relationship to therapeutic jurisprudence generally);
Daicoff, Resolution, supra note 1, at 44 (summarizing the vectors of the compreh
ensive law movement); and Susan Daicoff, unpublished chapter in book to be publi
shed by the International Centre for Healing and the Law (forthcoming 2006) (als
o summarizing the movement).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See, e.g., James M. Cooper,
}
Toward a New Architecture: Creative Problem Solving and the Evolution of Law, 34
Cal. W. L. Rev. 297 (1998)
(advocating creative problem solving skills in the practice of law, legal educa
tion, and other professional fields); Janeen Kerper,
}
Creative Problem Solving vs. The Case Method: A Marvelous Adventure in Which Win
nie-the-Pooh Meets Mrs. Palsgraf, 34 Cal. W. L. Rev. 351 (1998)
(introducing the emergence of creative problem solving as a legal discipline in
response to the need for change in legal education); and Thomas D. Barton,
}
Conceiving the Lawyer as Creative Problem Solver, 34 Cal. W. L. Rev. 267 (1998)
(discussing a symposium issue to educate creative problem solvers). One issue o

f the California Western Law Review (volume 34, issue 2) in 1998 was devoted to
creative problem solving. California Western Law School houses the McGill Center
for Creative Problem Solving, which sponsors a number of national and internati
onal programs implementing CPS, as well as several law school courses on CPS. Se
e The McGill Center for Creative Problem Solving, California Western School of L
aw, http://www.wic.org/orgs/mcgill.htm (last visited Oct. 7, 2005).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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4
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See, e.g., Who We Are, International Alliance of Holistic Lawyers, http://www.ia
hl.org/who_are.html (last visited Oct. 7, 2005) (describing holistic justice as
a primarily grass-roots movement among practicing attorneys in the United States
and abroad). The IAHL sponsors an annual conference supporting and encouraging
the holistic practice of law. See id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F5310072290_ID0EVVA" }{\fld
rslt
5
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See, e.g., Robert M. Hardaway, Preventive Law: Materials on a Non Adversarial Le
gal Process (2d ed. 1997) (the \u8220\'3ftextbook\u8221\'3f for preventive law).
Preventive law is also related to \u8220\'3fproactive law,\u8221\'3f a Nordic m
ovement associated with International Contract Counsel Helena Haapio. See, e.g.,
Links: Proactive Law and Proactive Contracting, http://www.lexpert.com/en/links
.htm (last visited Oct. 7, 2005) (describing Ms. Haapio\rquote s role in the ori
gins of proactive law).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F6310072290_ID0EYVA" }{\fld
rslt
6
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
For example, problem solving courts include drug treatment courts, mental health
courts, domestic violence courts, and other specialized courts. These courts we
re formalized in 2000 by the adoption of a joint resolution of the Conferences o
f Chief Justices and Chief Court Administrators explicitly supporting the develo
pment of problem solving courts. See CCJ Resolution 22, COSCA Resolution 4, http
://dcpi.ncjrs.org/pdf/Chief%20Justice%20Resolution.doc (last visited Oct. 8, 200
5).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F7310072290_ID0E2VA" }{\fld
rslt
7
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
This is a social science concept based on social scientist Tom Tyler\rquote s re
search on the factors creating satisfaction in litigants involved in legal proce
sses. See Tom R. Tyler, The Psychological Consequences of Judicial Procedures: I
mplications for Civil Commitment Hearings, in David B. Wexler & Bruce J. Winick,
Law In A Therapeutic Key: Developments In Therapeutic Jurisprudence 3 (1996) [h
ereinafter Wexler & Winick]. This work has informed, and altered in some cases,
thoughts on how legal and judicial processes should proceed.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F8310072290_ID0E5VA" }{\fld
rslt
8
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Restorative justice (\u8220\'3fRJ\u8221\'3f) is one of the largest \u8220\'3fvec
tors\u8221\'3f and is associated with restorative criminal justice programs in t
he United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. Numero
us articles and books have been written on RJ; its principal resource in the Uni
ted States can be found through the Center for Restorative Justice at the Univer
sity of Minnesota, directed by RJ leader and Professor Mark Umbreit. Mark S. Umb
reit, Center for Restorative Justice & Peacemaking, http:// 2ssw.che.umn.edu/rjp
/People/Umbreit.htm (last visited Apr. 12, 2005).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F9310072290_ID0EBWA" }{\fld
rslt
9
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Therapeutic jurisprudence (\u8220\'3fTJ\u8221\'3f) is also one of the largest \u
8220\'3fvectors,\u8221\'3f if not the largest. It is represented by numerous boo
ks and hundreds of law review articles that apply TJ to all areas of the law. It
s founders, law professors David Wexler and Bruce Winick, maintain an extensive
set of resources at the TJ website. See International Network on Therapeutic Jur
isprudence, http://www.law.arizona.edu/depts/upr-intj/ (last visited Oct. 7, 200
5).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F10310072290_ID0EFW" }{\fld
rslt
10
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Transformative mediation is associated with law professor R. Baruch Bush and is
explicated in his book co-authored with communications professor Joseph Folger.
Robert A. Baruch Bush & Joseph P. Folger, The Promise of Mediation: The Transfor
mative Approach to Conflict (1994). The vectors are listed in alphabetical order
, not in order of importance, size, or seniority.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F11310072290_ID0EKX" }{\fld
rslt
11
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Thomas J. Scheff,
}
dType=Y&serNum=0109025737&pubNum=100384&originatingDoc=I1be024a15a1c11dbbe1cf2d2
9fe2afe6&refType=LR&fi=co_pp_sp_100384_97&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=
cblt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Default)#co_pp_sp_100384_97"
}{\fldrslt

Community Conferences: Shame and Anger in Therapeutic Jurisprudence, 67 Rev. Jur
. U.P.R. 97, 97 (1998)
.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F12310072290_ID0EUX" }{\fld
rslt
12
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Admittedly, the title is a rudimentary and nondescript one. However, the term \u
8220\'3fcomprehensive law movement\u8221\'3f appears at least twenty times in re
cent literature, as follows: Carwina Weng,
}
9fe2afe6&refType=LR&fi=co_pp_sp_106706_381&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs
=cblt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Default)#co_pp_sp_106706_38
1" }{\fldrslt
Multicultural Lawyering: Teaching Psychology to Develop Cultural Self-Awareness,
11 Clinical L. Rev. 369, 381-82 (2005)
; Marjorie A. Silver,
}
6" }{\fldrslt
Commitment and Responsibility: Modeling and Teaching Professionalism Pervasively
, 14 Widener L.J. 329, 346 n.39 (2005)

