Lecture 1

June 18, 2016

Vallette ISYE 691 Summer 2016 Lecture 1

Agenda

Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Homework #1

Vallette ISYE 691 Summer 2016 Lecture 1

Introduction to Ergonomics

CHAPTER 1

Vallette ISYE 691 Summer 2016 Lecture 1

History
De Morbis Artificum Diatriba
Diseases of Workers
Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714)
Father of Occupational Medicine

Ergonomics
Ergon = Greek for work
Nomikos = Greek for laws
Studies of work laws
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Definition of Ergonomics
Branch of science that is concerned with the
achievement of optimal relationships between
workers and their work environment
Fitting the job to the worker
Occupational ergonomics is solution-oriented
branch of ergonomics, not just an evaluation
of work-related problems

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Definition of Human Factors

Broader subject area than ergonomics
Involves design of work tasks, equipment, and
consumer products

Vallette ISYE 691 Summer 2016 Lecture 1

Ergonomic Assessment
Humans capabilities and limitations
Biomechanics and anthropometry

Work and environmental stresses

Work physiology and industrial psychology

Static and dynamic forces on musculoskeletal

systems
Biomechanics

Fatigue
Work physiology and industrial psychology
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Occupational Factors
Interaction between the worker and the work
equipment
Workers exposure to hazardous materials
Unnatural work environmental conditions
Thermal, noise, vibration, illumination, toxic
materials, etc.

Physical and mental workload

Vallette ISYE 691 Summer 2016 Lecture 1

Workplace Hazards
Physical
Temperature, noise, vibration, radiation, etc.

Chemical
Hazardous liquids, solids, gases, dusts, etc.

Biological
Biological and medical specimens and animals

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Reducing Hazards

Keep workers informed

Provide material safety data sheets (MSDSs)
Develop safe work procedures
Provide training
Provide and use personal protective
equipment (PPE)

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Objectives/Benefits of Ergonomics

Helps to prevent injuries

Improve quality of work and life
Reduce fatigue and discomfort
Increased productivity and efficiency
Improved morale and job satisfaction
Reduced turnover

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Breakout!
What workplace hazards and occupational
factors do you encounter when you are
working?
Why is it important to mitigate these hazards
and factors?

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Key Takeaways from Breakout

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Anatomical Position
Standing erect
Eyes looking forward to
the horizon
Arms by the sides
Palms of the hands and
toes directed forward

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General Reference Planes

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Descriptive Terminology

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Terms of Relationship
1. Cranial toward the head
2. Caudal toward the feet
3. Medial toward the middle
4. Lateral toward/from the side
5. Proximal toward the attachment of a limb
6. Distal toward the fingers/toes
7. Superior above
8. Inferior below
9. Anterior toward/from the front
10. Posterior toward/from the back
11. Peripheral toward the surface
12. Palmer toward/on the palm of the hand
13. Plantar toward/on the sole of the feet

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Questions?

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Skeletal Systems

CHAPTER 2

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Skeletal System
Parts of the skeletal system
Bones
Cartilages
Joints

Divided into two divisions

Axial skeleton: skull, spinal column
Appendicular skeleton: limbs and girdle

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Gross Skeletal Structure

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Bones
206 bones in the adult human body
Functions of the bones
Support the bodys framework
Protect vital organs
Allow movement of the body
House bone marrow which produces blood cells
Store calcium and phosphorus

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Bone Classification by Shape

Long bones

Humerus (upper arm)

Radius and ulna (forearm)
Tibia and fibula (lower leg)
Phalanges (hands and feet)

Short bones
Carpals (wrist)
Tarsals (ankle)

Flat bones
Scapulae, ribs, and skull

Irregular bones
Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, mandible
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Cartilage
Transparent material
formed by round cells
Function
Support the body structure
for moderate load

Properties
Firm, elastic, and flexible
Capable of rapid growth
Avascular (no canal system
or blood vessel)
Nutrients and oxygen
supplied by diffusion

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Cartilage Types
Hyaline
Covers articular surfaces (where bones join)
Cushion joints against impact effects of jolts

Fibrous
Ribcage and intervertebral disks
Greatest rigidity and tensile strength

Elastic
Has both elasticity and firmness
Ears and nose
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Joint Articulations
Junction between two
or more bones
Joint movement
Determined by bone
shape and joint
structures
Diarthroses
Free movable joints
Ball-and-socket joints
Hinge joints

Synarthroses
Immovable joints
No joint cavity
Skull joint
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Joint Movements
Extension
Increase the angle (stretching or straightening)

Flexion
Decrease the angle (bending)

Abduction
Moving away laterally from central axis of the body

Adduction
Moving toward the central axis of the body

Rotation
Moving a bone around its long axis

Pronation
Inward rotation

Supination
Outward rotation
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Shoulder/Arm Joint Motion

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Wrist/Forearm Joint Motion

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Head/Neck Joint Motion

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Group Question
What sorts of activities do you do that
contribute to uncomfortable joint movement?

