StiFF Meeting September 23, 2003

Analysis of Catenary Action in Steel

Beams under Fire Conditions

Yingzhi Yin

Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering

University of Manchester & UMIST

Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering

 OVERVIEW

● Introduction

● Numerical Simulations by ABAQUS

● Hand Calculation Method

● Conclusions

Introduction ABAQUS HCM Conclusions

Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
 Introduction

Introduction
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
Objectives

● Investigate the large deflection behaviour of steel beams at

elevated temperatures

● Develop a simple hand calculation method for predicting the

deflections and catenary forces in steel beams at elevated
temperatures

Introduction
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
 Numerical Simulations by ABAQUS

● Shell element S4R

● Boundary conditions:
ƒ Stiff end plates applied to beam end
sections
ƒ Spring elements applied at centre of
beam end sections
ƒ Spring couple elements applied to
the top and bottom flanges of beam
end sections relative to section
centre

ABAQUS
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
Model validation

1.5m
0.6m 0.8m 0.6m

1.5m
178x102x19UB

ABAQUS
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
 Bottom flange temperature (oC)
-10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
-30
Deflection δ (mm)

-50
-70
-90 simulation, LR=0.5
-110 simulation, LR=0.7 δ
test, LR=0.5
-130 test, LR=0.7
-150
200
150 simulation, LR=0.5
Axial reaction force R (kN)

simulation, LR=0.7 R R
100 test, LR=0.5
50 test, LR=0.7
Bottom flange temperature (oC)
0
-50 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
ABAQUS
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
Fully axially restrained beams with lateral restraints

Temperature distributions
0.5T
h/8

T T
Uniform Non-uniform

ABAQUS
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
 z Uniform temperature distribution

Temperautre (oC) 1000

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
-100 600

-200 200
Temperautre (oC)
-300

Reaction (kN)
Deflection (mm)

-200 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
-400
-600
-500

-600 -1000

-700
-1400
-800 8m, LR=0.7 8m, LR=0.7
5m, LR=0.7 5m, LR=0.7
-1800 8m, LR=0.4
-900 8m, LR=0.4
5m, LR=0.4
5m, LR=0.4 Axial capacity
-1000 -2200

ABAQUS
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
 z Non-uniform temperature distribution

Maximum temperautre (oC) 1000

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
-100 600

-200 200
Maximum temperautre (oC)
-300

Reaction (kN)
Deflection (mm)

-200 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
-400

-600
-500

-600 -1000

-700
-1400
-800 8m, LR=0.7 8m, LR=0.7
5m, LR=0.7 5m, LR=0.7
-1800 8m, LR=0.4
-900 8m, LR=0.4
5m, LR=0.4
5m, LR=0.4 Axial capacity
-1000 -2200

ABAQUS
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
 Laterally restrained beams with different levels
of axial restraint
Maximum temperature (oC) 400
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
-100 200

-200
Maximum temperature (oC)
0
-300 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Reaction (kN)
Deflection (mm)

-400 -200

-500
-400
-600
KA=0.02EA/L KA=0.02EA/L
-700 -600
KA=0.05EA/L KA=0.05EA/L
-800 KA=0.15EA/L KA=0.15EA/L
KA=0.30EA/L -800 KA=0.30EA/L
-900 KA=EA/L KA=EA/L
Fully restrained Fully restrained
-1000 -1000

ABAQUS
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
 Laterally restrained beams with different levels
of rotational restraint
Maximum temperature (oC) 400
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 200
-100
Maximum temperature (oC)
0
-200 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
-200
-300

Reaction (kN)
Deflection (mm)

-400
-400
-600
-500

-800
-600

-700 Fully restrained -1000 Fully restrained

KR=2EI/L KR=2EI/L
-800 KR=EI/L -1200 KR=EI/L
KR=0.6EI/L KR=0.6EI/L
-900 KR=0.1EI/L -1400 KR=0.1EI/L
Free rotation Free rotation
-1000 -1600

ABAQUS
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
Effect of lateral torsional buckling

ABAQUS
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
 Maximum temperature ( oC)
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
-100

-200
In plane deflection (mm)