; Ilhyung Lee,
}
e2afe6&refType=LR&fi=co_pp_sp_1494_419&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cbl
t1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Default)#co_pp_sp_1494_419" }{\
fldrslt
In Re Culture: The Cross-Cultural Negotiations Course in the Law School Curricul
um, 20 Ohio St. J. on Disp. Resol. 375, 419 n.209 (2005)
; David B. Wexler,
}
fldrslt
Therapeutic Jurisprudence, 20 Touro L. Rev. 353, 353 (2004)
; Pauline H. Tesler,
}
3" }{\fldrslt
Collaborative Family Law, 4 Pepp. Disp. Resol. L.J. 317, 333 (2004)
; Carolyn Copps Hartley & Carrie J. Petrucci,
}
5" }{\fldrslt
Practicing Culturally Competent Therapeutic Jurisprudence: A Collaboration Betwe
en Social Work and Law, 14 Wash. U. J.L. & Pol\rquote y 133. 135 (2004)
; Leonard L. Riskin,
}
e2afe6&refType=LR&fi=co_pp_sp_3196_82&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt
1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Default)#co_pp_sp_3196_82" }{\fl
drslt
Mindfulness: Foundational Training for Dispute Resolution, 54 J. Legal Educ. 79,
82 n.22 (2004)
; Marjorie A. Silver,
}
fldrslt
Lawyering and Its Discontents: Reclaiming Meaning in the Practice of Law, 19 Tou
ro L. Rev. 773, 773 (2004)
; James Coben & Penelope Harley,
}
0" }{\fldrslt
Intentional Conversations About Restorative Justice, Mediation and the Practice
of Law, 25 Hamline J. Pub. L. & Pol\rquote y 235, 260 (2003-04)
; James L. Nolan, Jr.,
}
e2afe6&refType=LR&fi=co_pp_sp_1086_1546&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cb
lt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Default)#co_pp_sp_1086_1546" }
{\fldrslt
Redefining Criminal Courts: Problem-Solving and the Meaning of Justice, 40 Am. C
rim. L. Rev. 1541, 1546 (2003)
; Ann E. Freedman,
}
9fe2afe6&refType=LR&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType
=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Default)" }{\fldrslt
Fact-Finding in Civil Domestic Violence Cases: Secondary Traumatic Stress and th
e Need for Compassionate Witnesses, 11 Am. U. J. Gender Soc. Pol\rquote y & L. 5
67, 655 (2003)
; Leonard L. Riskin, The
}
}{\fldrslt
Contemplative Lawyer: On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation t
o Law Students, Lawyers, and Their Clients, 7 Harv. Negot. L. Rev. 1, 21 (2002)
[hereinafter Riskin, The Contemplative Lawyer]; Douglas A. Codiga,

}
3" }{\fldrslt
Reflections on the Potential Growth of Mindfulness Meditation in the Law, 7 Harv
. Negot. L. Rev. 109, 123 (2002)
; David B. Wexler,
}
3" }{\fldrslt
Lowering the Volume Through Legal Doctrine: A Promising Path for Therapeutic Jur
isprudence Scholarship, 3 Fla. Coastal L.J. 123, 123 (2002)
; David B. Wexler,
}
6" }{\fldrslt
Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Legal Education: Where Do We Go From Here?, 71 Rev
. Jur. U.P.R. 177, 186-187 (2002)
; Steven Keeva, Once More, With Healing: Ex-Law Dean Heads Center Dedicated to A
lternative Approaches to Practice, A.B.A. J., May 2004, at 74, 75; Ellen Ostrow,
The Lawyer\rquote s Life: Clear The Obstacles to a Balanced Life, Trial, July 2
003, at 27, 30 (2003); J. Kim Wright & Dolly M. Garlo,
}
e2afe6&refType=LR&fi=co_pp_sp_3091_9&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1
.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.Default)#co_pp_sp_3091_9" }{\fldr
slt
Law As a Healing Profession, 63 Or. St. B. Bull. 9, 9-10 (2003)
; Jean Hellwege, \u8220\'3fComprehensive Law\u8221\'3f Makes the Case for a Kind
er, Gentler Law Practice, Trial, Apr. 2003, at 12, 12-13; Carole L. Mostow, Holi
stic Lawyers Hope to Transform Conflict Resolution, 12 No. 1 Prof. Law. 24, 26 (
2000).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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13
\par
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{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
This term is attributed to Pauline H. Tesler, collaborative law co-founder and S
an Francisco attorney.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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14
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Hellwege, supra note 12, at 834.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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15
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Daicoff, Afterword, supra note 1; see also J. Kim Wright & Dolly M. Garlo,
}
Law As A Healing Profession: New Trends Are Expanding Choices In Law Practice, 6
3 Or. St. B. Bull. 9 (2003)
.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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16
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Susan Daicoff,
}
Lawyer, Know Thyself: A Review of Empirical Research on Attorney Attributes Bear
ing on Professionalism, 46 Am. U. L. Rev. 1337 (1997)
(describing and documenting this \u8220\'3ftripartite crisis\u8221\'3f) [herein
after Daicoff, Review].
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F17310072290_ID0EX1" }{\fld
rslt
17
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Daicoff, Afterword, supra note 1, at 471.
\par
}
}
}
}
}

\intbl
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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rslt
18
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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19
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Personal communication with Bruce J. Winick, in Redondo Beach, Cal. (Mar. 1997).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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20
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Daicoff, Afterword, supra note 1, at 471.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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21
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Kerper, supra note 3, at 369.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F22310072290_ID0EK4" }{\fld
rslt
22
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Russell Korobkin & Chris Guthrie,
}
fldrslt
Psychology, Economics, and Settlement: A New Look at the Role of the Lawyer, 76
Tex. L. Rev. 77, 112 n.119 (1997)
.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F23310072290_ID0EB5" }{\fld
rslt
23
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Carol Gilligan, In A Different Voice 17-21 (1982). The ethic of care typically e
mphasizes interpersonal concerns and is believed to be characteristic of women.
See id. at 22. Unsatisfied with the appropriateness of Lawrence Kohlberg\rquote
s theory of moral development to women, Gilligan and others performed research t
hat found that women more often make decisions out of an \u8220\'3fethic of care
\u8221\'3f while men more often decide on the basis of a \u8220\'3frights\u8221\
'3f orientation. See id. at 18-22; see also Carol Gilligan, Moral Orientation an
d Moral Development, in Women and Moral Theory 19, 22 (E. F. Kittay & Diana T. M
eyers eds., 1987); Judith White & Chris Manolis, Individual Differences in Ethic
al Reasoning Among Law Students, 25 Soc. Behav. & Personality 19, 33 (1997) (bri
efly describing the history of the debate between Kohlberg and Gilligan).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
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24
\par
}
}
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Sandra Janoff, The
}
fldrslt
Influences of Legal Education on Moral Reasoning, 76 Minn. L. Rev. 193, 219-22 (
1991)
.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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rslt
25
\par
}
}
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
dType=Y&serNum=0101299139&originatingDoc=I1be024a15a1c11dbbe1cf2d29fe2afe6&refTy
pe=LR&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&
contextData=(sc.Default)" }{\fldrslt
Id. at 194.
\par
}
}
}
}\f2 \li0 \b0 \qj \fs18 \ri0 \cf1 \i0 \intbl \cell \row }
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F26310072290_ID0EP5" }{\fld
rslt
26
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 227.
\par
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F27310072290_ID0EV6" }{\fld
rslt
27
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Lawrence S. Krieger, Psychological Insights: Why Our Students and Graduates Suff
er, and What We Might Do About It, 1 J. Ass\rquote n Legal Writing Dirs. 259, 26
0-61 (2002); and Lawrence S. Krieger,
}
fldrslt
Institutional Denial About the Dark Side of Law School, and Fresh Empirical Guid
ance for Constructively Breaking the Silence, 52 J. Legal Educ. 112, 122-23 (200
2)
.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F28310072290_ID0ECC" }{\fld
rslt
28
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
This focus echoes the overall values embedded in the paradigm shifts and jurispr
udential precursors to the movement such as connectedness, interpersonal harmony
, and human wellbeing. See infra Part IV.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F29310072290_ID0EZC" }{\fld
rslt
29
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

