Human Physiology Chapter 5 Flashcards

Human Physiology Chapter 5 Flashcards | Quizlet
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Human Physiology: An Integrated

Approach, 6e (Silverthorn)
Chapter 5 Membrane Dynamics
https://quizlet.com/96221988/human-physiology-chapter-5-flash-cards/
:C
Section Title: Osmosis and Tonicity
Learning Outcome: 5.1
1) Which body fluid compartment

contains high levels of K+, large anions,
and proteins?
A) plasma only
B) interstitial fluid only
C) intracellular fluid only
D) both plasma and intracellular fluid
E) both plasma and interstitial fluid
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms
(Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)
:E
2) Which body fluid compartment

contains higher levels of Na+, Cl-, and
HCO3-?
A) plasma only
B) interstitial fluid only
C) intracellular fluid only
D) both plasma and intracellular fluid
E) both plasma and interstitial fluid
:C
Section Title: Transport Processes
3) All of the following are types of

mediated transport except one. Identify
the exception.
A) facilitated diusion
B) primary active transport
C) simple diusion
D) secondary active transport
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(Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)
:C
4) Bulk flow is fluid flow as a result of a(n)

________ gradient.
A) concentration
B) electrical
C) pressure
D) Two of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.
:B
Section Title: Diusion
5) Water is a polar molecule, yet it easily

moves through the nonpolar portions of
cell membranes. Which transport process
is responsible?
A) facilitated diusion
B) simple diusion
C) uniport
D) symport
E) antiport
:A
6) Permeability is a property of
A) membranes.
B) ions.
C) solutes.
D) solvents.
E) proteins.
:B
7) The term cellular (metabolic) energy

indicates any biological process requiring
A) energy in any form.
B) ATP.
C) thermal energy.
D) chemical energy.
E) thermal energy and chemical energy.
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:B
8) What are the two extracellular fluid

compartments in the body?
A) intracellular and plasma
B) plasma and interstitial
C) interstitial and intracellular
D) plasma and the fluid portion of the
blood
:C
9) Saturation occurs when

A) molecules are moved by the use of
vesicles.
B) the energy required to move
molecules results from a high-energy
bond.
C) a group of carrier proteins is operating
at its maximum rate.
D) a preference of a carrier protein for a
substance is demonstrated based on the
diering anities of the carrier for the
substrates.
E) a carrier molecule has the ability to
transport only one molecule or a group
of closely related molecules.
:C
10) The means by which a cell transports

large molecules out of the cell is called
A) phagocytosis.
B) endocytosis.
C) exocytosis.
D) diusion.
E) active transport.
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:A
11) Which of the following is a way for

solutes in an aqueous solution to move
from an area of high solute concentration
to an area of low solute concentration?
A) only facilitated diusion
B) only osmosis
C) only active transport
D) both facilitated diusion and osmosis
12) In an epithelium, the apical membrane
is also known as the ________ membrane.
A) basolateral
B) mucosal
C) serosal
D) basement
E) nictitating
:B
Section Title: Epithelial Transport

:D
13) Hyposmotic solutions

A) have higher concentrations of solutes
than hyperosmotic solutions.
B) have lower concentrations of solutes
than other hyposmotic solutions.
C) have the same concentration of
solutes as hyperosmotic solutions.
D) have lower concentrations of solutes
than hyperosmotic solutions.
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:D
14) Which of the following statements

about the Na+/K+ pump is FALSE?
A) It transports Na+ out of the cell and K+
into the cell.
B) It is present in neurons.
C) Its activity requires the expenditure of
metabolic (cellular) energy.
D) It transports Na+ and K+ in a 1:1 ratio.
15) Which of the following statements
about the resting membrane potential is
TRUE?
A) It is normally equal to zero volts.
B) The inside of the membrane is
positively charged compared to the
outside.
C) It results, in part, from the
concentration gradients for Na+ and K+.
D) It is due in part to the presence of
extracellular proteins.
16) Voltage-gated (voltage-dependent)
channels and antiport carriers are both
types of
A) structural proteins.
B) enzymes.
C) transporters.
D) receptors.
:C
Section Title: The Resting Membrane
Potential
:C
Potential
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:B
Potential
17) The resting membrane potential in a

typical nerve cell is approximately
A) +70 mV.
B) -70 mV.
C) +35 mV.
D) -35 mV.
E) 0 mV.
18) Compared to the outside surface, the
inside of a resting cell membrane is
A) positively charged.
B) negatively charged.
C) electrically neutral.
D) continuously reversing its electrical
charge.
E) positively charged whenever the
sodium-potassium pump is active.
:B
Potential
:A
Section Title: Vesicular Transport
19) Caveolae and clathrin-coated pits are

both used in
A) endocytosis.
B) exocytosis.
C) phagocytosis.
D) All of the answers are correct.
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20) As the charge on the membrane of a
typical neuron approaches 0 from -70 mV,
the cell is
A) only repolarizing.
B) only hyperpolarizing.
C) only depolarizing.
D) only becoming more dicult to
stimulate.
E) hyperpolarizing and becoming more
dicult to stimulate
:C
Potential

