CHAON

Children's Action against Oppression and Neglect

Baseline Survey 2009

Districts Muzaffargarh and Sanghar

Table of Contents
1.

Executive Summary......................1

2.

Design of Study and Methodology.....................3

3.

Findings of the Study........................6

4.

3.1

Human Resource and General Demographics.....6

3.2

Livelihood.................8

3.3

Child Protection............14

3.4

Education................20

3.5

Health..............29

3.6

Child Health Education.......................................................38

Recommendations...................41

ii

Preface
Pakistan is the fifth largest producer of cotton in the world, the third largest exporter of
raw cotton, the fourth largest consumer of cotton, and the largest exporter of cotton yarn.1
Almost 1.3 million farmers (out of a total of 5 million) cultivate cotton on over 3 million
hectares, covering 15 percent of the cultivable area in the country. Cotton and cotton
products contribute about 10% to GDP and 55% to the foreign exchange earnings of the
country 2. Climatic conditions coupled with one of the world's most extensive irrigation
systems make the sandy soil of southern Punjab and northern Sindh provinces extremely
conducive to cotton cultivation.
While this belt is blessed with fertile land and conducive climate to support some of the
most extensive cotton farming in the world, unfortunately the very same area is inhabited
by communities that are impoverished and marginalized. The abject poverty that is the
plight of the locals inevitably contributes towards lack of education, access to basic health
facilities and extremely poor living conditions. As is the case in such scenarios, women and
children become the worst sufferers. Poverty is the leading cause compelling children to
work in hazardous conditions and compromise on their basic rights even the right to life.
Neglect of children's right to education and health services is quite obviously a major
hurdle in their overall development. It retards the process of their socialization, deprives
them of acquiring skills that can in the future up lift their standard of living and more often
than not places their lives at potential risk. Accordingly, the past few years have seen the
international community paying increasing attention to child rights in a bid to secure the
future of the world. However, realization of child rights is still an up hill climb and Pakistan
like its counterparts in the South is also struggling to meet this challenge. The most
important indicator for gauging the progress towards realization of child rights is
encompassed in Millennium Development Goal 4, which demands that child mortality be
brought down by two-thirds by 2015 and child rights realized in letter and in spirit across
the globe.
The best interest of the child remains the guiding principle of Save the Children. This
principle is the essence of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
that Pakistan ratified to in 1990. Ever since its inception, Save the Children has
underscored various forms of child labour and countered related issues accordingly.
Initiation of its work in cotton growing communities is just another episode of the
series. For this purpose, Save the Children in collaboration with IKEA Social Initiative

http://www.glgroup.com/News/Pakistans-Cotton-Industry-Flourishing-44599.html

Ibid

iii

has commenced a programme, titled as, CHAON-Children's Action against Oppression and
Neglect in order to improve the condition of children working in cotton fields.
The project focuses on four thematic areas including; Child Protection, Health, Education
and Livelihood and aims for a conducive environment for the children where they exercise
their rights freely and without discrimination.This programme is unique in its nature due to
the fact that it will be implemented throughout with the communities and by the
communities with vigorous participation of children in particular. At the initial stage, the
project will be implemented in districts Muzaffargarh and Sanghar and based on the learning
of the programme; it will be scaled up and extended to other cotton growing districts of the
country.
In order to assess the situation on ground to introduce complimentary reforms, a baseline
study was conducted in the two target districts of Muzaffargarh and Sanghar. Subsequently,
the report in hand is to present the factual ground realities of the situation in the target
areas.
Here, I take a moment to acknowledge the efforts of the team for carrying out this
ambitious and comprehensive study. I extend sincere gratitude to Mr. Ghulam Qadri,
Director Programmes-Save the Children Sweden; Dr. Abdul Bari, Senior Manager Health
Research-Save the Children US and Mrs. Irum Barki, former Programme Manager
Education-Save the Children UK, for their remarkable technical input for this baseline
survey.
Mr. Hassan Noor Saadi, Emergency Team Leader-Save the Children US provided technical
input in designing of the survey methodology, whereas, Mr. Ehtisham-ul-Hassan former
Manager Effective Programmes-Save the Children US took lead in compilation of the survey
tools. I present warm appreciation to both of them for their hard work.
Mr. Khuram Gondal, Programme Manager Child Protection-Save the Children Sweden
played his role through technical input, conducting orientation session for enumerators in
Sanghar and analysis of the survey forms. I am highly appreciative of his contribution.
I present warm thanks to Ms. Nadia Noor, Programme Manager Emergencies-Save the
Children Sweden for conducting training sessions for enumerators in Muzaffargarh and
supervising the process of data collection. She also contributed to the data collection
exercise by holding consultations in the district with various groups of girls and boys.
Mr. Himatullah, Manager Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation-Save the Children Sweden
deserves gratitude for conducting training sessions with enumerators and supervising
the data collection process in addition to analyses of the data and compilation of the
report in hand.

iv

Last but not the least, Save the Children is highly obliged to all those children, parents,
communities, teachers and doctors who participated in the survey and made it a success
with their involvement and responses. We are extremely thankful to all the activists
including children who helped the survey team in the identification of the selected
households.
Likewise, we are also grateful to both the teams of enumerators for putting the best of their
efforts for the accomplishment of the task with a great deal of responsibility.
The overall contribution of the whole team has resulted in the production of a resourceful
document that can be used extensively as reference material by public departments, donors,
local and international organisations and UN agencies working in Muzaffargarh and Sanghar
districts.
Finally, I express my deep gratitude to IKEA Social Initiative for providing financial
support for this ambitious intervention.
Syed Mehmood Asghar
Country Director
Save the Children Sweden

1. Executive Summary
Save the Children Sweden and IKEA Social Initiative have initiated a holistic child rights
programme in cotton producing districts of Punjab and Sindh. The first phase of the
programme extends from 2009 to 2013, with focus on one district each in Punjab and Sindh
(Muzaffargarh and Sanghar respectively). As an initial step, Save the Children carried out a
baseline survey in both the districts in order to learn the ground realities and establish a
sound benchmark to plan, monitor and assess the impact of the project.
A sample size of 660 households (330 from each district) was selected for the research.
From each household; the head of household, one child (between 7 to 18 years of age) and
one woman having a child under 5 years of age were interviewed. Furthermore, in order to
triangulate the information collected from these interviews and to formulate village
profiles, key informants were also interviewed from each of the 44 sample villages. In each
village, government schools and teachers profiles were also filled, whereas profiles of
health facilities were filled within the village or from the nearest possible location.
According to the salient findings of the baseline survey, the average household size is 8.50
for Muzaffargarh and 8.65 for Sanghar with male to female ratio at 110 and 109 respectively.
Almost 69% of the families in Muzaffargarh and 76% in Sanghar are living under nuclear
family structure with literacy rate of 55% and 47% correspondingly.
Agriculture is the main source of income in the target districts with wheat and cotton being
the two major crops. Majority of the population works as farm labourers for landlords with
nominal share as a return to their hard work. Annual per capita income stands at Rs. 18,087
in Muzaffargarh and Rs. 18,776 in Sanghar district.
Children constitute a significant proportion of the labour force in cotton production.
Almost 31% children in district Muzaffargarh and 44% in Sanghar are engaged in child labour
of which 60% and 69% work in cotton fields of Muzaffargarh and Sanghar correspondingly.
Among them 60% in Muzaffargarh and 73% in Sanghar are working full time to support their
families economically. A sizeable number of children, 58% in Muzaffargarh and 57% in
Sanghar, expressed displeasure and dissatisfaction with their work due to long hours of
work, un-safe working environment and low earning.
In both the districts no state protection mechanisms are available to safeguard children
against violence, abuse (physical, psychological and sexual abuse), exploitation and neglect.
Furthermore; there is no organization working in the districts that focuses on issues of child
rights.The identified child protection issues include; denial of children's right to education

and health, prevalence of economic exploitation as well as physical and psychological abuse.
Almost, 96% children in Muzaffargarh and 93% in Sanghar confirmed physical punishment at
schools. Children identified teachers as the main perpetrators of physical violence.
Almost 53% children reported that their parents do not consult them while making
important decisions that affect their lives, e.g. selection of school, withdrawing children from
school, marriage, involving them into labour etc. Child marriage is identified as a wellaccepted cultural practice. The youngest age at which a girl is married is recorded at 13
years.
Access to education is a major challenge for children. About 32% children of school going
age in Muzaffargarh and 46% in district Sanghar are found to be out of school.
Health facilities are in poor state; where 90% of them lack laboratory services with staff
either being absent or not familiar with the standard protocols for mother and child health.
Almost, 79% mothers in Muzaffargarh and 67% in Sanghar reported to have delivered their
last baby at home assisted by untrained birth attendants. About 33% mothers in
Muzffargarh and 67% in Sanghar were found not to have completed the vaccination course
for their under 5 children.
The findings of the study indicate gross negligence of children's rights in both the districts.
To address these issues, simultaneous interventions are needed both at micro and macro
levels. At micro level, there is a dire need to establish effective community based child rights
and protection mechanism through meaningful participation of community members
including children. It is equally critical to empower civil society, government and other duty
bearers to fulfill their responsibilities towards providing a protective and enabling
environment to children. At the macro level, effective advocacy efforts are required with
government to implement policies, laws and procedures to deliver their national and
international commitment. Empowerment of district and provincial departments through
resource injection is pivotal in order to improve their efficiency and delivery.

