Listofcountriesrankedbyethnicandcultural

diversitylevel
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Thispagecontainslistsofcountriesrankedbyethnicandculturaldiversitylevel.

Contents
1
2
3
4

Methodology
ListbasedonFearon'sanalysis
ListbasedonAlesinaetal'sanalysis
References

Methodology
ThelistsarecommonlyusedinEconomicsliteraturetocomparethelevelsofethnic,cultural,linguisticand
religiousfractionalizationindifferentcountries.[1][2]Fractionalizationmeasuresarecomputingtheprobability
thattworandomlydrawnindividuals(fromacountry)arenotfromthesamegroup(ethnic,religious,or
whateverthecriterionis).ThetwolistshavebeendescribedbyAlesinaandFerraraasfollows:[1]
"Fearon[3]andAlesinaetal.[4]havecompiledvariousmeasuresofethnicheterogeneitywhichtryto
tacklethefactthatthedifferenceamongstgroupsmanifestsitselfindifferentwaysindifferentplaces.
Thetwoclassificationsareconstructeddifferently.Alesinaetal.[4]donottakeastandonwhatethnicity
(orlanguageorreligion)aremoresalientthanothersandadoptthecountrybreakdownsuggestedby
originalsources,mainlytheEncyclopediaBritannica.Fearon[3]insteadistryingtoconstructtheright
listofethnicgroupswhichdependsonwhatpeopleinthecountryidentifyasthemostsociallyrelevant
ethnicgroupings.Thisapproachhastheadvantageofbeingclosertowhatthetheorywouldwantand
thedisadvantageofhavingtomakejudgementcalls(oradoptothersjudgementcalls)aboutwhatisthe
rightlist."

ListbasedonFearon'sanalysis
IntheFearonlist,culturalfractionalizationisapproximatedbyameasureofsimilaritybetweenlanguages,
varyingfrom1=thepopulationspeakstwoormoreunrelatedlanguagesto0=theentirepopulationspeaksthe
samelanguage.[3]Thisindexofculturaldiversityisbiasedtowardslinguisticvariationsasopposedtogenetic
diversityandothervariations.

EthnicandCulturaldiversity(2003)[3]
Ethnic
Diversity
Rank

Country

EthnicFractionalization
Index

CulturalDiversityIndex

PapuaNewGuinea

1.000000

Tanzania

0.953000

0.564000

0.933000

0.628000

DemocraticRepublicof
Congo

Uganda

0.930000

0.647000

Liberia

0.899000

0.644000

Cameroon

0.887000

0.733000

Togo

0.883000

0.602000

SouthAfrica

0.880000

0.530000

Congo

0.878000

0.562000

10

Madagascar

0.861000

0.192000

11

Gabon

0.857000

0.382000

12

Kenya

0.852000

0.601000

13

Ghana

0.846000

0.388000

14

Malawi

0.829000

0.294000

15

GuineaBissau

0.818000

0.568000

16

Somalia

0.812000

0.290000

17

India

0.811000

0.667000

18

Nigeria

0.805000

0.660000

19

Yugoslavia(19431992)

0.801000

0.385000

20

CentralAfrican
Republic

0.791000

0.511000

21

IvoryCoast

0.784000

0.557000

22

Lebanon

0.780000

0.195000

23

Chad

0.772000

0.727000

24

Indonesia

0.766000

0.522000

25

Mozambique

0.765000

0.285000

26

Gambia

0.764000

0.548000

27

SierraLeone

0.764000

0.534000

28

Ethiopia

0.760000

0.562000

29

Angola

0.756000

0.242000

30

Mali

0.754000

0.590000

31

Afghanistan

0.751000

0.679000

32

Bolivia

0.743000

0.662000

33

UnitedArabEmirates

0.737000

0.650000

34

Senegal

0.727000

0.402000

35

Zambia

0.726000

0.189000

Ethnic
Diversity
Rank
36

Country
Namibia

EthnicFractionalization
CulturalDiversityIndex
Index
0.724000
0.589000

37

USSR(19221991)

0.711000

0.596000

38

Sudan(19552011)