:B
Potential
21) The ion that plays a key role in

initiating electrical signals in neurons is
A) K+.
B) Na+.
C) Cl-.
D) Ca2+.
22) Which of the following is NOT
involved in creating the resting potential
of a neuron?
A) diusion of potassium ions out of the
cell
B) diusion of sodium ions into the cell
C) resting membrane permeability for
sodium ions greater than potassium ions
D) resting membrane permeability for
potassium ions greater than sodium ions
:C
Potential
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:B
23) Passive transport refers to a process

that requires
A) no energy at all.
B) no cellular energy.
C) no pressure gradient.
D) no concentration gradient.
E) no electrical gradient.
24) Which of the following is NOT true of
diusion in the human body?
A) Diusion occurs faster at higher
temperatures.
B) Smaller molecules take longer to
diuse than larger ones.
C) Net movement of molecules occurs
until the osmolarity is equal.
D) Diusion is rapid over short distances
and slower over longer distances.
:B

:D
Potential
25) Gated channels for sodium ions may

include
A) mechanical gates, which respond to
pressure.
B) chemical gates, which respond to
ligands.
C) voltage gates, which respond to
electrical signals.
D) All of the answers are correct.
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26) When a neuron changes its ion
permeability from the resting state,
A) a variety of gated ion channels may
open or close.
B) Na+ channels may open, allowing Na+
to enter the cell.
C) K+ channels must open, allowing K+ to
enter the cell.
D) only a variety of gated ion channels
may open or close and Na+ channels may
open, allowing Na+ to enter the cell.
E) a variety of gated ion channels may
open or close, Na+ channels may open,
allowing Na+ to enter the cell, and K+
channels must open, allowing K+ to enter
the cell.
:D
Potential
:B
Section Title: Protein-Mediated Transport
Match the membrane protein with its

function.
A. transfer signals from the extracellular
environment to the cytoplasm of the cell
B. form cell-to-cell connections
C. bind to molecules to facilitate entry to
or exit from the cell
D. ligands bind to these proteins and are
changed by the protein
27) structural proteins
:D
28) enzymes
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:A
29) receptors
:C
30) transporters
:B
Match the transport process to its

description.
A. active transport
B. passive transport
31) the movement of molecules from an
area of high concentration to an area of
low concentration
32) the movement of molecules via
proteins embedded in the cell
membrane; requires ATP
:A

:A
33) the movement of molecules against

the concentration gradient
:B
34) tends to create an equilibrium state
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:C
Match the transport process to its

description.
A. simple diusion
B. facilitated diusion
C. both
D. neither
35) the movement of molecules from an
area of high concentration to an area of
low concentration
:D
36) the use of ATP to move molecules

:B
37) a form of mediated transport

38) conform(s) to the properties of
specicity, competition, and saturation
:B

:B
Match the type of transport with its

description.
A. secretion
B. paracellular transport
C. transcellular transport
D. absorption
39) between adjacent cells
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:D
40) from an organ's lumen to the

extracellular fluid
:C
41) in one side of a cell and out the other

:A
42) movement from the extracellular fluid

into the lumen of an organ
s may be used once, more than once, or

not at all.
Match the terms to changes presented,

assuming a resting membrane potential
of -70 mV.
A. electrical polarization
B. hyperpolarization
C. depolarization
D. repolarization
E. more than one of the answers
43) to -50 mV from resting potential
Answer: C
Potential

44) to -70 mV from -50 mV
45) to -90 mV from resting potential
:D
Potential
:B
Potential
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46) to +30 mV from resting potential
47) to -70 mV from -90 mV
48) any value other than 0 mV, regardless
of relationship to resting potential
:C
Potential
:D
Potential
:A
Potential

s may be used more than once or not at

all.
Match the potential or potential change

with the causative circumstances. Assume
ion movements are net movements.
A. resting membrane potential

B. hyperpolarization
C. depolarization
D. repolarization
E. more than one of the answers
49) Na+ enters the cell
Answer: C
Potential

50) K+ leaves the cell
51) Cl- enters the cell
52) membrane potential is 0 mV
:E
Potential
:B
Potential
:C
Potential
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: membrane-spanning
53) This type of membrane protein

extends all the way through the cell
membrane into both the extra- and
intracellular fluids: ________.
54) The membrane proteins that catalyze
reactions that take place on the external
or internal surface of the cell are ________.
: enzymes

: receptors
55) The membrane proteins that bind to a

ligand and act in the body's chemical
signaling system are ________.
: structural proteins
56) The membrane proteins that provide

for support of the cell membrane and
allow for cells to connect to each other
are ________.
: carrier proteins
57) The membrane proteins that change

shape and bind with specic molecules to
transport them across the cell membrane
are ________.
: saturated
58) Carrier proteins operating at their

maximum rate are said to be ________.
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59) The three types of gated channels are
________, ________, and ________.
: chemically gated channels,

voltage-gated channels, mechanically
gated channels
: gated (regulated)
60) Membrane protein pores that can be

opened and closed are called ________
channels.
61) The Na+-K+-ATPase pumps (this
number of) ________ Na+ ions ________ (into/out
of) the cell and (this number of) ________ K+
ions ________ (into/out of) the cell.
: 3 Na+, out of, 2 K+, into