2. Design of Study and Methodology

2.1 Area of Study
1. District Muzaffargarh in Punjab
2. District Sanghar in Sindh
2.2 Aims and Objectives
The aim of the study was to ascertain a holistic picture of socio-economic status in
district Muzaffargarh and Sanghar, having a keen focus on child protection, education and
health indicators. The objectives of the study were to:
. capture the socio-economic profile of the target districts;
examine the probable factors responsible for issues related to the realisation of
child rights in the target areas;
explore ways and means to improve the strategic planning of Save the Children
and other stakeholders in the prevalent context;
provide a base for evaluation at midterm and end of the project.
2.3 Survey Methodology
2.3.1 Target Population
All the households in the two selected districts served as the population for the study.
2.3.2 Sample Size
The sample size was calculated using standard formula; where z is Confidence Level taken at
95%, X is Standard Error which was set at 10% and Coefficient of Variation was taken at
75%. According to the simple random sampling approach, households were directly
selected from the districts due to lack of statistics available pertaining to the number of
households in rural settings. Sample size was multiplied by the correction factor of 1.5 (216
x 1.5 = 325=330).
Therefore, 330 households per district appeared to be the sample size. To collect
information for the study, 660 household heads or representatives (330 from each
district), 660 children and 660 women from the same households were interviewed with
reference to different sets of indicators. Furthermore, in order to triangulate the

http://www.glgroup.com/News/Pakistans-Cotton-Industry-Flourishing-44599.html
Ibid
Sample Size= n =

(Z*CV/X)*2

Where
Z is the required confidence level at 95.% , i.e.,1.96
CV is Coefficient of variation the percentage of population with the attribute we are interested in studying i.e., 75%
X is the required precision level or the acceptable level of error or the margin of error, i.e., 10% in this case
So Sample size=(1.96*75/10)^2 = 216*1.5 (adjustment factor)=325=330

information collected from these interviews and to formulate village level profiles, key
informants were also interviewed from each of the 44 sample villages. In each village
government schools and teachers profiles were filled, where as health facility profiles were
filled within villages or from the nearest location where it existed.
2.3.3 Sampling Technique
In view of the constraints, a two-stage sampling technique was adopted for the study in lieu
of simple random sampling. In the first stage, 22 villages from each district were selected
randomly from a list of all the villages of the district.
In the second stage, 15 households were randomly selected from each of the sample
villages. The only criterion for the selection of a household was the presence of a child
between the age of 7-18 years and a woman having a child less than 5 years of age. The
sampling frame is visually explained as under:

District 2

Villages 44

Households (660)
2.4 Data Collection
2.4.1 SurveyVariables and Indicators
The broader categories of survey variables and indicators are as follows:

Demographic features

Livelihood sources

Household assets

Farm production & productivity aspects

Farm/off-farm income sources

Household expenditure, savings and indebtedness

Child rights and protection issues including incidence of child labour and its causes

Access to and quality of education in children's perspective

Government school with basic needs

Strength and limitations of government school teachers

Access to and quality of health services in child and mothers perspective

Level of health education

2.5 Questionnaire Designing

To gather primary information for the survey seven structured questionnaires were
developed on the basis of indicators listed above.The categories of the questionnaires are
as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Village profile
Household profile
Child profile
Mother and child health
School profile
Health profile
Teacher profile

2.6 SurveyTeam
Two survey teams per district were formed comprising 12 members (6 male and 6 female
enumerators from the local communities) along with a survey coordinator for logistical
support.The capacity of the team was built through extensive training on overview of the
exercise and the expected results of the survey, familiarization with the questionnaires,
guidelines on interacting with and interviewing children and the nature of potential
problems arising in similar situations. The questionnaire was pre-tested and was further
improved based on the results.
2.7 Data Analysis
After data collection, data was fed into MS Access using specifically designed data entry
forms. The data was imported into MS Excel and cleaned for any possible mistakes using
various filters.
2.8 Limitations of the Study/Challenges
Non-availability of house-hold list was a major challenge in the sample villages. In order to
fill in the gap, the enumerators prepared the lists themselves which was a time consuming
job.
Due to the long enumeration period, declining motivation and interest of the team was a
major issue. The team supervisors had to make concerted efforts in order to keep the
spirit of the survey alive and extract maximum outputs.
The survey was conducted at the peak season of wheat harvesting and cotton sowing.
Therefore; finding the sample population (all three individuals of the household) at one
place was a challenging task. To deal with the issue, the survey team had to make special
arrangements at alterative times to include maximum of the sample size.
For the purpose of conciseness, the report in hand will only focus on the major findings
within each umbrella theme included in the research tool and will not go on to elaborate
each sub-component.

3. Findings of the Study

3.1 Human Resource and General Demographic Information
3.1.1 Household Size and Male to Female Ratio
The average household size is 8.50 for Muzaffargarh and 8.65 for Sanghar with higher
number of male population as compared to female. There are 110 males in Muzaffargarh
and 109 in Sanghar per 100 females.
3.1.2 Family Structure
Almost 68% of the families in Muzaffargarh and 76% in Sanghar are living in nuclear
structure. Shift from joint to nuclear family system is generally considered a necessary
outcome of economic growth and development, due to a strategic realignment in
household preferences.
3.1.3 Housing Pattern
Housing pattern of Muzaffargarh is comparatively better than Sanghar as there are 40%
families living in bricked, 24% in semi-bricked (mixture of mud and cement), 35% in mud
houses and only 1% in huts. On the other hand in Sanghar, 31% families are living in bricked
houses, 15% in semi bricked, 38% in mud houses and 16% in huts.
3.1.4 Access to Basic Facilities
About 57% households in Muzaffargarh and 42% in Sanghar have latrines. Almost 90% in
Muzaffargarh and 82% in Sanghar have access to drinking water through water pumps.
Around 71% households in Muzaffargarh and 84% in Sanghar are connected with national
electric grids. Only 4% households in Muzaffargarh and 5% in Sanghar are connected with
natural gas through direct connection with Sui Southern Natural Gas pipelines. Households
with access to mobile phones are much more as compared to land line telephones.
3.1.5 Channels of Information
Social gatherings are the main source of information reported by 39% households in
Muzaffargarh and 37% in Sanghar.Television is the second biggest source reported by 28%
households in Muzaffargarh and 25% in Sanghar. Radio and newspapers stand at number
three and four respectively as sources of information in both the districts.

3.1.6 Formal Adult Literacy

Formal adult literacy rate means ability to sign and read a simple sentence and basic
mathematical calculations. Graph 3.1.1 shows that literacy rate of Muzaffargarh is slightly
higher (55%) as compared to Sanghar (47%). There is a huge gap in literacy rate between
males and females in Sanghar in comparison to the situation in Muzaffargarh.
Graph 3.1.1 Formal Adult Literacy Rate (age 10+ )
47%
64%

Sanghar

24%
55%

Muzaffargarh

66%

44%

0%

20%

40%
Total

Male

60%

80%

Female

3.1.7 Adult Literacy (Age 10+ at least with Primary Education)

Literacy rate of Muzaffargarh is slightly higher (45%) as compared to Sanghar (43%).
There is a wide gap between male and female education in both the districts. In Muzaffargarh,
only 27% females have completed primary education as compared to 54% males. The gap in
literacy ratio is much wider in district Sanghar where only 13% women have completed
primary education as compared to 60% men.
Graph 3.1.2 Adult Literacy (Age 10+ at least Primary Education)
43%
60%

Sanghar

13%
45%
54%

Muzaffargarh

27%

0%

20%

40%

Total

Male

60%
Female

80%

3.2 Livelihood
3.2.1 Primary Sources of Livelihoods
Table 3.2.1 presents that 32% males in Muzaffargarh and 30% in Sanghar are engaged with
agriculture as the primary source of livelihood. Un-skilled labour is the second major source
of earning, which engages 17% dwellers of Muzaffargarh and 22% of Sanghar. Besides that, 4%
and 6% males are involved in government jobs, 1% and 3% are in private jobs, 6% and 4% have
their own business, while 9% and 7% are engaged in skilled labour in Muzaffargarh and
Sanghar respectively.
Table 3.2.1. Percentage of male family members with primary livelihood activities
Farmer
Govt. service
Private service
Business
Skilled labor
Un-skilled labor
Student
Looking for work
Voluntary un-employment
Old/ Handicap
Total

