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I I i I I
-2SECTION A Answer ALL questionsin this section. You must write your answers in
the spacesprovided on the question paper. 1. (a) molecules may be joined by eith
er cr or B linkages. Carbohydrate joined by an a-t-4 glycosidic linkage. Figure
I shows2 glucosemolecules
H
lI
i
\-/i v v; \./ tll-\
H C -O
CH" OH C -OH
cH2 oll
OH
HO
/'\9" T/--.,rVt _
C _C
C -C
H
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I
t! 6"
it o"
Figure 1. Two glucose molecules (i) Using an o-1-6linkage, attach a third glucos
e molecule in Figure 1. [ 2 marks] Name ONE example of a carbohydrate that is ma
de up of components with BOTH an a-l-4 glycosidic linkage and an a,-1-6linkage.
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I
-(ii)
Ilmark] (iii) Distinguishbetweenan 'cr glycosidic linkage' and a 'B linkage'.
Il mark] (iv) Comment on the difference in function between a carbohvdrate with
ct linkaees and a carbohydrate with B linkages.
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I I I
= I
i
-J(b)
(i)
Keratin, a protein found in hair, is made up of ct helices. Describe the ct heli
x bond in keratin.
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I
[ 2 marks]
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I
I
I
(ii)
In contrast to keratin, fibroin, a protein found in silk, is made up of B pleate
d sheets. Comment on TWO differences in physical properties of these proteins. W
rite your answer in the table below. cr helixes I
p pleated
2
I I T
[ 2 marks] Figure 2 showsanothertwo structuralbondsfound in proteins'
H-C-H
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I
I
Sidechain dH otcyslelne
rl
TI-C-H + S F__
\qr
s\
H -C _H
H -C -H
t l-B
Figure 2. Structural bonds in proteins Identify the TWO bondslabelledA and B as

shownin Figure2.
A
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.""!
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-4I I
(c)
Outlineanexperiment to determine experimentally thepresence in chick peas. of ca
talase
[ 3 marks] Total 15 marks
(a)
Briefly outline the role of DNA in geneticinheritance.
[ 2 marks]
(ii)
Distinguishbetweenthe terms "chromatin' and 'chromosome'. Chromatin
Chromosome
[ 4 marks]
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I I I I I I I I
5(b)
StateTHREEreasons why mitosis is importantinthe lifecycleof aeukaryotic organism
. l.
2.
J.
[ 3 marks] (c) Figure 3 shows two phasesof the early stagesofMeiosis I. In the l
abelled boxes provided in Figure 3, DRAW three consecutive phasesto illustrate t
he MAIN changes that occur between the two phases shown.
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IV
fnfiiij
ii.lfq i)')
)i\iJ;::
T T I
Figure 3. Diagrams showing two phasesin Meiosis I [ 6 marks] Total 15 marks
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-63.
(a)
Figure 4 represents an incomplete longitudinal section (LS) through a carpel jus
t prior to fertilization.
4 I
{1
fl
$
Figure 4. Incomplete LS through a carpel (i) Draw on the diagram in Figure 4 a)
b) (ii) (iii) the ovule the path taken by the germinating pollen grain.
[ 2 marks] I lmark] [ 2 marks]
l
ii
On Figure 4, label TWO features of the embryo sac. Identify ONE role for EACH of
the features in (ii) above.
[ 2 marks] GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE
22rO7020/CAPE/2008

1
(b)
The pawpaw has male and female flowers which are borne on different plants. (i)
State the term used to describe this reproductive feature.
Ilmark]
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s
(ii)
State ONE disadvantage to the plant in having this feature.
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(c) (i) Plants can also be propagated non-sexually. Suggest TWO mechanisms that
occur NATURALLY in plants to aid NON-SEXUAL propagation.
[ 2 marks] (ii) StateONE advantage of the mechanisms you identified in (c) (i).
Il mark] (d) Methods exist for the artificial propagation of plants utilizing sm
all amounts of plant materials. Discuss THREE advantages of these methods over t
he natural methods of non-sexual propagation.
,I B
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[ 3 marks] Total 15 marks
22107020/CAPE/2008
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-8SECTION B in this section. You'must write your answersin the answerbooklet Answe
r ALL questions provided.
(a)
According to the endosymbiont theory, mitochondria and chloroplasts are organell
es which are thought to have evolved from prokaryotes, and which established sym
biotic relationships with eukaryotic cells. (D Describe TWO features of mitochon
dria and chloroplasts that support the theory [ 2 marks] that they have evolved
from prokaryotic cells. Define the term 'symbiosis'.
(ii)
[ 2 marks]
(iiD
Comment on evidence that supports the theory that a symbiotic relationship exist
ed between eukaryotic cells and chloroplasts and mitochondria. Include in your a
nswer the benefits that BOTH the eukaryotic cells and the symbiont [ 4 marks] re
ceived. Define the terms 'tissue' and'organ'.
(b)
(i) (ii)
[ 2 marks]
Use the dicotyledonous root to distinguish between the levels of organization [
5 marksl found in tissues and organs.
Total 15 marks
(a)
According to the biological species concept, a species representsthe lowest taxo
nomic group which is capable of being defined with any degree of precision. Whil
e there are several ways in which the term may be defined, most biologists defin
e species in relation to their breeding behaviour. (i) State ONE definition of a
species in terms of breeding behaviour' [ 2 marks] (ii) Discuss the limitations
of defining a'species' in terms of breeding. [ 6 marks] With reference to anima
l populations, outline the processby which a new species
(b)
(i)
may arisefrom a previouslyexisting one.
(ii)
[ 4 marks]
According to Darwin and Wallace the mechanism for speciation is natural [ 3 mark
s] selection. Comment on the basis of this mechanism. Total 15 marks
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-9(a)
(i)
State the functions of EACH of the following in oogenesis in humans: a) b) c) go
nadotrophin releasing hormone luteinising hotrmone follicle stimulation hormone.
[ 4 marks]
(ii)
Explain how these hormones function in males as compared to females. [ 3 marks]
(b)
The inhibition of the production of luteinising hormone and follicle stimulatrng
hormone by oestrogen and progesterone is the basis of one contraceptive method
in females. Comment on why the same principles CANNOT be applied to develop a ma
le hormonal contraceptive. [ 4 marks] In addition to similarities, differences e
xist between oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Discuss TWO significant differences
with respect to the timing of oogenesis and speflnatogenesrs. [ 4 marks]
(c)
Total 15 marks
END OF TEST
22107020/CAPE/2008