: electrogenic
62) A pump that helps maintain an

electrical gradient, such as the Na+-K+ATPase is a(n) ________ pump.
: aquaporins
63) Channel proteins that allow water to

pass are called ________.
: open, leak (either order)

64) Membrane protein pores that are

essentially always open are called ________
or ________ channels.
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:C
65) Which of the following is a unique

characteristic of glucose as a solute in
biological systems?
A) It enters the interstitial fluid before
going into the cell.
B) It is freely penetrating and can pass in
and out of the cells at any time.
C) 100% of it is absorbed into the cell
from the extracellular fluid.
D) It is converted into dextrose inside the
cell.
: plasma, interstitial fluid

66) The two extracellular compartments

in the body are ________ and ________.
67) The walls of the ________ separate the
two extracellular fluid compartments.
: circulatory system

: specicity
68) The ability of a carrier molecule to

transport only one specic molecule or a
group of closely related molecules is
called ________.
69) At rest, nerve cells have an unequal
distribution of ions on either side of the
cell membrane, producing the ________.
: resting membrane potential

Potential
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70) At rest, nerve cells have a voltage of
________ mV.

: -70 (Note to instructor: All nerve cells

are dierent, so you may wish to accept a
range of similar values instead of insisting
on precisely this value.)
Potential
:B
71) A cell membrane that is selectively

permeable
A) randomly chooses which substances
will pass through.
B) can change which substances pass
through by changing its lipid and protein
content.
C) is impermeable to all substances but
water.
D) will only allow substances in or out if
their concentration in the cell is above or
below a certain point.
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's
Taxonomy: Comprehension)
72) Fick's law of diusion states that the
rate of diusion across a membrane is
A) proportional to surface area and
membrane thickness, but inversely
proportional to concentration gradient.
B) proportional to concentration
gradient, surface area, and membrane
permeability.
C) proportional to membrane
permeability, but inversely proportional
to concentration gradient and surface
area.
D) proportional to membrane thickness
and surface area.
:B
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:D
73) Which of the following would

increase the rate of diusion across a cell
membrane?
A) a decrease in the surface area of the
membrane
B) a decrease in the concentration
gradient
C) a decrease in membrane permeability
D) a decrease in membrane thickness
:A
74) Pinocytosis and potocytosis are types

of
A) endocytosis.
B) exocytosis.
C) phagocytosis.
D) endocytosis and exocytosis.
E) exocytosis and phagocytosis.
:C
75) Sodium ions are more concentrated in

the extracellular fluid than in the
intracellular fluid. This is an example of
A) electrical disequilibrium.
B) osmotic equilibrium.
C) chemical disequilibrium.
D) failed homeostasis.
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76) The inside of a resting cell is slightly
negative relative to the outside. This is an
example of
A) electrical disequilibrium.
B) osmotic equilibrium.
C) chemical disequilibrium.
D) failed homeostasis.
:A

:C
77) Which property of diusion best

helps explain the necessity of the
circulatory system in multicellular
organisms?
A) Molecules move from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.
B) Diusion can take place in an open
system or across a partition that
separates two systems.
C) Diusion is rapid over short distances
but much slower over long distances.
D) Diusion rate is inversely related to
molecule size.
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:C
78) Facilitated diusion and active

transport dier in that
A) facilitated diusion uses cell
membrane proteins to move substances,
whereas active transport does not.
B) facilitated diusion uses a substrate to
bind to a protein carrier, whereas active
transport does not.
C) ATP is necessary for active transport,
but not for facilitated diusion.
D) facilitated diusion moves water across
the cell membrane, whereas active
transport does not.
E) potential energy is required for active
transport but not for facilitated diusion.
79) Water will always move from ________
areas to ________ areas, if there are no
impermeable barriers.
A) hyperosmotic, hyposmotic
B) hyposmotic, hyperosmotic
C) isosmotic, hyposmotic
D) hyperosmotic, isosmotic
:B

:B
80) Substances that readily dissolve in

water and do not readily dissolve in lipids
are
A) hydrophobic and lipophobic.
B) hydrophilic and lipophobic.
C) hydrophobic and lipophilic.
D) hydrophilic and lipophilic.
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:E
81) Which of the following molecules can

move across the phospholipid bilayer by
simple diusion?
A) lipids
B) steroids
C) water
D) lipids and water
E) All of the answers are correct.
:B
82) A cell that is permeable to Solute X is

placed into solution containing a higher
concentration of X. Diusion occurs until
equilibrium is attained. At this time,
A) there is no further movement of
Solute X across the membrane.
B) there is no further change in
concentration of Solute X.
C) Both of the statements are correct.
D) Neither of the statements is correct.
Taxonomy: Application)
83) Cations will ________ each other.
A) attract
B) repel
C) not react with
:B

:B
84) Anions will ________ each other.

A) attract
B) repel
C) not react with
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85) The cell membrane acts as a good
A) electrical insulator.
B) electrical conductor.
C) electrical gradient.
D) source of ions.
86) Describe the distribution of water in
the body's fluid compartments.
87) Explain why transporting epithelial

cells are said to be polarized. What does
it mean when a nerve cell is said to be
polarized?
:A
Potential
: 67% is intracellular.
33% is extracellular; of that 75% is in the
interstitial fluid and 25% is in the plasma.
: Transport epithelia have cells that are
polarized with respect to distribution of
transport proteins in the apical and
basolateral membranes, i.e., dierent
types of transporters in the two
membranes. Nerve cells are electrically
polarized, meaning that the inside of the
membrane is charged relative to the
outside.