-300

-400 Uniform, with L&A restraints

Non-uniform, with L&A restraints
-500
Uniform, with only A restraints
-600 Non-uniform, with only A restraints
Uniform, without L&A restraint
-700
Non-uniform, without L&A restraint
-800

ABAQUS
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
 Maximum temperature ( oC)
200

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
-200

-400
Reaction (kN)

-600

-800

-1000 Uniform, with L&A restraints

-1200 Non-uniform, with L&A restraints

-1400 Uniform, with only A restraints

-1600 Non-uniform, with only A restraints

-1800

ABAQUS
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
Hand Calculation Method

P P
q
KA KA
KR KR

MP
FT FT x
MR δ m + δt MR

z
MT MT

HCM
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
Equilibrium equations

FT (δm +δt ) +MT +MR +MP =0

∆Lm 1 1 L 1
FT = K A' ε m = K A' = + +
L K A' K A ET A K A

MT = ET I y ϕm x= L
2

1 1 L 1
M R = KR' θ x=0 = + +
KR' KR ET I y KR

M P :the externally applied free bending moment

HCM
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
Deflection profiles

z ( x) = z m ( x) + z t ( x)

1/ 2
L   
2
dz
∆Lm = ∆L − ∆Lt ∆L = ∫ 1 +    dx − L ∆Lt = αTL
0
  dx  

d 2 zm dz
ϕm x=
L = θ =
2 dx 2 x=
L x =0
dx x =0
2

HCM
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
z Uniform temperature distribution

zt = 0

ƒ Zero end rotational restraint

16δ m,max  x 4 2 x 3 
Under UDL zm = 
 3
− 2 + x 
5L  L L 

Under CPL zm=free bend moment diagram

ƒ Complete end rotational restraint

16δ m,max  x 4 2 x 3 2
zm =  − + x 
L2  L2 L 

HCM
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
z Non-uniform temperature distribution

ƒ Zero end rotational restraint

α ∆T
zt = − ( x 2 − Lx )
2h

Under UDL z m = zUDL ,UT

zUDL ,UT + z CPL ,UT

Under CPL zm =
2

ƒ Complete end rotational restraint

16δ m,max  x 4 2 x 3 2 ET I yα∆T
zt = 0 zm = 2

 2
− + x  Mt =
L L L  h

HCM
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
Axial load & bending moment interaction
1
1−γ M F
0.9 + =1
1−
(1+α) γ 2
2
M p Fp
0.8
α [2(1 + β ) + α ]
0.7

0.6
PNA at web/flange junction
F/Fp

0.5
 (1 + α ) 2 γ 2 
0.4 1 − , γ 
α=
Aw  α [2(1 + β ) + α ] 
0.3 2 Af
t 2
0.2 β=
h0 M
+
(1+ α )
2
 F


 =1
0.1 γ =
Aw M p α [2(1 + β ) + α ]  F p 

2 A f + Aw
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
M/Mp

HCM
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
 Validation
● Complete axial restraint, zero rotational restraint
uniform temperature, UDL

Temperautre (oC) 1000

0 Limiting temperature of BS5950 Part8
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
LR=0.4 0.7
-200 500

Reaction (kN)
-400 Temperautre (oC)
Deflection (mm)

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

-600

-500

-800
ABAQUS,LR= 0.4
ABAQUS,LR=0.4 -1000 ABAQUS,LR= 0.7
-1000 ABAQUS,LR=0.7 HCM,LR= 0.4
HCM,LR=0.4 HCM,LR=0.7
HCM,LR=0.7 Tensile capacity
-1200 -1500

HCM
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
 ● Complete axial restraint, zero rotational restraint
non-uniform temperature, central point load

Maximum temperautre (oC) 1000

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

-200 500

Reaction (k N)
-400 Maximum temperautre (oC)
Deflection (mm)

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

-600

-500

-800
ABAQUS,LR= 0.4
ABAQUS,LR=0.4 -1000 ABAQUS,LR= 0.7
-1000 ABAQUS,LR=0.7 HCM,LR= 0.4
HCM,LR=0.4 HCM,LR=0.7
HCM,LR=0.7 Tensile capacity
-1200 -1500

HCM
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
 ● Different levels of axial restraint, zero rotational restraint
uniform temperature, central point load, load ratio = 0.7

