ME3040 & ME5090 - 20160919 - Solid Modelling

Solid Modelling
ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling
S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH
3D Modeling
There are three basic types of three-dimensional
computer geometric Modelling methods:

Wireframe Modelling
Surface Modelling
Solid Modelling
Wireframe Modeling
Contains information about the locations of all the points
(vertices) and edges in space coordinates.
Each vertex is defined by x, y, z coordinate.
Edges are defined by a pair of vertices.
Faces are defined as three or more edges.

Wireframe is a collection of edges, there is no skin defining
the area between the edges.
Advantages
Can quickly and efficiently convey information than
multiview drawings.
The only lines seen are the intersections of surfaces.
Can be used for finite element analysis.
Can be used as input for CNC machines to generate
simple parts.
Contain most of the information needed to create

surface, solid and higher order models
Disadvantages
Do not represent an actual solids (no surface and
volume).
Cannot model complex curved surfaces.
Cannot be used to calculate dynamic properties.
Ambiguous views
Disadvantages
Uniqueness problem.
Surface Modeling
A surface model represents the skin of an object,
these skins have no thickness or material type.

Surface models define the surface features, as well
as the edges, of objects.
A mathematical function describes the path of a
curve (parametric techniques).
Surfaces are edited as single entities.
Advantages
Eliminates ambiguity and non-uniqueness present in
wireframe models by hiding lines not seen.
Renders the model for better visualization and presentation,
objects appear more realistic.
Provides the surface geometry for CNC machining.

Provides the geometry needed for mold and die design.
Can be used to design and analyze complex free-formed
surfaces (ship hulls, airplane fuselages, car bodies, ).
Surface properties such as roughness, color and reflectivity
can be assigned and demonstrated.
Disadvantages
Surface models provide no information about the
inside of an object.
Complicated computation, depending on the
number of surfaces
Solid Models
In the solid modeling, the solid definitions include
vertices (nodes), edges, surfaces, weight, and

volume. The model is a complete and unambiguous
representation of a precisely enclosed and filled
volume.
10
Advantages
Has all the advantages of surface models (uniqueness, non-ambiguous,
realistic, surface profile) plus volumetric information.
Allows the designer to create multiple options for a design.
2D standard drawings, assembly drawing and exploded views are
generated form the 3D model.
Can easily be exported to different Finite Element Methods programs for

analysis.
Can be used in newly manufacturing techniques; computer integrated
manufacturing (CIM), computer aided manufacturing (CAM) and design
for manufacturability ans assembly (DFM, DFA)
Mass and volumetric properties of an object can be easily obtained; total
mass, mass center, area and mass moment of inertia, volume, radius of
gyration,
11
Disadvantages
More intensive computation than wireframe and
surface modeling.
Requires more powerful computers (faster with
more memory and good graphics), not a problem
any more.
12
Methods of Creating Solid Models

Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)
Boundary Representation (B-Rep)
Feature Based Modelling (FBM)
Space Decomposition (Exhaustive & Hierarchical HSD)
13

14
Constructive Solid Geometry, CSG

CSG defines a model in terms of combining basic and
generated (using extrusion and sweeping operation) solid
shapes.
CSG uses Boolean operations to construct a model
There are three basic Boolean operations:

Union (Unite, join) - the operation combines two volumes
included in the different solids into a single solid.
Subtract (cut) - the operation subtracts the volume of

one solid from the other solid object.
Intersection - the operation keeps only the volume
common to both solids
15
The basic primitive solids
16
Location
The location of
the insertion
base or base
point and default
axes orientation.
17
Boolean Operations
Subtract
Union
Intersection
18
Solid Modelling Example Using CSG

Plan your Modelling strategy
before you start creating the
solid model
Ken Youssefi
Mechanical Engineering Dept.
19
CSG Tree of Tappet Valve
20
Features of CSG Solid Models

Advantages:
Simple to understand and use.