See Richard Sheehy & John J. Horan, Effects of Stress Inoculation Training for F
irst-Year Law Students, 11 Int\rquote l J. Stress Mgmt. 41-55 (2004).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F30310072290_ID0EKD" }{\fld
rslt
30
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Examples of these vectors include preventive law, creative problem solving, coll
aborative law, restorative justice, and holistic justice. See supra notes 3-11 a
nd accompanying text.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F31310072290_ID0END" }{\fld
rslt
31
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Examples of such vectors include therapeutic jurisprudence, transformative media
tion, and drug treatment courts. See supra notes 7, 10-11 and accompanying text.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F32310072290_ID0ESD" }{\fld
rslt
32
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Restorative justice is an example. See supra note 9 and accompanying text.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F33310072290_ID0EXD" }{\fld
rslt
33
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See, e.g., Tesler, supra note 2, at 7-76.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F34310072290_ID0E2D" }{\fld
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34
\par
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}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See, e.g., Daicoff, Afterword, supra note 1, at 491, reviewed in Richard Halpert
, The Heart of the Problem: Dealing with Clients\rquote Emotional As Well As Le
gal Needs Can Be Very Healing, A.B.A .J., May 2001, at 79.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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35
\par
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}
{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Daicoff, Know Thyself, supra note 1, at 188.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
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36
\par
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 179-81.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F37310072290_ID0EXE" }{\fld
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37
\par
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}
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 182-83.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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38
\par
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}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Definition attributed to Dean Emeritus David Link, formerly of Notre Dame Law Sc
hool, now president of the International Centre for Healing and the Law, formed
under the auspices of the Fetzer Institute. Trustees, The International Centre f
or Healing and the Law, http:// www.healingandthelaw.org/Centre_Trustees.html#LI
NK (last visited Oct. 7, 2005).
\par
}
}
}
}
}

\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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39
\par
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}
{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Daicoff, Afterword, supra note 1, at 470-71.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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40
\par
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}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
This term was coined by Pauline Tesler, one of the co-founders of the collaborat
ive law movement, and a collaborative divorce lawyer in the San Francisco area.
Interview with Pauline H. Tesler, Esq., of Tesler, Sandmann, and Fishman, in Dub
lin, Ireland (July 8, 1999).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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41
\par
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{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Most lawyers are likely to be finely attuned to the economics of a case. See Kor
obkin & Guthrie, supra note 22, at 137 (empirical study finding that lawyers eva
luated settlement options solely on the basis of economic return, while non-lawy
ers were swayed by non-economic concerns such as fault, remorse, and the price o
f the wrongdoing driver\rquote s car).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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\par
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}
{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
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{\li0 \ri0
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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\par
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}
{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
David B. Wexler & Bruce J. Winick,
}
fldrslt
Patients, Professionals, and the Path of Therapeutic Jurisprudence: A Response t
o Petrila, 10 N.Y.L. Sch. J. Hum. Rts. 907, 909-10 (1993)
, reprinted in Wexler & Winick, supra note 7 (describing TJ as a \u8220\'3flens\
u8221\'3f).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F44310072290_ID0EHM" }{\fld
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44
\par
}
}
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Wexler & Winick, supra note 7, at xvii (quoting Christopher Slobogin,
}
Therapeutic Jurisprudence: Five Dilemmas to Ponder, 1 Psychol. Pub. Pol\rquote y
. & L. 193 (1995)
, reprinted in Wexler & Winick, supra note 7, at 763).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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45
\par
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at xvii.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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46
\par
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}
{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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47
\par
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}
{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at xix.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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48
\par
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}
{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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49
\par
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}
{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

Id. at vii-ix, xvii, xix.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
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50
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Barbara A. Babb, An
}
Interdisciplinary Approach to Family Law Jurisprudence: Application of an Ecolog
ical and Therapeutic Perspective, 72 Ind. L.J. 775 (1997)
(proposing an interdisciplinary approach to resolving family law issues).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F51310072290_ID0ECO" }{\fld
rslt
51
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Amiram Elwork & G. Andrew H. Benjamin, Lawyers in Distress, 23 J. Psychiatry & L
. 205 (1995).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F52310072290_ID0EFP" }{\fld
rslt
52
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See
}
dType=Y&serNum=1972105441&pubNum=345&originatingDoc=I1be024a15a1c11dbbe1cf2d29fe
2afe6&refType=RP&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=Do
cumentItem&contextData=(sc.Default)" }{\fldrslt
Wyatt v. Stickney, 344 F. Supp. 373 (M.D. Ala. 1972)
.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F53310072290_ID0EER" }{\fld
rslt
53
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
This hypothetical is a composite drawn from experiences of the author in her cap
acity as a former mental health therapist in a substance abuse treatment center
and the \u8220\'3fMr. A\u8221\'3f case study. See Robert D. Miller et al., Litig
iousness as a Resistance to Therapy, in David Wexler, Therapeutic Jurisprudence:
The Law as a Therapeutic Agent 332-35 (1990).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F54310072290_ID0ETR" }{\fld
rslt
54
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Rose Daly-Rooney,
}
Designing Reasonable Accommodations Through Co-Worker Participation: Therapeutic
Jurisprudence and the Confidentiality Provision of the Americans with Disabilit
ies Act, 8 J.L. & Health 89 (1994)
.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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rslt
55
\par
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 91.
\par
}
}
}
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rslt
56
\par
}
}
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 99.
\par
}
}
}
\intbl
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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57
\par
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{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Kay Kavanagh, Don\rquote t Ask, Don\rquote t Tell: Deception Required, Disclosur
e Denied,
}
1 Psychol. Pub. Pol\rquote y & L. 142 (1995)
, reprinted in Wexler & Winick, supra note 7, at 343.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
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\par
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 145.
\par
}
}
}
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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59
\par
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 146.
\par
}
}
}
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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60
\par
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{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Wexler & Winick, supra note 7, at 347-48.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F61310072290_ID0ERT" }{\fld
rslt
61
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 346-50.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F62310072290_ID0EIU" }{\fld
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62
\par
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{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Kavanagh, supra note 57, at 150-52.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F63310072290_ID0EQU" }{\fld
rslt
63
\par
}
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{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Wexler & Winick, supra note 7, at 343.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F64310072290_ID0EUU" }{\fld
rslt
64
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F65310072290_ID0EMV" }{\fld
rslt
65
\par
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{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Bruce J. Winick, The Expanding Scope of Preventive Law, 3 Fla. Coastal Sch. L.J.
189, 195 n.15 (2002).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F66310072290_ID0E2W" }{\fld
rslt
66
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Kate Paradine, The Importance of Understanding Love and Other Feelings in Surviv
ors\rquote Experience of Domestic Violence, 37 Ct. Rev. 40, 44 (Spring 2000).
\par
}
}
}
}
}

\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F67310072290_ID0ECX" }{\fld
rslt
67
\par
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{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 45-47.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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\par
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{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See, e.g., Bruce J. Winick,
}
4" }{\fldrslt
Using Therapeutic Jurisprudence in Teaching Lawyering Skills: Meeting the Challe
nge of the New ABA Standards, 17 St. Thomas L. Rev. 429, 444-47 (2005)
(describing a protracted divorce proceeding that produced permanent emotional s
cars which may have been avoided with therapeutic justice techniques).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F69310072290_ID0E1X" }{\fld
rslt
69
\par
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{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Edward A. Dauer et al., Transformative Power: Medical Malpractice Mediations May
Help Improve Patient Safety, ABA Disp. Resol., Spring 1999, at 9 (reviewing suc
cessful pilot malpractice mediation programs in Massachusetts and Toronto). One
wonders if perhaps the doctors\rquote confidence is shaken, and they become mor
e prone to either mistakes or lawsuits as a result of the initial filing.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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rslt
70
\par
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{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See, e.g., Winick, supra note 65, at 192-94 (describing how settlement helps pre
serve relationships in heated divorce litigation).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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\par
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{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Jonathan R. Harkavy,
}
fldrslt
Privatizing Workplace Justice: The Advent of Mediation in Resolving Sexual Haras
sment Disputes, 34 Wake Forest L. Rev. 135, 161-64 (1999)
.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
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rslt
72
\par
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{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F73310072290_ID0ELZ" }{\fld
rslt
73
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F74310072290_ID0EA1" }{\fld
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74
\par
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{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See infra Part II.B.4.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
rslt
75
\par
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}
{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

