Professional Documents
Culture Documents
In pursuance of the press restructuring approved by the Prime Minister and the
proposal made by the Ministry of Education and Training, the Ministry of Culture and
Information issued the Decision No 519/GP-BVHTT dated November 25th, 2002,
licensing the publication of the University of Danang journal entitled Science and
Technology.
The Press Bureau under the Ministry of Culture and Information issued the official
dispatch No 816/BC dated August 10th, 2006, permitting the University of Danang to
publish the Science and Technology every two months instead of every three months.
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of Science and Technology issued the official dispatch No 44/TTKHCN-ISSN dated
February 6th, 2007, agreeing to grant an international standardized code, namely ISSN
1859-1531 to the UD journal Science and Technology.
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the official dispatch No 210/CBC of March 5th, 2008, allowing the UD journal Science
and Technology to be published in English and French in addition to the Vietnamese
publication.
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the Decision No 1487 /GP-BVHTT, granting an additional licence which permits the UD
journal Science and Technology to increase the publication period frequency from
every 2 months to every month and to raise the number of pages from 80 to 150 pages.
The UD journal Science and Technology has been established in view of
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offering information on the domestic and foreign scientific research results that serve the
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Over the past 40 years, the UD journal Science and Technology has been
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Journals Editorial Staff
CONTENTS
ISSN 1859-1531 THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG, JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NO. 12(97).2015, VOL 1
14
Improving stability for independent power control of DFIG with SFOC and DPC during GRID
unbalance
Nguyen Thanh Hai, Vo Viet Cuong
20
Effects of ethylene glycol, temperature and pH on the size and the dispersion of the platinum
nanoparticle catalyst on carbon support
Hoang Anh Huy, Ho Thi Thanh Van
25
A study of the curvature of a thick ALN film grown on a trench-patterned -Al2O 3 template using
X-ray diffraction
Dinh Thanh Khan, Nguyen Quy Tuan
30
The application of fuzzy entropy to selecting features of partial discharge in high voltage
cable joints
Nguyen Tung Lam
33
38
Physical layer secrecy performance analysis of TAS/ MRC system over rayleigh/ nakagami
fading channels
Nguyen Van Tho, Van Phu Tuan, Vo Tan Loc, Ha Dac Binh
43
48
53
58
Research on reducing residue of fipronil pesticide by vetiver grass in constructed wetland a case study in Quang Nam province, Vietnam
Pham Phu Song Toan
63
67
71
NATURAL SCIENCES
Applying model-view-controller model (MVC model) in building a dormitory management
information system for The University of Danang, University of Science and Technology
Dang Hoai Phuong, Nguyen Van Dong, Dinh Thi Hong Huyen, Pham Thi Thu Hien, Lam Thi Hong Tam
75
80
SOCIAL SCIENCES
FDI attraction for industry development experiences from developed countries and
applications for Laos
Nguyen Ngoc Anh, Lamngeun Xayasene
85
90
HUMAN SCIENCES
Applying group work activities to improve English speaking skills for nursing students at Danang
University of medical technology and pharmacy
Pham Dang Tram Anh, Luu Quy Khuong
94
100
105
109
115
An investigation into semantic feature of English slang containing words denoting animals
Dinh Quang Trung
121
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG, JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NO. 12(97).2015, VOL. 1
1. Introduction
2.1. Ozone
2. Research Overview
2.1.1. Sources of ozone precursors
A problem of increasing concern is the presence of
photochemical smog in some urban and industrial regions.
The photochemical reaction of NOx (NO + NO2) and VOC
in the presence of sunlight originate in photochemical
smog. It is chemically characterized by a high level of
oxidant compounds, mainly O3.
NOx and hydrocarbon emissions from traffic are high
in urban areas so ozone tends to accumulate rapidly. A
considerable effect on the oxidizing capacity of the
troposphere which affects human health by causing
symptoms such as irritated eyes, cough, headache, chest
pains and, in extreme cases, lung inflammation coming
from the concentration of ozone. The ozone is also
associated with the corrosion of urban structures, the toxic
plants and leading to a decrease in vegetation. Moreover,
ozone can be swept away by winds so the higher ozone
concentration appears in places far from the sources of the
emission of the ozone precursors. Many regions worldwide
have been plagued by the air pollution of high surface
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG, JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NO. 12(97).2015, VOL. 1
Meteorology Model
(MM5 or WRF)
MCIP
CMAQ Programs
ICON
CCTM
BCON
JPROC
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Modeling conditions
3.1.1. Study period and domain
There was a rapid ozone formation event on August 23,
2007 and the ozone concentration in Gang-hwa is higher
than Seoul in this day. Therefore, this study selects the
simulation period from August 19 to 25, 2007.
There are 3 model domains in this study: domain 1
includes East Asia, domain 2 includes South Korea,
domain 3 includes Seoul & Gang-hwa.
3.1.2. Meteorological fields
In this study, the MM5 (Mesoscale Model, Version 5)
,
,
0.5
, |
,
,
,
.
, : Modeling concentrations
, : Observation concentrations
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG, JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NO. 12(97).2015, VOL. 1
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
Xiao Tang, Zifa Wang, Jiang Zhu, Alex E. Gbaguidi, Qizhong Wu,
Jie Li, Tong Zhu, Sensitivity of ozone to precursor emissions in
urban Beijing with a Monte Carlo scheme, Atmospheric
Environment 44, 3833 3842, 2010.
[10] Yen-Ping Peng, Kang-Shin Chen, Hsin-Kai Wang, Chia-Hsiang Lai,
Ming-Hsun Lin. Applying model simulation and photochemical
indicators to evaluate ozone sensitivity in southern Taiwan, Journal
of Environmental Sciences 23, 790 797, (2011).
[11] Xiao-Huan Liu, YNG Zhang, Jia Xing, Qiang Zhang, Kai Wang,
David G. Streets, Carey Jang, Wen-Xing Wang, Ji-Ming Hao (2010)
Understanding of regional air pollution over China using CMAQ, part
II. Process analysis and sensitivity of ozone and particulate matter to
precursor emissions, Atmospheric Environment 44, 3719 3727.
[12] Pedro Jimenez, OriolJorba, Rene Parra, Jose M. Baldasano (2006)
Evaluation of MM5-EMICAT2000-CMAQ performance and sensitivity
in complex terrain: High-resolution application to the northeastern
Iberian Peninsula, Atmospheric Environment 40. 5056 5072.
(The Board of Editors received the paper on 05/14/2015, its review was completed on 07/03/2015)
1. Introduction
Wood is raw material widely used in industry,
agriculture, transport, architecture, construction and mine
ores. Nowadays, many consumers have chosen products
made from wood for their families because these wood
products have some advantages such as heat and electricity
insulation, good moisture proof, small heat of expansion,
hardness, high durability and high aesthetic value. However,
wood source in Vietnam as well as in the world is becoming
more and more exhausted since so many natural forests have
been destroyed by illegal wood exploitation. Therefore,
research and application of a new material to replace natural
wood are extremely essential in conserving ecological
environment. One of the materials used to replace natural
wood is uPVC plastic. The uPVC material has many
advantages such as no warping, no shrinkage, high flame
resistance, no oxidization, no limit of age or no discoloration
in any radiant conditions of sun and acid rains in comparison
with wood material. Besides, this material has much lower
cost than the products made from wood material. As a result,
windows, doors, baffles, ceilings made from uPVC material
have been widely used all over the world.
In the world, many companies manufactured equipment to
produce wood replacement products, such as spray system,
coating machine. However, this production is very bulky and
heavy. Moreover, it is difficult to adjust coating temperature,
pressing rollers position and it costs a lot of money. This leads
the researchers to redesign and manufacture simili film
coating machine so that the coating quality may be enhanced
and the cost will be reduced. More importantly, it is easier to
operate the coating machine system.
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG, JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NO. 12(97).2015, VOL. 1
Acknowledgment
The authors would express their acknowledgement to
QuangThanh Plastic Company and Chip Viet Technology
Solutions Co., LTD of providing equipment and financial
support for manufacturing the machine.
REFERENCES
[1]
Van der Vegt A. K., "From polymers to plastics", DUP Blue print, 2002.
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
(The Board of Editors received the paper on 06/03/2015, its review was completed on 06/11/2015)
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG, JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NO. 12(97).2015, VOL. 1
1. Introduction
Heavy metals occur as natural constituents of the earth
crust, and are persistent environmental contaminants since
they cannot be degraded or destroyed by natural processes
[1]. Besides, with the rapid development of economy and
society, pollution caused by industrial activities has been and
continues to be a major cause of environmental
deterioration. Slow depletion of heavy metals also takes
place through leaching, plant uptake, erosion and deflation.
This activity adversely affects the quality of environment so
much that it becomes a subject of serious concern worldwide
[2]. Plenty of studies have already concluded that areas in
close proximity to industrial activities are marked by
noticeable contamination of air, soil, and water.
The effects of metal pollution on local environments
and organisms may therefore be substantial and long
lasting in spite of extensive remediation efforts [3]. Heavy
metals can be enriched via the food chain. Once the soil
and water suffer from heavy metal contamination, it is
difficult to be remediated and moreover, it was transferred
and accumulated in food crops [4]. Food consumption
contaminated with heavy metals is a major contributor
pathway to human exposure than any other pathway such
as inhalation and dermal contact. Heavy metal
contamination is a known causative of various disorders
such as genomic instability, endocrine disruption,
neurotoxicity, carcinogenicity, immunological problems
and also impaired psycho-social behavior.
Lead and arsenic are known as two of the most toxic heavy
metals. The most sensitive targets for Pb toxicity are the
developing nervous system, the hematological and
cardiovascular systems, and the kidney. However, due to the
10
Doan Chi Cuong, Masaki Takaoka, Vo Van Minh, Phan Nhat Truong
Value
Soil quality
Igeo 0
0 <Igeo 1
2
3
4
5
6
1 <Igeo 2
2 <Igeo 3
3 <Igeo 4
4 <Igeo 5
Igeo> 5
practically uncontaminated
uncontaminated to moderately
contaminated
moderately contaminated
moderately to heavily contaminated
heavily contaminated
heavily to extremely contaminated
extremely contaminated
EF x ED x FI x C x 10-3
RfD x BW x AT
(2)
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG, JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NO. 12(97).2015, VOL. 1
11
Table 2. The concentration of Pb and As in soil (mg/kg), water (mg/L), and water-hyacinth (mg/kg-FW)
Elements
Pb
As
Samples
Minimum
Maximum
Median
Mean
Permissible level
Soil (n=19)
2.04
30.05
6.01
8.881.86
70 (a)
Water (n=5)
0.76
3.13
1.95
1.960.39
0.1 (b)
Water-hyacinth (n=3)
16.21
27.87
17.48
20.523.70
Soil (n=19)
0.00
1.52
0.35
0.440.09
12 (a)
Water (n=5)
0.04
0.58
0.30
0.290.09
0.1 (b)
Water-hyacinth (n=3)
0.22
4.04
1.36
1.871.13
QCVN 03: 2008/BTNMT: Vietnam technical regulation on the allowable limits of heavy metals for agricultural soils
Decision No. 106/2007/Dec-BNN: The permissible level of heavy metal in irrigation water for agriculture
12
Doan Chi Cuong, Masaki Takaoka, Vo Van Minh, Phan Nhat Truong
Portion
Pb (mg/kg-FW)
As (mg/kg-FW)
Range
Median
Mean
Range
Median
Mean
Chrysanthemum
coronarium(n=11)
Roots
2.62-39.96
6.48
8.853.17
0.00-0.23
0.12
0.110.02
Leaves
0.83-18.06
3.33
5.131.60
0.00-0.21
0.08
0.100.02
Ocimumbasilicum(n=8)
Roots
3.36-42.13
5.35
10.114.62
0.00-1.79
0.03
0.280.22
Leaves
2.64-7.13
5.22
5.140.62
0.00-0.11
0.06
0.05-0.02
Leaves
2.21-43.69
4.11
15.015.66
0.00-0.34
0.06
0.130.04
Coriandrumsativum(n=10)
Permissible level*
1.0
1.0
* Decision No. 106/2007/Dec-MARD: The permissible level of heavy metal in vegetables (Vietnam Agriculture and Rural Development Ministry)
(3)
(4)
Elements
BCF (soil
to root)
TF (root
to leaves)
Chrysanthemum
coronarium
Pb
0.997
0.579
As
0.012
0.938
Pb
1.138
0.508
As
0.032
0.180
Ocimumbasilicum
Elements
RfD (mg/kg/day)
HRI
Pb
0.004
6.21
As
0.0003
0.93
Pb
0.004
7.29
As
0.0003
1.09
HI
7.14
8.38
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG, JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NO. 12(97).2015, VOL. 1
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
13
[8]
[9]
(The Board of Editors received the paper on 06/02/2015, its review was completed on 08/19/2015)
14
1. Introduction
Amorphous magnetic steel (AMS) has been widely
used in the fabrication of the magnetic core of transformers
thanks to its very low losses. Compared to the traditional
grain-oriented electrical steel, no load loss is decreased to
about 1/5 of silicon steel's [1].
The amorphous alloy is a non-crystal substance
(amorphous state) created by super fast cooling liquids
metal from high temperature. Because there is no time
forcrystal formation or arrangement, the energy loss
(hyste-resis loss) is small when the flux of magnetic
induction passes through the iron core. In addition, eddy
current loss is decreased because the thickness is
approximately 0.03 mm, which is about 1/10 compared to
silicon steel.