88) Explain the term resting membrane
potential dierence.
: See "The Resting Membrane Potential"

section of the chapter.

: This statement is only partially true. The

two compartments have stable solute
compositions, but they are not in
equilibrium. We use the term dynamic
disequilibrium to describe this
relationship.
89) Evaluate the validity of this statement:

"The extracellular and intracellular fluid
compartments have a stable solute
composition that is in equilibrium."
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90) Explain how the body can be in a
state of osmotic equilibrium and chemical
disequilibrium.

91) Explain why the composition of the
phospholipid bilayer determines how
readily water passes through it.
: Osmotic equilibrium occurs because

water moves freely between most cells
and the extracellular fluid. Water will
continue to move across membranes into
more highly concentrated compartments
until the concentrations (solute/volume)
are equal, hence osmotic equilibrium.
Osmotic equilibrium does not take into
account what particles are present in
each compartment, just the total number.
The key is that water moves freely but the
solutes do not. Na+ and Cl- are more
highly concentrated in the ECF while K+
and many anions are more highly
concentrated inside the cell. Each ion is in
chemical disequilibrium because it is not
evenly distributed between the two
compartments. Although the
compartments are chemically dierent
(chemical disequilibrium), when all
solutes in one compartment are
compared to all the solutes in another
compartment they have the same total
concentrations of solutes (are in osmotic
equilibrium).
: The phospholipid bilayer is a fluid
mosaic and, depending on the function of
the cell, contains various ratios of
phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins.
Water molecules slip between the spaces
between the fatty acid tails. Membranes
with higher levels of cholesterol are less
permeable to water because cholesterol
lls these spaces.
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92) How do most polar molecules move
through a cell membrane? Explain why
water, a polar molecule, is able to cross
the nonpolar portion of a cell membrane.
: Most polar molecules must be assisted

by a protein, because the molecule will
not interact with the nonpolar
phospholipid tails. Examples are
facilitated diusion and active transport.
Because water is very small and
electrically neutral, it is able to diuse
between the phospholipid tails.

: Water can cross through the

phospholipid molecules, through special
water channels called aquaporins, and
through open or leak channels (pores)
that also transport ions. Water can move
through pores as a solvation shell around
ions or independent of ions, because the
watery interstitial fluid is continuous with
the watery cytosol when pores are open.
Some cells are more permeable to water,
especially those with less cholesterol in
the membranes and those with a high
density of pores.
93) Water can cross a cell membrane by a

variety of means. List at least three. Do
water molecules cross a membrane
through the same molecules as other
solutes? Explain. Are all cells equally
permeable to water? Explain.

94) Explain the dierences between
channel proteins and carrier proteins and
why cells need both.
: Channel proteins allow more rapid

transport but are not as selective. Carrier
proteins are slower because of the
conformation change. They are also more
selective and can move larger molecules
than channel proteins. Carrier proteins
never allow free exchange across the
membrane because they never create a
continuous passage between the inside
and outside of the cell.
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95) Briefly explain the dierence between
open channels and gated channels.
: This is discussed in the "ProteinMediated Transport" section of the

chapter.

96) Explain the dierence between Fick's
law of diusion and the flux of a
molecule.
: Fick's law of diusion determines the

rate of diusion. The flux of a molecule is
the rate of diusion per unit surface area
of membrane.
Fick's: Rate of diusion = concentration
gradient membrane permeability
surface area
Flux = concentration gradient
membrane permeability

:
1. the diameter of the central pore
2. the electrical charge of the amino acids
that line the channel
97) Name two ways the selectivity of a

channel is determined.
98) Compare and contrast facilitated
diusion and active transport.
: Both involve binding of substrate to a

carrier, but facilitated is passive, moving
solutes down their concentration
gradients, whereas active requires ATP
and can move solutes against their
concentration gradients.
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99) Distinguish between these
statements, explaining what is correct or
incorrect about each, and what requires
clarication. Relate your answers to the
energy hill concept from the previous
chapter.
A. Passive transport requires energy.
B. Active transport requires energy.
C. Vesicular transport requires energy.
: All forms of transport require energy,

because something is being moved.
A. Passive transport uses the thermal
energy present in the living cell to move
molecules in the energetically favorable
downhill direction (with concentration
gradients).
B. Active transport uses the energy
transferred by the ATP molecule, to move
molecules in the energetically
unfavorable uphill direction (against
concentration gradients).
C. Vesicular transport uses the energy of
the ATP molecule also, to move large
molecules or large quantities of
molecules.

100) Distinguish between the following
terms: cotransport; antiport; symport.
: Cotransport is the moving of more than

one kind of molecule at one time.
Antiport is cotransport of two or more
solutes in opposite directions across the
membrane. Symport is cotransport of two
or more solutes in the same direction
across the membrane.