Hardaway, supra note 5, at xxxvii.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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76
\par
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{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at xxv.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F77310072290_ID0EH2" }{\fld
rslt
77
\par
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}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
The first volume of the Preventive Law Reporter was published in July 1982 (Butt
erworth Legal Publishers) by the National Center for Preventive Law, University
of Denver College of Law.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F78310072290_ID0EZ2" }{\fld
rslt
78
\par
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{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Winick, supra note 65, at 189.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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rslt
79
\par
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}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F80310072290_ID0ED3" }{\fld
rslt
80
\par
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}
{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F81310072290_ID0EU3" }{\fld
rslt
81
\par
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}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id. at 193-94.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F82310072290_ID0EZ3" }{\fld
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82
\par
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}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Winick, supra note 65, at 193-94.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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rslt
83
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Daicoff, Afterword, supra note 1, at 34-35.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F84310072290_ID0EK6" }{\fld
rslt
84
\par
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}
{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Dennis P. Stolle et al.,
}
drslt
Integrating Preventive Law and Therapeutic Jurisprudence, 34 Cal. W. L. Rev. 15,
19 (1997)
.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F85310072290_ID0ES6" }{\fld
rslt
85
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F86310072290_ID0ETA" }{\fld
rslt
86
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Tyler, supra note 8, at 12.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F87310072290_ID0EYA" }{\fld
rslt
87
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 9-12.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F88310072290_ID0E4A" }{\fld
rslt
88
\par
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 10-11.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F89310072290_ID0ECB" }{\fld
rslt
89
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 12.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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90
\par
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
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{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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rslt
91
\par
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{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Daicoff, Know Thyself, supra note 1, at 179-80.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F92310072290_ID0EDE" }{\fld
rslt
92
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

See David Wexler, Inducing Therapeutic Compliance Through the Criminal Law, 14 L
. & Psychol. Rev. 43 (1990); David Wexler,
}
fldrslt
Therapeutic Jurisprudence and the Criminal Courts, 35 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 279, 29
2-93, 295-99 (1993)
.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F93310072290_ID0EIE" }{\fld
rslt
93
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See
}
Wexler, 35 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 279,
supra note 92, at 295-99.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F94310072290_ID0EJH" }{\fld
rslt
94
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See California Western School of Law, Center for Creative Problem Solving, http:
//cwsl.edu/main/default.asp?nav=creative_problem_ solving.asp&body=creative_prob
lem_solving/home.asp (last visited Oct. 7, 2005). CPS is associated with the McG
ill Center for Creative Problem Solving at California Western School of Law, whi
ch sponsors a number of law school courses on CPS, national and international pr
ojects, and periodic convergences. See id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F95310072290_ID0E6H" }{\fld
rslt
95
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F96310072290_ID0ERI" }{\fld
rslt
96
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Linda Morton,
}
fldrslt
Teaching Creative Problem Solving: A Paradigmatic Approach, 34 Cal. W. L. Rev. 3
75, 386-87 (1998)
.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F97310072290_ID0ECM" }{\fld
rslt
97
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F98310072290_ID0ERM" }{\fld
rslt
98
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Kerper, supra note 3.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F99310072290_ID0EUM" }{\fld
rslt
99
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 365.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\*\bkmkstart co_footnote_F100310072290_1}{\*\bkmkend co_footnote_F100310072290_
1}
rslt
100
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 361.
\par
}
}
}
}
}

\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F101310072290_ID0EK" }{\fld
rslt
101
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 365-70.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F102310072290_ID0EV" }{\fld
rslt
102
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F103310072290_ID0EZ" }{\fld
rslt
103
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Kerper, supra note 3, at 361.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F104310072290_ID0EM" }{\fld
rslt
104
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 365-70.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F105310072290_ID0ER" }{\fld
rslt
105
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F106310072290_ID0EY" }{\fld
rslt
106
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F107310072290_ID0ET" }{\fld
rslt
107
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See What Is Holistic Law?, International Alliance of Holistic Lawyers, http://ww
w.iahl.org/what_is.html (last visited Oct. 8, 2005).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
108
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F109310072290_ID0EL" }{\fld
rslt
109
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
110
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F111310072290_ID0EX" }{\fld
rslt
111
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Steven Keeva, What Clients Want: People Who Come to Arnie Herz Seeking Legal Hel
p Leave With Some Unexpected Solutions,A.B.A. J., June 2001, at 48.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F112310072290_ID0ED" }{\fld
rslt
112
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Daicoff, Resolution, supra note 1, at 45-46.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
113
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Daicoff, Afterword, supra note 1, at 486-89.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F114310072290_ID0EB" }{\fld
rslt
114
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
115
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Tesler, supra note 2; see also Pauline H. Tesler & Peter B. Sandmann, Ten Questi
ons for Clients Weighing Litigation v. Collaborative Law, 21 Alternatives High C
ost Litig. 11 (2003);
}
Pauline H. Tesler, Collaborative Law: Achieving Effective Resolution in Divorce
Without Litigation, 40 Fam. Ct. Rev. 403 (2002)
; Pauline H. Tesler, The Basic Elements of Collaborative Law, 21 Alternatives Hi
gh Cost Litig. 9 (2003); Pauline H. Tesler, Collaborative Law: A New Paradigm fo
r Divorce Lawyers, 5 Psychol. Pub. Pol\rquote y & Law 967 (1999) [hereinafter Te
sler, A New Paradigm]; Pauline H. Tesler, Collaborative Law: What It Is and Why
Family Law Attorneys Need to Know About It, 13 Am. J. Fam. L. 215 (1999); Paulin
e H. Tesler, Collaborative Law: A New Approach to Family Law ADR, 2 Conflict Mgm
t. 12 (1996); Pauline H. Tesler, Collaborative Law Neutrals Produce Better Resol
utions, 21 Alternatives High Cost Litig. 1 (2003); Pauline H. Tesler, Client Rel
ations: Tips from a Collaborative Practitioner, 21 Alternatives High Cost Litig.
13 (2003).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
116
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Tesler, A New Paradigm, supra note 115, at 967-79. Minnesota attorney Stuart Web
b is generally thought of as its founder; he conceived of it in 1989 when he was
seeking an alternative way to practice family law. His book is forthcoming: Stu
art G. Webb & Ronald D. Ousky, The Smart Divorce (Hudson Street Press, in press)
.
\par
}
}
}
}
}

\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F117310072290_ID0EP" }{\fld
rslt
117
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 970-71.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
118
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 990-91.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
119
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 995-98.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
120
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
121
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Tesler, A New Paradigm, supra note 115, at 967.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F122310072290_ID0EQ" }{\fld
rslt
122
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F123310072290_ID0EJ" }{\fld
rslt
123
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
124
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
125
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F126310072290_ID0EG" }{\fld
rslt
126
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Tesler, A New Paradigm, supra note 115, at 998-1000.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
127
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
128
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
129
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F130310072290_ID0EE" }{\fld
rslt
130
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
131
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Tesler, A New Paradigm, supra note 115, at 998-1000.
\par
}
}
}
}
}

\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
132
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F133310072290_ID0EH" }{\fld
rslt
133
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
134
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
135
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F136310072290_ID0EC" }{\fld
rslt
136
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Tesler, A New Paradigm, supra note 115, at 998-1000.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
137
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F138310072290_ID0EW" }{\fld
rslt
138
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
139
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 997.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
140
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See, e.g., Collaborative Family Lawyers of South Florida, Inc., http://www.colla
borativefamilylawfl.com/index.html (last visited Oct. 8, 2005); Collaborative Pr
actice San Francisco, http://www.collaborativelawsf.com/ (last visited Oct. 8, 2
005).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}

rslt
141
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Tesler, supra note 2.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
142
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Robert Baruch Bush & Joseph Folger, The Promise of Mediation: Responding to
Conflict Through Empowerment and Recognition (1994) [hereinafter Bush & Folger,
Responding].
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F143310072290_ID0EA" }{\fld
rslt
143
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 191-209.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F144310072290_ID0EF" }{\fld
rslt
144
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 89-94.
\par
}
}
}
}
}