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG, JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NO. 12(97).2015, VOL. 1
15
Magnetic induction
m/m
sH
m 2/N
Magnetostrictive constant
m/A
[m2]
turn
m/s
ANV
F AB
(1)
B H S
s H
1
1
1 dFK
FM 11dt
Fb
V1
m11
b11
K 11 dt
1
1
1 dFK
FM 12 dt
Fb
b12
K 12 dt
m12
F1 FM FK Fb FM FK 12 Fb12
(2)
11
11
12
(3)
12
11
11
11
12
Name
Physical Description
unit
U0
Li
Fi
M ij
Kg
b ij
N.s/m
Spring constant
N/m
Electromotive induction
K ij
r Absolute
permeability factor
T.m/A
d 2 X1
dX
1
11
12
2
dt
dt
(4)
d 2 X1
X1 V1dt
U 0 cos(2 f t) iR 2 L dt L1 L 2 L 3 L 4
iN B
lmt
L di NA dB
dt
dt
d 2 X1
dX
d X1
F01 F1 m11 m12
dt
d2X2
dX
b21 b22 2 K 21 K 22 X 2
F2 m21 m22
dt
dt
d2 X2
16
dX
d X2
b31 b32 3 K31 K32 X 3
F3 m31 m32
dt
dt
dV
3
F03 F3 m31 m32 dt
2
F m m d X 4 b b dX 4 K K X
41 42
41 42 4
4
41
42
(5)
dt
dt
2
d
X
4
F04 F4 m41 m42
dt
A1 NV1 ; A2 NV2 ;
L2
L1
l1
l2
A
NV
3
3
4 NV4
; L 4
L3
l4
l3
A
B
F
A
B
F3 A3 B; F4 A4 B
;
;
1
2
2
1
Handling the above differential-equation with the
Runge-Kutta method (ODE45) we find out: magnetic
induction
B
(T),
current
intencity
I
(A),
magnetomechanical force F (N) and the displacement
x(m), deformation s(m/m), acceleration a(m/s2) on
magnetic-leg and yoke of the transformer.
2
3.5
3
1.1
2.5
B-H Curve
Relative permeability-H Curve
0.6
1.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
x 10
4
1.3
1.2
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Item
155/81
0,045
0,142
0,168
0,06
10
Cross-section of core(m )
0,00639
Parameters
Value
No. of Phase
Frequency(Hz)
50
Power (kVA)
3,3
Voltage HV/LV(V)
220/115
Displacement [m]
6,0E-06
4,0E-06
2,0E-06
0,0E+00
0
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
2,0E-06
Time[sec]
Displacement [m]
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
8,0E-06
1.5
1.4
6,0E-06
5,0E-06
4,0E-06
3,0E-06
2,0E-06
1,0E-06
0,0E+00
-1,0E-06 0
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
Time[sec]
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG, JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NO. 12(97).2015, VOL. 1
Strain [m/m]
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
Magnetic induction B [Tesla]
1,2
20
Vibration [m/s2]
15
10
5
0
-5
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
-10
Time [sec]
3,0
Vibration [m/s2]
4,0
3,0
Vibration [m/s2]
2,0
1,0
0,0
Experimental measurement
result
2,0
1,0
0,0
-1,0
-2,0
-1,0
-3,0
0,01
-4,0
-2,0
0,015
0,02
0,025
0,03
0,035
0,04
Time [sec]
-3,0
0,01
0,015
0,02
0,025
0,03
0,035
0,04
Time [sec]
Magnetic forces
Forces total
3000
3,0
2500
2,0
Vibration [m/s2]
Forces [N]
17
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,2
1,0
0,0
-1,0
-2,0
-3,0
0,00255
0,01255
0,02255
0,03255
Time [sec]
18
80
70
60
50
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,2
1,4
Induction B [Tesla]
Vibration [m/s2]
REFERENCES
1,5
[1]
1
0,5
[2]
0
0
4
6
Moment [N.m]
10
[3]
[4]
[5]
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG, JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NO. 12(97).2015, VOL. 1
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
19
(The Board of Editors received the paper on 09/15/2015, its review was completed on 10/06/2015)
20
turb R
(2)
vw
1. Introduction
Doubly fed induction generators have been the popular
choice in wind power generation due to the low rating of
power electronic circuit connected to the rotor side of the
generator and the grid [1]. The active and reactive powers
delivered by DFIG can be controlled independently by
Stator Flux oriented Control and Direct Power Control
which are designed for operation with balanced grid
voltage [2]. However, most of the grids experience the
problems of voltage unbalance, which raises the winding
temperature and causes pulsation of torque and power [3].
This paper will investigate the stabilities of active and
reactive powers during transient unbalance of grid voltage
for traditional and modified stator flux oriented control and
direct power control of DFIG. The modifications are
hybrid PI-Fuzzy controller and Sequence Component
controller. The grid unbalance is modeled with a reduction
of 25% of voltage in one phase. Wind speed varies
randomly during the process.
2. Mathematical Model Of Wind Turbine
The model of wind turbine and its formula of shaft
torque, turbine torque, power transferred to generator and
related parameters are presented in this session. Figure
1illustrates the mechanical system of wind turbine which is
often used in large wind turbine systems.
The power extracted from the wind is:
Pturb
1
Avw3 C p ( , )
2
dt
(1)
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG, JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NO. 12(97).2015, VOL. 1
Qs
Lm Vs
3
3
iq r
(vqs id s vd s iqs ) Vs
Ls s Lm
2
2
21
(10)
LN
SN
ZE
SP
LP
LN
H
H
M
M
M
de/dt
SN ZE SP
H H H
M M M
S S S
M M M
H H H
LP
H
H
M
H
H
LN
SN
ZE
SP
LP
LN
H
H
H
H
H
SN
H
M
M
M
H
de/dt
ZE SP
H H
M M
S M
M M
H H
LP
H
H
H
H
H
I ( ) r e
I dq
I (dq )r e j 2 slip t
r
dqr
I ( )r e
j slip t
( dq )r
j 2 slip t
I (t ) I (t ) I (t )
d dq
j s dq
dt
I d I d e j 2 t [6; 7; 8]
I q I q e j 2 t [6; 7; 8]
Vdq Rs I dq
s
I d I d I d
r
qr
qr
qr
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
slip
(7)
slip
(8)
3
3
Lm
Ps (vd id vq iq ) Vs
iq
2
2
Ls
s
(9)
22
Inertia
Inertia of Rotor
Value
159.2 (H)
159.2 (H)
5.096 (mH)
4 (m)
4 (m)
2
100 (rad/s)
400
Vabcs [V]
Symbol
LS
Lr
Lm
RS
Rr
p
S
IWTR
93.22 (kg.m2)
17.106(kg.m2)
Igen
200
0
-200
-400
-600
-800
29.95
29.96
29.97
29.98
29.99
30
30.01
Time [s]
30.02
30.03
30.04
30.05
Grid
Voltage
P sef =2
Mean
Max
Balanced
(11-19s)
2.002
0.1%
Unbanced
(31-49s)
2.001
0.05%
Deviation
Min
Mean
Max
Min
Mean
Max
Min
2.086
4.3%
1.920
-4%
2.002
0.1%
2.08
4.2%
1.919
-4%
2.001
0.1%
2.138
6.9%
1.908
-4.6%
2.113
5.7%
1.904
-4.8%
2.001
0%
2.1
5%
1.915
-4.2%
2.02
1%
2.225
11.3%
1.867
-6.7%
( %)
P Psref
Psref
( %)
Grid
Voltage
Q sref =1
Balanced
(11-19s)
Unbanced
(31-49s)
1.051
5.1%
Deviation
( %)
Q Qsref
Qsref
1.09
9%
0.879
-12.1%
Mean
1.00
0%
Max
1.073
7.3%
Min
0.928
-7.2%
1.00
0%
1.057
5.7%
0.891
-10.9%
0.997
0.3%
1.117
11.7%
0.881
-11.9%
( %)
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23
Table 6. Average value of generators torque in steady state for the 3 controllers
Balanced (11-19s)
Unbanced (31-49s)
Ps [MW]
Grid Voltage
5. Discussion
Max
13158
17046
Min
12065
8500
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.8
49.5
0.8
49.5
50
50.5
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
Time [s]
30
Time [s]
30
40
Time [s]
Ps [M
W
]
2.3
2.3
2.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.1
0.8
20
40
Time [s]
60
0.8
20
Time [s]
60
50.5
Qs [MVAR]
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
20
30
40
Time [s]
0.8
20
30
40
Time [s]
30
40
Time [s]
2.2
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.2
Qs [MVAR]
.7
20
40
Time [s]
60
0.7
20
40
Time [s]
60
.07
20
40
Time [s]
60
2.2
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.2
.7
49. 5
50
Time [s]
50.5
0.7
49. 5
50
Time [s]
50.5
.07
49.5
50
Time [s]
50.5
20
20
20
18
18
18
15
15
15
12
12
12
0
20
0
20
0.8
20
40
60
Time [s]
80
40
60
Time [s]
80
0
20
40
60
Time [s]
80
1.1
40
50
Time [s]
1.8
20
40
0.8
49.5
1.2
0.8
20
Te [ KN.m]
1.8
20
40
50.5
1.2
30
50
Time [s]
2.3
2.3
Qs [MVAR]
1.8
20
2.3
Time [s]
40
60
Time [s]
Figure 12. Active output power of DFIG during the transient states
24
[4]
6. Conclusion
The proposed SFOC scheme for DFIG with the
inclusion of PI-Fuzzy controllers and Notch filters has
improved the stability of independent control of active and
reactive power during grid voltage unbalance. The
responses of active and reactive power are compared with
a traditional DPC and modified DPC using Notch filters to
increase the stability. The observations are made during the
occurrence of voltage dip in one phase, transient states as
well steady states of the powers under unbalanced
condition. In all the observations, the independent control
of the powers is maintained for the proposed scheme.
However, high fluctuations in active and reactive
powers are present in the responses obtained with the
proposed scheme although lower ripples are observed for
generators torque.
Experimental verification of the new control scheme
should be carried out to validate the results obtained with
simulation.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
Ackermann, T., Wind power in power systems, John Wiley and Sons,
USA, 2003.
Leonhard, W., Control of electric drives, Springer-Verlag, 3rd
[5]
[6]
Phan, V. T., Lee, H. H., Chun, T. W.; An Effective rotor current controller
for unbalanced stand alone DFIG systems in the rotor reference frame,
Journal of Power electrionics, Vol.10, No.6, 2010, pp 194-202.
[7]
[8]
[9]
Sorensen, P.; Hansen, D.A.; Christensen, P.; Mieritz, M.; Bech, J.;
Bak-Jensen, B.; Nielsen, H.; Simulation and Verification of
Transient Events in Large Wind Power Installation, Project Report,
Ris National Laboratory, Roskilde, Norway; 2003.
[10] Masters, M. G. Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems,
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Publication; 2004.
[11] Jia-bing HU, Yi-kang HE; Modeling and enhanced control of DFIG
under unbalanced grid voltage conditions, Electric Power Systems
Research 79(2009); pp 273-281.
[12] Hai Nguyen-Thanh; Improved Control of DFIG Systems under
Unbalanced Voltage Dip for Torque Stability Using PI-Fuzzy
Controller; International Journal of Electrical Energy, Vol. 2, No.
4, December 2014; pp. 300-307, USA.
(The Board of Editors received the paper on 15/05/2015, its review was completed on 05/07/2015)
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG, JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NO. 12(97).2015, VOL. 1
25
1. Introduction
Pt is catalytically active at room temperature under
electro-oxidation reactions of interest to fuel cell applications.
It is well known that the metal catalytic activity is strongly
dependent on the particle shape, size and the particle size
distribution. The conventional preparation techniques based
on wet impregnation and the chemical reduction of metal
precursors do not provide satisfactory control of the particles
shape and size as well as the distribution of Pt particles on
carbon support [1]. The synthesis of highly dispersed
supporting platinum with a uniform nanoparticle size still
remains a challenge, especially for high metal loading. The
conventional methods for the synthesis of Pt electrocatalyst
are mainly impregnation and colloid methods such as the
sulfite complex route and the colloidal route, the impregnation
method usually produces NPs with large average particle
sizes and broad size distribution while the colloidal route
produces well-homogenized ultrafine Pt electrocatalysts,
however, the complexity of the latter hinders its utilization [2].
Many investigators have contributed many efforts to search
for alternative routes.
Recently, there has been an attempt to develop
alternative synthesis methods based on microemulsions
[3], sonochemistry [4a] and microwave irradiation [4b,c],
all of which are in principle more conducive to the
production of colloids and clusters on the nanoscale,
resulting in greater uniformity.
In this paper, a simple procedure for preparing Pt metal
nanoparticles supported on carbon is reported. The uniform
platinum nanoparticles are supported on carbon with Pt
loading up to 40 wt%, which is a standard amount in order
26
Sample
Pt/C-30_11
7.14
Pt/C-EG-30_11
3.84
Ethylene
glycol (EG)
Temperature pH
(C)
Catalysts
30
11
Pt/C-30_11
EG
30
11
Pt/C-EG-30_11
EG
30
6.5
Pt/C-EG-30_6.5
EG
60
11
Pt/C-EG-60_11
60
11
Pt/C-60_11
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27
Sample
Pt/C-EG-30_11
3.84
Pt/C-EG-60_11
5.85
Figure 6. (a), (b) are the TEM of Pt-EG-30_11 catalyst;
(c), (d) are the TEM of Pt-EG-60_11 catalyst.
Sample
Pt/C-EG-30_11
3.84
Pt/C-EG-30_6.5
7.72
28
4. Conclusions
The effect of ethylene glycol and temperature on the
size and the dispersion of platinum nanoparticles catalyst
on carbon support has been examined in this research. We
have found out that the temperature, EG agent as well as
pH parameter strongly affected the particle size and the
distribution of Pt on carbon support. The presence of EG
functioning as a weak reducing agent and a stabilizer could
enhance the distribution and make smaller Pt sizes
compared to the sample without using EG. In addition, the
effect of temperature on the Pt/C preparation was studied
at room temperature and 60C. We also found that when
the temperature increases from room temperature to 60C,
there is a significant difference in the crystallinity and the
particle size of Pt on carbon due to the degree of
supersaturation of a solution that decreases with an
increase in the reaction temperature. Finally, the effect of
pH parameter on Pt/C preparation has also been examined
in this work. The experimental results indicate that in the
acidic solution (low pH value), a large number of H+ ions
interact with negatively charged Pt particles, which result
in the destruction of electrosteric repulsion, leading to the
growth of Pt nanoparticles. However, only minor
interaction occurred between H+ ions and stabilizer anions
in high pH conditions. The results of this work showed the
way to control the size and the distribution of Pt catalyst on
carbon support that can be used to enhance the activity of
the Pt/C catalyst with high loading for fuel cell
applications.
Acknowledgment: This work was supported by Ho Chi
Minh City University of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City
University of Natural Resources and Environment.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
Liu Z. L., Lee J. Y., Han M., Chen W. X. and Gan L. M. - Synthesis
and Characterization of Ptru/C Catalysts from Microemulsions and
Emulsions, J. Mater. Chem. 12 (2002) 24532458.
a. Fujimoto T., Teraushi S., Umehara H., Kojima I. and Henderson W.
