GENERAL INTRODUCTION

TO
PHARMACOGNOSY

BY
Ms. K.D.S.V. Karunanayaka
B.Pharm (University of Peradeniya)
Department of Pharmacy
The Open University of Sri Lanka
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References ?????

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References

ext book of Pharmacognosy, T.E. Wallis

tudy of crude drugs, M.A. Lyenger

rease & Evans Pharmacognosy, 14th and 15th Editio

harmacognosy, C.K. Kokate,

Kokate A.P. Purohith, S.B.
okhale

ractical Pharmacognosy, Zafar and Gandhi

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Evaluation?????????

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-Continuous assessment-02
assessment
NBT

-Practical
Practical Examination

-Final
Final examination
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So What will you learn from this

course module???

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Course content

al Introduction

fication of crude drugs

maceutical Botany

ation, Collection , Processing and Storage of crude drugs

constituents of medical importance

al Pesticides
and Herbal foods
of Mineral origin

growth regulators

inogens, Narcotics and common poisonous plants

ration and Substitution in traditional systems of medicine

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Overview

Definition of Pharmacognosy

History of Pharmacognosy

Present State of Pharmacognosy

Scope of Pharmacognosy

Future development in Pharmacognosy

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Definition of Pharmacognosy

Pharmakon- a drug

Ginosco- to acquire knowledge of

Study of Natural Substances used in treatment of

iseases and preventing of diseases.
Plant
Animal
Microbes
Marine

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ntd..
ntd..

Pharmacognosy is the study of Crude Drugs,

Drugs which comprise the
nowledge of
History
Distribution
Cultivation
Collection
Sensory Characters
Physical Characters
Chemical Characters
Structural characters
Uses
Processing for market
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Preservation

Multidisciplinary Approach

r Complete understanding of medicinal plants you need to know:

know
Commerce
Botany
Horticulture
Chemistry
Enzymology
Genetics
Quality control
Pharmacology
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ther

Pharmacognosy is closely related to Botany and

Plant Chemistry

Up to 20th Century main focus on morphological and

microscopic description and
nd identification of crude
rugs

Now use purified form rather than crude form

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Job of Pharmacognosist

A person
son who studies, practices
or is knowledgeable about
pharmacognosy
Identify drugs macroscopically
and micr
icroscopically to carry out
modern assays
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History of Pharmacognosy

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HISTORY

rimitive men & women treated

ness using plants, animal parts
nd minerals

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Mesopotamian clay tablets and Egyptian papyru

rst written record of use of herbs in treating illness

Treaties of Medical Diagnosis and Prognosis

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In ancient Egypt

un medical papyrus (1900

1900 BC)
alth of Women

es pa pyrus (1550
criptions +700 drugs

BC)-800

win Smith papyrus (1600

1600 BC)
ains surgical instructions and
ulas for cosmetics
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In ancient Greece and Rome

ad and Odyssy by Homer

Info about treatment of injuries

ypokratis-First nature doctor

eteus-first person to produce illustrated

rk on medicinal plant De Materia Medica
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ntd.

Natural History by Pleny (60 AD)

Largest compilation with more than

1000 plants
Galen, (130-200 AD)
Formulated cold cream, used by
western world for 1500 yrs
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In Ancient Arabs

Avicenna (12th Century)

Kitab
sha Shifa (Book of Healing)

Al Gafiqi
Renowned
otanist, precise descriptions
bout plants
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u Zakariya
Kitab al Filah,585
Filah
plants with cultivation
criptions, plant disease and their remedies

dullah Ibn Ahmed Ibn Albayater Pharmacist & Botan

cribed more than 1400 medicinal plants

Mughanifi al Mufradah-Medicine
Medicine

Jami Ji Al Muftadah- Simple remedies

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In Ancient India
AYURVEDA

asic writings over 2000 yrs old

ajor texts:
-Charaka Sanhitha
Oldest,582 herbs
-Susrutha Sanhitha
600 herbs
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-Astanga Hrdayam Sanhitha

Ancient China and Japan

st Herbal classic written in Qin Dynasty

1-206 BC)
Agriculture emperors Materia Medica

ng Dynasty Establishment
Establishment of
Pharmaceutical System

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ntd..