\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
145
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F146310072290_ID0EO" }{\fld
rslt
146
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
147
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Bush & Folger, Responding, supra note 142, at 89-94.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F148310072290_ID0EI" }{\fld
rslt
148
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 96.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F149310072290_ID0EN" }{\fld
rslt
149
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 92.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
150
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 81-84, 87.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
151
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Robert A. Baruch Bush & Sally Ganong Pope,
}
}{\fldrslt
Changing the Quality of Conflict Interaction: The Principles and Practice of Tra
nsformative Mediation, 3 Pepp. Disp. Resol. L.J. 67, 72 (2002)
.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
152
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F153310072290_ID0ES" }{\fld
rslt
153
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 82-83.
\par
}
}
}
}
}

\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
154
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Bush & Folger, Responding, supra note 142, at 5-11.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
155
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
156
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Center for Restorative Justice & Peacemaking, http:// ssw.che.umn.edu/rjp/ (
last visited Oct. 8, 2005).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
157
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

Randal B. Fritzler & Leonore M.J. Simon, Creating a Domestic Violence Court: Com
bat in the Trenches, 37 Ct. Rev. 28, 35-36 (2000) (discussing the creation of sp
ecialized domestic violence courts employing a therapeutic or restorative approa
ch).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
158
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Barbara Stahura, Trail \u8216\'3fEm, Nail \u8216\'3fEm, and Jail \u8216\'3fEm: R
estorative Justice, Spirituality & Health, Spring 2001, at 43.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
159
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Scheff, supra note 11, at 97.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
160
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Bruce J. Winick,
}
{\fldrslt
Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Problem Solving Courts, 30 Fordham Urb. L.J. 1055,
1060 (2003)
.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
161
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
162
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
David Rottman & Pamela Casey, Therapeutic Jurisprudence and the Emergence of Pro
blem-Solving Courts, Nat\rquote l Inst. Just. J., July 1999, at 12, 14 (citing R
oger K. Warren, Reengineering the Court Process, Presentation to Great Lakes Cou
rt Summit, Madison, WI (Sept. 24-25, 1998)), available at http://www.cjtoday.com

/pdf/nijjuly99.pdf.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
163
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Alex Segura, Jr., Alumni\rquote s Return Shows Success of Drug Court, S. Fla. Su
n-Sentinel, Aug. 9, 2001, at 10B (noting that the Fort Lauderdale, Florida court
was the third in the nation, established in 1991, after those in Miami and Las
Vegas). In 2001, it was estimated that there were 660 drug courts \u8220\'3fin 4
8 states, as well as the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, a number of Na
tive American Tribal Courts, and one federal district court, according to the Dr
ug Courts Program Office of the U.S. Department of Justice.\u8221\'3f Jan Pudlow
, Palm Beach County Opens Its Drug Court, Fla. Bar News, Apr. 15, 2001, at 14 (n
oting that Miami-Dade County\rquote s drug court opened in 1989 and reporting a
seventy percent success rate).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}

rslt
164
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
William G. Schma, Alternatives for the Common Good, A.B.A. J., June 1999, at 103
, 103. According to statistics from the National Center on Addiction and Substan
ce Abuse at Columbia University, alcohol and drugs are implicated in eighty perc
ent of incarcerations. Id. On one criminal docket in Judge Schma\rquote s court,
twenty-four out of twenty-seven felony defendants had a history of addiction to
alcohol or drugs or mental illness or both. Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
165
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
David Stevens Hobler, Drug Treatment Court: The Making of Judicial Capital, Nati
onal Center for Preventive Law (2001), http:// www.preventivelawyer.org/main/def
ault.asp?pid=essays/hobler.htm.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
166
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Nat\rquote l Drug Court Inst., Nat\rquote l Assn. of Drug Court Professionals, E
thical Considerations for Judges and Attorneys in Drug Court 1 (2001), available
at www.ndci.org/publications/ethicalconsiderations.pdf.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
167
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Hobler, supra note 165.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
168
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Deborah J. Chase & Peggy Fulton Hora, The Implications of Therapeutic Jurisprude
nce for Judicial Satisfaction, 37 Ct. Rev. 12, 12 (2000).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
169
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Hobler, supra note 165.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
170
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
171
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
172
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
173
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Pudlow, supra note 163, at 14. Of the 100,000 drug dependent criminal offenders
who entered Miami-Dade County drug court, seventy percent were either still enro
lled or had graduated. Id. This rate was \u8220\'3fmore than double the rate of
traditional treatment programs retention rates.\u8221\'3f Id. (citing statistics
from the Drug Courts Program Office of the U.S. Department of Justice).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
174
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Chase & Hora, supra note 168, at 12 (reporting the results of an empirical study
on the positive effects on judges of judging in problem solving courts).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
175
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Evelyn Lundberg Stratton, Solutions for the Mentally Ill in the Criminal Justice
System: A Symposium
}
Introduction (National Symposium on Mental Illness and the Criminal Justice Syst
em), 32 Cap. U. L. Rev. 901 (2004)
. This entire symposium issue is devoted to articles on mental health courts.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
176
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Michael A. Town, The Unified Family Court: Preventive, Therapeutic, and Restorat
ive Justice for America\rquote s Families, National Center for Preventive Law (2
002), available at http://www.preventivelawyer.org/main/default.asp? pid=essays/
town.htm.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
177
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Fritzler & Simon, supra note 157.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
178
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Betsy Tsai, The
}
Trend Toward Specialized Domestic Violence Courts: Improvements on an Effective
Innovation, 68 Fordham L. Rev. 1285 (2000)
(discussing the failures of the traditional legal response to domestic violence
, along with three actual models of domestic violence court programs in the Unit
ed States).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
179
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
180
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Schma, supra note 164, at 103.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnoteReference_F181310072290_ID0EU" }{\fld
rslt
181
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

See Daicoff, Afterword, supra note 1, at 468-69.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
182
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
183
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id. This particular shift, however, appears to have reversed as a result of
the events of September 11, 2001.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
184
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
185
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See generally Anne Wilson Schaef, When Society Becomes An Addict 5-18 (1987) (co
ntroversially describing the rights-based philosophy as the \u8220\'3fWhite Male
System\u8221\'3f; noting that it is the same as the Addictive System, using the
addictions model of human behavior); Anne Wilson Schaef & Diane Fassel, The Add
ictive Organization 33-46 (1990) (tracking this paradigm shift through the work
of (among many others) Thomas Kuhn in 1970, Marilyn Ferguson in 1980, Morris Ber
man in 1984, and Carol Gilligan in 1979).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
186
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Amy Hilsman Kastley et al., Contracting Law (2000).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
187
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Review Essay,
}
What\rquote s Gender Got to Do With It?: The Politics and Morality of an Ethic o
f Care, 22 N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Soc. Change 265 (1996)
.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
188
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Schaef & Fassel, supra note 185.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
189
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Schaef, supra note 185, at 8-9 (quoting Morris Berman\rquote s insight that this
shift is towards \u8220\'3fparticipatory consciousness\u8221\'3f).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
190
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
191
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Thomas D. Barton,
}
fldrslt
Troublesome Connections: The Law and Post-Enlightenment Culture, 47 Emory L.J. 1
63, 163-64 (1998)
[hereinafter Barton, Troublesome Connections].
\par
}
}
}
}
}