- Sonochemical Preparation of Single-Dispersion Metal Nanoparticles
from Metal Salts, Chem. Mater. 13 (2001) 10571060.
[4]
[5]
[6]
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG, JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NO. 12(97).2015, VOL. 1
[7]
29
Joo J. B., Kim P., Kim W., Kim Y. And Yi J. - Effect of the
Preparation Conditions of Carbon-Supported Pt Catalyst on PEMFC
Performance, J Appl Electrochem 39 (2009) 135140.
Shah M. A. - Growth of Uniform Nanoparticles of Platinum by an
Economical Approach at Relatively Low Temperature, Scientia
Iranica F 19 (2012) 964966.
[12] Bonnemann H., Braun G., Brijoux W., Brinkmann R., Schulze
Tilling A., Seevogel K., Siepen K. - Nanoscale Colloidal Metals and
Alloys Stabilized by Solvents and Surfactants - Preparation and Use
as Catalyst Precursors, Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 520
(1996) 143162.
Zhou W. J., Li W. Z., Song S. Q., Zhou Z. H., Jiang L. H., Sun G.
Q., Xin Q., Poulianitis K., Kontou S., Tsiakaras P. - Bi- and TriMetallic Pt-Based Anode Catalysts for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells,
Journal of Power Sources 131 (2004) 217223.
[13] Hui C. L., Li X. G., Hsing I. -M. - Well-Dispersed SurfactantStabilized Pt/C Nanocatalysts for Fuel Cell Application: Dispersion
Control and Surfactant Removal, Electrochimica Acta 51 (2005)
711719.
[10] Kim P., Joo J. B., Kim W., Kim J., Song I. K., Yi J. - NaBH4Assisted Ethylene Glycol Reduction For Preparation of CarbonSupported Pt Catalyst for Methanol Electrooxidation, Journal of
Power Sources 160 (2006) 987990.
[11] Tian J. H., Wang F. B., Shan ZH. Q., Wang R. J. and Zhang J. Y. Effect of Preparation Conditions of Pt/C Catalysts on Oxygen
Electrode Performance in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells,
[14] Li X., Hsing I. -M. - The Effect of the Pt Deposition Method and the
Support on Pt Dispersion on Carbon Nanotubes, Electrochimica
Acta 51 (2006) 52505258.
[8]
[9]
[15] Zhou Z., Zhou W., Wang S., Wang G., Jiang L., Li H., Sun G., Xin
Q. - Preparation of Highly Active 40wt.% Pt/C Cathode
Electrocatalysts for DMFC via Different Routes, Catalysis Today
9395 (2004) 523528.
(The Board of Editors received the paper on 08/17/2015, its review was completed on 10/16/2015)
30
2. Experiment
1. Introduction
Aluminum nitride (AlN) has attracted a significant
amount of research interest in undeveloped fields such as
deep ultraviolet (DUV) light emitting diodes, lasers, high
frequency electronic devices because of its wide
bandgap energy of 6.2 eV [1-3]. AlN can alloy with
gallium nitride (GaN) to form compounds such as AlxGa1xN (x = 0 1), which have potential applications in short
wavelength optoelectronic devices. In addition, its
properties such as high hardness, high thermal conductivity
[4] and resistance to high temperatures and caustic
chemicals [5] combined with a reasonable thermal match
with Si and GaAs make AlN an attractive material for
electronic packaging applications. However, due to
difficulties of growing large-area bulk A1N crystals, the
heteroepitaxial growth of thick AlN films on substrates
such as -Al2O3 and 6H-SiC via hydride vapor phase
epitaxy (HVPE) in combination with metalorganic vapor
phase epitaxy (MOVPE) is one of the more promising
techniques being evaluated [6-8]. Unfortunately, lattice
and thermal mismatches between AlN and its substrates are
usually a major impediment to growing high quality
crystalline AlN films because they induce the generation of
crystallographic
defects,
residual
strain
and
crystallographic curvature in such films during growth and
cooling processes [9,10].
Several methods such as double crystal diffraction
topography and two beam laser reflection techniques have
been utilized in order to determine the crystallographic
curvature of films epitaxially grown on substrates [11-13].
However, the experimental setup of these methods are
complex because they require specific devices and
configurations. In this study, we introduce a new method
for determining the crystallographic curvature of the
epitaxial films using rocking curve (RC) measurements of
X-ray diffraction (XRD). The experimental setup of this
method is available in any X-ray diffractometer.
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG, JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NO. 12(97).2015, VOL. 1
31
L
.
32
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
(The Board of Editors received the paper on 05/25/2015, its review was completed on 11/12/2015)
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG, JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NO. 12(97).2015, VOL. 1
33
1. Introduction
Underground cables are a key link in metropolitan power
grids. Hence, any cable accident can lead to serious
economic losses and disruption of service to customers.
Despite the strict quality controls for the cable production
process in a plant, potential defects can occur in cable
accessories during installation [8]. Although the degradation
mechanism and identification process of cable joints have
not been fully cleared yet, it is deserving to conduct an
investigation into the prevention of unexpected failure of
cable systems [6]. Power cable system basically consists of
cables themselves and their accessories. Cable accessories
include joints and terminations.Statistically, the accidents
caused by partial discharge mostly occur at cable joints [7].
Compared to many protection methods in power system,
partial discharge is considered as one of the most
promising measures for monitoring and detecting possible
faults in the system before they occur.One of the undoubted
advantages of a computer-aided measuring system is the
ability to process a large amount of information and
transform this information into an understandable output
[4]. In this study, phase-resolved data are acquired from
digital PD measurement systems during tests. The phase
resolved data consists of a 3D discharge pattern: phase
angle discharge magnitude - discharge rate (q--t) at a
specified test voltage.
There are many kinds of defects in cable joints and each
defect own specific characteristics. Different kinds of
defects create different partial discharge signs and the
extents of damage are not the same. Based on the
investigation into partial discharge from defects, the type
of defects could be recognized, and from that the states of
cable joints can be evaluated appropriately.In this study,
104 features of partial discharge are collected through a
series of experiments in laboratory, which are large
dimensionality data set. However, not all of features are
useful for classification and recognition, so the problem
needed to solve is the selection of the relevant features and
34
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG, JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NO. 12(97).2015, VOL. 1
35
36
Yes
Recompute the
cluster centers
No.
Feature
83
0.69525
0.67481
0.75072
30
0.72506
2
104
0.74844
0.75031
35
0.89264
11
0.94105
0.95920
0.96313
True
I=2
I=I+1
The number of
interval I=I-1
& The fuzzy
entropy is
computed with
I-1 intervals
False
4. Results
As mentioned in the previous chapter, each defect was
tested on 3 cable joints.
Table 1. Set of PD datas class
PD Defect Types
Remove a part of insulation
Gap between insulations
0.72590
14
0.78717
13
0.79021
46
47
45
82
0.76027
0.76313
45
63
0.79145
0.81147
45
38
0.96674
0.98958
27
0.76987
23
0.81163
16
0.80721
0.99492
0.99593
0.81381
0.81554
0.82831
2
33
46
46
11
34
0.99628
A2, B2
No.
Feature
Value
Value
A2, B3
No.
Feature
Value
83
0.43104
97
0.78922
0.91810
46
3
0.48254
0.55353
98
0.79779
46
0.93049
92
0.95837
45
0.93576
0.55498
21
0.96971
2
88
0.55773
0.55843
22
0.97513
2
8
0.94505
0.94838
45
0.97986
10
0.95489
45
61
0.56206
0.56995
46
101
0.98135
0.98343
18
0.96062
17
0.96299
60
0.56995
0.96787
0.57423
0.98379
0.98403
15
58
2
19
41
0.97356
A3, B1
Value
0.75572
0.75999
No.
Feature
Class
No.
Feature
2
14
No.
Feature
I>2
Value
29
A2, B1
Assign membership
function for each
interval.
A1, B3
No.
Feature
No
Centers of intervals
are determined
A1, B2
A3, B2
Value
No.
Feature
83
0.69525
30
0.72506
29
0.72590
2
14
0.75572
0.75999
45
82
0.76027
0.76313
27
0.76987
16
46
A3, B3
Value
No.
Feature
Value
47
0.15372
35
0.14152
50
0.20041
46
40
0.21575
0.22609
46
31
0.14490
0.14748
2
44
0.22911
0.24992
45
53
0.14959
0.15461
42
0.25441
2
10
0.15624
0.16715
0.27248
0.27675
0.17647
0.80721
45
61
38
0.19347
0.81381
93
0.28323
34
0.20328
No.
Features
45
Height
distribution
average
partial
discharge
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG, JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NO. 12(97).2015, VOL. 1
REFERENCES
37
partial
discharge
5. Conclusion
Based on the preprocessing stage, it is necessary to
gather the database from conducted PD tests with two high
voltage cable joints including prefabricated defects. Phaseresolved PD data was successfully evaluated and processed.
The data gathered from the selected databases is connected
to MATLAB software where the data is processed. The
second part of the analysis system is based on feature
selection algorithm. This takes Fuzzy entropy method as a
medium to process the PD data. Feature selection techniques
were applied to the PD data and the characteristic points of
interests are being selected by computing fuzzy entropy
value of each defect. The data provides meaningful
information for the classification of PD defects.
The measure of uncertainty is adopted as a measure of
information. Hence, the measures of fuzziness are known
as fuzzy information measures. The measure of a quantity
of fuzzy information gained from a fuzzy set or fuzzy
system is known as fuzzy entropy. In this study, the fuzzy
entropy algorithm was applied to find out three features
owning most useful characteristic for distinguishing the
defects in high voltage cable joinst.
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
Yu-Hsun Lin, Ruay-Nan Wu, I-Hua Chung, "Novel trend of "l" shape
in PD pattern to judge the appropriate crucial moment of replacing
cast-resin current transformer", IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and
Electrical Insulation, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 292-301, 2008.
(The Board of Editors received the paper on 07/10/2015, its review was completed on 09/27/2015)
38
nano
1. Introduction
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were discovered by Iijima in
1991 [1]. They have attracted interest in extensive research
because of exceptional mechanical, electrical, and thermal
properties [2, 3]. The excellent properties make CNTs an ideal
reinforcement in high-performance composites. Most studies
of CNT-reinforced polymer composites have focused on
dispersing CNTs intopolymer matrices [4]. However,
mechanical properties of such composites fall far short of the
corresponding properties of high-performance structural
composites. Therefore, great efforts have recently been
undertaken to synthesize aligned CNT arrays vertically [5] for
production of long-aligned CNT sheets. The easiest way of
processing aligned CNT sheets from the aligned CNT arrays
is the use of solid-state drawing and winding techniques [6].
The aligned MWCNT sheets can be used to fabricate
advanced
composites
with
desirable
structural
characteristics [7]. Although those composites contain
aligned MWCNTs, their mechanical properties are
inadequate partly because of wavy and poor-packed
MWCNTs. Therefore, stretching has been applied to the
aligned MWCNT sheets to improve composite properties
[8, 9]. Results in my earlier report [9] show that the
stretching of the MWCNT sheets with 50 and 100 plies is
less efficient than that of 20-ply MWCNT sheet.
Consequently, in this study 20-ply aligned MWCNT sheets
were used to develop laminated epoxy composites. Effects
of mechanical stretching the 20-ply MWCNT sheets on the
composite properties were studied.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
Vertically aligned and spinnable MWCNT arrays with
approximately 0.8 mm height were grown on a bare quartz
L2 L1
L1
(1)
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39
mf
mm mc
m f
(2)
Vf 1
1 m
f
(3)
Materials
Epoxy
MWCNT
MWCNT sheet MWCNT sheet
resin
Stretched
composites
10
10
Mass loss
(%)
87.9
2.59
MWCNT
mf (%)
MWCNT
Vf (vol. %)
40
Property
Non-stretched composites
Stretched composites
1 sheet
5 sheets
10 sheets
1 sheet
5 sheets
10 sheets
Thickness (m)
67
11 13
16 18
56
10 12
15 17
Density (g/cm3)
1.28
1.50
1.59
1.30
1.52
1.61
430.3 49.4
548.5 52.5
258.1 29.4
23.1 2.9
54.5 6.0
70.3 8.0
35.6 3.6
79.3 7.4
100.4 11.3
0.46 0.08
0.48 0.05
0.51 0.04
0.51 0.07
0.54 0.04
0.55 0.03
I
/
I
G G
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG, JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NO. 12(97).2015, VOL. 1
41
42
1 m
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
Ebbesen TW, Lezec HJ, Hiura H, Bennett JW, Ghaemi HF, and
ThioT, Electrical conductivity of individual carbon nanotubes,
Nature, 382, NPG, 1996, 5456.
[4]
Thostenson ET, Ren Z, and Chou TW, Advances in the science and
technology of carbon nanotubes and their composites: a review,
Composites Scienceand Technology, 61(13), Elsevier, 2001, 1899
1912.
[5]
[6]
MWCNT bundles
1 m
[7]
4. Conclusions
The composites based on epoxy resin and stacked
aligned 20-ply MWCNT sheets were developed using hotmelt prepreg processing with the VAS. The mechanical
properties of the composites enhanced gradually by
increasing the MWCNT volume fraction. Mechanical
stretching of the MWCNT sheets decreased the composite
thickness and increased MWCNT volume fraction.
Mechanical stretching the MWCNT sheets with a 2% ratio
considerably improved the composite properties. The
improved mechanical properties of stretched composites
proceeded from decreased wavy MWCNTs and from
increased dense packing of MWCNTs caused by stretching.
The reduction of the wavy MWCNTs is more efficient than
the enhancement of MWCNT dense packing.
Acknowledgements. This research is funded
PetroVietnam University under grant code GV1514.
by
[8]
[9]
(The Board of Editors received the paper on 12/04/2015, its review was completed on 12/25/2015)
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG, JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NO. 12(97).2015, VOL. 1
43
1. Introduction
The increase in exchange information demand becomes a
motivation for development of wireless communication.
Because wireless communication is a flexible data communication, it leads the explosive growth in recent decades.