32.0%
4.0%
1.0%
6.0%
9.0%
17.0%
25.0%
2.0%
1.0%
3.0%
100.0%

30.0%
6.0%
3.0%
4.0%
7.0%
22.0%
22.0%
2.0%
2.0%
2.0%
100.0%

Graph 3.2.1 shows that 28% females in Muzaffargarh and 33% in Sanghar declared
themselves as housewives although they are also involved with agricultural affairs. A total of
17% women in Muzaffargarh and 25% in Sanghar are working on someone elses land as unskilled farm labourers. Moreover, 18% women in Muzaffargarh and 24% in Sanghar are
supporting their families in agriculture related activities either in their own or others land.
Graph 3.2.1 Percentages of Female Family Members by Type of
Livelihood Activities

Old/handicap

Voluntary un-employment

.s

Farming

3.2.2 Land and Livestock Holdings

Almost 71% households of Muzaffargarh and 68% of Sanghar own agricultural land. On
average per household land holding is 7 acres in Muzaffargarh and 6.3 acres in Sanghar. A
close analysis indicates that a large area of land (5.7 acres in Muzaffargarh and 5.9 acres in
Sanghar ) is devoted for growing crops to meet the requirement of food security.
3.2.3 Land Leasing Pattern
Table 3.2.2 summarizes that 10% households in Muzaffargarh and 29% in Sanghar acquired
land on lease from landlords to earn livelihoods for their families.The size of land acquired
on lease stands at 5.39 acres in Muzaffargarh and 7.2 acres in Sanghar. Furthermore, 2%
households in Muzaffargarh and 3% in Sanghar are working on lease on around 23 acres
of leased land.
Table 3.2.2 Percentage of Land Leasing Pattern
Households with land on lease
Leased out households
Land on lease in acres
Average land on lease in acres

Accordingly, agriculture is the main source of income in both the districts. The land
holding pattern predominantly belongs to the landlords with majority of the population
working as farm labourers for these landlords. The workers are paid nominal share as a
return of their hard work. Resultantly, due to poverty children are compelled to support
their families and hence serve as potential workers for cotton production and work
extensively in cotton fields with their families.
3.2.4 Livestock Holding
Livestock remains an important source of income for rural communities of Pakistan.
Cows, buffaloes, goats and sheep are the most commonly kept livestock . Table 3.2.3
presents almost equal numbers of different types of livestock in both the districts.
Table 3.2.3 Average Livestock Holding Per Household

3.2.5 Cropping Pattern

In both the districts, a major portion of total cropped area is devoted to cotton
production. Wheat stands at second and sugarcane at third number for occupying
significant amount of the land. Rice is also grown on a limited scale in both the
districts.Table 3.2.4 provides details of the crops grown in both the districts.
Table 3.2.4 Cropping Pattern (acres per crop)
Muzaffargarh
Cotton
Wheat
Sugarcane
Mango
Rice
Vegetable
Pomegranate
Banana
Sunflower

2.40
2.52
1.37
1.70
0.25
0.48
0.02
0.20
0.26

Sanghar
3.42
1.32
1.04
0.21
0.08
0.05
0.12
0.06
0.23

3.2.6 Household Income and Expenditure Patterns

For this study, the total income has been divided into two major components; farm incomes
and off-farm incomes.The farm income includes agriculture, livestock, poultry and forestry,
whereas off-farm income comprises formal/informal employments, skilled labour, unskilled
labour, business, pension, remittances, transfer payments, rentals, interest payments,
insurances, provident funds and other irregular sources.
3.2.6a Annual Per Capita Income of Households
Annual per capita income is Rs.18, 087 in Muzaffargarh (farm income= Rs.11, 131 and offfarm income Rs. 6, 956) and Rs. 18,875 in Sanghar (farm income= Rs.11, 920 and off-farm
income Rs. 6, 955) . The share of farm income in Muzaffargarh and Sanghar stands at 62%
and 63% respectively. Similarly, off-farm income is 38% for Muzaffargarh and 37% for Sanghar.
Table 3.2.5a Annual Per Capita Income (Rs.) of Households
Farm Income
Off-farm Income
Total Income

11,131
6,956
18,087

11,920
6,955
18,875

3.2.6b Share of Crops /Fruits in Household Income

Table 3.2.5b provides analysis of the share of crops (percentage wise) in household income.
It shows that in Muzaffargarh cotton contributes 29.4%, wheat 25.4%, sugarcane 21.9%,
mango 17.s%, rice 3 %, vegetables 1%, fodder 0.3%, pomegranate 0.2% and sunflower 1.8%
share to the income of households.Whereas in Sanghar, cotton accounts for 32.5%, wheat
21.9%, sugarcane 24.7%, mango 10.5%, rice 2.1%, vegetables 0.5%, fodder 3.4%, banana 1.6%
and sunflower 1.7% share of household income.

10

Table 3.2.5b Share of Crops / Fruits in Household Income (Rs)

Muzaffargarh

Sanghar

Cotton

29.4%

32.5%

Wheat

25.4%

21.9%

Sugarcane

21.9%

24.7%

Mango

17.1%

10.5%

Rice

3.0%

2.1%

Vegetable

1.0%

0.5%

Fodder
Pomegranate

0.3%
0.2%

3.4%
0.0%

Banana

0.0%

1.6%

Sunflower

1.8%

1.7%

Total

100%

100%

3.2.6c Household Expenditure Pattern

Table 3.2.6 shows that major expenses of households are for food items, with monthly
expenditure of 60% in Muzaffargarh and 53% in Sanghar. Share of expenditure on health
and education in Muzaffargarh is 8% and 7% respectively. The expenditure on health in
Sanghar is 10% while on education it is only 5% of the total expenditure.
Table 3.2.5c Households Expenditure Pattern (%)
Food
Clothing
Utility bills
Health
Education
Religious festivals
House maintenance
Others (social events, marriages etc)
Total

Muzaffargarh
60%
12%
4%
8%
7%
5%
2%
2%
100%

Sanghar
53%
8%
4%
10%
5%
8%
1%
11%
100%

3.2.6d Credit and Saving Pattern of Households

Average household saving stands at Rs. 5,945 in Muzaffargarh and Rs. 2,011 in Sanghar. Out
of the total savings, of Rs. 3,896 and Rs. 766 are in bank accounts while Rs. 2,239 and Rs.
1,246 are in the form of cash in Muzaffargarh and Sanghar respectively. Graph 3.2.2 presents
the percentage of households having credit and savings.The graph illustrates that there were
only 9% households in Muzaffargarh and 4% in Sanghar that reported their saving. The

11

Graph 3.2.2 Percentage of Credit and Saving Pattern of Households

3.2.7 Household by Purposes of Loan

According to Table 3.2.7, majority of the loans (38% in Muzaffargarh and 35% in Sanghar)
were taken for buying agricultural input. This was followed by household consumption i.e.
22% in Muzaffargarh and 35% in Sanghar. Inter-district variance was observed especially in
the case of house construction loans that are marked at 6% for Muzaffargarh and 11% for
Sanghar.
Table 3.2.6 Percentage of Household by Purposes of Loan

3.2.8 Loan Amount byType of Source

Table 3.2.8 presents average loan amount by type of credit sources that stands at Rs. 61,349
for Muzaffargarh and Rs.59,869 for Sanghar. The maximum average loan size for
Muzaffargarh is Rs. 107,4338 taken from commercial banks.The maximum average loan size
for Sanghar is Rs. 169, 286 received from money lenders. Micro credit organisations are
providing minimum credit amounting Rs. 10,000 in Muzaffargarh and 15,500 in Sanghar.

12

Table 3.2.7 Average Loan Amount byType of Source

Muzaffargarh
Shop keepers
30,964
Money lenders
80,818
Family/friends
44,117
Zari Tarqiati Bank LTD
93,133
Commercial banks
107,438
Micro credit organization
10,000
Landlords
0
Total
61,349.4

Sanghar
22,033
169,286
34,250
58,000
93,806
15,500
37,349
59,869.2

3.2.9 Families by Credit Sources

Table 3.2.9 presents share of credit by type of credit sources in Muzaffargarh and Sanghar. In
district Muzaffargarh the major source of credit is family and friends contributing 36% of
credit share followed by commercial banks at 31%, shopkeepers 17%, money lenders at 13%
and 2% share by micro credit organisations. Similarly, in Sanghar, the major source of credit is
landlords with 36% share, followed by commercial banks at 26%, shop keepers at 12%, family
friends at 11%, moneylenders at 6% and 5% from micro credit organisations.
Table 3.2.8 Percentage of Families by Credit Sources

Muzaffargarh

Sanghar

Shop keepers
Money lenders

17%
13%

12%
6%

Family/friends
Commercial banks
Micro credit organization
Landlords

36%
31%
2%
0%

11%
26%
5%
36%

Total

100%

100%

13

3.3 Child Protection

The facts revealed in the baseline manifest that the awareness of basic human rights and
especially that of child rights is significantly low among the communities.The support of local
government and other actors lack with no mechanism to provide necessary care and basic
protection services. Overall environment for the children is unsafe, placing them at risk of
physical, sexual and psychological abuse and exploitation.
3.3.1 Prevalence of Early Marriages in Surveyed Villages
Table 3.3.1 reflects that early marriages of girls are prevalent in over 50% surveyed villages of
both the districts while early marriages of boys were reported in only 9% villages of Sanghar.
This also indicates gender based discrimination.The average age of boys at the time of
marriage is 22 years in Muzaffargarh and 21 years in Sanghar. Whereas; it is 17.5 years for
girls in Muzaffargarh (14 years minimum and 22 years maximum) and 18 years in Sanghar (13
years minimum and 32 years maximum).
Table 3.3.1 Prevalence of Early Marriages in SurveyedVillages (%)
Muzaffargarh