\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
192
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 163-64 (1998)
. Barton explains that Enlightenment values are associated with the Enlightenmen
t period, which has predominated for the past three hundred years or so, and wit
h eighteenth century writers such as Voltaire, Kant, Montesquieu, and Bentham.
}
Id. at 166.
Interestingly, the period before the Enlightenment is typically thought of as t
he Renaissance, which is associated with humanism and humanistic values (the pen
dulum swings, yet again!). And, interestingly, a group of lawyers associated wit
h one of the vectors of the comprehensive law movement, holistic justice, has fo
rmed a lawyer group, website, and support mechanism named Renaissance Lawyer. Se
e Renaissance Lawyer Society, http://www.renaissancelawyer.com (last visited Oct
. 8, 2005).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
193
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Barton, Troublesome Connections, supra note 191, at 164.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
194
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 196.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
195
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
196
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 183.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
197
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 214-15.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
198
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

Barton, Troublesome Connections, supra note 191, at 214-15.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
199
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 219-20.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
200
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
David M. Hunsaker, Law, Humanism and Communication: Suggestions for Limited Curr
icular Reform, 30 J. Legal Educ. 417, 419 (1980) (describing the relationship be
tween legal realism, legal positivism, and Langdell\rquote s case method approac
h to legal education). Originally, natural law predominated, with its idea that
laws were simply reflections of preexisting, divine laws that existed independen
t of man. Then, legal positivism emerged, with its idea that laws were simply bl
ack and white rules that conformed to rules of logic and analysis; if one could
find the proper rule or exception and precedent, one could generate the proper r
ule of law to fit any particular legal problem. Cases were viewed as \u8220\'3ft
he embodiment of legal principles.\u8221\'3f See id. In contrast, realism sugges
ted that judges and juries decided legal cases based on their moods, their biase
s, their predilections, and a million other unspoken criteria. Cases were viewed
as \u8220\'3fin fact the rationalizations for values choices made by judges.\u8
221\'3f See id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
201
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Michael P. Ambrosio, Legal Realism, N.J. Law, Oct. 2000, at 30, 36-37. Examp
les of the \u8220\'3flaw and\u8221\'3f movement include law and economics, law a
nd literature, law and psychology, law and sociology, and law and socioeconomics
. See id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
202
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
203
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Ralph Reisner et al., Law and the Mental Health System 589-91 (3d ed. 1999). For
example, a more \u8220\'3ffeminine\u8221\'3f approach to establishing criminal
culpability for someone who is mentally disordered is taken by Lady Wooton. Id.
There, she argues for bifurcating guilt and sentencing and then explains that th
e distinction between hospitalization and incarceration becomes unnecessary. Her
idea is that the offender simply serves a custodial sentence, with the line bet
ween prisons and mental health treatment being blurred. Id. (quoting
}
{\fldrslt
Barbara Wooton, Book Review of A. Goldstein, The Insanity Defense, 77 Yale L.J.
1019, 1028-32 (1968)
).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
204
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Mark I. Satin,
}
fldrslt
Law and Psychology: A Movement Whose Time Has Come, 1994 Ann. Surv. Am. L. 581,
581-82
.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
205
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 616-18.
\par
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
206
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Daicoff, Review, supra note 16, at 1344-45.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
207
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 1344, nn.15-17, 1345 nn.18-21.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
208
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 1345-46.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
209
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Susan Daicoff,
}
Asking Leopards to Change Their Spots: Should Lawyers Change? A Critique of Solu
tions to Professionalism by Reference to Empirically-Derived Attributes, 11 Geo.
J. Legal Ethics 547 (1998)
; Daicoff, Know Thyself, supra note 1, at 99-109.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
210
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Daicoff, Know Thyself, supra note 1, at 5-6.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
211
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
212
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id. at 8-12.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
213
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

See, e.g., Menkel-Meadow, supra note 187 (reviewing Joan C. Tronto\rquote s book
on the ethic of care).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
214
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Robert M. Bastress, Client Centered Counseling and Moral Accountability for Lawy
ers, 10 J. Legal Prof. 97, 97-99 (1985).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
215
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id.; Menkel-Meadow, supra note 187, 279-84.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
216
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Marc W. Patry, David B. Wexler, Dennis P. Stolle, & Alan J. Tomkins,
}
fldrslt
Better Legal Counseling Through Empirical Research: Identifying Psycholegal Soft
Spots and Strategies, 34 Cal. W. L. Rev. 439, 440-41 (1998)
(suggesting a strong possibility for therapeutic jurisprudence to incorporate a
n ethic of care in preventive law).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
217
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See John Lawrence Hill,
}
Law and the Concept of the Core Self: Toward a Reconciliation of Naturalism and
Humanism, 80 Marq. L. Rev. 289, 366 (1997)
.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
218
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Behaviorism, in Columbia Encyclopedia 4841 (6th ed. 2004).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
219
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Hill, supra note 191, at 292.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
220
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Bruce A. Kimball, The
}
7" }{\fldrslt
Langdell Problem: Historicizing the Century of Historiography, 1906-2000s, 22 La
w & Hist. Rev. 277, 277 (2004)
.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
221
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See infra Part IV.E.1.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
222
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Hunsaker, supra note 200, at 421 (citing Dean Griswold, 37 Chi. Bus. Rec. 199, 2
03 (1956), cited in Howard Sacks, Human Relations Training for Law Students and
Lawyers, 11 J. Legal Educ. 316, 317 (1959)).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
223
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
224
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Robert S. Redmount, Humanistic Law Through Legal Education, 1 Conn. L. Rev. 201,
210 [hereinafter Redmount I] (1968) (emphasizing the value of human experience
in law, which is pragmatic to the individual).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
225
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 211.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
226
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See generally
}
Charles A. Reich, Toward the Humanistic Study of Law, 74 Yale L.J. 1402 (1965)
(advocating greater emphasis on social science, interdisciplinary approaches, a
nd moral and psychological knowledge in legal education); Hunsaker, supra note 2
00; Redmount I, supra note 224 (all arguing for curricular reform in law school)
.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
227
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Hunsaker, supra note 200, at 419-20 (quoting Thomas L. Shaffer & Robert S. Redmo
unt, Lawyers, Law Students and People 24 (1977)).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
228
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 419.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
229
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Andrew S. Watson, The Lawyer in the Interviewing & Counseling Process (1975).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
230
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

Elizabeth Dvorkin et al., Becoming a Lawyer: A Humanistic Perspective on Legal E
ducation and Professionalism (1981).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
231
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id.; Reich, supra note 226, at 1407. Peter D\rquote Errico, Stephen Arons, &
Janet Rifkin, Humanistic Legal Studies at the University of Massachusetts at Am
herst, 28 J. Legal Educ. 18 (1976) (predicting a sustained national interest in
humanist analysis in the law in spite of pressure for formal legal techniques);
Robert S. Redmount, Humanistic Law Through Legal Counseling, 2 Conn. L. Rev. 98
(1969-70) [hereinafter Redmount II]; Redmount I, supra note 224; Hunsaker, supra
note 200 (proposing greater emphasis on interpersonal skills, communications sk
ills, and people skills training in legal education). Other individuals associat
ed with this earlier humanism and law movement include Paul Brest (now dean of S
tanford Law School), Columbia University law professor Peter Straus, Charlie Hal
pert (former dean at CUNY-Queens), Professor Howard Lesnick, and Jack Himmelstei
n.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
232
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See, e.g., Reich, supra note 226, at 1403 (lamenting the ineffectiveness of law
school classes in reaching the social science behind legal issues).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
233
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id. at 1407.
\par
}
}
}
}
}