However, the broadcast nature of wireless medium makes the
security risk always be challenges. In recent years, physical
layer (PHY) security has become an attractive topic due to its
low complexity, latency and ability to combine with other
mechanisms in order to improve a capability of overall
ensuring security. Shannon [1], Wyner [2], and Leung-YanCheong [3] were pioneers in the research on physical layer
secure communication. There are many extensive works
aimed at im- proving the secrecy performances of wireless
communications by exploiting the multiple antennas. Some of
them are [4][10] that present a quasi-static Rayleigh fading
wiretap channel multiple antenna devices. In [4], the authors
have investigated the PHY secrecy performance of a
communication scheme consisting of a multiple antenna
transmitter using TAS and a single antenna receiver in the
presense of a multiple antenna eavesdropper. Their results
show that high levels of security can be achieved when the
number of antennas at transmitter increases, even when
eavesdropper has multiple antennas. The authors in [5]
analyze the impact of antenna correlation on secrecy
performance of MIMO wiretap channels where transmitter
employs transmission antenna selection while receiver and
eavesdropper perform MRC with arbitrary correlation. Nan
Yang et al. [6] analyzed secrecy performance of MIMO
wiretap channel in Nakagami-m fading environments with
non-identical fading parameters for the main channel and the
eavesdroppers channel. The authors in [7] proposed an
44
Nguyen Van Tho, Van Phu Tuan, Vo Tan Loc, Ha Dac Binh
K argmax C j h ij
1 j N a
i 1
MN , j 1
b
f M , j M , j
( N b ) MN b
M , j
M
(4)
(1)
N a MN b 1
( N b )
N a 1
Nb
M
M
M
i0
N 1
a
i
M
M
(5)
i
N b 1 1 k
M
k 0 k ! M
(6)
PE [| hW |2 ]
NW
NW
, while
. The PDF of W
is
y(t) = hM,jx(t) + nM
(2)
M ,j
1
i
M,j
i
M
,j
M
(3)
M i 1 | hM ,ij |
Nb
be the instantaneous
f W W
f i
M ,j
Mi , j
mm
Wm m
Wm 1 e
mm
Mi , j
m Mm
m W
(7)
m 1
i
m M
,j
(8)
f M , j M , j
m mN b MmN, bj 1
mN b MmN b
m M
(9)
im M
N a m mN b MmN b 1
mN b
mN b
M
mN b 1 1 m k
M
k 0 k ! M
m M
N a 1
1
i0
i
N 1
a
i
(10)
W
W
(11)
(12)
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(13)
(14)
CW log 2 (1 W ).
The instantaneous secrecy capacity is given by
C S [C M CW ]
1 M
log 2 (
), M W
1 W
0, M W
B. Probability of Non-zero Secrecy Capacity
RS P CS RS 1
f M M
f M M
N a 1 m 1
Wm m
m W
N 1
a
i
i 0 l 0
d W d M
N b 1 1 k
M e M 1 d M
k0 k ! M
i 1
M
i0
pk i
(16)
(m N b ) Mu2 3u2
kp
, and 3
k
0 k mN b 1
i 1 m
M
m .
W
1
i 1 2
and 2
m ..
2R s
RS
' RS P ' C S R S
N a 1
u 2 1
i0
pk i
0 k mN b 1
j 0 l 0
f M W M , W d M d W
N a u 2 1 !
(m N
) i 1
u2 j
( b 4 ) l m 2 Rs
W l ! 4j 1 M
i
j
N ai 1
l p0 ,..., p m 1
R
pk
m i 11 2 S
1
M
e
0 k mN b 1 k !
where 4
pk
i
p0 ,..., p N b 1 0 k mN b 1 k !
where u2 mN b
(17)
0 k N b 1
N 1
a
i
N a m u2 u2 1 !
pk
i112 S
i
j
1 M
p ,..., p e
Nb 1
l 0
0kNb 1 k!
Where b
f M W M , W d W d M
N 1
a
i
N a 1
u1 1 j
i!
.
and
,...,
p
p
!
!...
p
p
pN 1 !
N 1
0
2
0
2) The legal/ illegal channels are subject to Nakagami/
Rayleigh fading: This process is similar to the previous
one, we derive the probability of a non-zero secrecy
capacity as
P ' CS 0 P ' M W
Na 1
u1 1
k
0kNb1
pk
i
N ai 1
p0 ,..., p N b 1 0 k Nb 1 k !
pk
i
p0 ,..., pNb 1 0kNb 1 k!
i112RS
j
e M W b Wm1eW2 dW
(15)
N 1
a
i
N a m l u1 l 1 !
0 k N b 1
(Nb )
p0 ,..., pNb 1 0kNb 1 k!
N a ml
where u1 N b k pk , 1
a
i
k
0kNb1
( N b )l ! Mu1 Wl 1u1 l
pk i
0 k Nb 1
fM M fW W d MdW
1 Na u1 1!mm 2jR
1
u j
j! m Mj Wm
i 0 p i j 0 (Nb ) i 1
pk
i
1 u l 1
0 M1 e M 1 d M
p0 ,..., p N b 1 0 k Nb 1 k !
N a 1 m 1
pk i
0kNb 1
Na 1
( N b )l ! Mu1 Wl
pk i
0 k Nb 1
N a m l MN b l 1
( N b )l ! MNb Wl
N 1
a
i
N a 1 m 1
i 0 l 0
i 0 l 0
m 1
W
1 Na N 1
Na 1
i 0
Mu11 i1MM
e
dM fW W dW
y Nb
M
f W d W d M
m
P CS P M W
1
45
m i 1 2
RS
(18)
1 .
W
4. Numerical Results
In this section, we discuss some results based on the
theoretical analysis and Monte-Carlo simulations of the
probability of existence of non-zero secrecy capacity and the
secrecy outage probability of considered system in the effect of
various system parameters, such as average SNRs, Nakagami
46
Nguyen Van Tho, Van Phu Tuan, Vo Tan Loc, Ha Dac Binh
W.
Rayleigh fading
P C , R ,
'
'
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47
5. Conclusion
In this paper, we focus on PHY secrecy performance
analysis of MIMO system using TAS/MRC in the presence
of a single antenna passive eavesdropper in two scenarios:
the main channel undergoes Rayleigh fading, while the
eavesdroppers channel is subject to Nakagami fading and
vice versa. The exact closed form expressions of
probability of non-zero secrecy capacity and the secrecy
outage probability have been derived and validated by
Monte-Carlo simulations. In addition, our results show that
the secrecy performance of the Nakagami/ Rayleigh fading
channels outperforms that of the Rayleigh/ Nakagami
fading channels due to the LOS component. Our results
also show that increasing the number of transmission
antennas or the number of reception antennas can improve
the secrecy performance of the considered system.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
D.-B. Ha, N. G. Nguyen, D.-D. Tran, and T.-H. Nguyen, Physical layer
security in UWB communication systems with Transmit Antenna
Selection, in The 2th IEEE International Conference on Computing,
Managements and Telecommunications 2014 (ComManTel 2014),
DaNang, Vietnam, April 27-29, 2014, pp. 280285.
[10] V. T. Tan, D.-B. Ha, and D.-D. Tran, Evaluation of physical layer
security in MIMO ultra-wideband system using time-reversal
technique, in The 2th IEEE International Conference on Computing,
Managements and Telecommunications 2014 (ComManTel 2014), Da
Nang, Vietnam, April 27-29, 2014, pp. 7074.
(The Board of Editors received the paper on 07/09/2015, its review was completed on 10/23/2015)
48
1. Introduction
Education is considered as the shortest way to success.
It can be seen that in some developed countries education
attracts huge investment. As a result, their economy has
been developing dramatically. The purpose of education is
to bring success to students. A question is posed is that who
is responsible for their success. Obviously, educators,
government, employers and students all are factors that
accelerate the development of education system. Before the
international integration, domestic and international
employers often seek to hire staff with 'strong interpersonal
skills' - they want people who will work well in a team and
be able to communicate effectively with colleagues,
customers and clients. What should we do to help these
students succeed in their study? As a lecturer, the author
always work out new techniques to improve the quality of
teaching and learning at university, especially enhance
student engagement in the classroom.
With credit training programs, students have fewer
classes than before. Therefore, teachers only have enough
time to provide students with fundamental knowledge at
school and students have to spend a lot of time studying at
home. Since new teaching program was applied into
specialized classes, however, our observation reveals that
few students pay attention to their study. According to
traditional methods of teaching, especially teachercentered method, teachers only provide knowledge for
students and students only copy what they can get from
their teachers. As a result, students are becoming more and
more passive when they are in class. They do not want to
make questions or raise their voices in front of their
teachers and their classmates.
Student engagement has been studied for more than
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49
Teacher activities
Students activities
Teacher chooses a topic Listen to teachers directions
related to the lesson and
deliver the topic to students
Introduce
Learning
by Listen
teaching method and objective
Give students about 5-7 min Students study and prepare
information according to the
topic requirement
Select volunteered students Be willing to present
for teaching the topic to the
rest of class.
Give students remarks
Write down something
3. Method
This study was carried out at classes belonging to
manufacturing technology, mechatronics and transportation
mechanical engineering. Author applied active learning
techniques into teaching in the classroom, especially
Think-Pair-Share, Group discussion, Learning by
teaching and interaction between teacher and students.
In each session, the teacher selects a topic and requires
students to answer questions related to the issue. In this
case, the teacher can pick students randomly, asking them
to stand up and deliver their speech. This activity enables
every student to prepare and think about the topic. In order
to stimulate students to give opinions, teacher gives extrapoint to students who have good ideas. With this way,
students have good chances to interact with instructor so
that they can develop their communication and criticism
skills. To confirm how to get student engagement, a
survey was performed at mechanical and transportation
mechanical engineering classes.
3.1. Research question
It is clearly seen that there are a lot of factors affecting
student engagement in the classroom such as motivation,
methods of teaching, family, school, social environment
and others. In this study, the author only focused on
learning and teaching activities in the class. Therefore, my
main research question here was Which factors affect
student engagement in the classroom?.
3.2. Participants
The author selected two third-year student classes for
50
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51
52
(The Board of Editors received the paper on 06/01/2015, its review was completed on 06/23/2015)
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG, JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NO. 12(97).2015, VOL. 1
53
1. Introduction
In recent years, quadrotor and mobile robotics
technology has gained popularity in both commercial and
military use.There are a lot of techniques suggested to
increase robotic mobility on dynamic environments. In
particular, the most common techniqueis used to provide
greater mobility to a robot platform based on inverted
pendulum model.Quadcopter is operated by thrust that is
produced by four motors that are attached to its body. It has
four input forces and six output states (x, y, z, , , ) and
it is an under-actuated system, since this enables
Quadcopter to carry more load [1]. Quadcopter has the
advantages over the conventional helicopter because the
mechanical design is simpler. Besides, Quadcopter
changes direction by manipulating the individual
propellers speed and does not require cyclic and collective
pitch control [1],[2]. Nowadays, the research related to
Quadcopter covers the areas of design, control, stability,
communication systems and collision avoidance.
Reference [3] focused their study on the 3-DOF attitude
that control free-flying vehicles. The characteristic is heavily
coupled with inputs and outputs, and the serious non-linearity
appears in the flying vehicle and due to this non-linear control,
appears multi variable control or optimal control for the
attitude control of flying Quadcopter. Reference [4] worked
on intelligent fuzzy controller of Quadcopter. A fuzzy control
is designed and implemented to control a simulation model of
the Quadcopter. The inputs are the desired values of the
height, roll, pitch and yaw. The outputs are the power of each
of the four rotors that is necessary to reach the specifications.
Simulation results prove the efficiency of this intelligent
control strategy. References [5], [6] have done research to
analyze the dynamic characteristics and PID controller
performance of a Quadcopter.
This paper will provide the techniques involved in
balancing an unstable robotic platform.The objective is to
air density, S (
(N)
) Area of propellers
(1)
54
TMT = WP =
(2)
u(t ) K pe(t ) Ki e( )d Kd
0
a)
b)
Figure 5. a) Design patterns in solid, b) Final Model Quadrotor
d
dt
e(t )
(3)
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55
4. Result
In order to find the optimal value for quadrotor, we
change the 3 values Kp, Ki [8] based on The ZieglerNichols closed loop method.This is based on experiments
executed on an established control loop (a real system or a
simulated system. The tuning stepsare as follows:
Bring the process to (or as close to as possible) the specified
operating point of the control system to ensure that the
controller during the tuning is feeling representative process
dynamic and to minimize the chance that variables during the
tuning reach limits. You can bring the process to the operating
point by manually adjusting the control variable, with the
controller in manual mode, until the process variable is
approximately equal to that of the setpoint.
Turn the PID controller into a P controller by setting set
Ti = and Td = 0. Initially set gain Kp = 0. Close the
control loop by setting the controller in automatic mode.
Increase Kp from 0 to a critical value Kpu at which the
output first exhibits sustained oscillations with period Pu.
(Pu is measured in sec.)
Measure the ultimate (or critical) period Pu of the
sustained oscillations (In this paper, we chose Pu <2s).
Calculate the controller parameter values according to
Table 1, and use these adjustment parameters in the
controller to optimize the system.
Table 1. Formulas for the controller parameters in
the Ziegler-Nichols closed loop method.
Kp
PID
Ti
0.6Kpu
~1
2
According to the results described below
Td
~0.25
56
Overshooting
N/A
Setting Time
N/A
Error
Maximum 80
Kp=2
Kp=1.5
Overshooting
20 degree
Setting Time
Overshooting
-14 degree
Maximum 40
Setting Time
20 time unit
Error
Maximum -17
Error
15 degree
Maximum 15
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57
and setting time is not so quick, these gains are our best effort,
and we can control the balance of quadrotor quite well. In
the future,we can apply this method not only in selfbalancing quadrotors but also in balanced auto robots
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
Overshooting
1 degree
Setting Time
22 time unit
Error
Maximum -2
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
(The Board of Editors received the paper on 10/20/2015, its review was completed on 26/11/2015)
58
1. Introduction
In recent years, several researchers have implemented
fruit recognition systems. Harsh S Holalad, Preethi Warrir
and Aniket D Sabarad [1] developed a fruit identification
system based on FPGA technology. They built a system
that identified fruits such as apple, banana, sapodilla, and
strawberry. However, they used offline images for training
and testing because of no camera interfacing. In addition,
three features including mean, variance, and shape were
used to characterize the fruits with an accuracy of 85%
only. Moreover, the output of the system was LEDs. Woo
Chaw Seng, Seyed Hadi Mirisaee [2] proposed a
classification system for fruits spherical pattern. In this
system, the combination of three different features,
including color, shape, and size,was designed to perform
the sequential pattern recognition. The results of
experimentation were greatly affected by the fruit size
scalar values, which were selected by users. The accuracy
of the recognition mainly depended on the number of fruit
images for each type of fruit, collected and used to test the
system. Dr Vishwanath. B. C, S. A. Madival, Sharanbasa.