Sanghar

Boys

Girl

Boys

Girls

13-17

0%

50%

9%

55%

18-25

100%

50%

73%

36%

26-35

0%

0%

18%

9%

3.3.2 Working and Non-working Children

According to Graph 3.3.1, 22% children of Muzaffargarh and 32% of Sanghar are working full
time.There are 8% children in Muzaffargarh and 12% in Sanghar who work after school.
Graph 3.3.1 Percentage of Working and Non-working Children
42%

School going

59%

Out of School and

Non-working

10%

Working and
school going

8%

15%

12%

Working children

32%

22%
0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

Muzaffargarh

14

50%

60%

Sanghar

70%

Graph 3.3.2 Percentage of Parents with Reasons of Child labour:

Support family income

64%
9%
5%

Pay schooling cost

Pay family debt

78%

4%
1%
9%

Learn Skill

30%
0%

20%

40%

Muzaffargarh

60%

80%

100%

Sanghar

3.3.3Parents Reasons for Child Labour

Graph 3.3.2. illustrates that 78% parents of Muzaffargarh and 64% of Sanghar reported that
their children work to support the family income. Around 5% parents of Muzaffargarh and
9% of Sanghar reported that their children are working to finance their education.
Table 3.3.2 reflects that 60% working children of Muzaffargarh and 69% of Sanghar district
are involved in crop production, followed by livestock rearing with 18% children employed in
Muzaffargarh and 8% in Sanghar. Scavenging, mechanics, handicrafts, tailoring, domestic
servants, street vendors, brick-kilns and carpentry are other sectors in which children are
employed. Since cotton is a major cash crop in the area, almost all of the children are involved
in cotton production.
Table 3.3.2 Percentage of Children in Labour by Types of Trades
Muzaffargarh
Sanghar
60%
69%
Crop Production
Scavengers
3%
5%
Mechanical works
4%
1%
Handicrafts
1%
6%
4%
3%
Tailoring
18%
8%
Livestock rearing
1%
1%
Domestic servant
Others (construction, street vendors,
9%
7%
brick-kiln,furniture making etc)
100%
100%
Total

a. Harmful Effects of Child Labour

According to Table 3.3.3, 26% working children of Muzaffargarh and 31% of Sanghar
reported skin diseases during cotton picking. Skin diseases spread around, because of Mili
Buck (a pest found in cotton crop) that causes skin allergies. Around 55% working children
in Muzaffargarh and 18% in Sanghar reported body aches due to long working hours.
Asthma and Tuberculoses were reported by 5% children in Muzaffargarh and 17% in Sanghar.
About 7% children in Muzaffargarh and 21% in Sanghar had also experienced gastro wad.
15

Pesticides can affect through eye contact directly which might cause allergies, infection and
vision impairment. Some other disease included headaches, salivation, dizziness, nausea and
abdominal cramps reported by 4% children in Muzaffargarh and 3% in Sanghar.
Table 3.3.3 Harmful Effects of Child Labour
Diseases
Muzaffargarh
Skin disease
26%
Body aches/pain
55%
Eye sight impairment
2%
Hearing impairment
2%
Respiratory tract infection
(asthma, TB)
5%
Gastro
7%
Others
4%

Sanghar
31%
18%
3%
0%
17%
21%
3%

3.3.3 Working Children by Type of injuries

Graph 3.3.3. illustrates that cuts and wounds are very common injuries as reported by
56% of working children in Muzaffargarh and 64% in Sanghar. This is due to sharp
agricultural tools used in crop production. In some cases, children also experience
severe issues like bone dislocation and fractures. These types of injuries were also
reported by some of the parents.
Graph 3.3.3. Percentage of Working Children by Type of Injuries
2%
2%

Others

16%
15%

Bruises
Burns

1%

7%

7%

Dislocation/fracture

12%

9%
7%

Injury
Cuts/wound

56%
0%

20%

40%

60%

Sanghar
Muzaffargarh

64%
80%

Almost 35% parents of working children in Muzaffargarh and 38% in Sanghar believe that
their children should only attend school. Around 45% parents of Muzaffargarh and 48% of
Sanghar desire for their children to attend school and carry on with work simultaneously,
whereas, 20% parents of Muzaffargarh and 14% of Sanghar stated that their children should
work only.
b. Childrens Views about their job
It was found that 58% working children of Muzaffargarh and 57% of Sanghar were not
satisfied with their jobs. Table 3.3.4 explains the main reasons of dissatisfaction of working
children. Almost, 24% children of Muzaffargarh and 40% of Sanghar complained that their
16

job is physically tiring. Around 21% of Muzaffargarh and 12% of Sanghar highlighted low
earning as the main cause of their dissatisfaction. About, 8% working children of
Muzaffargarh and 9% of Sanghar complained about little time left for their studies after
spending whole day in the field while 7% working children of both the districts reported unfriendly relationship with their employers as the reason. Hazardous working environment is
also a stated reason as highlighted by 9% working children of Muzaffargarh and 7% of
Sanghar.
Table 3.3.4 Percentage of Working Children by Reasons of Dissatisfaction
with their Jobs
Reasons of dissatisfaction
Job is physically tiring
Low earnings
Long hours of work
Hazardous working environment
Poor relationship with employer
Maltreatment
No recreational facilities
Little time to Study
Others

Muzaffargarh
24%
21%
17%
9%
7%
4%
6%
8%
3%

Sanghar
40%
12%
8%
7%
7%
7%
8%
9%
3%

3.3.5 Working Children by Working Hours

Graph 3.3.4 illustrates that 24% working children of Muzaffargarh and 14% of Sanghar work
for more than 8 hours a day.About 36% working children in both the districts reported 7 to
8 working hours a day.Whereas, 17% children of Muzaffargarh and 22% of Sanghar worked 5
to 6 hours a day.The remaining 23% of Muzaffargarh and 28% of Sanghar reported less than 5
working hours a day.
Graph 3.3.4 Percentage of Working Children
by Working Hours
14%

Above Eight Hours

24%
36%
36%

Seven and Eight Hours

22%

Five to Six Hours

17%
28%

Less than Five Hours

23%

0%

10%

20%
Muzaffargarh

17

30%
Sanghar

40%

3.3.6 Utilization of Income Earned by Children

The income generated through child labour, is considered a supplementary support to the
income of the household. Table 5.4 shows that 73% working children of Muzaffargarh and
89% of Sanghar hand-over their earnings to their parents. About, 6% children of
Muzaffargarh and 1% of Sanghar reported that they spent their income on recreational
activities. The main recreational activity available is video games in an-unsafe environment
with increased vulnerability to sexual abuse.
Table 3.3.5 Utilization of Earned by Children
Hand-over to Family
Clothing
Saving
Dining
Smoking
Sniffing
Recreation
Others

Muzaffargarh
73%
5%
7%
3%
1%
0%
6%
3%

Sanghar
89%
2%
6%
0%
0%
0%
1%
2%

3.3.6 Disciplinary Methods used at Home for Children

Table 3.3.6 brings forth the fact that physical violence is used as a means to discipline
children frequently at home as reported by 71% children of Muzaffargarh and 60% of
Sanghar. Additionally, 21% children of Muzaffargarh and 10% of Sanghar reported that they
are disciplined in a friendly manner at home. The various means of violence are presented
below as reported by children in both the districts.
Table 3.3.6 Disciplinary Methods used at Home for Children

Stop talking
Scolding
Slapping
Canning
Kicking
Hair Clutching
Friendly manner
Others
Total

Muzaffargarh
7%
32%
31%
5%
1%
2%
21%
1%
100%

Sanghar
30%
28%
26%
4%
1%
1%
10%
0%
100%

3.3.7 Children's Participation in Decision Making

In both the districts, decision making is in the hands of male members of the families who
control the household budget. A male member's decision cannot be challenged by a child or
even by his spouse. Survey shows that, 40% of parents in Muzaffargarh and 43% in Sanghar do
not consult children or take their opinion in decision making. Around 35% parents in both
the districts believe that children are not mature enough to understand and distinguish
18
between right and wrong.