0.708000

0.698000

39

Kuwait

0.708000

0.540000

40

BurkinaFaso

0.704000

0.354000

41

BosniaandHerzegovina

0.681000

0.146000

42

Kyrgyzstan

0.679000

0.624000

43

Nepal

0.677000

0.542000

44

Iran

0.669000

0.542000

45

Guinea

0.669000

0.490000

46

Kazakhstan

0.664000

0.620000

47

Colombia

0.656000

0.020000

48

Ecuador

0.655000

0.480000

49

Eritrea

0.647000

0.398000

50

TrinidadandTobago

0.647000

0.380000

51

Peru

0.638000

0.506000

52

Niger

0.637000

0.600000

53

Mauritius

0.632000

0.448000

54

Mauritania

0.625000

0.272000

55

Benin

0.622000

0.400000

56

Guyana

0.620000

0.460000

57

Djibouti

0.606000

0.404000

58

Bhutan

0.605000

0.518000

59

Malaysia

0.596000

0.564000

60

Canada

0.596000

0.499000

61

Latvia

0.585000

0.441000

62

Syria

0.581000

0.235000

0.575000

0.418000

63

Switzerland

64

Yugoslavia(19181943)

0.575000

0.392000

65

Belgium

0.567000

0.462000

66

Fiji

0.566000

0.553000

67

SaudiArabia

0.553000

0.413000

68

Bahrain

0.551000

0.460000

69

Iraq

0.549000

0.355000

70

Brazil

0.549000

0.020000

71

Mexico

0.542000

0.434000

72

Macedonia

0.535000

0.432000

73

Pakistan

0.532000

0.289000

Ethnic
Diversity
Rank
74

Country
Israel

EthnicFractionalization
CulturalDiversityIndex
Index
0.526000
0.246000

75

Burma

0.522000

0.419000

76

Tajikistan

0.513000

0.492000

77

Estonia

0.511000

0.492000

78

Moldova

0.510000

0.401000

79

Jordan

0.509000

0.049000

80

Panama

0.507000

0.168000

0.505000

0.290000

81

Czechoslovakia(1918
1992)