Madole [3] proposed a methodology for recognition and
classification of fruits in fruit salad image samples. The
fruits including apple, chikku, banana, orange and
pineapple, were considered. A K-mean classifier was used
and had the classification efficiency of around 98%. The
features using for classifying the different kinds of fruits
were color and texture the property that represents
surface and structure of an image. R. M. Bolle, J. H.
Connell, N. Haas, R. Mohan, G. Taubin [4] presented an
automatically-produce-ID system, intended to ease the
produce checkout process. In this system, a variety of
features such as color, texture (shape, density) was
extracted and integrated to classify the products. The
experiments were performed in several supermarkets and
grocery stores, where are hostile, robust, and rugged
environments in terms of images. S. Arivazhagan, R.
Newlin Shebiah, S. Selva Nidhyanandhan, L. Ganesan [5]
also proposed an efficient fusion of color and texture
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59
60
2
1
x i, j average
mn i j
m
(2)
b. Texture Features
mn
(3)
(4)
mn i j
(5)
2
1 m,n
average
x
i
j
,
m n i, j
distance
xt i, j x0, t
(6)
Where, xt(i,j) the feature of the tth class from test sample
and x0,t the feature of the tth class from the center is obtained
by the test samples. t- the posistive constants,which are
selected by the trial and error method, making the
contribution of each feature to the classifier effective.
Training Algorithm
Step_1 - Consider an image of a fruit belonging to a class.
Step_2 - Extract the Hue, perimeter, and area
components of the images.
Step_3 - Transfer three images simultaneously from
the computer to the real time controller.
Step_4 - Compute the mean, the variance, and
texture of Hue component using Equation 1, 2 and
5. Then, calculate the area and perimeter of a fruit
image using Equation 4,5.
Step_5 - Repeat the steps from 1-4 for different
images of a class.
Step_6 - The central values are found in each feature
(color, texture, and size). Then, the mean of each
feature (means of 200 images of a class) is calculated.
All values are automatically saved to a standard
format file such as excel, text and binary file.
Step_7 - Repeat the same for the remaining classes.
Testing Algorithm
Step_1 - All Steps1_6 from the training algorithm
without saving values to excel files are performed.
Step_2 - The Euclidean distance between the test
values obtained from Step_2 and that of the already
stored center values obtained from training are
calculated using Equation 4.
Step_3 - Find out the minimum distance among all
the distances (each class) and assign the test image
to the class with minimum distance.
2.2.4 Sound Player
The sound player is designed to play a specific sound
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The number of
input fruits
Testing results
(Correct)
Apple
Kiwi
Lemon
Orange
Strawberry
Tomato
Total
30
30
30
30
30
30
180
28/30
27/30
29/30
28/30
25/30
27/30
164/180
(91.11%)
61
4. Discussion
4.1. Tuned parameters
The recognition success rate can be affected by the
scale values in feature calculation stage. The scale value
for each feature needs to be chosen carefully. If the balance
of contribution of each feature is not equal, some features
will have less influence than the others will. As a result, in
some situation, some features do not play any role at all. In
the future, we will investigate the way of finding out
optimal values for those parameters.
4.2. Adding features
One of the clearest improvements is to use additional
features for our fruit recognition. At this moment, only five
are used. As seen earlier, this makes distinguishing certain
fruits more error-prone. By understanding physical
meanings of the features mentioned in [7] and using trial
and error method, we can select additional features in the
classification in order to improve accuracy.
4.3. Classification methods
Because the classifier, which is used in the fruit
recognition system, is developed by the minimal distance
method ,which is easy to implement but has some
limitations. For instance, if two kinds of fruits have
different values of features, but the same distance, the
incorrect recognition will occur.
In order to reduce the classification error rates, some
methods can be used to make improvement such as tree
decision method [12]. Any decision tree will progressively
split the set of training examples into smaller and smaller
subsets. For each branch, the decision is to continue to split
and accept, or select another property and grow the tree
further. As a result, the quality by applying the distance
classifier can be improved.
4.4. Choosing fruits
By observing the fruits during the tests, we notice that
the mistaken recognition usually happens when the fruits
are much different from others in the same type. So, to
increase the success rate, fruits should be pre-classified
beforehand.
5. Conclusion
We have set out to implement an automatic visual
62
[2]
[3]
[4]
R.M.Bolle,
J.H.Connell,
N.Haas,
R.Mohan,
G.Taubin.:
VeggieVision: A Produce Recognition System. IEEE Computer
SocietyWashington, DC, USA1996.
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
Processing.
Pearson
(The Board of Editors received the paper on 08/14/2015, its review was completed on 12/22/2015)
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG, JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NO. 12(97).2015, VOL. 1
63
1. Introduction
Paul Truong et al. showed the special attributes and
effective applications of vetiver grass for wastewater
treatment and phytoremediation [1]. Xindi Liao et al.
demonstrated that vetiver significantly influenced the
removals of COD, BOD, NH3-N and total P from pig farm
wastewater [4]. Furthermore, Yahua Chen et al. proved that a
large amount of heavy metals (approxi-mately 99.7% of Pb,
93.8% of Cu, 95.6% of Zn and 98.2% of Cd) in the leachate
solutions were absorbed by the soil matrixes under the
influence of the vetiver growth in the soil columns [5]. So, can
toxic substances from pesticides be handled by vetiver? This
paper will provide an overview for Fipronil pesticide reducing
ability by vetiver grass in Quang Nam Province.
hazardous [6] and a chemical substance in Group Cpossible human carcinogen according to the U.S. EPA [7].
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Surveying methods
In this study, 100 chemical shop owners and 250
farmers in five cities and districts of Quang Nam Province
were interviewed to find out what insecticides have been
sold and used popularly. The questionnaire and the direct
questionable methods were used for the chemical shops
and the users as farmers respectively.
64
Vetiver
Control wetland
(without vetiver)
Sand
Gravel
Output, = 21mm
Hoi An City
HA1 Truong Le Village, Cam Chau Ward
HA2 Tra Que Village, Cam Chau Ward
HA3 4th Village, Cam Thanh Commune
Dien Ban Town
DB1
DB2
Dien An Commune
DB3
DL1
DL2
DL3
TB1
TB2
TB3
outlet pipe
( = 49mm)
Gravel layer
NT2
NT3
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Shops
Regent
800WG
Dylan
2EC
Padan
95SP
Kasumin
2L
Motox
5EC
Kasai
16,2 SC
Basa
50EC
Eagle
50EC
Actana
25WG
Angun
5WG
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Pesticides
10
avai labl e
commerce
20
10
EC
od
nv
40
u
as
User
an
,2
75
n
16
H
op
sa
ai
le
as
K
N
D
SC
C
50
P
Ea
g
25
2L
A
lo
h
m
in
as
u
K
SP
n
95
M
ot
ox
5E
C
2E
da
Pa
G
W
00
yl
an
t8
Pesticides
en
eg
Places
Hoi An City
Dien Ban
Town
Dai Loc
District
Thang Binh
District
Nui
ThanhDistrict
1.56
HA2
1.87
HA3
1.42
DB1
1.91
DB2
1.53
DB3
1.84
DL1
1.16
DL2
1.55
DL3
1.02
TB1
1.34
TB2
1.06
TB3
1.75
NT1
1.56
NT2
1.72
NT3
2.05
30
higher than Dyland 2FC and Padan 95SP (Group III WHO). Therefore, the residue of Regent 800WG in the soil
and groundwater is at an alarming rate
frequency/crop
65
retention
66
80
70
64.12
60
66.13
63.51
80
67.28
70
50
P e fo r m a n c e ( % )
60
40
30
20
10
10.52
5.95 5.72
15.47
19.36
3 .8 5 *
1 0 ^ -6
4 .1 3 *
1 0 ^ -6
4 .9 6 *
1 0 ^ -6
5 .4 5 *
1 0 ^ -6
6 .5 3 *
1 0 ^ -6
6 .9 4 *
1 0 ^ -6
V (m/s)
7.58
6.49
6.05
5.03
4.59
3.83
3.6
HRT (h)
Constructed Wetland
40
30
20
10
3 .3 0 *
1 0 ^ -6
50
V (m/s)
0
Treating peformance
0
0
72.2375
71.9375
70.6125
66.2875
63.325
59.9
Control System
4. Conclusions
This study has achieved an overview of the current state
for trade and use of pesticides in Quang Nam Province and
the reducing capacity of Fipronil pesticide residue by
constructed wetland with vetiver is as follows:
(1) Regent 800WG (Fipronil pesticide)is mostly sold
by 95 % of surveyed shop owners and used by 82 % of
interviewed farmers.
(2) The Fipronil treatment performance of the
constructed wetland by vetiver is 72.71 % at 3.30*10-6 m/s
of velocity and 7.58 hours of HRT.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
Paul Truong, Tran Tan Van, Elise Pinners The Vetiver System for
improving water quality: The prevention and treatment of
contaminated water and land, Published by The vetiver network
international (2008), pp. 2-15, pp. 37-56.
R. R. Rao and M. R. Suseela Vertiveriazizanioides multipurpose
eco-friendly grass of India, Pacific Rim Vetiver Network (2009), pp.
439 442.
Rachael Cull, Heather Hunter, Malcolm Hunter, Paul Truong Application of Vetiver Grass Technology in Off-Site Pollution
Control II. Tolerance to herbicides under selected wetland
conditions, 2nd IVC proceeding (2000), pp. 296-302.
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
(The Board of Editors received the paper on 11/21/2015, its review was completed on 12/13/2015)
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67
1. Introduction
Photonic Integrated Circuits (PIC) based on silicon on
insulator (SOI) platform are very attractive in recent years.
The SOI platform can provide advantages of high index
contrast,creating photonic devices with compactness, CMOS
compatibility and large scale production technology [1].
Microring resonators are versatile building blocks for
photonic circuits especially for compact photonic structures.
There are many photonic devices based on microring
resonator structures such as optical filter [2], optical
multiplexer [3], optical switch [4], optical delay line [5],
modulator [6], differential equation solver [7], optical
interleaver[8], fast and slow light [9], optical biosensor [10,
11], optical gyroscopes [12], generation of optical signals
[13], etc. For accurate operation of these devices, power
coupling ratios and loss of the coupler used in microring
resonators are crucial and need to be carefully designed. The
coupling element determines the device performance. For
example, designing couplers with desired coupling power
ratios is extremely important for high Q-factor and high
performance for biomedical sensing based on SOImicroring
resonators [10], for obtaining exact free spectral range (FSR)
of dense wavelength division multiplexing and interleaver
[3, 8], for high bandwidth photonic signal processing [7, 14].
Although silicon wire based directional couplers have
been used in many microring resonator structures, it still
lacks a detailed and accurate analysis and design for
microring resonators based on the directional coupler.
Silicon wire based directional couplers with two parallel
waveguides has been analyzed [15, 16], but it is not suitable
for applying to almost all microring resonator structures
including a straight waveguide coupling with a ring
waveguide. Recently, quality factor, finesse and fabrication
tolerances of directional couplers used for microring
resonators have been investigated [17, 18]. However, such
analyses can only applied to SOI rib waveguides and
microring resonators based on InGaAsP/InP.
M
j
(1)
Pout
is the power transmission coefficient
Pin
2
and | | is the power coupling coefficient of the coupler.
Where
68
Le TrungThanh, Nguyen Canh Minh, Nguyen Van Khoi, Bui Thi Thuy, Nguyen Thi Hong Loan
N g L
1
1 4 4 2
Ng L
)
Q2
arcc os (
2 2
(2)
1
(3)
F1
FSR
FWHM
F2
(4)
(5)
1 2
Where FWHM is the resonance full-width-at-halftmaximum and FSR is the free spectral range. The FSR is
identical for two microring resonator configurations.
Figure 7 plots the FSR at different R and Wa. The FSR
increases by deceasing R. We see that the FSR=2.3 nm for
R=5m, and FSR is equal to 0.25 to 2.3nm for R ranging
from 5m to 50m. There is a slight increase in FSR when
Wa decreases from 500nm to 400nm.
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69
(a)
(b)
Figure 11. Calculated effects of the deviation of waveguide
widths on the behavior of the microring resonator (a) change in
the finess F and (b) finesse deviation from the normalized value
(a)
(b)
Figure 8. Finesse F for single and add-drop microring resonators
(a)
(b)
Figure 12. Calculated effects of the deviation of waveguide widths
on the behavior of the microring resonator (a) change in the
Q-factor and (b) Q-factor deviation from the normalized value
Figure 9. Q-factor for single and add-drop microring resonators
70
Le TrungThanh, Nguyen Canh Minh, Nguyen Van Khoi, Bui Thi Thuy, Nguyen Thi Hong Loan
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
F. Liu, Q. Li, and Z. Zhang et al., "Optically tunable delay line in silicon
microring resonator based on thermal nonlinear effect", IEEE Journal of
Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol. 14, pp. 706 - 712, 2008.
[6]
[7]
[8]
6. Conclusion
We have presented a detailed analysis and design of the
directional coupler based on silicon wires. We have focused
on the behavior of the directional coupler used for microring
resonator structures. The parameters of the directional
coupler are taken into consideration in order to achieve the
desired design characteristics. The transmission coefficient
of the coupler, finesse, Q-factor of the investigated
directional coupler based microring resonators have been
investigated. In addition, the sensitivity of the coupler to
variations of the waveguide width, gap and wavelength is
also presented. Our method approach can be applied and
extended to the design of microring resonator structures
using directional couplers based on the silicon wires.
Acknowledgements
This research is funded by Vietnam National
Foundation for Science and Technology Development
(NAFOSTED) under grant number 103.02-2013.72" and
(The Board of Editors received the paper on 05/03/2015, its review was completed on 06/26/2015)
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71
1. Introduction
Today, the development of electronic devices is going
fast, which requires more information exchange and the
interaction between humans and machines is not limited to
mechanical motion (button,). Electronic devices can
recognize actions, gestures of humans, then process, encrypt
and transmit them to computer in the form of digital data or
dummy command. Some devices can be used as acceleration
sensors, ultrasonic transceivers, infrared sensors In this
paper, we use acceleration sensors MPU to get the data to
perform communication in computer.