3.3.8 Reasons of Children for not being Consulted by Parents

Survey shows that, 40% of parents in Muzaffargarh and 43% in Sanghar do not consult
children or take their opinion in decision making. Around 35% parents in both the districts
believe that children are not mature enough to understand and distinguish between right
and wrong.
Table 3.3.7 Reasons of Children for not being Consulted by Parents
Reasons
Don't think children's
opinion is important
Don't think children's
opinion is mature
Don't think children
are important
Don't have time to do so
Child is not interested

Muzaffargarh

Sanghar

40%

43%

35%

35%

2%
12%
11%

10%
6%
6%

3.3.9 Reasons for not Consulting with Parents inTime of Need

This behaviour of parents results in poor decision making skills among children and lack of
confidence. Resultantly, children are compelled to refrain from sharing their problems with
parents owing to the fear of not being trusted. Survey revealed that none of the children
share their issues with their parents due to various reasons as stated below.
Table 3.3.8 Reasons for not Consulting with Parents in Time of Need
Muzaffargarh

Sanghar

Fear of parents anger

45%

45%

For not being heard

15%

28%

Hesitation due to cultural norms

16%

6%

Parents are least interested

13%

10%

Parents don't have time

11%

11%

Conclusion
Cotton picking is purely females' activity that normally takes 8 10 hours a day for 80 to 90
days during the cotton season (October-December). The workload on the girl child
increases during the season for working as a support worker as well as housekeeping.The
money that children earn is mostly handed over to the head of the family leaving the
children to feel economically exploited.
Moreover, physical and psychological abuse against children is quite visible. Children are
physically abused at home, work places and in schools.They seldom have any say in decisionmaking process at home that directly impacts their lives. Be it admission in school, with
drawl from school, work or marriage, they are considered to be too immature to consult
with.
19

3.4 Education
3.4.1 Villages with Status of Schools
In total, 86% of villages in Muzaffargarh and 82% in Sanghar have functional government
schools. Almost, 13% villages in Muzaffargarh and 5% in Sanghar are without any schools
while 13% villages of Sanghar district have schools that are not functional due to nonavailability of teachers.
A total of 58 schools' profiles (33 in Muzaffargarh and 25 in Sanghar) were filled from 44
sample villages. Graph 3.4.1 shows that out of the total 58% in Muzaffargarh and 48% in
Sanghar are government boy's primary schools.There are 27% government primary schools
for girls in Muzaffargarh as compared to only 12% in Sanghar. There are also some coeducation schools in both the districts. Government primary schools with co-education are
9% in Muzaffargarh and 36% of the total schools in Sanghar. Where as, government middle
schools account only for 4% of the total schools in Sanghar.
Graph 3.4.1 Type of Schools by District
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%

58 %
48 %
36%
27%
6%

0%

Govt Boys
High School

0%

9%

4%

Govt Middle
School

Govt. Boys
Primary
School

Muzaffargarh

Govt Primary
School

12 %

Govt. Girls
Primary
School

Sanghar

3.4.2 Teacher Student Ratio

Graph 3.4.2 illustrates that teacher student ratio in boys' schools was very high as compared
to girls schools. The low teacher student ratio in girls' schools was not due to a
comparatively greater number of teachers but because of low enrolment rate of girls in
these schools.

20

Graph 3.4.2. Student-Teacher Ratio in

Surveyed Schools
Govt. Girls Primary School

38
38

Govt Primary School

38

57

Govt Boys Primary School

54

65

38

Govt Middle School

Govt Boys High School

53
0

10

20

Sanghar

30

40

50

60

70

Muzaffargarh

3.4.3 Dropout Rate in schools

School dropout rate for both the districts was found very high particularly for girls. In
district Sanghar 21% boys and 43% girls dropped out of school, while in Muzaffargarh the
situation is comparatively better where the dropout rate is 12% for boys and 11% for girls.
Graph 3.4.3 Dropout Rate in Schools

43%

Girls

11 %

21%

Boys

12 %

0%

10%

20%

30%

Sanghar

40%

50%

Muzaffargarh

3.4.4 Percentage of Enrolled and Out-of-School Children

Graph 3.4.4 shows that 68% children (out of 330 interviewed) of Muzaffargarh are currently
enrolled in school while 32% are out-of-school.Whereas, the situation in Sanghar highlights
enrollment and out-of-school children at 54% and 46% respectively.The analysis of out-ofschool children shows that 79% children in Muzaffargarh and 62% in Sanghar have never
been to any informal or formal institutes.The remaining figures describe those children who
were enrolled in school but did not continue due to several reasons. The percentage of
children who have dropped out of schools is 21% and 38% in Muzaffargarh and Sanghar
respectively.

21

Graph 3.4.4 Percentage of Enrolled and Out-of-School Children

80%

68%
54%

60%

46%
32%

40%
20%
0%

Currently enrolled

Out of School

Sanghar

Muzaffargarh

3.4.5 Childrens Reasons for Drop Out from School

Table 3.4.1 shows that poverty remains the main reason of children's drop out from school
followed by lack of parents' interest. Inaccessibility to schools, lack of teaching staff and
prevalence of corporal punishment are some other stated reasons.
Table 3.4.1 Children's Reasons of Drop Out from School
Muzaffargarh
12%
27%
30%
20%
11%

Inaccessibility to school
No interest of child
Poverty
No interest of parents
No teachers and corporal punishment

Sanghar
10%
25%
26%
24%
15%

3.4.6 Childrens Reasons for Never being Enrolled in Schools

Graph 3.4.2 shows that majority of the children 47% of Muzaffargarh have never been to
school because of poverty whereas the reason for 60% of children of Sanghar is nonavailability of teachers in schools. Lack of interest of child, parents and no access to schools
are some other stated reasons. The data analysis reveals that 72% of the out-of-school
children of Muzaffargarh and 28% of Sanghar show willingness to join school if provided an
opportunity.Whereas, the remaining out-of-school children (28% in Muzaffargarh and 37%
in Sanghar) refused to go to school in any case.
Table 3.4.2 Childrens Reasons for Never being Enrolled in Schools
Key Reasons
No interest of child
Domestic chores
Lack of interest of parents
Poverty
No school
No teacher
Others

Muzaffargarh
23%
3%
10%
47%
10%
2%
4%

22

Sanghar
9%
1%
3%
22%
12%
60%
3%

3.4.7 Reasons for Refusal to School Enrolment even if Provided an Opprotunity

Table 3.4.5 reflects that majority of the children (54% of Muzaffargarh and 47% of Sanghar)
see no possibility to join school for being the only earning member of the family.Total of 26%
children of Muzaffargarh and 29% of Sanghar mentioned that their parents would not allow
them to start their education again. Whereas, 17% children of Muzaffargarh and 23% of
Sanghar showed no interest in school at all by themselves.
Table 3.4.3 Reasons for Refusal to School Enrolment even if Provided an Opprotunity

Muzaffargah
Parents will not allow

26%

Lack of interest

17%

Sanghar
29%
23%

For being the earning hand of the family

54%

47%

Others

2%

1%

100%

100%

Grand Total

3.4.8 Type of Schools with Percentage of Enrolled Children

According to Table 3.4.6, majority of the children in both the districts are enrolled in
government schools. Considerable number of children (30% boys and 23% girls) of
Muzaffargarh are enrolled in private schools that provide relatively better education.
Around 5% children are enrolled in schools of NGOs. Only 1% of girls and 3% of boys are
enrolled in Madaaris (i.e religious boarding schools) in Muzaffargarh. In Sanghar, while 2%
boys go to madaaris, the percentage of girls who are enrolled in madaaris is nil. This figure is
based on the low number of children interviewed as most of them were away to their
madrassas during the survey.
Table 3.4.4 Type of Schools with Percentage of Enrolled Children
Sanghar

Muzaffargarh
Government schools
NGOs schools
Private schools
Madaris

Boys
66%
1%
30%
3%

Girls
70%
5%

Boys
86%
5%

23%
1%

7%
2%

Girls
85%
6%
9%

0%

3.4.9 Percentage of Government Schools with the type of Basic Facilities

Table 3.4.1 depicts that there are 9% schools in Muzaffargarh and 3% in Sanghar with no
shelters. Almost 67% schools in Muzaffargarh and 42% in Sanghar have functional latrines.
Only 18% schools in Muzaffargarh and 22% schools in Sanghar have electric fans in class
rooms. Furniture for students is available only in 10% schools of Muzaffargarh and 14% of
Sanghar.

23

Table 3.4.5Types of Facilities Available in Schools (%)

Muzaffargarh
79%
15%
18%
5%
88%
91%
52%
67%
73%
6%
0%
24%

Black boards
Electricity bulb
Fans
Student furniture
Teacher furniture
Shelter
Boundary wall
Toilet
Drinking water
Laboratory
Library
Play ground

Sanghar
86%
31%
22%
14%
75%
97%
72%
42%
36%
0%
0%
0%

3.4.10 Condition of Available Facilities in Schools

Table 3.4.2 confirms that infrastructure of 37% schools in Muzaffargarh and 46% in Sanghar is
in poor condition.A considerable number of schools 32% in Sanghar and 8% in Muzaffargarh
have non- functional toilets. Overall the table highlights major areas for school improvement
plan for both the districts.
Table 3.4.6 Condition of Available Facilities in Schools
Muzaffargarh
Functional

Not Functional

Poor

Sanghar
Functional

Not Functional

Poor

Shelter

60%

3%

37%

54%

0%

46%

Boundary wall

70%

0%

30%

55%

10%

34%

Toilet

75%

8%

17%

23%

32%

45%

Drinking water

91%

9%

0%

73%

13%

13%

Play ground

78%

0%

22%

0%

0%

0%

3.4.11 School Management Committees (SMCs)

The structure of SMCs exists in both the districts but it is found to be inactive. Each SMC
comprises seven members in papers who have not held even a single meeting since
committees inception. Education department of Punjab has been transferring Rs. 20,000 in
SMC accounts annually to be utilized on school improvement but the funds have not been
used due to fear of audit.
3.4.12 Corporal Punishment in Schools
Table 3.4.6 clearly indicates corporal punishment as the only method used to disciple
students. In total, 80% of the methods were based on direct physical punishment. Only 4%
children in Muzaffargarh and 3% in Sanghar reported child friendly methods applied in
schools.