\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
234
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
235
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
236
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Reich, supra note 226, at 1408.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
237
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Hunsaker, supra note 200, at 420.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
238
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Email from Edward Dauer, Dean Emeritus, Denver University College of Law, to Sus
an Daicoff, Professor of Law, Florida Coastal School of Law (August 5, 2002) (on
file with author).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
239
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Warren E. Burger, The
}
slt
Decline of Professionalism, 61 Tenn. L. Rev. 1, 5 (1993)
.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
240
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. (citing Warren E. Burger, The Role of the Law School in the Teaching of Lega
l Ethics and Professional Responsibility, 29 Clev. St. L. Rev. 377, 378 (1980)).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
241
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Dvorkin et al., supra note 230.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
242
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See, e.g., Tesler, supra note 2, at 1-3 (describing the pain and damage caused b
y divorce proceedings in family court).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
243
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id. at 3-6 (describing the \u8220\'3fbetter way\u8221\'3f that may exist in
collaborative law).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
244
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See infra Part IV.A.1-3.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
245
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Lawrence S. Krieger is a clinical law professor and Director of Clinical Externs
hip Programs at Florida State University College of Law in Tallahassee, Florida.
See Lawrence S. Krieger, http:// www.law.fsu.edu/faculty/lkrieger.html (last vi
sited Oct. 8, 2005).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
246
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See, e.g., The Humanizing Legal Education List Serve, http:// www.law.fsu.edu/ac
ademic_programs/humanizing_lawschool/listserve.html (last visited Oct. 8, 2005)
(mentioning that the list serve has 250 subscribers and \u8220\'3fprovide[s] the
opportunity for interchange concerning... [issues such as] the reputed \u8216\'
3fcrises\rquote in the profession including... dissatisfaction, depression, exc
essive work, and substance abuse\u8221\'3f).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
247
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Lawrence S. Krieger, Psychological Insights: Why Our Students and Graduates
Suffer, and What We Might Do About It, 1 J. Ass\rquote n Leg. Writing Directors
259, 262 (2002).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

1}
rslt
248
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Beck et al.,
}
slt
Lawyer Distress: Alcohol-Related Problems and Other Psychological Concerns Among
a Sample of Practicing Lawyers, 10 J.L. & Health 1, 2 (1996)
.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
249
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

See The Humanizing Legal Education List Serve, supra note 225. The group\rquote
s mission is explained on the website as follows: \u8220\'3fHumanizing legal edu
cation is an initiative shared by legal educators seeking to maximize the overal
l health, well being, and career satisfaction of law students and lawyers.\u8221
\'3f A Humanizing Dimension for Legal Education, http:// www.law.fsu.edu/academi
c_programs/humanizing_lawschool.html (last visited Feb. 5, 2006). A program rela
ted to these interests was presented at the 2001 annual Association of American
Law Schools conference in San Francisco, sponsored by the sections on Clinical L
egal Education, Law & Mental Disability, and Law & Religion. 2001 Annual Meeting
Theme, Association of American Law Schools, http://www.aals.org/am2001/theme.ht
ml (last visited Oct. 8, 2005). Several other national programs related to this
topic have been presented at various other conferences since 2001.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
250
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Lawrence S. Krieger, The Hidden Sources of Law School Stress: Avoiding the M
istakes That Create Unhappy and Unprofessional Lawyers 6, http:// www.law.fsu.ed
u/academic_programs/humanizing_lawschool/images/EP.pdf. (last visited Oct. 8, 20
05).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
251
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Riskin, The Contemplative Lawyer, supra note 12; Codiga, supra note 12; see
also Steven Keeva, Transforming Practices, Finding Joy and Satisfaction in the L
egal Life (1999).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
252
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Riskin, The Contemplative Lawyer, supra note 12, at 3.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
253
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Steven W. Keeva,
}
}{\fldrslt
Practicing From the Inside Out, 7 Harv. Negot. L. Rev. 97, 98 (2002)
[hereinafter, Keeva, From the Inside]; Codiga, supra note 12.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
254
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Calvin G. C. Pang, Eyeing the Circle: Finding a Place for Spirituality in La
w School Clinic, 35 Williamette L. Rev. 241 (1999); Charles Senger, Spirituality
in Law School, 81 Mich. Bus. J. 44 (Dec. 2002). Professor Calvin Pang, who infu
ses spirituality into his law school clinical courses, wrote at length in this a
rticle about incorporating spirituality into a clinical course and the benefits
of doing so. Professor Charles Senger teaches a law school course devoted entire
ly to law and spirituality; he presented a talk on his course at the Second Inte
rnational Conference on Therapeutic Jurisprudence, May 2001, in Cincinnati, Ohio
. In a panel on law and spirituality, Professor Pang of the University of Hawaii
Law School spoke, as well as Professor Daisy Hurst Floyd of Texas Tech (now Dea
n of Mercer University School of Law). Professor Timothy Floyd of Texas Tech (no
w of Mercer) noted the importance of concepts such as forgiveness, prayer, and p
riority-setting to lawyers seeking to incorporate their spiritual values into th
eir law practices. According to Professor Floyd, small groups of practicing lawy
ers discussing law and spirituality have sprung up around the country. Professor
Timothy Floyd of Texas Tech University School of Law, Remarks at Touro College,
Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center Symposium on Lawyering and Its Discontents: Recla
iming Meaning in the Practice of Law (Apr. 7, 2003) [hereinafter \u8220\'3fDisco
ntents\u8221\'3f ]. Practicing lawyer Arnie Herz has, on occasion, introduced a
client to nonreligious, nondenominational spiritual practices, because he though
t it would improve the client\rquote s mental state and assist the client in vis
ualizing a positive future for himself or herself after the legal dispute\rquote
s resolution. Arnie Herz, Remarks at Florida Coastal School of Law, Jacksonvill
e, Florida, (Oct. 22, 2003).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
255
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Marjorie A. Silver,
}
5" }{\fldrslt
Love, Hate, and Other Emotional Interference in the Lawyer/Client Relationship,
6 Clinical L. Rev. 259, 305-10 (1999)
[hereinafter Silver, Love, Hate]; see also Kerper, supra note 3, at 371-72 (not
ing the importance of the theories of multiple intelligences to learning to crea
tively problem solve as a lawyer).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
256
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Silver, Love, Hate, supra note 255, at 274-77.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
257
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 259 & n.6.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
258
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Interview with Leonard L. Riskin, law professor, University of Missouri-Columbia
School of Law, at \u8220\'3fDiscontents,\u8221\'3f supra note 234 (Apr. 6, 2003
).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
259
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
260
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
261
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Silver, Love, Hate, supra note 255, at 270-71.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
262
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See
}
{\fldrslt
Stephen Ellmann, Theoretics of Practice: The Integration of Progressive Thought
and Action, 43 Hastings L.J. 991, 1009 n.53 (1992)
.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
263
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See R. Hal Ritter, Jr. & Patricia A. Wilson, The Fine Art of Listening: Skilled
Listening is Critical in Establishing Productive Attorney-Client Relationships,
Mich. B.J., Jan. 2002, at 37, 8.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
264
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
265
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Marla Kahn,
}
fldrslt

Jurisprudential Countertransference, 18 Touro L. Rev. 459, 465-66 (2002)
.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
266
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
267
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Silver, Love, Hate, supra note 255, at 261-66.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
268
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Jean Koh Peters, Yale University law professor, Remarks at Symposium (Apr. 7, 20
03). \u8220\'3fDiscontents,\u8221\'3f supra note 146; see also Marjorie A. Silve
r et. al.,
}
Stress, Burnout, Vicarious Trauma, and Other Emotional Realities in the Lawyer/C
lient Relationship, 19 Touro L. Rev. 847 (2004)
(detailing a panel discussion that broadly looked at the emotional competence a
nd intelligence of lawyers and the possibilities for positive intervention in le
gal education) [hereinafter Silver, Stress, Burnout].
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
269
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Silver, Stress, Burnout, supra note 268, at 853-54.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
270
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Riskin, The Contemplative Lawyer, supra note 12, at 46-47; Codiga, supra not
e 12; Keeva, From the Inside, supra note 253.