Acceleration sensors have been widely used in recent
years. Some devices such as: smart phones, aircraft
controls, gaming equipment are using acceleration
sensors. Using accelerometer with 1 axis, we can make the
system self-balance; with 3 axes (acceleration) we can
control the mouse; with 6 axes (acceleration + gyroscope)
we can determine angle 3 axes to control planes, play
games or motion tracking. Using acceleration sensors we
can detect motion and hand gestures (left move, right
move, left rotate, right rotate). Using parameter of 6 axes
to detect hand states, we can use those data to control the
application (mouse, plane).
Inertial measurement unit (IMU):
Inertial measurement unit (IMU) is integrated devices
which consists of two types of sensor: accelerometer sensor
and gyro sensor, placed on three perpendicular axes to
track the position and orientation. IMU combines the
advantages of two systems described in above applications
as low latency, high frequency, self-contained, small, and
lightweight.
Theory acceleration sensor and gyro sensor:
Acceleration sensor:
An accelerometer is a simple object, attached to a spring
with constant elasticity coefficient k. Displacement of
objects with mass m blocks from the center to the location
F = kx
(1)
Newtons law:
F = ma
(2)
72
Initialize I 2C,
UART, IN/OUT
Setup MPU6050
sensor
Send filtered
values to PC
MPU6050
USB to UART
MSP430G2553
Computer
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73
(4)
Where,
x[k]: the kth smoothed value.
From (4) with N = 4 so we get:
(5)
3.3. Result
Figure 7 shows waveform of accelerometer data when
MPU6050 rotates right following X axis with
accelerometer angle of 900. When MPU6050 is rotated,
accelerometer data will change. We can determine a
threshold value which changes.
74
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
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75
1. Introduction
Currently, in the country and in the world, there is much
commercial software designed to serve boarder
management. However, in universities, the adaptability of
these applications is not high actually. In addition, the cost
of owning the copyright of such software is quite high.
On the other hand, demand for accommodation of
university students across the country is great. The
dormitory management with large numbers of students
needs much effort, time and cost. Recognizing this, some
universities have developed a website system to manage
operations of their dormitories.
In the dormitory website of National University of Ho
Chi Minh City [5], students can only read the news, search
and look up but they cannot register/extend dormitory
rooms. Therefore, the website is only used for post news,
announcements, but it is not as alternative for the manual
work in dormitory management activities.
76
Dang Hoai Phuong, Nguyen Van Dong, Dinh Thi Hong Huyen, Pham Thi Thu Hien, Lam Thi Hong Tam
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Boarders
facility management
Registration
service
management.
Boarders
Management
staff
Sent
requirements
Receiving and Resolving
of student requirements
<<extend>>
<<extend>> <<extend>>
Statistical process
and report status of
boarders
Other
<<extend>>
Change
room
Check
out
room
for Students
Dormitory service
Registration and
Extending Management
Dormitory
77
Repair
a. Use
case
Registration
and
extending
management for staff
Before starting new curriculum, management staff
login to make a schedule the registration and extending of
boarding in the dormitory. Then they are going to inform
students about it. After its deadline, the system will close
registration/extending automatically. Management staff
could assign conditional students into rooms manually and
automatically based on priorities and registration time.
When the assignation completes, the system will send
students a confirmation and quotations to let them pay it
and take the boarding.
b. Use
case
Registration
and
Extending
Management for Students
In order to register or extend room in the dormitory,
firstly, students have to log in the system before the
deadline as mentioned above in the schedule. Non-resident
students can only register rooms whereas boarders have the
only option of extending their rooms.
78
Dang Hoai Phuong, Nguyen Van Dong, Dinh Thi Hong Huyen, Pham Thi Thu Hien, Lam Thi Hong Tam
Management staff
Boarders
Rooms management
STUDENTS
- idStudent
- studentNumber
- firstName
- lastName
- class
- adrress
...
registration rooms
Registration and
extending management
Extending rooms
Requirement
Students/ Staffs
management
Room information
Requirement /Notification/
Message management
0..n
Rent rooms
management
Figure 6. The structure of system.
User gesture
:CONTROLLER
REGISTRATION_ROOM
1..1
0..n
0..n
- idRenewal
- idRentRoom
- idRoom
- time
- statusOfRenewal
REQUEST
- idAsset
- name
- quantity
- statusOfAsset
- unitPrice
Change
Database
- idRequest
- idRentRoom
- type
- content
- statusOfRequirement
Return
1..1
SERVICE_IN_ROOM
Return
result
1..1
0..n
RENEWAL_ROOM
ASSETS
ExecuteOfRequest()
1..1
1..1
1..1
0..n
CheckData()
- idRentRom
- idAccount
- idRoom
- statusOfRentRom
0..1
- idAssetOfRoom
- idRoom
- idAsset
- quantity
- statusOfAsset
Invoke Action
- idRegistration
- idAccount
- idRoom
- time
- statusOfRegistration
RENT_ROOM
1..1
ASSETS_IN_ROOMS
:MODEL
0..n
1..1
1..1
- idAccount
- idStudent
- password
0..n
- idRoom
- RoomNumber
- quantityOfStrudent
- boardingFees
- statusOfRoom
0..n
Statistical
VIEW
0..1
ROOMS
facility management
Management
staff/ Boarder
ACCOUNTS
1..1
- serviceInRoom 1..1
- idService
- idRoom
- dateOfDeadLine
SERVICES
0..n
- idService
- nameService
- price
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79
3. Conclusions
The Dormitory management information system has
been running tests with real data provided by the
[5]
[6]
[7]
(The Board of Editors received the paper on 12/10/2015, its review was completed on 12/16/2015)
80
1. Introduction
In daily life, people usually rely on recommendations
from other people by spoken words, reference letters, news
reports from news media, general surveys, travel guides,
and so forth. Recommender systems (RS) assist and
augment this natural social process to help people sift
through available books, articles, webpages, movies,
music, restaurants, jokes, grocery products, and so forth to
find the most interesting and valuable information for
them. The most common technique used for
recommendations is collaborative filtering (CF). CF-based
RS predict user preferences for products or services by
learning past user-item relationships from a group of user
who share the same preferences and tastes. Although
owning many advantages in comparing to other techniques,
CF has been facing many problems needed to be solved,
such as data sparsity, scalability, similar items, grey-sheep,
black-sheep, false recommendations, privacy,.
Until now, there have been many methods proposed to
tackle all the problems of CF approach, such as hybrid RS
[15], graph-based RS [11], especially multi-agents based
RS [2, 7]. In this research, we propose a reactive multiagent model for RS in which user-rating list and the
methods for computing similarity are used based on Itembased CF technique. This solution is an new approach for
RS which offers precise recommendations based on
particular preferences of users with better performance
than CF- based RS.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In section
2, we review some existing works about CF approach and
multi-agent systems. Next, in section 3, we first give an
overview of proposed model, reactive agents and then the
method for determining attractive and repulsive forces as
well as self-organized model. The results of an
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82
,
,
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not offer the high accuracy for the model. So, a global level
is needed to break down the local connections and collect
small groups together in order to enhance the accuracy of
the model.
83
4. Experimental results
4.1. System implementation
Gii thch: Theo yu cu ca phn bin, phn ny
chng ti b sung thm mt kt qu ca qu trnh ci t
thc nghim trn h thng t vn film nhm m t trc
quan kt qu ca qu trnh t vn (Figure 7). Hnh ny m
t danh sch cc b phim m mt ngi dng no c th
thch, km theo l gi tr d on cho tng b phim .
System is built by using Objective C and Open Graphics
Library (OpenGL). To evaluate the performance of the
system, we use dataset MovieLens 100K including 100000
ratings (with scale from 1 to 5) from 943 users for 1682
movies. Each user rated at least 20 movies and supplied
demographics information (age, gender, occupation,).
Begin
The Figure 8. shows that attractive and repulsive multiagent model give accurate prediction with the average of
MAE of 0.724. Meanwhile, this value for item-based CF
proposed by Badrul Sarwar et al. [2] is 0.723. It can be seen
obviously that recommendation results offered by our
proposed model and previous CF methods are equivalent.
84
Badrul Sarwar, George Karypis, Joseph Konstan, John Riedl, ItemBased Collaborative Filtering Recommendation Algorithms,
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on World Wide
Web, (2001), pp. 285-295.
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
Cao Hong Hue, G., A., A multi-agent model for Image browsing and
retrieval, Studies in Computational Intelligence Volume 457,
(2013), pp. 117-126.
F. Klugl, C.Oechslein, F.Puppe, andA.Dornhaus, Multi-agent
modelling in comparison to standard modelling. In F.J. Barros and
N. Giambasi, editors, Proceedings of AIS 2002: Artificial
Intelligence, Simulation and Planning in High Autonomous
Systems, San Diego, CA, (2002), pp. 105110.
F. Zambonelli and H.V.D. Parunak, From design to intention: signs
of a revolution, inProceedings of the first international joint
conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems, ACM
Press, (2002), pp. 455456.
Fabien Michel, Jacques Ferber, and Alexis Drogoul, Multi-Agent
Systems and Simulation: a Survey From the Agents Communitys
Perspective, CRC Press, LLC, (2001).
Guerra-Hernndez, Alejandro, Amal El Fallah-Seghrouchni and
Henry Soldano, Learning in BDI Multi-agent Systems,
Computational Logic in Multi-Agent Systems, (2004).
[8]
(The Board of Editors received the paper on 04/17/2015, its review was completed on 06/22/2015)
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG, JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NO. 12(97).2015, VOL. 1
85
1. Introduction
The economy of Laos and its industry are still behind
the development due to the restriction of FDI companies
and the weakness of domestic companies. Therefore,
learning from other countries in the region, particularly
ASEAN countries is useful for the improvement of the
competitiveness of FDI attraction into Laos. These are
countries with similar charactertistics in geography, natural
resources and society. Moreover, the industrialization in
these countries began from their industrial agricultural
structures. However, they have reformed, constructed legal
bases and created attractive investment environments for
FDI. These lessons will be selectively applied into Laos to
attract more FDI for its industrial development.
2. Expericences in attracting FDI to develop the
industry from some countries in the world
2.1. Experiences from NICs
NICs are idential to Laos in the first stage of the
industrialization, in which the economy was unbalanced,
underdeveloped and exshauted after the war; income per
capita was low; natural resources were poor; the weather was
bad; small land was occupied by a large population; main
advantages inluded sea ports and cheap labour. However,
with appropriate policies in economy development and
attracting FDI, these countries became newly industrialized
countries with high ecocomy growth rates, specifically in
Singapore, this rate was 12.2% p.a (19651980), industry
constituted 29.1%GDP in 1990; in Korea, the growth rate
was 16.6% p.a (19651980), industry accounted for 40% of
GDP in 1990; in Taiwan, these figures were above 7% p.a
(19881991) and 42.3% GDP, respectively. Export
turnovers of industrial products in these countries during
2000-2003 were more than 60% GDP on average, in which,
more than 50% was exported to the American market [5].
Experiences that can be applied to Laos are as follows:
86
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87
88
area,
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89
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
(The Board of Editors received the paper on 12/06/2015, its review was completed on 12/14/2015)
90
1. Introduction
Philip Kotler, "the world's foremost expert on the
strategic practice of marketing according to the hail of
Management Centre Europe, gave definition of marketing
in the first edition of his textbook in the year of 1967. At
that time, marketing was defined as the analyzing,
organizing, planning and control of the resources, policies,
and activities of the firm in order to satisfy the needs and
wants of targeted customer groups (Kotler 1967, p. 12).
Then, in 1972 Kotler added the concept of societal
marketing that was mentioned on the necessary
combination of customer satisfaction and consumer
welfare in the long run in marketing.
2. Why is societal marketing important?
The term of marketing was firstly used on a lecture at
the University of Michigan in the United States in 1902.
Until now, it has become more and more popular all over
the world with different renewed definitions by Kotler and
other authors. In general, marketing can be defined as a
process by which companies create value for customers
and build strong customer relationships in order to capture
value from customers in return (Armstrong et al. 2009, p.
7). Therefore, marketing programs and marketing
strategies are designed based on customers needs and
wants. Marketing has proved that it is not only an
indispensable tool to connect businesses and consumers,
but also it is appropriate to apply in different types of
organizations such as production, commercial and service
companies, or profit and nonprofit organizations.
However, it also receives a lot of social criticisms due to
its negative effects on individual consumers, the whole
society and other businesses (Armstrong et al. 2009).
In terms of the benefits of individual consumers, many
critics charged that individual consumers have to incur high
prices of commodities due to high costs of distribution, high
advertising and promotion costs and excessive mark-ups
(Armstrong et al. 2009). When companies want to be more
competitive, they might spend more on advertising their
products; that will boost selling prices. Thus, in 2013, the
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Societal marketing
Social marketing
Narrow
Wide
A Principle
A Process
desired behaviors
society
5. Competition
Innovative
marketing
Sense-ofmission
marketing
91
6. Who
applies Organizations
in - Public sector agencies (such
societal marketing or commercial sector
as
World
Health
does social marketing
Organizations, Department
of Health, or Department of
Wildlife and Fisheries)
- Nonprofit organizations and
foundations
- Professionals working in a
for-profit organization
- Organizations engaged in
social marketing campaigns
Societal
marketing
concept
Company
Consumers
(Profits)
(Want satisfaction)
Figure 3. Three considerations underlying the societal
marketing concept (Armstrong et al. 2009, p. 15).
92
LONGTERM
CONSU MER
B ENEFIT
Low
High
High
Salutary
products
Desirable
products
Low
Deficient
products
Pleasing
products
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Host
community
Consumers
(visitors)
Local
residents
93
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
Miele
Company
(2014),
Quality,
available
at:
http://www.miele.com/international/enint/company/quality_13384.
htm (accessed 20 October 2014).
[10] National Assembly of Vietnam (2013), Law No. 32/2013/QH13 Law amended to the law on enterprise income tax, available at:
http://www.itpc.gov.vn/investors/how_to_invest/law/Law_No.32_2
013_QH13/mldocument_view/?set_language=en
(accessed
23
October 2014).
[11] Peattie, K. (1995), Environmental Marketing Management, Pitman,
London.
[12] Saxon Business Systems (2014), Customer First Program,
available at: http://www.saxon.net/PageDisplay.asp?p1=14608
(accessed 24 October 2014).
[13] Schwartz, G. (1971), Marketing: the societal marketing concept,
University of Washington Business Review, Vol. 31, pp. 31-38.