24

Table 3.4.7 Percentages of Children with Types of Corporal Punishment at Schools

Muzafargarh

Sanghar

Slapping
Canning
Hair clutching
Murgha banana
(an uncomfortable Standing Posture)

35%
15%
2%

33%
23%
1%

7%

10%

To make student stand

25%

6%

Scolding

11%

9%

Ignoring a child

2%

10%

In friendly manner

4%

3%

Any other

0%

4%

100%

100%

Grand Total

3.4.13 Children's Satisfaction withTeaching Methods

In total, 50% of children were satisfied with teaching methods of their teachers (see graph
3.4.5). Whereas; 6% children of Muzaffargarh and 18% of Sanghar showed total
dissatisfaction with teaching methods. Moreover, 50% children of Muzaffargarh and 26% of
Sanghar were partially satisfied with teaching methods used by their teachers.
Graph 3.4.5 Childrens Satisfaction with Teaching Methods

Not satisfied

18%
6%
26%

Partially Satisfied

50%
56%

Fully Satisfied
0%

44%
10%

20%

30%
Sanghar

40%

50%

60%

Muzaffargarh

3.4.14 Teachers' Profile

A total of 81 teachers (53 from Muzaffargarh and 28 from Sanghar) were interviewed
including 14 female from Muzaffargarh and 2 from Sanghar. The following section presents
the findings of the teachers profile.
3.4.14a Teachers by Qualification
Table 3.4.8 shows the qualification of teachers at the time of joining and further
improvement of education during their jobs. In Muzaffargarh 36% of the teachers were
matriculates at the time of their joining.
25

During the job some teachers improved their qualification and now the percentage of
matriculate teachers has dropped to 27%. Similarly, in Sanghar, 43% matriculate teachers
also improved their education and now there are only 7% matriculates.
Table 3.4.8 Percentage of Teachers by Qualification
Muzaffargarh
Current

At Joining

36%
4%
26%
2%
19%
0%
8%
2%
4%

Matric
FA
FA.PTC
BA
BA.Bed
MA
MA.Med
MA.Bed
Others (Madrasa)

Sanghar
At Joining

27%
8%
25%
2%
8%
13%
13%
2%
2%

Current

7%
18%
18%
11%
43%
0%
4%
0%
0%

43%
29%
0%
11%
11%
0%
0%
7%
0%

3.4.14b Work Load of Teachers

Graph 3.4.6 shows the details of the number of classes that are taught by a single teacher. In
Muzaffargarh, 9% teachers and in Sanghar 12% teachers take one class. Almost, 34% of the
teachers in Muzaffargarh and 20% in Sanghar take two classes. Similarly, three classes are
taught by 30% teachers in Muzaffargarh and 20% in Sanghar. About 8% teachers take four
classes in Muzaffargarh. Furthermore, 19% teachers in Muzaffargarh and 48% in Sanghar
teach five classes.
Graph 3.4.6 Percentage of Teachers by Number of Classes Taught
60%
48%

50%
40%

34%

30%

30%
20%
20%
9%

20%

19%

12%
8%

10%

0%
0%
One

Two

Three

Muzaffargarh

Four

Five

Sanghar

3.4.14c ReasonsTo ChooseTeaching as a Professsion

Table 3.4.9 describes different reasons of individuals for adopting teaching as a profession.
About 92% of the teachers in Muzaffargarh and 50% in Sanghar adopted the profession
based on their interest. In Muzaffargarh, 4% and in Sanghar 43% teachers stated it as the only
available option. This huge gap refers to other choices for choosing a profession in
Muzaffargarh whereas options in Sanghar are limited. Additionally, 4% in Muzaffargarh and
7% in Sanghar chose this profession due to pressure by their parents.
26

Table 3.4.9 Reasons to Choose Teaching Profession

Muzaffargarh

Sanghar

Own interest

92%

50%

Only option

4%

43%

Parent disapproval

4%

7%

100%

100%

Total

3.4.14d Opinion of Teachers to Discipline Children

Graph 3.4.7 shows responses of teachers regarding need for disciplining children. In total,
91% teachers in Muzaffargarh and 100% in Sanghar agreed to disciple children in schools.
Graph 3.4.7 Percentage of Teachers
by Opinion to Discipline Child in School

Discipline is
not Necessary

0%
9%

Discipline is
important

100%
91%
0%

20%

40%

60%

Sanghar

80%

100%

120%

Muzaffargarh

3.4.14e Methods Used byTeachers to Disciple Children

Table 3.4.10 depicts the methods of disciplining used by teachers for keeping students in
desirable bracket of behaviour.The table shows the percentage age of teachers according to
the means of discipline they prefer to apply in order to correct children's behavior. In
Muzaffargarh, almost 22% teachers practice slapping, 3% beating, 2% use stick to beat, 22%
believe in punishment (making students stand or bend down on knees holding ears) and 24%
teachers stated that they simply scold the child when needed. Only 20% teachers said that
they believe in developing friendly behaviour with children and apply the same manner even
when children need to be disciplined. In Sanghar 29% teachers responded that they slapped
children when and where needed. Beating and use of stick was reported by 21% and 14%
teachers respectively. 11% teachers reported physical punishment (making students stand
or bend down on knees holding ears), whereas, 11% also reported scolding to be used as a
means to disciple the child. Adopting friendly behaviour to correct children's mistake was
reported by only 4% teachers in Sanghar.

27

Table 3.4.10 Methods Used by Teachers to Disciple Children (%)

Slapping
Beating
Stick
Making student stand
Murga banana (Uncomfortable
standing posture)
Ignore child
Scolding
Friendly manner
Total

Muzaffargarh
22%
3%
2%
19%
3%
5%
24%
20%
100%

Sanghar
29%
21%
14%
7%
4%
11%
11%
4%
100%

Conclusion
The cotton season directly impacts on the school attendance of the children as they
have to discontinue their studies when the peak season sets in.
Apart from that, access to education itself is a major challenge for children overall. Many of
the children are out-of-school. The drop out rate for both the districts is very high for
children in general and girls in particular.
Poor quality education in schools, poor infrastructure, corporal punishment and nonavailability of teachers are some of the major reasons for children quitting education.
Poor quality of education is the result of substandard pre-service training and lack of
monitoring and hands-on technical support to teachers. Lack of community participation
and dormant School Management Committees (a joint body of parents and teachers), is also
a key factor in limiting improvement in the situation at schools.

28

3.5 Health
3.5.1.Villages with Status of Health Facilities
Out of the total surveyed villages,Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs)/Dai exist in 15 and 11
villages of Muzaffargarh and Sanghar respectively. Basic Health Units (BHUs) are available in
only 1 village of Muzaffargarh and 5 of Sanghar. Similarly, civil dispensaries are functional in
only 1 village of Muzaffargarh and 2 of Sanghar. Furthermore, there are 3 quacks in
Muzaffargarh and 1 in Sanghar.
Table 3.5.1 shows vital statistics in the two targeted districts regarding water and sanitation
conditions in the health care centres. In total 19 health care centres were visited in
Muzaffargarh and 28 in Sanghar. A total of 14 centres in Muzaffargarh had no separate
functional toilets while in Sanghar separate latrines were available in 17centres only.
Drinking water was available in 10 centres of Muzaffargarh and in 20 of Sanghar. Overall
health and hygiene conditions (indoor and outdoor) were found neat and clean in 9 centres
of Muzaffargarh and 24 of Sanghar.
Table 3.5.1 Water and Sanitation Facilities
Facilities
Separate functional
toilets for female
Drinking water
available
Outdoor and indoor
clean & neat

Muzaffargarh

Availability
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No

RHC

BHU

1
2
3
0
3
0

4
11
6
9
5
10

CD Total

0
1
1
0
1
0

5
14
10
9
9
10

Sanghar
RHC BHU CD Total

4
2
2
4
0

13
8
16
5
19
2

0
3
2
1
1
2

17
11
20
8
24
4

3.5.1a Maternal Health Services in Health Care Centres

Table 3.5.1a provides a detailed picture of available maternal health services and medical
equipment available in the health care centres. Sphygmomanometers were available in 11
centres in Muzaffargarh and all centres of Sanghar. Similarly, functional stethoscopes were
available in 14 centres of Muzaffargarh and all of Sanghar.Weighing machines were present in
9 centres of Muzaffargarh and 21 in Sanghar. Adult height measuring tape was available only
in 3 health centres in Muzaffargarh and 2 Sanghar. Clean and hygienic delivery kits were
available in 8 centres in Muzaffargarh and 10 of Sanghar. Emergency Mother and Neonatal
care(EMNC) Protocols were available in 10 and Antinatal care(ANC)/delivery Protocols
were available in 9 health-care centers, whereas, both of these protocols were present in 27
centers of Sanghar.