: Both ultimately depend on the energy

of ATP, but dependence is indirect in
secondary, direct in primary.
101) Compare and contrast primary active

transport and secondary active transport,
noting any special dierences.
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102) Explain the process of secondary

active transport and how it uses ATP.

: Secondary active transport uses the

energy released from moving one
molecule down its concentration gradient
to push other molecules against their
concentration gradient. ATP is used to
create the chemical disequilibrium (or
concentration gradient) for the rst
molecule.
: See Figure 5.26 in the chapter.
103) Explain the purpose of having both

the reversible GLUT transporters as well
as the SGLT transporters in the body.
104) Compare and contrast penetrating
solutes and non-penetrating solutes.
: This is discussed in the "Osmosis and

Tonicity" section of the chapter.

105) Explain the term dynamic steady
state.
: Dynamic indicates that materials are

constantly moving from compartment to
compartment, but steady state implies
there is no net movement between the
compartments.

:
1. connect membrane to the cytoskeleton
to maintain cell shape
2. create cell junctions that hold tissues
together
3. attach cells to the extracellular matrix
by linking cytoskeleton bers to
extracellular collagen and other protein
bers
106) Describe the three major roles of

structural proteins.
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107) Draw a membrane channel protein

from two dierent perspectives, clearly
indicating the pore in each.

108) How is a carrier protein like a ship

canal?
109) What property of some cell
membranes is associated with
impermeability to water molecules?
: Higher concentrations of cholesterol in

the cell membrane reduce membrane
permeability to water.
110) Explain the process of receptormediated endocytosis and exocytosis.

111) Explain the ve rules for diusion and
the two rules for simple diusion across a
membrane.
: See Table 5.1 in the chapter.


: See Tables 5.7 and 5.8 in the chapter.

112) Write the ve rules for osmolarity and

tonicity. Are the relative osmolarity and
tonicity of an extracellular solution
compared to intracellular fluid always the
same? If they are, explain why. If they are
not, give specic examples of when they
are dierent.
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113) Explain and distinguish between the
following:
A. chemical reaction equilibrium
B. chemical equilibrium
C. osmotic equilibrium

114) You are a server in a restaurant,
always interested in going the extra mile
for your customers. Patrick, a regular
customer in your section, has ordered
sweet iced tea and has an appointment in
10 minutes, so he must drink quickly then
leave. The kitchen sta makes only
unsweetened tea, but there are sugar
packets on the tables. What should you
do for Patrick to provide the best sweet
tea, and what general principle of
diusion does this illustrate? (Hint: Will
sugar dissolve quickly in an iced drink?)
:
A. Chemical reaction equilibrium is
achieved in reversible reactions when the
rate of the forward reaction equals the
rate of the reverse reaction. At this state
there is no net change in the
concentration of reactants and products
in the system. This does not mean that
concentrations are equal.
B. Chemical equilibrium occurs when the
concentration of a particular solute in
one location equals that in another.
Typically the locations compared are
intracellular vs. extracellular.
C. Osmotic equilibrium occurs when total
solute concentration is the same, though
chemical disequilibrium may exist.
: Make sugar syrup for Patrick by heating
a small amount of water with a generous
amount of sugar. The sugar diuses
through the water as it dissolves, and this
will occur much quicker in warm water
(diusion rate increases with increasing
temperature). Then add the syrup to his
iced tea and serve.
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115) Provide the basic physics denition of
the term fluid. What is bulk flow relative
to body compartments? What types of
matter move by bulk flow? What is
fundamentally dierent in the behavior of
these types of matter?
: A fluid is a substance that flows. Bulk

flow is movement of a fluid, usually within
a body compartment. Liquids and gases
are fluids, and they flow. Gases are
compressible, but liquids are not.

:B
Section Title: Integrated Membrane
Processes: Insulin Secretion
116) When you eat a large meal and your

body absorbs a lot of glucose and that
makes its way to the interstitial fluid
before going into the cell. 100% of the
glucose should be absorbed into the cell
from the interstitial fluid. Why does
nearly all of the glucose enter the cell,
rather than only half of it?
A) It is moved by active transport.
B) It is modied by the cell, so there is
still more glucose on the outside of the
cell than inside it.
C) Insulin forces glucose into the cell
against a concentration gradient.
D) The cells make ATP so fast, they use
up all the glucose as soon as it enters the
cell.
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:A
117) If a 10% sucrose solution is separated

from a 20% sucrose solution by a
membrane impermeable to sucrose, in
which direction will net movement of
water occur?
A) from the 10% sucrose solution to the
20% sucrose solution only
B) from the 20% sucrose solution to the
10% sucrose solution only
C) There will be no net movement of
water in this case.
D) from the 10% sucrose solution to the
20% sucrose solution and from the 20%
sucrose solution to the 10% sucrose
solution
: Level III: Problem Solving (Bloom's
:B
118) If a 10% sucrose solution is separated

from a 20% sucrose solution by a
membrane permeable to sucrose, in
which direction will net diusion of
sucrose take place?
A) from the 10% sucrose solution to the
20% sucrose solution
B) from the 20% sucrose solution to the
10% sucrose solution
C) There will be no diusion in this case.
D) from the 10% sucrose solution to the
20% sucrose solution and from the 20%
sucrose solution
E) neither from the 10% sucrose solution
to the 20% sucrose solution nor from the
20% sucrose solution to the 10% sucrose
solution
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:B
119) The concentration of calcium inside a