[14] Stunt, V. (2014), Why Google is buying a seemingly crazy
collection of companies, CBC News, 19 February, available at:
http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/why-google-is-buying-aseemingly-crazy-collection-of-companies-1.2537110 (accessed 23
October 2014).
[15] Szakly, Z. and Berke, S. (2004), The connection between
nutrition, quality and marketing in case of foodstuffs, in Bercs, J.,
Lehota, J., Piskti, I. & Rekettye, G. (Eds.), Marketing theory and
practice: A Hungarian perspective, Budapest University of
Economic Sciences and Public Administration International Studies
Center, Budapest, pp. 380 402.
(The Board of Editors received the paper on 06/11/2015, its review was completed on 09/28/2015)
94
1. Introduction
Every student wishing to get the benefits from modern
education, research, science, trade, etc., knows that it is
impossible without a working knowledge of the English
language and good communication skills. A person
without oral communication skills will suffer in this era of
competition and may find it difficult to achieve a higher
position (Morozova, 2013).
In Vietnam, enhancing quality of teaching and learning
English for Specific Purposes (ESP) in universities and
colleges in national wide has been a great concern. It is
almost a must for graduates to communicate well in English
if they want to succeed in their career on every field.
However, not many of them can do this. Like in various
countries, communicative skills in English, especially in
ESP are the biggest challenge for every teacher and student
in Vietnam in general and of the DUMTP in specific. One
reason why the problem of speaking skills in Vietnam is
crucial is that Vietnamese students have not been provided
appropriate textbooks as well as have not applied active
learning methods right from the start of learning English at
primary schools. As a result, their reaction to English
speaking gradually disappear over the years due to the fact
that they have not been given chance to speak inside and
outside the class, even they do not know how to pronounce
a word correctly. Another reason is that studentsEnglish
knowledge has been assessed based on writing papers
without any oral test so students set up wrong purpose and
do not have any motivation of speaking English when
learning it. These are the main reasons why speaking English
in nursing profession is almost an unfeasible mission
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Benefits
Challenges
Pair
96
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98
Rating
Comments
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[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[1]
[2]
[3]
[12] http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/elt/article/view/3720
(retrieved on October 2, 2014).
[4]
[13] http://www.teacherstandards.aitsl.edu.au/pilots
(retrieved
on
January 5, 2015).
http://www.educ.ualberta.ca/staff/olenka.bilash/best%20of% 20bilash/pai
rwork.html# (retrieved on January 9, 2015).
(The Board of Editors received the paper on 02/11/2015, its review was completed on 04/01/2015)
100
1. Introduction
Conversation - the verbal communication between
people is indispensable in daily life. However,
interlocutors cannot always understand all the utterances
from the speaker. Sometimes the speakers cannot clearly
express his thoughts in their utterances due to some
reasons. For example, the speakers are searching for
suitable words to talk or are looking for a correct word in
a specific situation. As a result, they make the hearers
misunderstand or not understand their sayings. All of
those problems are factors that disrupt the conversations
and lead to the lack of communication efficiency. To
overcome
the
factors
causing
communication
breakdowns, the speakers must use some strategies.
However, this matter has not been properly studied in
Viet Nam, so this is the first time the positions and
strategies of self-repair in English and Vietnamese
conversations have been studied. This article presents the
results of the research with the hope of having a small
contribution to teaching and learning speaking skill.
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. Emanuel Abraham Schegloffs theory of repair
Shegloff et al. [5] investigated repairs because of their
roles as a self-righting mechanism for the organization of
language in social interaction. They focused on, for the
first time, self-repair and other-repair with the positions
and strategies. After observing and analyzing the data
from a large corpus of audio tapes, video tapes, naturally
occuring conversations and transcripts of those tapes, they
find that self-correction occurs more frequently than
other-correction. Since then, many studies have applied
the theory of self-repair from Schegloff et al. to carry out
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[3, p.377]
3. Methodology
H: Tao ch hiu g c.
101
102
[http://www.sil.org/liguistics/GlossaryOf LinguisticTerms
/WhatIsSelf-initiatedRepair.htm/retrieved on June 27, 2010]
The speaker produces a trouble-source happinest and
he/she knows that it is a phonological trouble source, so
he/she initiates a repair.
There are no phonological
Vietnamese conversations.
trouble
source
Vietnamese
in
H: Em bo ci g cht ri?
Positions
to
[http://www.sil.org/liguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms
/WhatIsSelf-initiatedRepair.htm/retrieved on June 27, 2010]
This example shows that the speaker produces the
trouble source accelerate. Then he/she finds out the
trouble source and initiates repair.
(11) , ...chng ti...xin mt t x phng, qun xin
ngm nc ung, kht qu.
[Hi c mt binh nh, Nguyn Th Tng]
In (11), S produces the trouble source, x phng. It is
a lexical problem, so in her/his same turn, he/she initiates
repair by correcting the word.
c. Morphological Trouble source Repair (including
repairing word forms, tenses, and so on.)
(12) In my in everyday life, she always help me helps me
[http://www.sil.org/liguistics/GlossaryOf LinguisticTerms
/WhatIsSelfinitiatedRepair.htm/retrieved on June 27, 2010]
Occurrence
Occurrence
53
46.9
30
25
Third turn
repair
15
13.3
22
18.3
Third
position
repair
45
39.8
68
56.7
113/300
100
120/300
100
After
the
next
turn
Total
[http://www.sil.org/liguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms
/WhatIsSelfinitiatedRepair.htm/retrieved on June 27, 2010]
sources in
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103
104
H: Ghen h?
S: Ni ghen cng cha ng. Nhng ... nhng
nh c v khng thch ch Phng.
[Qung i m p, D Ngn]
The conjunction nhng is repeated in the above
example because S wants to gain more time to think out
what he/she is going to say. Then, he/she self completes
his/her utterance in the same turn.
c. Repetition of Indefinite articles
(28) "Ss! Shut up! Listen!" They were mouse-still.
"I thought I heard a - a sort of knocking," said the bull.
[Harry Porter and the Goblet of Fire, Rowling, J.K.]
d. Repetition of Prepositions
(29) But youre behind - very behind - on dealing
with curses, said Moody. So Im here to bring you up to
scratch on what wizards can do to each other. Ive got one
year to teach you how to deal with Dark -
[Harry Porter and the Goblet of Fire, Rowling, J.K.]
There are no repetitions of indefinite articles and
prepositions in Vietnamese conversations.
Table 2 below is the summary of strategies of self repair and the frequency of its presenting from 113
English conversations and 120 Vietnamese conversations.
Table 2. Strategies of Self-Repair in English and Vietnamese
Conversations
English
Strategies
Vietnamese
Occurrence
Occurrence
1. Trouble
source correction
13
11.5
10
8.3
2. Searching for
a word
12
10.6
15
12.5
3. Hesitation
pauses
24
21.2
48
40
4.False start
repairing
7.1
5. Immediate
lexical changes
5.3
6. Repetitions
50
44.3
47
39.2
113/300
100
120/300
100
Total
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
(The Board of Editors received the paper on 12/14/2015, its review was completed on 12/28/2015)
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105
Functional
Grammar;
1. Rationale
Written language displays a much higher frequency of
lexical items or content words to the total amount of words
used than grammatical items. The two following sentences
have the same meaning but the frequency of lexical items
and grammatical ones is employed differently.
1.a: Investment in a rail facility implies a long-term
commitment. And
1.b: If you invest in a rail facility, this implies that you
are going to be committed for a long term.
[5, p.61]
The sentence 1.a displays seven lexical items, covering
70% the total words and three grammatical ones,
accounting for 30%, while the sentence 1.b displays seven
lexical items (35%) and thirteen grammatical one (65%).
The two sentences above show that language in a
written text is more condensed than that in a spoken one.
In other words, the difference between written and spoken
language is density. What makes a written text so dense is
GM in which nominalization is the most powerful device
in creating grammatical metaphor [6]. The more
grammatical metaphor a discourse has, the more formal
and academic it is. Halliday [5, p. 94-95] claims that
written language is associated with the use of GM and is
more characteristic of written language than spoken
language. He points out that GM includes two types:
Metaphor of mood (including Modality), and Metaphor of
Transitivity. Semantically, these are respectively
Interpersonal Metaphor and Ideational Metaphor.
However, in this article we just focus on metaphor of
transitivity where nominalization is the key for creating
grammatical metaphor.
GM occurs popularly in documents for language
learners such as in IELT, CAE documents, etc. in rewriting
the sentence without changing the original one, in many
other academic documents. How do English learners apply
GM to their academic writing? This paper is to suggest
106
In ideational GM, the shift does not only fall into any
isolated elements but it always occurs in clusters. For
example, when the type 2.i occurs (from verb to noun: from
Event to Thing), it entails other changes such as from noun
to possessive deictic, from adverb to adjective, etc. In this
article we summarize these 13 types of GM in grammatical
shift as follows:
from
1
to
Adjective Noun
Verb
Ty Grammatical shift
pe from
to
8
9
Noun
(i.Event
Thing,
ii.Auxiliary
Thing,
iii.Catenative
Thing)
Preposition Verb
(al phrase) (i.Minor
process
Process;
ii.Location,
Extent &c
Process)
Conjunction Verb
Conjunction noun
Verb
Adjective
12 + Verb
(i.Event
Epithet/Classifier;
ii.Auxiliary
Epithet/Classifier,
iii.Catenative
Epithet/Classifier)
13 i. Noun
Preposition Adjective
(alphrase) (i.Minor
ii. Adverb
Epithet/Classifier,
ii..Auxiliary
Prepositional
Epithet/Classifier,
phrase
iii.Catenative
Adverb
Epithet/Classifier)
Preposition
al phrase
(O)
(Adv)
Part.
Pro.
Part.
Cir.
Metaphorical
Part.
Function
Type:
I&III
V-lex
(Adj)
Pro.
(Prep.
+ O)
NML
Epithet Thing
Cir.
Range
12i
13ii
2i
(Adv)
Adj
Part.
Pro.:
relational
Cir.
Epithet
(Prep.) Possessive
(Adj.)
NML
Possessive
Epithet
Thing
13i(b)
13ii
Function
Type:
I&II
(i.+verb;
ii. +(causative
& c)verb
iii.+ (phasal &
c) verb2)
(various)
(a) Qualifier,
(b) Possessive
Deictic,
(c) Classifier,
adjective,
adjective,
(various)
(various)
Function
Metaphorical
Preposition(al
phrase)
(i.Conjunctive
Minor process,
ii.Conjunctive
Location,
Extent & c)
11 + Noun
Congruent
Function
10 Conjunctio
PrepositionNoun
(al)
(i.Minor process
n
Thing
ii.Location,
Extent & c
Classsifier)
3.1. Positive GM
Conjunction Adjective
(O)
Part.
Pro.
Part.
Metaphor
There
ical
Function
Type:
I&III
(Adv)
Cir.
be
(Adj)
NML
Prep.
+O
Pro.
Epithet
Thing
Cir.
2i
13i(a)
12i
13ii
(Prep.
+ O)
Cir.
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107
5) Pattern5:
Congruent
S1
V1
S2
V2
O2
Function
Metaphorical
Function
Type:
I&II
Part.
S1
Part.
Pro.
V(1)
Pro.
Part.
Pro.
Posses
sive
NML
Posses
sive
Thing
13i
1/2i
Part.
(Prep.
+ O2)
they
their
4) Pattern 4:
Congruent
Conjunc
tive
Function
Metaphorical
Function
Type:
I&III
Prep.
phase
Relator
10i
(O)
(Adv)
Part.
Pro.
Part.
Cir.
Posses
Adj.
sive
(Prep.
NML
+ O)
Posses
Epithet Thing
sive
13i(b)
Cir.
2i
3.2. Negative GM
Negative GM means the metaphoric shift from different
elements (an adverb, a conjunction, modal adverbs, a
preposition, etc.). In negative GM form, another noun as a
Thing that is somehow synonymous with the different
elements is used to replace them to express the same
meaning as that of the original form.
1) Adverb NML
(13ii)
NML(borrowed) (2i)
108
NML (x)
NML (10i)
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
(24) The more proficient he is, the more he likes the games.
=>His fondness for the game increases with his
proficiency.
(25)English spellings dont match the sounds they are
supposed to represent. Its time to change.
=> English spellings dont match the sounds their duty
is to represent. Its time to change.
(26) John was shocked to hear that he had failed his
driving test.
=>It came as shock to John to hear that he had failed
hisdriving test.
(27) The reasonswere varied; some of the women
alluded to demanding work schedules that made having a
child undesirable, others to the fact that they simply dont
feel like having a child.
[8]
[9]
Halliday, M.A.K. & J.R. Martin (1993), Writing Science: Literacy and
Discursive Power. London, Washington D.C.: The Falmer Press.
Koptjevskaja-Tamm, M. (1993), Nominalizations, Intyre London Ltd.
(The Board of Editors received the paper on 08/23/2015, its review was completed on 09/28/2015)
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109
1. Rationale
It is obvious that higher education is expanding more
rapidly than ever before. One important task of colleges
and universities is to enroll students. For learners, the more
education institutions develop, the more choices and
opportunities they have in choosing an appropriate
institution. Moreover, it is vital for them to make the right
decisions on which programs to attend and which tertiary
institutions to enroll in.
On one hand, training service providers have to
establish an impressive image for their institutions. On the
other hand, potential learners have to make wise choices on
applying for the appropriate higher education. PWMs on
the official websites of American colleges and universities
optimally fulfill the need of building tertiary institutions
images and of learners decision-making. It is noticeable
that PWMs contain many assertives stating the institutions
strengths and reputations. Therefore, this research is
conducted with a view to clarifying the linguistic features
of assertives used in PWMs.
It is hoped that the results of the study can be beneficial,
to some extent, to the teaching and learning of English. This
study may also be of some help to those who are supposed
to write welcome messages for the purpose of attracting as
many learners to their training institutions as possible.