Low memory requirements.
Limitations:
CSG is an unevaluated or raw model. Therefore, for any
operation such as display or property calculations, it
takes more time.
Data accession becomes more difficult as the
complexity of the part increases.
21

22
Boundary Representation (B-rep)

A solid model is formed by defining the surfaces that
form its boundary (edges and surfaces)

The face of a B-rep represents an oriented surface,
there are two sides to the surface; solid side (inside)
and void side (outside), unlike faces in a wireframe.
B-rep model is created using Euler operation
Many Finite Element Method (FEM) programs use

this method. Allows the interior meshing of the
volume to be more easily controlled.
23
B-Rep Data Structure
24
Comparison of CSG & B-Rep
25
Features of B-Rep Models

Advantages:
Algorithms work very fast due to its presence in evaluated
and data redundancy.
condition
Limitations:
High memory requirements.
Difficult for a user to create since the user has to calculate the
intersections of various surfaces, i.e., poor user friendliness.
Large amount of data redundancy.

During the manipulative operations, the topology may be disturbed
leading to nonsense object if proper check is not made.
26

27
Parametric Modelling Concept

Parametric is a term used to describe a dimensions
ability to change the shape of model geometry if the

dimension value is modified.
Feature-based is a term used to describe the various
components of a model. For example, a part can
consists of various types of features such as holes,
grooves, fillets, and chamfers.
Parametric modeler are featured-based, parametric,
solid Modelling design program: SolidWorks, Pro-
Engineer, Unigraphics (CSG and parametric), ..

28
Design Intent
In parametric modeling, dimensions control the model.
Design intent is how your model will react when dimension values
are changed.
Example: The drawing shows the intent
of the designer that the inclined plane
(chamfer) should have a flat area

measuring 2.5 inches and that it should
start at a point 1.25 inches from the
2.50
base of the drawing. These parameters

are what the designer deemed
2.50
significant for this model.
1.25
4.00
29
Design Intent
In this drawing, what is important to
the designer is the vertical location
and horizontal dimension of the
chamfer, rather than the flat of the
chamfer.
2.125
2.50
1.25
4.00
1.75
In the last drawing, the designer calls

for a specific angle for the chamfer. In
this case the angle of the chamfer
should be dimensioned.
30.0O
2.50
4.00
30
Design Intent
31

32
Spatial Decomposition Models

Exhaustive enumeration (Voxel-Based)
Hierarchical Space Decomposition (HSD) such as
Bintree, Octree, Lintree and Polytree (also known as
Extended Octree)
33

Uniform True-3D:
Voxel
representation of
a torus
Uniform Quasi-3D:
Stick
representation of a
Component
34
Adaptive True-3D:
Octree
representation
35
Features of Octree
Advantages
Constant and less memory. It depends on the universe and

resolution only and is independent of the number of
operations.
Limitations
Memory required increases exponentially with the increase in
resolution.
Octree is an approximate representation.
Feature details are irretrievably lost.
36
Practical Solid Modelling System

No single solid representation
scheme is good enough in all
aspects. Therefore, any
practical solid Modelling system
invariably makes use of and
maintains two or more
representations - one being
user-friendly and the other
being system-friendly.
37
Practical Solid Modelling System

User-friendly
Representation
System-friendly
Representation
CSG & FBM
B-Rep
Pro/E, SolidWorks
FBM
B-Rep
GIS, Medicine, NC
Simulation
Images, NC Program
(DSG)
HSD (V-Rep or Octree)
Software
AutoCAD MDT,
I-DEAS, Unigraphics
38
Have a nice day!
39

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Solid Modelling

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

computer geometric Modelling methods:

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Faces are defined as three or more edges.

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Contain most of the information needed to create

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

these skins have no thickness or material type.

Surfaces are edited as single entities.

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Provides the surface geometry for CNC machining.

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

vertices (nodes), edges, surfaces, weight, and

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Can easily be exported to different Finite Element Methods programs for

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Methods of Creating Solid Models

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Methods of Creating Solid Models

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Constructive Solid Geometry, CSG

There are three basic Boolean operations:

Subtract (cut) - the operation subtracts the volume of

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

The basic primitive solids

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Solid Modelling Example Using CSG

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

CSG Tree of Tappet Valve

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Features of CSG Solid Models

Simple to understand and use.

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Methods of Creating Solid Models

S. Suryakumar, ME, IITH

ME3040/ME5090: Mathematical Elements for Geometrical Modelling

Boundary Representation (B-rep)

form its boundary (edges and surfaces)

Many Finite Element Method (FEM) programs use