\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
271
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Clinical psychologist Sanford Portnoy claims that over forty percent of attorney
-client communications involve the clients\rquote emotions, yet attorneys routi
nely dismiss the need to address clients\rquote emotions. For example, he says
there are more complaints against attorneys brought by divorce clients and perso
nal injury clients; probably because those clients\rquote emotions generally ru
n high, and they may displace anger onto the attorneys. Dr. Portnoy, Remarks at
Touro College Law Center Symposium (Apr. 7, 2003); \u8220\'3fDiscontents,\u8221\
'3f supra note 146. Dr. Portnoy published these ideas in his book, The Family La
wyer\rquote s Guide to Building Successful Relationships. Sanford M. Portnoy, Th
e Family Lawyer\rquote s Guide to Building Successful Relationships (2000).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
272
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Elizabeth Kubler-Ross, On Death And Dying 34-99 (1969) (discussing the five stag
es of coping in terminally ill patients).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
273
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Daniel W. Shuman, The Psychology of Compensation in Tort Law, in Wexler & Winick
, supra note 7, at 452-53.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
274
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
275
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id.
\par
}
}
}
}
}

\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
276
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Bruce Winick, University of Miami law professor, Remarks (Apr. 7, 2003). \u8220\
'3fDiscontents,\u8221\'3f supra note 131.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
277
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Daicoff, Know Thyself, supra note 1, at 8.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
278
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Elwork & Benjamin, supra note 51, for commentary. Empirical research include
s Connie J.A. Beck, Bruce D. Sales & G. Andrew H. Benjamin, Lawyer Distress: Alc
ohol Related Concerns Among a Sample of Practicing Lawyers, 10 J.L. & Health L.
5, 18, 50-58 (1995-1996) (linking lawyer distress to hostility, anger and marita
l dissatisfaction); unpublished empirical study conducted by the author in May,
2000 (linking job dissatisfaction to psychological distress) (on file with the a
uthor); G. Andrew H. Benjamin et. al., The Prevalence of Depression, Alcohol Abu
se, and Cocaine Abuse Among United States Lawyers, 13 Int\rquote l J.L. & Psychi
atry 233 (1990); and G. Andrew H. Benjamin, Bruce D. Sales & Elaine Darling, Com
prehensive Lawyer Assistance Programs: Justification and Model, 16 Law & Psychol
. Rev. 113 (1992).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
279
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Kennon M. Sheldon & Lawrence S. Krieger, Does Legal Education Have Undermini
ng Effects on Law Students? Evaluating Changes in Motivation, Values, and Well-B
eing, 22 Behav. Sci. & Law 261, 283 (2004)
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
280
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 264, 272, 278, 283.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

1}
rslt
281
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Lawrence S. Krieger,
}
Institutional Denial About the Dark Side of Law School and Fresh Empirical Guida
nce for Constructively Breaking the Silence, 52 J. Legal Educ. 112 (2002)
and Lawrence S. Krieger & Kannon M. Sheldon, Does Law School Change Law Student
s? Values, Motives, and Well-being in a First Year Class (unpublished manuscript
, 2001) (studying the emotional wellbeing of Florida State University law studen
ts and comparing it to that of advanced undergraduate students at the University
of Missouri).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
282
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0

{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Sheldon & Krieger, supra note 279, at 283. This values shift and decline in
wellbeing occurred as early as the first year of law school. Id. at 261.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
283
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Chase & Hora, supra note 168.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
284
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a counseling instrument used to categorize in
dividuals into one of sixteen \u8220\'3ftypes,\u8221\'3f based on their preferen
ces on four continua: extraversion/introversion; sensing/intuiting; thinking/fee
ling; and judging/perceiving. It was developed by Katharine Briggs and Isabel My
ers and is widely used in corporate and academic settings to help people better
understand the preferred approaches to life of themselves and others. There are
perhaps a dozen or so published studies of the Myers-Briggs \u8220\'3ftypes\u822
1\'3f preferred by lawyers and law students. See, e.g., Lawrence R. Richard,
}
Psychological Type and Job Satisfaction Among Practicing Lawyers in the United S
tates, 29 Cap. U. L. Rev. 979 (2002)
(reporting the results of perhaps the most extensive study of the Myers-Briggs
type of American lawyers); Vernellia R. Randall, The
}
drslt
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, First Year Law Studies and Performance, 26 Cumb. L.
Rev. 63, 80-81, 86-87, 91-92, 96-97 (1995-96)
; F.L. Natter, The Human Factor: Psychological Type in Legal Education, 3 Res. P
sychol. Type 55, 55-67 (1981); and Paul Van R. Miller, Personality Differences a
nd Student Survival in Law School, 19 J. Legal Educ. 460 (1967).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
285
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Daicoff, Review, supra note 16, at 1391-92.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
286
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Miller, supra note 284, at 460-67 (defining \u8220\'3fFeeling\u8221\'3f type
in 1967 study and finding that almost twice as many \u8220\'3fFeeling\u8221\'3f
types dropped out of law school as compared to \u8220\'3fThinking\u8221\'3f typ
es).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
287
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Richard, supra note 284, at 1016, 1039-40 (Thinkers are more plentiful in law; a
nd Thinking lawyers are also more satisfied with their jobs than Feeling lawyers
).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
288
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 1394.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
289
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. at 1031.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
290
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Susan J. Bell & Lawrence R. Richard, Anatomy of a Lawyer: Personality and Long-T
erm Career Satisfaction, in Full Disclosure: Do You Really Want to Be a Lawyer?
149, 152 (Susan J. Bell ed., 2d ed. 1992).

\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
291
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Id. Richard also notes that \u8220\'3f[t]he Thinking/Feeling scale... [is] the m
ost significant personality trait for predicting lawyer satisfaction. Those with
a preference for Feeling are swimming against the tide.\u8221\'3f Id. at 153.
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
1}
rslt
292
\par
}
}
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
See Sandra Janoff, The
}
Influence of Legal Education on Moral Reasoning, 76 Minn. L. Rev. 193 (1991)
(shift from care to rights); Miller, supra note 284 (Feeling/Thinking).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
\intbl
{\li0 \ri0
{\li0 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0
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293
\par
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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
For example, the author teaches a comprehensive law practice course at Florida C
oastal School of Law, Professor Bruce Winick teaches a similar course at the Uni
versity of Miami Law School, and Professor David Wexler teaches a course on ther
apeutic jurisprudence at the University of Arizona School of Law.
\par
}
}
}
}
}

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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs18 \cf1 \i0
Model Rules of Prof\rquote l Conduct R. 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1 (2002).
\par
}
}
}
}
}
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Model Rules of Prof\rquote l Conduct R. 1.2.
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Law As A Healing Profession - Susan Daicoff

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Law As A Healing Profession - Susan Daicoff

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The term \u8220\'3fvectors\u8221\'3f reflects the forward movement of the disci

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erefore, seeks non-litigation alternatives for certain clients.

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as with a legal process, regardless of whether one won or lost.

future disputes over its employment-related decisions, acting on the advice of i

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owerment\u8221\'3f and the experience of \u8220\'3frecognition\u8221\'3f in each

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Treatment is monitored by regular appearances before a DTC judge. Mandatory cour

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d up to the comprehensive law movement and why it developed now.

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d with the law, the American legal system, and lawyers.

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