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Lecture 3
Forms of Boolean Expressions
EE 21: Switching Theory and
Digital Logic Design
A. Alvarez, R. Ocampo, J. Pedrasa
EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

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Outline
nLiteral
nTerm
n Product

term, Minterm
n Sum term, Maxterm
n

Forms

n Sum

of Product
n Product of Sum
nCanonical

or Standard Form

n Standard

Sum of Product
n Standard Product of Sum
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EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

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Definitions: Literal
nLiteral
n A

single input variable that may appear normal or

complemented
n Ex: x, x

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EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

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Definition: Term
nProduct term a term with ANDed literals
n Ex: Given f(A,B,C), some product terms are AB, AB, ABC
n Minterm

- a special case of a product term where all

input variables appear in the product term
n

Ex: Given f(A,B,C), some minterms are ABC, ABC, ABC

nSum

term a term with ORed literals

n Ex: Given f(A,B,C), some sum terms are (A+B), (A+B), (A+B+C)
n Maxterm

- a special case of a sum term where all input

variables appear in the sum term
n

Ex: Given f(A,B,C), some maxterms are (A+B+C), ( A+B+C),

(A+B+C)

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EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

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Definition: Forms
nSum

of Products (SOP)

n A

product term or several product terms ORed together

n Example
f(A,B,C) = AB + ABC
n f(x,y,z) = x + yz + xz + xyz
n

nProduct

of Sums (POS)

n A

sum term or several sum terms ANDed together

n Example
n

f(A,B,C) = (A + B) (A + B) (A+B+C)

f(x,y,z) = (x + y)( x + z )(x + y + z)

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EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

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Example 1

nFind

the sum of products (SOP) form of the

function: f(A,B,C,D) = (AC+B)(CD+D)

nSolution:

f(A,B,C,D) = (AC+B)(CD+D)
= (AC+B)CD + (AC+B)D

distributive law

= ACCD + BCD + ACD + BD distributive law

= ACD + BCD + ACD + BD
A. Alvarez, R. Ocampo, J. Pedrasa

EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

(idempotent)

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Minterms
n Minterms

are AND terms with ALL literals present in

either true or complemented form

n Also

called canonical product or standard

product

n Given

that each binary variable may appear normal

or complemented, there are 2n possible minterms
for n variables
n Example:

f(X,Y) produce 2 x 2 = 4 combinations:

X Y (both normal)
X Y (X normal, Y complemented)
X Y (X complemented, Y normal)
X Y (both complemented)
n Thus there are four minterms of two variables
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EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

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Maxterms
nMaxterms

are OR terms with ALL literals present

in true or complemented form

nAlso

called canonical sum or standard sum

nGiven

that each binary variable may appear

normal or complemented (e.g., x), there are 2n
maxterms for n variables
n Example:

f(X,Y) produce 2 x 2 = 4 combinations:

X+ Y
(both normal)
X + Y
(X normal, Y complemented)
X + Y
(X complemented, Y normal)
X + Y
(both complemented)
n Thus there are four maxterms of two variables
A. Alvarez, R. Ocampo, J. Pedrasa

EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

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Minterms / Maxterms for 3 variables

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EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

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Minterms and the Truth Table

nGiven

its truth table, a function can be expressed

as the sum of the minterms for which the function
value is '1
Decimal equiv

A. Alvarez, R. Ocampo, J. Pedrasa

EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

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Example 2: Convert to minterm list

f(A,B,C,D) = ABCD + ABCD + ABCD + ABCD

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EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

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Maxterms and the Truth Table

nGiven

its truth table, a function can be

expressed as the product of the maxterms
for which the function value is '0
Decimal equiv

A. Alvarez, R. Ocampo, J. Pedrasa

EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

+ Definition:

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Standard / Canonical Forms

nStandard

Sum of Product (SSOP)

n aka

Canonical Sum of Product, Sum of Minterms

n Each minterm represents a product term, then sum (OR)
together to generate the function
nStandard

Product of Sum (SPOS)

n aka

Canonical Product of Sum, Product of Maxterms

n Each maxterm represents a sum term, then multiply (AND)
together to generate the function

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EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

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Standard Form and the Truth Table

nThe

standard / canonical form of a function

can be written directly from the truth table
n Sum

of minterms for which the output is 1

n Product of maxterms for which the output is 0
nSome

observations:

n the

position of the input literals (digits) must not be

changed
n the expression must be in standard sum of products
form or standard product of sum form
A. Alvarez, R. Ocampo, J. Pedrasa

EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

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Standard Sum of Products (SSOP)

Example 3: Convert to SSOP form
f(A,B,C,D) =

m(3,5,9)

f(A,B,C,D) = ABCD + ABCD + ABCD

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EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

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Standard Product of Sum (SPOS)

Example 4: Convert to SPOS form
f(A,B,C,D) = M(3,5,9)

f(A,B,C,D) = (A+B+C+D)(A+B+C+D)(A+B+C+D)

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EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

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Expansion of a Function in SOP /

POS form to Standard Form
nUsing

Boolean Manipulation
nSOP SSOP: For each product term, insert the
missing element as (x + x) and distribute
nPOS