cell is 0.3%. The concentration of calcium
outside the cell is 0.1%. How could the
cell transport even more calcium to the
inside?
A) passive transport
B) active transport
C) osmosis
D) exocytosis
E) All of the answers are correct.
120) When the ions move across the cell
membrane, an electrical potential change
results. As you are probably aware,
nerves trigger muscle movement. When
you place your nger on a sharp object
(such as a tack), you quickly draw your
hand away and develop a sensation of
pain. Which types of channels are
operating under these conditions to
allow nerve conduction and subsequent
muscle movement?
121) Design an experiment to test whether
molecular weight does indeed influence
the rate of diusion. Be sure to list all
controlled variables.
: Mechanically gated (in sensory cell

receptor potentials), voltage-gated (in
nerve and muscle action potentials), and
chemically gated (in neuromuscular
synaptic transmission).
Potential
: Answers will vary. Controlled variables

may include temperature, pH,
composition and volume of solvent or
medium, amount of solute added. Solutes
could be soluble dyes of dierent
molecular weight, and rate of diusion
could be estimated by observing the
extent of coloration around a dye crystal
at specied intervals.
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Taxonomy: Evaluation)
122) Cells of the intestine are very

permeable to water while some cells of
the kidney tubule are not at all
permeable to water. Can you suggest
some ways these two types of cells might
be structurally dierent from each other?
Taxonomy: Analysis)
123) How are molarity and osmolarity
dierent? What property of salts
necessitates this distinction? How does
this property aect the behavior of
water?

Taxonomy: Analysis)
124) Dene osmolarity and tonicity. How
are they similar? How are they dierent?
: Kidney cells may have fewer open

channels through which water can pass,
and/or they may have more cholesterol in
their membranes.
: Molarity is the number of molecules per

liter of solution, while osmolarity is the
number of independent particles per
liter. The ionization of salt in water
illustrates the importance of this
distinction: one mole of sodium chloride
dissociates to produce a total of two
moles of particles (one mole Na+ and one
mole Cl-), or two osmoles. Osmosis is
diusion of water. A one molar solution
of sodium chloride (two osmolar)
produces higher osmotic pressure than a
one molar solution of glucose, which
does not dissociate.
: Osmolarity refers to the concentration
of individual particles in solution. Tonicity
refers to the behavior of a cell in a
solution. They are similar in that both are
related to particles in solution. They are
dierent in that osmolarity depends only
on the total concentration of particles in
solution, whereas tonicity depends on
nature of the particles (i.e., are they
penetrating or nonpenetrating) as well as
on the concentration of the dierent
particles.
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Taxonomy: Analysis)
125) Explain the steps that occur in a
pancreatic beta cell so that insulin is
secreted.
: See Figure 5.38b in the chapter.


: This is easier to answer if all three

solutions are described in equivalent
terms. Solution b is 2 osmolar, because of
the dissociation of sodium and chloride.
Solution c is 0.9 osmolar.
A. iso D. hyper
B. iso E. hyper
C. hypo F. hypo
126) Indicate the relative osmolarities of

the following solutions.
Solution a: 2 osmolar NaCl
Solution b: 1 molar NaCl
Solution c: 900 milliosmolar glucose
A. a is ________ osmotic to b. D. a is ________
osmotic to c.
B. b is ________ osmotic to a. E. b is ________
osmotic to c.
C. c is ________ osmotic to a. F. c is ________
osmotic to b.
127) When the kidney goes into failure,
one of the signs that doctors will see is
that red blood cells will crenate (shrivel
up). Why does this happen in kidney
failure? What process is occurring to the
blood cells?
: Because the kidney is failing to lter

particles out of the blood eectively, the
plasma becomes hypertonic or
hyperosmotic in comparison to the
intracellular compartment of the blood
cell. Since the cell membrane is
impermeable to the ions, but permeable
to water, water will leave the cell to try to
balance the tonicity and osmolarity with
the plasma and in the process the cell
will shrink.
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Taxonomy: Analysis)
128) Red blood cells with an internal
osmolarity of 300 mOsM are placed in
the following solutions. Designate each
solution according to its osmolarity and
tonicity, and explain what happens to the
cells and why.
A. 200 mOsM NaCl
B. 400 mOsM urea
C. 100 mOsM urea plus 200 mOsM NaCl
D. 300 mOsM urea
E. 300 mOsM NaCl
F. 200 mOsM urea plus 300 mOsM NaCl
G. 400 mOsM NaCl
:
A. Hyposmotic, hypotonic. The cell
swells. By Rule 5 in Table 5.8 in the
chapter, hyposmotic solutions are always
hypotonic, because the intracellular
solutes are mainly nonpenetrating (Rule 1)
thus there will be a net flow of water into
the cell.
B. Hyperosmotic, hypotonic. The cell
swells. Urea is a penetrating solute, so
some urea will move into the cell down
its concentration gradient. This will
increase the osmolarity inside the cell,
causing a net flow of water into the cell.
C. Isosmotic, hypotonic. The cell swells.
Urea is a penetrating solute, so there will
be a net movement of urea into the cell,
raising the osmolarity and causing a net
flow of water into the cell.
D. Isosmotic, hypotonic. The cell swells.
Urea will penetrate the cell, raising the
osmolarity and causing a net flow of
water into the cell.
E. Isosmotic, isotonic. No change in cell
size. Sodium and chloride are
nonpenetrating solutes, so there will be
no net ion flow across the membrane.
Because there is no osmotic pressure,
there will also be no net flow of water.
F. Hyperosmotic, isotonic. No change in
cell size at equilibrium. Initially water
leaves the cell due to the higher
osmolarity outside the cell. Then,
because there is a concentration gradient
for urea, urea will enter the cell,
increasing its osmolarity, and bringing
some water into the cell. The
nonpenetrating solute concentrations in
cell and solution initially are equal,
therefore there will be no net movement
of water at equilibrium.
G. Hyperosmotic, hypertonic. The cell
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shrinks. There are no penetrating