82

Spain

0.502000

0.263000

83

Chile

0.497000

0.167000

84

Guatemala

0.493000

0.493000

85

UnitedStates

0.491000

0.271000

86

Georgia

0.490000

0.404000

87

Uzbekistan

0.485000

0.442000

88

Venezuela

0.483000

0.020000

89

Laos

0.481000

0.020000

90

Morocco

0.479000

0.360000

91

Oman

0.439000

0.404000

92

Thailand

0.431000

0.431000

93

SriLanka

0.428000

0.386000

94

Ukraine

0.419000

0.258000

95

Nicaragua

0.402000

0.095000

96

Turkmenistan

0.392000

0.328000

97

Singapore

0.388000

0.388000

98

DominicanRepublic

0.387000

0.000000

99

Croatia

0.375000

0.185000

100

Belarus

0.372000

0.228000

101

Zimbabwe

0.366000

0.141000

102

NewZealand

0.363000

0.363000

103

Cyprus

0.359000

0.359000

104

Botswana

0.351000

0.161000

105

Lithuania

0.338000

0.259000

106

Russia

0.333000

0.311000

107

Slovakia

0.332000

0.293000

108

Burundi

0.328000

0.040000

109

UnitedKingdom

0.324000

0.184000

110

CzechRepublic

0.322000

0.064000

Ethnic
Diversity
Rank
111

Country
Algeria

EthnicFractionalization
CulturalDiversityIndex
Index
0.320000
0.237000

112

Romania

0.300000

0.265000

113

Turkey

0.299000

0.299000

114

Bulgaria

0.299000

0.250000

115

Swaziland

0.280000

0.143000

116

Taiwan

0.274000

0.169000

117

France

0.272000

0.251000

118

Mongolia

0.272000

0.227000

119

Lesotho

0.255000

0.057000

120

Argentina

0.255000

0.000000

121

CostaRica

0.238000

0.078000

122

Vietnam

0.233000

0.210000

123

Slovenia

0.231000

0.170000

124

Bangladesh

0.223000

0.141000

125

Uruguay

0.218000

0.000000

126

Cuba

0.213000

0.020000

127

ElSalvador

0.198000

0.180000

128

Sweden

0.189000

0.189000

129

Azerbaijan

0.188000

0.187000

130

Hungary

0.186000

0.185000

131

Cambodia

0.186000

0.150000

132

Honduras

0.185000

0.167000

133

Rwanda

0.180000

0.000000

134

Ireland

0.171000

0.157000

135

Jamaica

0.166000

0.027000

136

Egypt

0.164000

0.000000

137

Philippines

0.161000

0.116000

138

China

0.154000

0.154000

139

Libya

0.151000

0.127000

140

Australia

0.149000

0.147000

141

Armenia

0.134000

0.124000

142

Finland

0.132000

0.132000

143

Paraguay

0.132000

0.039000

144

Denmark

0.128000

0.128000

145

Austria

0.126000

0.100000

146

Norway

0.098000

0.098000

147

Albania

0.097000

0.082000

148

Germany

0.095000

0.090000

Ethnic
Diversity
Rank
149

Country
Haiti

EthnicFractionalization
CulturalDiversityIndex
Index
0.095000
0.000000

150

Yemen

0.078000

0.078000

151

Netherlands

0.077000

0.077000

152

Greece

0.059000

0.050000

153

Poland

0.047000

0.041000

154

Portugal

0.040000

0.040000

155

Italy

0.040000

0.040000

156

Tunisia

0.039000

0.033000

157

Japan

0.012000

0.012000

158

SouthKorea

0.004000

0.004000

159

NorthKorea

0.002000

0.002000

ListbasedonAlesinaetal'sanalysis
ThislistisbasedontheanalysisofAlesinaandothers,[4]theydevelopfractionalizationscoresbasedon
ethnicity,religiousandlinguisticdatadirectlyfromtheEncyclopdiaBritannicalists.Thislistisbiasedbyhow
theBritannicachoosestolistethnicgroups,butitdoesnotmakeajudgementcallonwhichidentitiesaremore
salientthanothers.AccordingtoPatsiurkoetal.
"Oneofthemostambitiousandwidelyusedofthesenew[fractionalization]indiceswascreatedby
Alesinaetal.(2003)whodevelopedmeasuresofethnic,linguisticandreligiousfractionalizationin190
countriesusingmorecurrentdatafromtheEncyclopaediaBritannicaBookoftheYear(2001)...and
othersources.Butagainscholarsofferedcriticisms(e.g.Fearon2003Posner2004).First,thereis
inconsistencyintermsoftheyearscovered.Forinstance,theEncyclopaediaBritannicaprovides
ethnicitydataforonly124of190countries,soAlesinahadtoresorttoothersourcesfortherest.Hence,
hisethnicitydatacoveredyearsrangingfrom1979to2001,dependingonthecountry.Second,heoffered
onetimemeasuresoffractionalization,therebybeingunabletosayanythingaboutchangeovertime"[2]

Number

Ethnic,LinguisticandReligiousFractionalization[4]
Ethnic
Linguistic
Country
Fractionalization
Fractionalization