Japan Adapted Chinese medicine through Korea

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Herbal Medicine in USA

Native American Indians used Herbal Remedies

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td

Finding ginseng species-Became

species
an export item

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Until 1940s partnership betwe

ween home folk medicine and
amily doctor

n 20th Century technological advances

Americans have lost theirr touch

t
with herbal medicine
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In Europe
Leech-collective word for
medical practitioner
Several books written:

Herbarium Apuleius
formulations
formulations for 100 herbs

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During middle ages Monks collected/cultivated

herbs and treated ills and injuries

Brunfels (Pastor)(1488-1534)
st person to classify plants as herbs, shrubs
d trees
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Sri Lankan Scenario

King Buddadasa
Buddadasa
Veda Mahththaya
Mahththaya in village setting
Ayurveda
Siidda
Siidda
Unani
Unani
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In Pharmacopeias

harmacopeia is a book containing direction

the identification of samples and th
eparation of compound medicines, an
blished by the authority of a government or
edical or pharmaceutical society
BP
USP
EP
IP
JP

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The first official Pharmacopoeia

The idea originated in Florence

The Nuovo Receptario (Italin

Italin) in 1498
Legal standard
uchs Leonhart
ecognized auther,painter,, draftsman etc

Mattioli (16th Century) added new world plants

obert Hook, Micro graphia

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Scope of Pharmacognosy

armacognosy is an applied science

ys an important role in Pharm

rmacology, Pharmaceutical
mistry, Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration

al link between pharmaceutic

tics and Various traditional
tems of medicine

olution of modern Drug discovery

erative pharmacy and dispense pharmacy

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armocognosist would serve as :

cademics: Teaching in colleg

eges, Universities, Museums a
anical gardens

vate industry: Pharmaceutic

tical companies, Consumer
ducts testing labs, Herbal pro
roducts industry, Cosmetic an
ume industry , etc.

vernment: Forensic labs, environmental

en
labs, NDQAL,
RA, etc.
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Pharmacognosy encompasses
-Surgical dressings prepared from natural fibers
-Flavorings and suspending agents
-Disintegrants
-Filtering
Filtering and support media

her associated fields,

-Poisonous and hallucinogenic plants

-Raw
Raw materials for production of
oral contraceptives
-Allergens
-Herbicides and insecticides

Contribution of plants to medicine and

pharmacy

th

century drugs were plant based

th

century a range of drugs were discovered

1805 Morphine
1817 Emetine
1819 Strychnine
1820 Quinine

Famous plant/plant drugs

Quinine

-From Cinchona bark (South

American tree)
-Used by Incas
-First used in Rome in 1631
-Extracted in 1820
-Large scale use in 1850s
-Chemical synthesis in 1944
-used to treat Malaria

Taxol

-From

pacific Yew tree, Taxu

brevifolia, bark

-Actively discovered in 1964

-Mitotic inhibitor (Interfere
with normal microtubule
growth during cell division)
-Used in Cancer Chemo
therapy

Morphine
Pain killer
Acts directly in the
CNS
Obtained from
Opium poppy
High potential for
addiction

Why do we need plants???

1. Source of drug molecules

ost drugs can be synthesized

till more economical to use the plant
e.g. Morphine and Codeine from
Papaver opium

2 . So u r c e o f c o m p l e x m o l e c u l e s t h a
can be modified to medicinal
compounds

e.g. Droscera yam: steroids

Soya : Steroids

3. Source of toxic molecules

o study the way the body responds to t

armacological use

o investigate pharmacological mechanisms

g. Picrotoxin used to study nerve conduction

. Source of plant drugs

s a powder or extract

he pure compound is often not

olated. WHY??
-Active
Active ingredient is unknown
-Active
Active ingredient is unstable
-Isolation is too costly

5 . So u r c e o f c o m p o u n d s t o u se a s
templates for designing new drugs
These might never be thought of.

.g. Catharanthus perwinkle-----------perwinkle

Vincristine
Alkoloid dimer)

Future development
in
Pharmacognosy

250,-500,000
500,000 species of higher
plants on earth

< 10% investigated so far

Huge potential in plant kingdom

uture: Intense screening for,

- Anticancer
-Antimicrobial
-Antiviral
-Antimalarial
-Insecticidal
-Hypoglycemic
-Cardio tonic
-Antiprotozoal
-Antifertility

creening can be
Pharmacological in vitro testing
Chemical

- certain
constituents
e.g. Alkaloids

ailed work:
Incorrect identification

Plants exist in chemical races-different

races
constituent
Low yield of active compound
Solubility-Have
Have to find the correct solvent

Future

Westernization of societies-Traditional
societies
knowledge

xtermination of species Conservation, retain ge

pool

atural resources exhausted Cultivation , artifici

propagation

SUMMARY

Definition of Pharmacognosy

History of Pharmacognosy

Present State of Pharmacognosy

Scope of Pharmacognosy

Future development in Pharmacognosy

KDSVK

THANK YOU

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