solutes, and water exits due to the
higher osmolarity.
Section Title: Protein-Mediated
Transport
Taxonomy: Analysis)
129) There are two solutions separated by
a semipermeable membrane. Solution a is
0.3 M glucose, and solution b is 0.15 M
NaCl. Will there be a net flow of water
across this membrane? Why or why not?
Taxonomy: Analysis)
130) There are two solutions separated by
a semipermeable membrane. Solution a is
0.2 M NaCl and solution b is 0.1 M CaCl2.
Will there be a net flow of water across
the membrane? Why or why not?
Taxonomy: Analysis)
131) Dene the term transport maximum
and describe a way cells can increase
their transport capacity.
: In osmoles, solution a is 0.3 OsM and

solution b is 0.3 OsM (because sodium
and chloride dissociate into separate
particles). The solutions are isosmotic,
and there is no net water flow.
: In osmoles, solution a is 0.4 OsM and
solution b is 0.3 OsM. Solution a is
hyperosmotic, so there will be a net flow
of water into solution a until equilibrium
is established.
: The transport maximum occurs when all
carrier binding sites are lled with
substrate. At this point adding more
substrate will no longer increase the rate
of transport. In order to increase the
capacity and raise the maximum rate of
transport, some cells can increase the
number of carrier proteins in the
membrane.
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132) Diuretics cause the kidneys to
produce large amounts of urine.
Unfortunately, they can also cause the
loss of large quantities of K+ in the urine.
What eect might prolonged use of
diuretics have on nerve or muscle cells?

Taxonomy: Analysis)
133) If someone has a muscle cramp or
spasm, a commonly discussed treatment
is to consume a banana (or another food
high in potassium). Why would this be a
possible treatment for muscle cramps or
spasms?
: Low concentrations of potassium in the

blood is a condition called hypokalemia.
Interstitial fluids would similarly become
low in K+. As the resting potential of
nerve and muscle cells depends primarily
on extracellular K+ concentration, the
potential would be altered. Decreased
extracellular K+ would increase the
concentration gradient for movement of
K+ out of the cells, which would gradually
hyperpolarize the potential as positive
ions exit and make the cells less excitable
(farther from threshold).
Potential
: Potassium is a cation that leaves the cell
during an action potential or
depolarization of a muscle or nerve cell,
and the muscle or nerve cell needs to
move potassium back into the cell to
allow the cell to repolarize and relax. If
there is a deciency in potassium, muscle
and nerve cells may take longer to
repolarize and therefore relax, so
increasing your dietary intake of
potassium may help cells repolarize
quicker.
Potential
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Taxonomy: Analysis)
134) Which membrane transport

process(es) is/are abnormal in people
with cystic brosis? What is the
consequence of the abnormal transport?
Which organ systems are aected? How
is this disease treated? How long do
cystic brosis patients normally live?
What are some of the possible causes of
death related to this disease? What is the
cause of cystic brosis?
: Active transport of chloride is impaired,

in the airways, sweat glands, and
pancreas. The aected epithelia are
involved in production of sweat and
mucus. Thus the respiratory,
integumentary, and digestive systems are
aected. Treatments include replacement
of pancreatic digestive enzymes, which
are blocked from secretion by the mucus
buildup in secretory ducts, and
respiratory therapies to loosen mucus in
the airways and treat recurring infections.
Gene therapy is being explored as well.
Median survival is 37 years as of the
publication date of the textbook. Causes
of death can be related to malnutrition
and respiratory illness. This is a genetic
disease, in which the gene coding for the
chloride transporter is abnormal.
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Taxonomy: Analysis)
You are walking to school one day when
you notice an alien spaceship that has
crashed in a nearby eld. You and some
other physiology students collect
samples from the beings inside of the
spaceship. First, you collect a liquid
sample of what appears to be alien blood
so that you can test for the concentration
of solutes inside the alien blood cells.
You then extract some of these cells,
place them in various concentrations of
glucose in water, then look at them under
the microscope. Below is what happens
to the cells when they are placed in
various concentrations of glucose:
: Similar to the myelin membrane around