Religious
Fractionalization

Afghanistan

0.769300

0.614100

0.271700

Albania

0.220400

0.039900

0.471900

Algeria

0.339400

0.442700

0.009100

American
Samoa

0.000000

0.173300

0.639500

Andorra

0.713900

0.684800

0.232600

Angola

0.786700

0.787000

0.627600

Antiguaand
Barbuda

0.164300

0.106300

0.684000

Argentina

0.255000

0.061800

0.223600

Armenia

0.127200

0.129100

0.457600

10

Aruba

0.000000

0.388900

0.410700

11

Australia

0.092900

0.334900

0.821100

12

Austria

0.106800

0.152200

0.414600

13

Azerbaijan

0.204700

0.205400

0.489900

14

Bahamas

0.422800

0.185500

0.681500

15

Bahrain

0.502100

0.434400

0.552800

16

Bangladesh

0.045400

0.092500

0.209000

17

Barbados

0.142300

0.092600

0.693400

18

Belarus

0.322200

0.466600

0.611600

19

Belgium

0.555400

0.540900

0.212700

20

Belize

0.701500

0.630300

0.581300

21

Benin

0.787200

0.790500

0.554400

22

Bermuda

0.000000

0.000000

0.711200

23

Bhutan

0.605000

0.605600

0.378700

24

Bolivia

0.739600

0.224000

0.208500

25

Bosniaand
Herzegovina

0.630000

0.675100

0.685100

26

Botswana

0.410200

0.411000

0.598600

27

Brazil

0.540800

0.046800

0.605400

28

Brunei

0.541600

0.343800

0.440400

29

Bulgaria

0.402100

0.303100

0.596500

30

BurkinaFaso

0.737700

0.722800

0.579800

31

Burundi

0.295100

0.297700

0.515800

32

Cambodia

0.210500

0.210400

0.096500

33

Cameroon

0.863500

0.889800

0.733800

34

Canada

0.712400

0.577200

0.695800

35

CapeVerde

0.417400

0.000000

0.076600

Number
36

Country
CentralAfrican
Republic

Ethnic
Fractionalization
0.829500

Linguistic
Fractionalization
0.833400

Religious
Fractionalization
0.791600

37

Chad

0.862000

0.863500

0.641100

38

Chile

0.186100

0.187100

0.384100

39

China

0.153800

0.132700

0.664300

40

Colombia

0.601400

0.019300

0.147800

41

Comoros

0.000000

0.010300

0.013700

0.874700

0.870500

0.702100

42

Democratic
RepublicofCongo

43

Congo

0.874700

0.687100

0.664200

44

CostaRica

0.236800

0.048900

0.241000

45

IvoryCoast

0.820400

0.784200

0.755100

46

Croatia

0.369000

0.076300

0.444700

47

Cuba

0.590800

0.000000

0.505900

48

Cyprus

0.093900

0.396200

0.396200

49

CzechRepublic

0.322200

0.323300

0.659100

50

Denmark

0.081900

0.104900

0.233300

51

Djibouti

0.796200

0.655800

0.043500

52

Dominica

0.200300

0.000000

0.462800

53

Dominican
Republic

0.429400

0.039500

0.311800

54

EastTimor

0.000000

0.526100

0.425400

55

Ecuador

0.655000

0.130800

0.141700

56

Egypt

0.183600

0.023700

0.197900

57

ElSalvador

0.197800

0.000000

0.355900

58

Equatorial
Guinea

0.346700

0.322000

0.119500

59

Eritrea

0.652400

0.653000

0.425300

60

Estonia

0.506200

0.494400

0.498500

61

Ethiopia

0.723500

0.807300

0.624900

62

FaroeIslands

0.000000

0.000000

0.314700

63

Fiji

0.547900

0.547900

0.568200

64

Finland

0.131500

0.141200

0.253100

65

France

0.103200

0.122100

0.402900

66

FrenchGuiana

0.000000

0.115400

0.495900

0.000000

0.607800

0.581300

67

French
Polynesia

68

Gabon

0.769000

0.782100

0.667400

69

Gambia,The

0.786400

0.807600

0.097000

70

GazaStrip

0.000000

0.010400

0.034200

Country
Georgia

Ethnic
Fractionalization
0.492300

Linguistic
Fractionalization
0.474900

Religious
Fractionalization
0.654300

72

Germany

0.168200

0.164200

0.657100

73

Ghana

0.673300

0.673100

0.798700

74

Greece

0.157600

0.030000

0.153000

75

Greenland

0.000000

0.218800

0.459200

76

Grenada

0.266100

0.000000

0.589800

77

Guadeloupe

0.000000

0.093300

0.306900

78

Guam

0.000000

0.732000