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. Searles Taxonomy of Illocutionary Speech Acts
In this paper, to identify assertives in PWMs, the
researcher employs Searle [1975]s Taxonomy of
Illocutionary Speech Acts, which includes five categories:
Representatives or Assertives, Directives, Commissives,
Expressives, and Declaratives. The first reason is that this
classification system is more popular than those by other
linguists such as Austin [1962], Bach and Harnish [1979],
Yule [1996]. The second reason is that in order to classify
speech acts, Searle presents twelve linguistically significant
Speech act
type
Direction of fit
S=speaker
X=situation
Directives
Commissives
Declaratives
S causes X
110
Categories
Occurrence
Rate (%)
Assertives
429
67,45
Expressives
117
18,40
Directives
70
11,01
Commissives
20
3,14
Declaratives
636
100
Total
500
429
Assertives
400
Expressives
300
Directives
117
200
70
100
0
20
Commissives
0
Declarations
Number of
messages
Percentage
0 200 words
24
19,83
77
63,64
17
14,05
Descriptive Adjectives
345
76,7
0,83
Extreme Adjectives
56
10,9
1,65
Superlative Adjectives
49
12,4
121
100
Total
450
100
Number of words in
PWMs groups
Total
Adjectives
Occurrence
Rate (%)
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Sentence Types
Occurrence
Rate (%)
Simple
160
37,30
Compound
19
4,43
Complex
231
53,85
Compound-complex
19
4,43
Total
429
100
4,43; 4%
37,30; 37%
1
2
4.1.3. Mottos
In this study, it can be seen that mottos facilitate the
management of the institutions. Higher education
institutions employ mottos to make the audience remember
their beliefs or purposes more easily.
111
3
53,85; 55%
4
4,43; 4%
Voice
Occurrence
Rate (%)
Active
391
91,14
Passive
38
8,86
Total
429
100
112
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113
Types of assertives
Occurrence
Rate (%)
Assertions
238
55,48
Descriptions
88
20,51
Statements of fact
84
19,58
Conclusions
19
4,43
Total
429
100
250
238
200
150
100
50
88
84
19
0
1
114
4.3.1. Assertions
Assertions occur with the highest rate - 238 instances
occupying 55,48% and are mostly expressed with the verb to
be and to believe. They function in asserting or claiming
the mission, vision, and commitment of the colleges and
universities. Take the following assertives as examples:
(21) Our students are the pride of BGSU.
(22) The heart and soul of our University is our faculty.
(23) Huntingdon is a comfortable place where every
student is known and where relationships with faculty,
staff, and students form lifetime bonds.
4.3.2. Descriptions
Descriptions occur with the second highest
proposition. They are to provide more information about
the capacity of the colleges or universities including
training courses and modes, types of degrees, modern
facilities and high qualified faculty and staff. Here are
some examples:
(24) Thats why we offer NCAA Division II Athletics
programs, many visual and performing arts activities,
research and outreach endeavors, and a host of student
programming and volunteer opportunities.
(25) We also have a strong global presence with our own
facilities in Delhi, Beijing, London, Paris, and Singapore,
active educational programs in the College in locations
throughout the world, and the ongoing interaction of scholars
and students at work with colleagues from around the globe.
4.3.3. Statements of facts
Statements of facts rank third from the analyzed data.
A statement of fact exhibits word-to-world direction of fit,
where the utterance fits an independently existing state of
affairs in the world. In PWMs, they mainly focus on the
admirable and amazing achievement of institutions.
(26) And our Virtual Campus was recognized as the
Best of the Best in the Education and Academia category
of the Computerworld Honors Program in June 2009.
(27) We also continue to be the university of choice for
many of the states best and brightest high school
graduates: this year, 127 of 211 Montana high school
graduates offered Montana University System Honor
Scholarships, or 60 percent, chose MSU.
4.3.4. Conclusions
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
(The Board of Editors received the paper on 06/19/2015, its review was completed on 06/27/2015)
of
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115
1. Introduction
Hyperbole, one of the popular types of stylistic devices,
plays a crucial part in everyday language use.
Speakers/writers find it a powerful tool to make the
discourse more impressive and to effectively attract the
listeners/ readers attention.This kind of stylistic device
appears frequently in conversations, literature, short
stories, as well as in other discourse types, especially, in
football commentary where all scales of emotion seem to
be all expressed. Nevertheless, in order to catch the ideas
shadowing in the expressions or to have a thorough
knowledge on hyperbole is not easy for Vietnamese
learners of English as well as for foreigners who study the
Vietnamese language and culture. Take the following
sentences in English and Vietnamese as examples:
(1) The Spaniard fired a precise shot through a sea of
bodies and beyond a stranded Boaz Myhill.
(goal.com/en-/match/newcastle-united.../report)
(2) Than Qung Ninh c c hi cc k nguy him pht
36 khi Quang Hi t ph trong phm vi hp trc mt
rng cu th ri c th mn T Vnh Li.
(bongdaplus.vn/.../thua-trn-b-bd--hai-phong)
From the above examples we can see that the
hyperbolical expression in English is different from the
Vietnamese one in meaning but they are used with the
same purpose to emphasize the difficulty the players face
in front of the opponents goal. More interestingly, the
same hyperbolical image is utilized in different functions
as follows:
(3 Ghosting in at the far post, he gained the crucial touch
on Fabregas' delivery to register his first Premier
League goal for the club.
(goal.com/en/match/chelsea-vs-arsenal/.../report)
116
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English
Vietnamese
1. Hyperboles of Joy
heart t
cng,
ni
m
nh,phi nn th, bt mt,
nh cht lng,
6. Hyperboles of Regret
waste or miss a golden b l/ b qua c hi ngn
opportunity,squander/ vng / khng th ngon n
spurn a gilt-edged chance hn, m hn thin thu
7. Hyperboles of Shock
huge shock
chong vng
117
(tinthethao365.com.vn/./Atletico...)
Besides, there are different hyperboles used in English
and Vietnamese to highlight victory and loss as follows:
(17) Sergio Aguero equalled a Premier League record by
scoring five times as Man, City returned to winning
ways with a 6-1 demolition of Newcastle.
(goal.com/en-/match/.../ newcastle/.../rep...)
(18) Lc ny, Cordoba v trn, tinh thn suy sp, ri vo
th thua nh ni .
(bongda365.com.vn/.../msn-toa-sang-barcelona)
Danger in football is rather different from other fields.
It does not cause death like others, but it is about dangerous
situations leading to goals or loss. Nevertheless, English
writers take advantage of such phrases as deadly,
venomous, or lethal to overshoot the dangerous situations
in football.
(19) Despite Athletic's stubborn defending in the third
encounter between the sides this month, Barca took the
lead early in the second half through Suarez's
venomous strike.
(goal.com/en-/match/athletic...barcelona/.../report)
Besides, beauty is also one of the most common
subjects to be hyperbolized. When talking about beauty,
people often think of the appearance of someone or thing
whereas beauty in football can be considered as an art,
therefore, it is hard to hyperbolize it. Dream may be the
most appropriate word to describe beauty and is employed
in most discourse types. Along with nh m(dream),
Vietnamese writers often use tuyt, siu or comparing to
drawing as we sometimes hear p nh v/ nh tranh as in
example(20)to magnify beauty.
(20) Nhng n pht 25, li ca i khch phi rung
ln sau mt pha phi hp nh v ca T.LA.
(bongdaplus.vn/.../danh-bai-hai-phong-1-0-)
Other hyperboles of the second group are summarized
in Table 2 below.
Table 2. Hyperboles of the second group
English
Vietnamese
1. Hyperboles of Tension
palpable, frantic,
breathless,
wild,
ruthlessness,starved
of oxygen
2. Hyperboles of Excitement
burst into life, as cc k, khng th hp dn
boisterous as ever, hn, hp dn hn c mong
surreal moment full i, siu kinh in
voice, an exhibition,
emotions ran high on and
118
English
Vietnamese
chin
thng
in
r
nht,chin thng hy dit,
cuc tn st,v thm st
kinh hong,nghin nt,
mn hy dit, cn a
chn, nh mt h en khng
l trong v tr nut chng di
ngn h
5. Hyperboles of Loss
thua nh ni , b mng,
cht, b h nhc
6. Hyperboles of Danger
deadly, venomous, cht ngi, him a, or
or lethal
cc k nguy him
7. Hyperboles of Beauty
dreamy
p nh m, siu phm,
pha phi hp nh v
English
Vietnamese
1. Hyperboles of Strength
hammer,
thump,
slam,
or,
bullet,
rocket,
cannon,
orstorm,thunderous
cng nh k ch, nh
ba b, or nh tri ph,
n rocket, nh n i
bc, nh v bo
2. Hyperboles of Speed
electricity,lightning,
or blink
nhanh nh chp, nh
ct, nhanh nh mt con
sc, nh nhng con
thoi, nh x gi, thn
tc, nh mi tn, tc
tn la, nh cn lc,
nhanh nh in,
3. Hyperboles of Accuracy
inch-perfect,
placed cc k chnh xc, chnh
finish,
laser- xc tng mm, chnh xc
like accuracy, or like tng centimet, nh t
there was a computer chip in
his boot
4. Hyperboles of Talent
catlike reactions,
a
phenomenal
machine,
stunning,another
dimension,
or
ghost
nh ln ng, khng
goal- tng, xut thn, thn
su, ma thut, siu,
qui vt, thin ti,v
even tinh t trn Di thin h,
sinh vt ngoi hnh tinh,
n t hnh tinh khc
5. Hyperboles of Weakness
nightmare performance,
sleepy, virtually nonexistent,dreadful
defending, or as if he had
lead in his boots, as brittle
cc k m nht, siu ti
t, gn nh mt tch,
nh m ng, nh nhng
k nghip d, thiu cht
xm, vt v nh bng ma,
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English
Vietnamese
, ng cu
nhn
sinh,
siu
Topics
English
Vietnamese
Occurrence
Occurrence
[1] joy
14
4.7
22
7.3
[2] sadness
17
5.7
11
3.7
[3] anger
1.7
0.7
[4] worry
2.3
11
3.7
[5] frightfulness
1.7
1.7
[6] regret
15
5.0
1.0
[7]shock
0.3
3.0
[8] tension
32
10.7
18
6.0
[9] excitement
2.3
18
6.0
0.0
2.3
6.3
11
3.7
0.0
1.3
[10] boredom
[11] victory
19
[12] lose
[13]danger
2.0
1.0
[14] beauty
0.3
12
4.0
[15] strength
65
21.7
21
7.0
[16] speed
19
6.3
26
8.7
[17] accuracy
[18] talent
17
24
5.7
7.0
8.0
21
41
13.7
[19] weakness
32
10.7
36
12.0
[20] determination
3.0
14
4.7
1.7
1.7
300
100 %
300
100 %
TOTAL
119
120
- To students:
6.2. Suggestions
a. Problematic Situations in Foreign Language
Teaching and Learning
In reality, learning to interpret and express
exaggeration seems to be a difficult task for Vietnamese
learners of English. Moreover, hyperboles represent a part
of English largely untaught, whereas they exist in almost
every aspect in our daily life. Therefore, in order to
understand and use hyperboles correctly, learners should
first equip themselves with a wide knowledge of cultural,
religious and social aspects.
b. Suggestions
Teaching
for
Language
Learning
and
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10] Hong Tt Thng (1993), Phong cch hc ting Vit hin i, NXB
Trng i hc Tng hp Hu.
(The Board of Editors received the paper on 11/18/2015, its review was completed on 11/23/2015)
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG, JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NO. 12(97).2015, VOL. 1
121
122
2.2. Sampling
(a dead person)
(a group walking two by two in a long file)
3.2.2. Sex/sexual orientation (23/57)
Generally speaking, sex and sexual orientation are
mentioned much when people in general or teens in
particular use slangs: dog style, pig party, sheeps eyes,
birds and bees, fish-kiss, monkey spank, snake, turtle, pig
meat, cat lapper...
ISSN 1859-1531 - THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG, JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, NO. 12(97).2015, VOL. 1
123
(parts of a ship)
3.5.2. Clothing/accessories (7/11)
For example: whale tail, turtles, bull and pants, ducks
ass/behind, ...
- Oh, my God! Look at that butt, her whale tail is
showing so high. [15]
(the shape formed when a g-string rides up high over a
womans trousers)
- He looked like another sub-Elvis, smooth flesh and
ducks ass hair. (coiffure) [1, p.175]
3.6. Money, commerce and employment (29/359)
3.6.1. Money (14/29)
The examples of slangs denoting money are bad dog,
fat cat, fish-skin, whale in the bay, goose and duck,
elephant bucks, ...
( a mental hospital)
3.8.2. Communication/education (22/39)
Just look at such some examples as dog it, frog slicing,
cow college, dog on, safety monkey, bull session, goat
mouth, bull butter
- When I tripped, my friends all dogged on me.
(to put down, to mock) [13, p.36]
- Im sure theyll be saying terrible things about us, but
quite frankly I couldnt give a monkeys. [8, p.295]
(a damn)
3.9. The arts, entertainment and the media (12/359)
3.9.1. Cards/gambling (9/12)
For example: cats eyes, fish and chips, duck bucket,
snake eyes, rabbit ears, rats and mice
[7, p.160]
124
(a police car)
12
3,3%
Cards/gambling
2,5%
Sports/performance
0,8%
1,1%
20
5,6%
Places
1,7%
Movement/vehicles
14
3,9%
23
6,4%
Good qualities/states
1,7
Bad qualities/states
Total
Quantity Percentage
48
13,4%
39
10,9%
Illness/physique
2,5%
57
15,9%
People/group
18
5,0%
Sex/sexual orientation
23
6,4%
Crime/prison
1,4%
Police/military/maritime/air-force
11
3,1%
3. Animals
0,8%
40
11,1%
Tobacco/alcohol/drugs
31
8,6%
Eating/drinking
2,5%
11
3,1%
Tools/ implements/containers
1,11
Clothing/accessories
1,99%
29
8,1%
Money
14
3,9%
Work/Business/commerce
15
4,2%
73
20,3%
Good/positive/suitable feelings
27
7,5%
17
4,7
359
100%
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, on the semantic fields, slang containing
words denoting animals reflects mostly all the fields of the
life. People and society and behavior, attitudes and
emotions are 2 semantic fields that rank the 2 highest
positions. Based on this investigation, we are able to see
the whole of semantic fields of slang containing words
denoting animals used in daily life.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[12] http://www.iwise.com/jXMIe
[13] www.linguistics.ucla.edu/publications/opl_12.pdf
[14] http://onlineslangdictionary.com/meaning-definition-of/pull-a-tiger
Bad/negative/unsuitable feelings
46
12,8%
39
10,9%
Thought
17
4,7%
[17] http://onlineslangdictionary.com/meaning-definition-of/whale-out
Communication/education
22
6,2%
[18] http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=drain+the+dragon
(The Board of Editors received the paper on 09/25/2015, its review was completed on 10/15/2015)