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Back Structure
Stack of 33-34
vertebrae (descending)

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4-5 coccygeal vertebrae

Separated by
intervertebral disks that
act as shock absorbers
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Hand Structure
28 bones in the hand
and wrist
Carpal bones form a
small, tunnel-like
structure which is
known as the carpel
tunnel

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Notes for the Ergonomist

Information provides a
basis for discussing
anatomical issues
Different tasks require
different parts of the
body

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Questions?

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Muscular System and Work

CHAPTER 3

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Introduction to the Muscular System

Ligament: a short band of
tough, flexible, fibrous
connective tissue that
connects two bones or
cartilages or holds together
a joint
Bones are moved by
muscular activities
(contraction and extension)
Made up of several muscle
fibers
Muscle fibers are bound in
bundles

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Tendons
Attach the muscle to bone
Tendon
Band of tough, inelastic fibrous tissue
Transmit the forces generated by the muscle to
the bone in which its attached

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Muscle Classifications
Smooth muscles
Stomach muscles

Cardiac muscles
Muscles of the heart

Skeletal (striated)
muscles
Biceps brachii

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Motor Nerves and Motor Unit

Motor nerves
Supply signals from the nervous system to the
muscle system

Motor unit
Single motor nerve fiber which innervates
(supplies a nerve to) a group of muscle fibers
within a muscle
Groups of motor units work together to
coordinate the contractions of a single muscle
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Muscle Energy Source

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Immediate energy source
ATP transports chemical energy within cells for
metabolism
Reproduced (through chemical reactions)
Aerobically (presence of oxygen)
Anaerobically (absence of oxygen)
Preview for
biomechanics!

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Functional Characteristics
of Muscle Tissues
Conductivity
Ability to transmit impulses

Irritability
Ability to respond to a stimulus

Extensibility
Ability to be stretched

Elasticity
Ability to return to their original length when stretching
force is removed

Contractibility
Ability to contract or shorten
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Muscle Contraction Types

Isometric (static)
Muscle remains the same length
No physical work
Tension within the muscle increases

Isotonic (dynamic)
Muscle shortens and performs work
Tension within the muscle remains the same

Isokinetic (dynamic)
Contraction when muscle moves at a constant velocity

Isoinertial (dynamic)
Contraction involves movement of a constant load
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Components of Physical Fitness

Flexibility
Ability to bend without sustaining injury

Strength
Ability of muscles to work against resistance

Muscle Endurance
Ability of muscles to sustain repeated contractions
over a period of time without becoming exhausted

Cardiovascular Endurance
Ability of the cardiovascular system to sustain an
effort over a period of time
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Classifications of Skeletal Muscles

Prime movers
Muscle or muscles whose contraction is the
primary agent in producing a desired movement

Antagonists
Muscles that relax or counteract to slow the
action of a prime mover

Synergists
Muscles that contract at the same time as the
prime mover
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Guidelines for Muscle Use

Movements to allow muscle development
Appropriate worker posture
Starting point for biomechanics (Section 3.7)
Maximize joint force
Push vs. pull
Downwards and inwards vs. upwards and
outwards

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Breakout!
As you study, do homework, and sit in class,
which muscles ache?
Why? What are you doing or what factors are
contributing to your discomfort?

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Key Takeaways from Breakout

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Questions?

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Homework #1
(due June 25, 2016)

Find a recent journal article on an ergonomic assessment

(published within the last five years)
Respond to the following:
Brief overview of the article
What workplace hazards and/or occupational factors was this
study addressing? Why?
Why was ergonomics important to the user population of this
study?

Provide your response (two pages, 1.5-line spacing, 12point font size, Times New Roman font type, and one-inch
margins for all sides)
Submit through Blackboard, along with a copy of the
article, by the beginning of next class
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Questions?

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