0.408200

79

Guatemala

0.512200

0.458600

0.375300

80

Guinea

0.738900

0.772500

0.264900

81

GuineaBissau

0.808200

0.814100

0.612800

82

Guyana

0.619500

0.068800

0.787600

83

Haiti

0.095000

0.000000

0.470400

84

Honduras

0.186700

0.055300

0.235700

85

HongKong

0.062000

0.212800

0.419100

86

Hungary

0.152200

0.029700

0.524400

87

Iceland

0.079800

0.082000

0.191300

88

India

0.418200

0.806900

0.326000

89

Indonesia

0.735100

0.768000

0.234000

90

Iran

0.668400

0.746200

0.115200

91

Iraq

0.368900

0.369400

0.484400

92

Ireland

0.120600

0.031200

0.155000

93

IsleofMan

0.000000

0.000000

0.472900

94

Israel

0.343600

0.552500

0.346900

95

Italy

0.114500

0.114700

0.302700

96

Jamaica

0.412900

0.109800

0.616000

97

Japan

0.011900

0.017800

0.540600

98

Jersey

0.000000

0.000000

0.547900

99

Jordan

0.592600

0.039600

0.065900

100

Kazakhstan

0.617100

0.662100

0.589800

101

Kenya

0.858800

0.886000

0.776500

102

Kiribati

0.051100

0.023700

0.554100

103

Korea,South

0.039200

0.002800

0.489100

104

Korea,North

0.002000

0.002100

0.660400

105

Kyrgyzstan

0.675200

0.594900

0.447000

106

Kuwait

0.660400

0.344400

0.674500

107

Laos

0.513900

0.638200

0.545300

108

Latvia

0.586700

0.579500

0.555600

109

Lebanon

0.131400

0.131200

0.788600

Number
71

Number
110

Country
Lesotho

Ethnic
Fractionalization
0.255000

Linguistic
Fractionalization
0.254300

Religious
Fractionalization
0.721100

111

Liberia

0.908400

0.903800

0.488300

112

Libya

0.792000

0.075800

0.057000

113

Liechtenstein

0.572600

0.224600

0.334300

114

Lithuania

0.322300

0.321900

0.414100

115

Luxembourg

0.530200

0.644000

0.091100

116

Macau

0.000000

0.251900

0.551100

117

Macedonia

0.502300

0.502100

0.589900

118

Madagascar

0.879100

0.020400

0.519100

119

Malawi

0.674400

0.602300

0.819200

120

Malaysia

0.588000

0.597000

0.665700

121

Mali

0.690600

0.838800

0.182000

122

Malta

0.041400

0.090700

0.122300

123

MarshallIslands

0.060300

0.073400

0.520700

124

Martinique

0.000000

0.000000

0.233600

125

Mauritania

0.615000

0.326000

0.014900

126

Mauritius

0.463400

0.454700

0.638500

127

Mayotte

0.000000

0.721200

0.062000

128

Mexico

0.541800

0.151100

0.179600

129

Micronesia

0.700500

0.748300

0.646900

130

Moldova

0.553500

0.553300

0.560300

131

Monaco

0.683800

0.730500

0.304700

132

Mongolia

0.368200

0.373400

0.079900

133

Morocco

0.484100

0.468300

0.003500

134

Mozambique

0.693200

0.812500

0.675900

135

Burma

0.506200

0.507200

0.197400

136

Namibia

0.632900

0.700500

0.662600

137

Nauru

0.583200

0.616100

0.619400

0.663200

0.716700

0.141700

138

Nepal

139

Netherlands
Antilles

0.000000

0.250800

0.386600

140

Netherlands

0.105400

0.514300

0.722200

141

NewCaledonia

0.000000

0.663300

0.546200

142

NewZealand

0.396900

0.165700

0.811000

143

Nicaragua

0.484400

0.047300

0.429000

0.651800

0.651900

0.201300

144

Niger

145

Nigeria

0.850500

0.831600

0.742100

146

Northern
MarianaIslands

0.000000

0.775400

0.481100

Number
147

Country
Norway

Ethnic
Fractionalization
0.058600

Linguistic
Fractionalization
0.067300

Religious
Fractionalization
0.204800

148

Oman

0.437300

0.356700

0.432200

149

Pakistan

0.709800

0.719000

0.384800

150

Palau

0.431200

0.315700

0.714700

151

Panama

0.552800

0.387300

0.333800

152

PapuaNew
Guinea

0.271800

0.352600

0.552300

153

Paraguay

0.168900

0.597500

0.212300

154

Peru

0.656600

0.335800

0.198800

155

Philippines

0.238500

0.836000