Temperature (oC) 400

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
-100 200

-200
Temperature (oC)
0
-300 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Deflection (mm)

-400

Reaction (kN)
-200

-500
-400
-600

-700 ABAQUS,KA=0.05EA/L ABAQUS,KA=0.05EA/L

ABAQUS,KA=0.15EA/L -600
ABAQUS,KA=0.15EA/L
ABAQUS,KA=0.30EA/L ABAQUS,KA=0.30EA/L
-800 ABAQUS,KA=EA/L ABAQUS,KA=EA/L
HCM,KA=0.05EA/L -800 HCM,KA=0.05EA/L
HCM,KA=0.15EA/L HCM,KA=0.15EA/L
-900 HCM,KA=0.30EA/L HCM,KA=0.30EA/L
HCM,KA=EA/L HCM,KA=EA/L
-1000 -1000

HCM
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
 ● Different levels of axial restraint, zero rotational restraint
non-uniform temperature, central point load, load ratio = 0.7

Maximum temperature (oC) 400

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
-100 200

-200
Maximum temperature (oC)
0
-300 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Deflection (mm)

-400

Reaction (kN)
-200

-500
-400
-600

-700 ABAQUS,KA=0.05EA/L -600 ABAQUS,KA=0.05EA/L

ABAQUS,KA=0.15EA/L ABAQUS,KA=0.15EA/L
ABAQUS,KA=0.30EA/L ABAQUS,KA=0.30EA/L
-800 ABAQUS,KA=EA/L ABAQUS,KA=EA/L
HCM,KA=0.05EA/L -800 HCM,KA=0.05EA/L
HCM,KA=0.15EA/L HCM,KA=0.15EA/L
-900 HCM,KA=0.30EA/L HCM,KA=0.30EA/L
HCM,KA=EA/L HCM,KA=EA/L
-1000 -1000

HCM
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
 ● Different levels of rotational restraint, complete axial restraint
uniform temperature, UDL, load ratio = 0.7

Temperature (oC) 500

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 250
-100
Temperature (oC)
-200 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
-300 -250

Reaction (kN)
Deflection (mm)

-400 -500

-500
-750
-600
ABAQUS,KR= ∞ -1000 ABAQUS,KR= ∞
-700 ABAQUS,KR=EI/L ABAQUS,KR=EI/L
ABAQUS,KR=0.1EI/L ABAQUS,KR=0.1EI/L
ABAQUS,KR=0 -1250 ABAQUS,KR=0
-800
HCM,KR= ∞ HCM,KR=∞
HCM,KR=EI/L -1500 HCM,KR=EI/L
-900 HCM,KR=0.1EI/L HCM,KR=0.1EI/L
HCM,KR=0 HCM,KR=0
-1000 -1750

HCM
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
 ● Different levels of rotational restraint, complete axial restraint
uniform temperature, central point load, load ratio = 0.7

Maximum temperature (oC) 600

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 300
-100
Maximum temperature (oC)
-200 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
-300 -300

Reaction (kN)
Deflection (mm)

-400 -600

-500
-900
-600
ABAQUS,KR=∞ -1200 ABAQUS,KR=∞
-700 ABAQUS,KR=EI/L ABAQUS,KR=EI/L
ABAQUS,KR=0.1EI/L ABAQUS,KR=0.1EI/L
ABAQUS,KR=0 -1500 ABAQUS,KR=0
-800
HCM,KR=∞ HCM,KR=∞
HCM,KR=EI/L -1800 HCM,KR=EI/L
-900 ∞
HCM,KR=0.1EI/L HCM,KR=0.1EI/L
HCM,KR=0 HCM,KR=0
-1000 -2100

HCM
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
 Conclusions

● If a steel beam is reliably provided with some axial restraints,

catenary action will occur and will enable the beam to survive
very high temperatures without a collapse
● Whether a beam will experience lateral torsional buckling or
not will only have some minor effects on its large deflection
behaviour
● A simplified hand calculation method is developed to predict
the maximum deflection and catenary force in a steel beam,
which can be used in design applications

Conclusions
Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering
StiFF Meeting September 23, 2003

Thank you!

Manchester Centre for Civil and Construction Engineering