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2. Preparation of haloalkanes:
3. Preparation of haloarenes:
a. By elecrophilic substitution reaction:
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b. Sandmeyers reaction:
c. Gattermann reaction:
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carbon atoms.
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forces
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attraction
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stronger
and
Mechanism:
SNI
SNII
Inversion of configuration
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Racemic mixture
Order :
CH3X > 1o > 2o > 3o
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Order :
CH3X < 1o < 2o < 3o
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R X + NH3 R- NH2 + HX
R X + KCN R-CN + KX
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R X + AgCN R-NC + KX
RMgX
Wurtz reaction:
R-X + 2 Na + X-R R-R + 2 NaX
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Dows process:
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Fittig reaction:
Ar-X + 2 Na + X-Ar Ar-Ar + 2 NaX
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dry ether
R X Mg
RMgX
RMgX CO2
RCOOH
RMgX HCHO
Pr imary alcohol
RMgX RCHO
Secondary alcohol
O
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RMgX R CR
Tertairy alcohol