29

Table 3.5.1a Maternal Health Services in Health Care Centres

Facilities

Availability

Muzaffargarh

Sanghar

RHC BHU CD Total RHC BHU CD Total

Working Blood
Pressure Set
Functional
stethoscope
Adult Weighing
Scale
Adult height Meter
Fetoscope
Clean Delivery kit
Available
EMNC Protocol
ANC/delivery
Protocols

Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No

2
1
2
1
3
0
0
3
3
0
2
1
3
0
3
0

8
7
11
4
6
9
3
12
4
11
6
9
7
8
6
9

1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

11
8
14
5
9
10
3
16
7
12
8
11
10
9
9
10

4
0
4
0
4
0
4
4
0
2
2
0
4
0
4

21
0
21
0
16
5
2
19
14
7
7
14
1
20
1
20

3
0
3
0
1
2
0
3
1
2
1
2
0
3
0
3

28
0
28
0
21
7
2
26
19
9
10
18
1
27
1
27

3.5.1b Medicines in Health Care Centers

Table 3.5.1b describes the details of medicines and vaccination supplies in both the targeted
districts. Tablets (ferrous sulphate) were available in 4 health-care centres in Muzaffargarh
and 14 in Sanghar. Similarly tablets of Folic Acid were available in 4, Paracetamol Tablets in 10,
Anti-Malaria Tablets in 12, Paracetamol Syrup in 8, Contrimaxazole Syrup in 4, Amoxicillin
Syrup in 6 and ORS in only 7 centres of Muzaffargarh out of total of 19 visited centers.
Similarly, in Sanghar the same Folic Acid tablets were available in 14, Paracetamol Tablets in
25, Anti-Malaria Tablets in 26, Paracetamol Syrup in 25, Contrimaxazole Syrup in 25,
Amoxicillin Syrup in 24 and ORS available in 26 centres out of the total of 28 visited centers.

30

Table 3.5.1b Medicines in Health Care Centers

Facilities

Availability

Muzaffargarh

Sanghar

RHC BHU CD Total RHC

Iron Tablets
(ferrous Sulphate)
Tablets Folic Acid
Tablets Paracetamol
Syrup Paracetamol
Syrup Cotrimoxazole
Syrup Amoxicillin
ORS Packets
Anti-malaria tablets

Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No

0
3
0
3
3
0
2
1
1
2
3
0
1
2
2
1

3
12
3
12
6
9
5
10
2
13
2
13
5
10
9
6

1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0

4
15
4
15
10
9
8
11
4
15
6
13
7
12
12
7

2
2
3
1
4
0
4
4
0
4
0
4
0
4
0

BHU CD

11
10
11
10
18
3
18
3
18
3
17
4
19
2
19
2

1
2
1
2
3
0
3
3
0
3
3
3
0

Total

14
14
15
13
25
3
25
3
25
3
24
4
26
2
26
2

3.5.1c Supplies and Vaccines in Healthcare Centers

Table 3.5.1c explains that 11 healthcare centers have separate room for Expanded
Programme for Immunization (EPI) services (Vaccines) in Muzaffargarh and 22 centers in
Sanghar. Functional refrigerators were available in 15 centers in Muzaffargarh and 20 in
Sanghar. Ice box with ice packs for vaccine carriage is available in 14 centers in Muzaffargarh
and 21 in Sanghar.The vaccines storage facility at 4 and 8 degree Celsius was available in 17
centers in Muzaffargarh and 20 in Sanghar.The Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tuberculosis (DPT)
vaccine was available in 13 health care centers in Muzaffargarh and 21 in Sanghar. Similarly,
Polio vaccine was available in 18 centers of Muzaffargarh and 21 of Sanghar. The Bacillus
Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine was found in 17 centers of Muzaffargarh and 20 of Sanghar.
Disposable syringes for vaccination were used in 16 centers of Muzaffargarh and 22 of
Sanghar. Needle cutters were available in 19 centers of Muzaffargarh and 24 of Sanghar.

31

Table 3.5.1c Supplies and Vaccines in Health Care Centers

Facilities

Separate EPI
(vaccination) room
Functional
refrigerator present
Ice box with ice packs
available
Refrigerator temp
maintained b/w 4-8 C
DPT vaccine present
Polio vaccine present
BCG vaccine present
Disposable syringes
for vaccination
present
Needle cutter
available

Availability

Muzaffargarh

Sanghar

RHC BHU CD Total

Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No

2
7
3
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
3
0

8
0
11
4
10
5
13
2
9
6
14
1
13
2

1
7
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0

11
0
15
4
14
5
17
2
13
6
18
1
17
2

Yes
No
Yes
No

3
0
3
0

12
3
15
0

1
0
1
0

16
3
19
0

RHC BHU

4
5
4
0
4
0
4
0
4
0
4

CD Total

4
0

16
1
14
7
15
6
14
7
15
6
15
6
14
7

2
6
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1

22
0
20
8
21
7
20
8
21
7
21
7
20
8

4
0
4
0

16
5
18
3

2
1
2
1

22
6
24
4

3.5.1d Laboratory Services in Health Care Centers

According to table 3.5.1d, Hemoglobin test facilities were available in 5 centers in
Muzafargarh and 3 in Sanghar. Urine routine examinations were conducted in only 5 centers
of Muzaffargarh and 3 of Sanghar. Similarly, routine stool examination facility was available in
3 health care centers of Muzaffargarh and none in Sanghar.The table further explains that in
Muzaffargarh district; laboratory facility for identification of stool worms was available in 5
centers only, whereas, in Sanghar there was no such facility available.
Table 3.5.1d Laboratory Services in Health Care Centers
Facilities

Hemoglobin
test available
Urine routine
examination available
Routine stool
exam available
Identification of
stool worms available

Availability

Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No

Muzaffargarh
RHC BHU

3
0
3
0
1
2
2
1

1
14
1
14
1
14
2
13

32

Sanghar

CD Total RHC BHU CD Total

1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0

5
14
5
14
3
16
5
14

3
1
3
1
0
4
0
4

0
21
0
21
0
21
0
21

0
3
0
3
0
3
0
3

3
25
3
25
0
28
0
28

3.5.2 Mother and Child Health

3.5.2a Reasons for Not Seeking Timely Health Care Services
Almost 51% women of Muzaffargarh and 54% of Sanghar do not seek timely healthcare
services for which reason almost 61% women of Muzaffargarh and 16.8% of Sanghar
reported accessibility to health care centres as a hurdle. Almost, 10.5% women from
Muzaffargarh and 49.7% from Sanghar reported financial constraint as an issue. Moreover,
lack of knowledge was identified as an issue by 8% woman in Muzaffargarh and 11.8% in
Sanghar. Similarly, 16.1% women in Muzaffargarh and 7.5% in Sanghar preferred indigenous
methods.
Table 3.5.2a Reasons for Not SeekingTimely Health Care Services
Lack of knowledge
Using indigenous methods
Difficulty in access
Financial Constrains

Muzaffargarh
8.0%
16.1%
60.8%
10.5%

Sanghar
11.8%
7.5%
16.8%
49.7%

4.2%

5.6%

Scarce Services

3.5.2b Women byType of Health Facilities they Used forTreatment

Out of the total women who are seeking health care timely, 54% from Muzaffargarh and 55%
from Sanghar shared that they seek treatment from private clinics, followed by Tehsil
Headquarter Hospital with 15% women from Muzaffargarh and 17% from Sanghar. Only
13% women in Muzaffargarh and 7% in Sanghar visit BHUs. Furthermore, 2% women from
Sanghar and 3% from Sanghar rely on RHCs for their treatments. Besides, 2% women of
Muzaffargarh and 13% of Sanghar consult Hakims and other traditional healers for medical
treatment.
Graph 3.5.1 Percentage of Women by
Type of Health Facilities they Used for Treatment
60%

54%

55%

40%
13%

20%
0%

2% 1%

2% 3%

MCH

RHC

15%

17%
10%

7%

BHU

THQ

Private
Clinic

5%

13%
1% 0%

DAI/Birth Lady Health

Attendance Worker
Sanghar

2%
Other

Muzaffargarh

3.5.2c Quality of Health Services in Womens Perspective

Among the women who assessed the quality of private clinics, 50% ranked the quality of
services either average or poor. Only 3% in Muzaffargarh and 22% in Sanghar rated private
clinic as excellent. By comparing the findings by type of health facilities, the women of
Sanghar were relatively more satisfied on quality of services provided by health facilities as
33

compared to Muzaffargarh. As it has been explained above that the surveyed health facilities
of Sanghar were comparatively better off on the basis of available services as compared to
Muzaffargarh. As a result there is a positive correlation between availing health services and
satisfaction of women.
Table 3.5.2b Quality of Health Services in Women's Perspective (%)
Muzaffargarh