SPOS: For each sum term, insert the missing

element as +(x x) and distribute

nUsing Truth Table

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EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

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Example 5: Express the function as

a Standard Sum of Product
f(A,B,C,D) = ACD+BCD+ACD+BD

A(1)CD + (1)BCD

+ A(1)CD

+ (1)B(1)(D)

= A(B+B)CD + (A+A)BCD + A(B+B)CD + (A+A)B(C+C)D

= ABCD + ABCD + ABCD + ABCD + ABCD + ABCD +
ABCD + ABCD + ABCD + ABCD
= ABCD + ABCD + ABCD + ABCD + ABCD + ABCD +
ABCD + ABCD

A. Alvarez, R. Ocampo, J. Pedrasa

EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

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Example 5: Express the function as

a Standard Sum of Product
f(A,B,C,D) = ACD+BCD+ACD+BD

A(1)CD + (1)BCD

+ A(1)CD

+ (1)B(1)(D)

= A(B+B)CD + (A+A)BCD + A(B+B)CD + (A+A)B(C+C)D

= ABCD + ABCD + ABCD + ABCD + ABCD + ABCD +
ABCD + ABCD + ABCD + ABCD
= ABCD + ABCD + ABCD + ABCD + ABCD + ABCD +
ABCD + ABCD
Minterms: f(A,B,C,D) = m(1111, 1011, 0111, 1110, 1010, 0110, 1100, 0100)
=

m(15, 11, 7, 14, 10, 6, 12, 4) =

A. Alvarez, R. Ocampo, J. Pedrasa

m(4,6,7,10,11,12,14,15)

EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

Example 6: Express the function as

a Standard Product of Sums:
f(a,b,c,d) = a + b + c

A. Alvarez, R. Ocampo, J. Pedrasa

EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

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Example 7: Express in SPOS form

f(A,B,C,D) = AB+C+D
(f)D = (A+B)CD
(f)D = ACD + BCD
(f)D = A(B+B)CD + (A+A)BCD
(f)D = ABCD+ABCD+ABCD
f = (A+B+C+D)(A+B+C+D)(A+B+C+D)

A. Alvarez, R. Ocampo, J. Pedrasa

EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

+ Expansion of a Function in SOP /

POS form to Standard Form Using
Truth Tables
(1) Obtain truth tables for each term in the series
(2a) For problems given in SOP, obtain the union of
these truth tables
(2b) For problems given in POS, obtain the
intersection of these truth tables
(3) Obtain new truth table for combination of terms
(4) Obtain desired SSOP/SPOS expression
A. Alvarez, R. Ocampo, J. Pedrasa

EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

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+ Example 8: Convert to SSOP and SPOS

format

f(A,B,C) = AC+BC+AB

(1) Obtain truth tables for each term in the series

A. Alvarez, R. Ocampo, J. Pedrasa

EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

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+ Example 8: Convert to SSOP and SPOS

format

f(A,B,C) = AC+BC+AB

(2a) For problems given in SOP, obtain the union of

these truth tables

A. Alvarez, R. Ocampo, J. Pedrasa

EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

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+ Example 8: Convert to SSOP and SPOS

format

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f(A,B,C) = AC+BC+AB

(3) Obtain new truth table for combination of terms

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
A. Alvarez, R. Ocampo, J. Pedrasa

(4) Obtain desired SSOP/SPOS expression

f(A,B,C) = m1+m4+m5+m7
= ABC + ABC
+ ABC + ABC
(SSOP)
f(A,B,C) = (M0)(M2)(M3)(M6)
= (A+B+C)(A+B+C)
(A+B+C)(A+B+C) (SPOS)
EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

+ Example 9: Convert to SSOP and SPOS

format f(A,B,C) = (A+C)(B+C)(A+B)
(1) Obtain truth tables for each term in the series

A. Alvarez, R. Ocampo, J. Pedrasa

EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

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+ Example 9: Convert to SSOP and SPOS

format f(A,B,C) = (A+C)(B+C)(A+B)
(2b) For problems given in POS, obtain the
intersection of these truth tables

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EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

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+ Example 9: Convert to SSOP and SPOS

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format f(A,B,C) = (A+C)(B+C)(A+B)

(3) Obtain new truth table for combination of terms
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
A. Alvarez, R. Ocampo, J. Pedrasa

(4) Obtain desired SSOP/SPOS expression

f(A,B,C) = m2+m4+m5+m6
= ABC + ABC
+ ABC + ABC
(SSOP)
f(A,B,C) = (M0)(M1)(M3)(M7)
= (A+B+C)(A+B+C)
(A+B+C)(A+B+C) (SPOS)
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Problem 1:
Given
f(X,Y,Z) = Y + XZ
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Implement using AND, OR and NOT gates

Express in SSOP using Boolean manipulation
Express in terms of minterms
Express in SPOS using truth table
Express in terms of maxterms

A. Alvarez, R. Ocampo, J. Pedrasa

EEE 21 AY 2016-2017

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Problem 1: f(X,Y,Z) = Y + XZ
a. Implement using AND, OR and NOT gates

f(X,Y,Z) = Y + XZ

X
Z
A. Alvarez, R. Ocampo, J. Pedrasa

EEE 21 AY 2016-2017