0.305600

156

Poland

0.118300

0.046800

0.171200

157

Portugal

0.046800

0.019800

0.143800

158

PuertoRico

0.000000

0.035200

0.495200

159

Qatar

0.745600

0.480000

0.095000

160

Reunion

0.000000

0.157800

0.195200

161

Romania

0.306900

0.172300

0.237300

162

Russian
Federation

0.245200

0.248500

0.439800

163

Rwanda

0.323800

0.000000

0.506600

164

SaintLucia

0.176900

0.316900

0.332000

165

SaintVincent
andtheGrenadines

0.306600

0.017500

0.702800

166

WesternSamoa

0.137600

0.011100

0.787100

167

SanMarino

0.292700

0.000000

0.197500

168

SaoTomeand
Principe

0.000000

0.232200

0.186600

169

SaudiArabia

0.180000

0.094900

0.127000

170

Senegal

0.693900

0.708100

0.149700

171

Serbia

0.573600

0.000000

0.000000

172

Seychelles

0.202500

0.160600

0.232300

173

SierraLeone

0.819100

0.763400

0.539500

174

Singapore

0.385700

0.383500

0.656100

175

SlovakRepublic

0.253900

0.255100

0.565500

176

Slovenia

0.221600

0.220100

0.286800

177

SolomonIslands

0.111000

0.525400

0.670800

178

Somalia

0.811700

0.032600

0.002800

179

SouthAfrica

0.751700

0.865200

0.860300

180

Spain

0.416500

0.413200

0.451400

181

SriLanka

0.415000

0.464500

0.485300

Number
182

Country
SaintKittsand
Nevis

Ethnic
Fractionalization
0.184200

Linguistic
Fractionalization
0.000000

Religious
Fractionalization
0.661400

183

Sudan

0.714700

0.719000

0.430700

184

Suriname

0.733200

0.331000

0.791000

185

Swaziland

0.058200

0.172200

0.444400

186

Sweden

0.060000

0.196800

0.234200

0.531400

0.544100

0.608300

187

Switzerland

188

Syria

0.539900

0.181700

0.431000

189

Taiwan

0.274400

0.502800

0.684500

190

Tajikistan

0.510700

0.547300

0.338600

191

Tanzania

0.735300

0.898300

0.633400

192

Thailand

0.633800

0.634400

0.099400

193

Togo

0.709900

0.898000

0.659600

194

Tonga

0.086900

0.378200

0.621400

0.647500

0.125100

0.793600

195

Trinidadand
Tobago

196

Tunisia

0.039400

0.012400

0.010400

197

Turkey

0.320000

0.221600

0.004900

198

Turkmenistan

0.391800

0.398400

0.232700

199

Tuvalu

0.162900

0.137200

0.252400

200

Uganda

0.930200

0.922700

0.633200

201

Ukraine

0.473700

0.474100

0.615700

202

UnitedArab
Emirates

0.625200

0.487400

0.331000

203

UnitedKingdom

0.121100

0.053200

0.694400

204

UnitedStates

0.490100

0.564700

0.824100

205

Uruguay

0.250400

0.081700

0.354800

206

Uzbekistan

0.412500

0.412000

0.213300

207

Vanuatu

0.041300

0.579400

0.704400

208

Venezuela

0.496600

0.068600

0.135000

209

Vietnam

0.238300

0.237700

0.508000

210

UnitedStates
VirginIslands

0.000000

0.314000

0.635900

211

WestBank

0.000000

0.143800

0.309500

212

Yemen

0.000000

0.008000

0.002300

213

Yugoslavia

0.809200

0.606400

0.553000

214

Zambia

0.780800

0.873400

0.735900

215

Zimbabwe

0.387400

0.447200

0.736300

References

1.A.Alesina,E.LaFerrara(2005)."EthnicDiversityandEconomicPerformance"(PDF).JournalofEconomic
Literature:762800.RetrievedSeptember13,2012.
2.NatalkaPatsiurko,JohnL.CampbellandJohnA.Hall(2012)."Measuringculturaldiversity:ethnic,linguisticand
religiousfractionalizationintheOECD"(PDF).EthnicandRacialStudies.35(2):195217.
doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.579136.RetrievedSeptember13,2012.
3.JamesFearon(2003)."EthnicandCulturalDiversitybyCountry"(PDF).JournalofEconomicGrowth.8:195222.
doi:10.1023/A:1024419522867.
4.AlbertoAlesinaetal.(2003)."Fractionalization"(PDF).JournalofEconomicGrowth.8:155194.
doi:10.1023/a:1024471506938.RetrievedSeptember13,2012.

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