nerve cells-good insulators.
Percent Glucose
in Water Condition of
Alien Blood Cells
0.02% cells lyse
0.05% cells lyse
0.10% cells lyse
0.12% cells crenate (shrivel up)
0.20% cells crenate
Table 5.1
135) Refer to Table 5.1. From cells located
in another part of the alien's body, you
nd that the protein-to-lipid ratio of the
cell membrane is about 20% protein, 78%
lipid, and 2% carbohydrate. Assuming the
aliens use their cells as Earthlings do, and
have the same terrestrial physiology,
what is the most likely function of these
cells?
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Taxonomy: Analysis)
136) Refer to Table 5.1. How can you
determine the osmolarity and tonicity of
the alien blood and alien cells?
Taxonomy: Analysis)
137) How does the beta cell in the
pancreas react to release insulin when
glucose levels are low?
: Quantitative chemical analysis would

determine osmolarity. To determine
tonicity, drop the cells into various
solutions and observe the cells' response
under the microscope.
: ATP dependent potassium gates keep
the insulin releasing channels closed
when there is enough glucose getting
into the cell. When glucose levels drop
and the amount of ATP the beta cell is
making drops, it eventually loses the
energy to keep the gates closed,
therefore opening and allowing insulin to
be released into the blood.

Taxonomy: Analysis)
138) What is the approximate
concentration of solute present in alien
blood cells?
: Equivalent osmolality to a 0.11% solution

of glucose
: Level IV: Quantitative Problems (Bloom's

Taxonomy: Analysis)
: 25 g glucose/1000 mL solution 4 mL
solution/min = 0.1 g glucose/min
139) A patient is given an intravenous

infusion of glucose solution that has a
concentration of 25 grams of glucose per
liter. If the infusion is given at a rate of 4
milliliters per minute, what is the mass
flow of glucose into the body?
Taxonomy: Analysis)
: 0.48 1 L = 31.64 L
140) A 70-year-old man weighs 145

pounds and has 48% of his body weight
in the form of water. How many liters of
water is that?
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Taxonomy: Analysis)
141) A dehydrated patient needs a saline
solution IV in order to be rehydrated.
Unfortunately the hospital is poorly
stocked with saline solutions. The nurse
was asked by the doctor to mix up 1 L of a
0.45% saline solution using NaCl and
distilled water. How would she do this?
What is the osmolarity of this solution?
Taxonomy: Evaluation)
142) Based on what you know about the
characteristics of membrane transport,
explain the results shown on the graph.
Each mixture consists of equal parts of
glucose and fructose at the indicated
concentration.
Taxonomy: Analysis)
143) You mix one liter of 300 mOsM NaCl
with two liters 450 mOsM glucose.
A. What is the osmolarity of the new
solution?
B. What is the nal osmolarity of the NaCl
in the new solution?
C. What is the nal osmolarity of glucose
in the new solution?
D. What is the tonicity of this new solution
compared to a red blood cell with 300
mOsM nonpenetrating solute?
: 4.5 g NaCl into 950 mL of distilled water.

Adjust the pH if necessary to 7.4, then
add more distilled water, up to 1000 mL.
= 0.154 osmoles/L
: The cell has two separate membrane

transport molecules, one specic for
glucose and the other for fructose. The
transporters become saturated
somewhere between the concentrations
of 0.5 mM and 1.0 mM, thus any higher
concentration of these sugars produces
no further increase in transport.
:
A. 300 mOsM NaCl 1 L = 300 mOsmoles
NaCl.
450 mOsM glucose 2 L = 900 mOsmoles
glucose.
Total solutes = 900 mOsmoles + 300
mOsmoles = 1200 mOsmoles.
Total volume = 1 L + 2 L = 3 L. 1200
mOsmoles/3 L = 400 mOsM solution.
B. 300 mOsmoles/3 L = 100 mOsM NaCl.
C. 900 mOsmoles/3 L = 300 mOsM
glucose.
D. Solution is hyperosmotic. Glucose is a
penetrating solute, so glucose diuses
into the cell, raising the osmolarity,
causing water to diuse into the cell. The
cell swells. Thus, the solution is
hypotonic.
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Taxonomy: Analysis)
144) Nurse Cameron has been asked to
mix an isotonic intravenous solution for
an emergency room patient who has lost
a lot of blood. The available solutes
include glucose (m.w. 180), NaCl (m.w.
58.5), and urea (m.w. 60). How should she
make up 10 L of IV solution with an
osmolarity of 290 mOsm (isosmotic),
making sure that it will also be isotonic?
Taxonomy: Analysis)
: Nurse Cameron should make her

solution contain only nonpenetrating
solutes, i.e., she should use NaCl but not
glucose or urea.
10 L (0.290 Osmoles/L) (1 mole NaCl/2
Osmoles) (58.5 g/1 mole NaCl) = 84.8 g
NaCl.
She should add 84.8 g NaCl to about 9.5
L distilled water, mix until dissolved,
adjust the pH if necessary to 7.4, then
add more water to a nal volume of 10 L.
...
8/23/2016 9:04 AM

Human Physiology Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Human Physiology Chapter 5 Flashcards | Quizlet

Human Physiology: An Integrated

1) Which body fluid compartment

2) Which body fluid compartment

3) All of the following are types of