Sanghar

Excellent Good Average Poor

MCH
RHC
BHU
THQ
Private Clinic
DAI/Birth
Attendance
Lady Health
Worker

Excellent Good Average Poor

0.0%
0.0%
2.8%
0.0%
3.4%

16.7%
16.7%
30.6%
43.6%
44.8%

0%
67%
36%
54%
23%

83%
17%
31%
3%
29%

0%
0%
0%
16%
22%

33%
44%
32%
42%
25%

67%
11%
27%
16%
30%

0%
44%
41%
26%
23%

0.0%

30.4%

17%

52%

0%

0%

6%

94%

0.0%

0.0%

0%

100%

0%

0%

100%

0%

3.5.2dPercentage of Women Facilitated by Health Service Providers During

Delivery
Graph 3.5.2 provides details that 85% women of Muzaffargarh and 78% of Sanghar were
facilitated by Dai (Traditional Birth Attendant) for delivery of their last child. Grandmothers
facilitated 3% deliveries in Muzaffargarh and 22% in Sanghar. Trained health professionals
facilitated 13% deliveries in Muzaffargarh and only 1% in Sanghar.
Graph 3.5.2 Percentage of Women Facilitated by
Health Service Providers During Delivery
Female Doctor

0%

LHV/Nurse

0%

5%
3%

1%

LHW

5%
22 %

Grand Mothers

3%
78 %

DAI/TBA

85 %
0%

10 %

20 %

30 %

40 %

50 %

60 %

70 %
Sanghar

80 %

90 %

Muzaffargarh

3.5.2e Knowing about Dangerous Signs of Pregnancy

According to Table 3.5.2c, 52% women of Sanghar and 42% of Muzaffargarh do not have
knowledge regarding the danger signs of pregnancy at all. The graph also shows that the
women of Muzaffargarh were comparatively more aware of dangerous signs of pregnancy as
compared to the women of Sanghar.
34

Table 3.5.2c Knowledge about Dangerous Signs of Pregnancy

Bleedings
Swelling feet
Convulsion
Bleedings & Swelling feet
Bleedings & Convulsion
Don't Know
Total

Muzaffargarh
9.4%
12.7%
13.1%
5.3%
11.0%
48.6%
100.0%

Sanghar
9.7%
23.0%
7.3%
1.5%
0.3%
58.2%
100.0%

3.5.2f Women with Knowledge of Various Dangerous Signs in New Born Babies
The data in Table 3.5.2d provides evidence that 42% woman of Muzaffarghzar and 53% in
Sanghar had no knowledge regarding the danger signs in new babies. Around 24% women of
Sanghar and 18% of Muzaffargarh highlighted fever in new babies as a dangerous sign for new
born.
Table 3.5.2d Percentage of Women with Knowledge of Various Dangerous Signs
in New Born Babies
Dangerous Signs
Muzaffargarh
Sanghar
Don't Know
41.60%
53.30%
Poor sucking reflex
5.60%
2.10%
Convulsion
4.70%
5.50%
Fever
18.00%
23.60%
Cough
2.10%
5.50%
Drowsiness
1.30%
2.10%
Poor sucking reflex and fever
7.70%
0.30%
Poor sucking reflex and cough
0.40%
0.30%
Poor sucking reflex and drowsiness
0.90%
0.00%
Seizure and fever
3.40%
1.20%
Seizure and cough
0.40%
0.00%
Seizure and drowsiness
7.70%
0.30%
Fever and Cough
4.70%
4.80%
Fever and Drowsiness
0.40%
0.30%
Cough and Drowsiness
0.40%
0.60%
Total
100.00%
100.00%

3.5.2g Women who Breast Feed

According to Graph 3.5.3, 97% of the surveyed women in Muzaffargarh and Sanghar
both breast-fed their children.

35

Graph 3.5.3. Percentage of Women who Breast Feed

Sanghar

97%

Muzaffargarh

97%

0%

50%

100%

150%

Almost, 33% women in Muzaffargarh and 20% in Sanghar gave colostrums to their babies.
Around 59% women of Muzaffargarh and 22% of Sanghar discarded it while 8% women of
Muzaffargarh and 59% of Sanghar did not remember what they did with colostrums.
Almost, 13% women of Muzaffargarh and 15% of Sanghar started breast feeding within 30
minutes of the delivery. Around 28% women of both of the surveyed districts started breast
feeding within 60 minutes while 41% women from Muzaffargarh and 35% women from
Sanghar started breast feeding after 24 hours.
3.5.2h Percentages of Women who gave Supplements to Children during First
Three Days
Graph 3.5.4 illustrates that 69% women of Muzaffargarh and 75% women of Sanghar gave
supplements to their children in first three-days of the birth.
Graph 3.5.4 Percentages of Women who gave Supplements
to Children during First Three Days
76%

75%

74%
72%
70%

69%

68%
66%

Muzaffargarh

Sanghar

36

3.5.2i Women by Types of Supplements given to Children during First Three

Days
Graph 3.5.5 illustrates that 46% women of Muzaffargarh and 35% women of Sanghar gave
ghutee (i.e. a small portion of solid food given to a new born as part of a traditon) to their last
child within first three days of birth. About 37% women of Sanghar and 21% women of
Muzaffargarh gave honey to their children within three days of birth of their last child.
Around 21% surveyed women of Sanghar and 7% women of Muzaffargarh told that they had
given non- breast/formula milk to their children.
Graph 3.5.5 Percentages of Women by types of Supplements given
To Children during First Three Days
50%
40%

46%
37%

35%

30%
20%

21%
14%

10%
0%

Ghuttee Honey

7%

5% 6%

4% 5%

1% 1%

2% 0%

Non Formula Plain

Breast
Milk
Water
Milk

Sugar
Water

Green
Tea

Others

3%

4%

Muzaffargarh

Sanghar

Almost, 67% women of Muzaffargarh and 33% women of Sanghar had the vaccination card
of their children with them.

Conclusion
Children who work in cotton fields are exposed to pesticides that cause them serious life
threatening risks, ranging from medical issues like asthma, tuberculosis, lungs infection etc to
death in severe cases. During cotton picking season, children in the field experience; cuts,
wounds, skin diseases, bone dislocation and fractures that remain untreated because of lack
of knowledge, parents' neglect and non-availability of medical facilities.
Medical health facilities comprise poor physical infrastructure and are mostly deprived of
standard protocols of basic health service provision. Almost, 90% facilities lack laboratory
services with un-skilled staff, mostly found absent from the health centers.
Due to poor sewerage system and hygiene issues, Diarrhoea, Malaria and Hepatitis are
common diseases in both the districts.
Most of the mothers deliver babies at home assisted by untrained birth attendants. Due to
lack of knowledge, women are also unaware of common danger signs of pregnancy and new
born care. They mostly do not seek timely health care primarily because of difficulty in
accessing healthcare centers or poor quality of services. Furthermore, they also do not opt
for getting their children vaccinated.

37

3.6 Child Health Education

3.6.1Percentage of Children with Knowledge about Stomach Parasites
Table 3.6.1 illustrates that 63% children of Muzaffargarh and 72% of Sanghar had no
knowledge about causes of worm penetration into human body. Around 10.3% children in
Muzaffargarh and 7.3% in Sanghar reported dirty hands due to touching faeces as the
reason. Similarly 10.9% children in Muzaffargarh and 8.5% in Sanghar stated fruits and
vegetable contaminated with faeces as the main cause of getting worms.
Table 3.6.1 Percentage of Children with Knowledge about Stomach Parasites
Muzaffargarh

Sanghar

63.3%

72.4%

put dirty hands to mouth

10.3%

7.3%

Eat fruit and vegetable with faeces

10.9%

8.5%

Any other

15.5%

11.8%

100.0%

100%

Don't know
Hand touched faesces and

Total

3.6.2 Children with Knowledge of De-worming

According to Table 3.6.2, 65% children of Muzaffargarh and 66% of Sanghar had no knowledge
on de-worming solutions. Around 31% children in Muzaffargarh and 28% of Sanghar knew
about de-worming tablets. While 5% children of Muzaffargarh and 7% of Sanghar knew of
other solution for de-worming such as syrups available at clinics or BHUs.
Table 3.6.2 Percentage of Children with Knowledge of De-worming
Muzaffargarh

Sanghar

Don't know

64.8%

65.5%

De-worming tablets available at school

3.3%

8.5%

27.3%

19.1%

Any others (de-worming syrup available at clinic /BHU)

4.5%

7.0%

Total

100%

De-worming tablets available at Healthcare centers

Workers at clinic/BHU

100%

3.6.3 Percentage of Children by Level of Awareness about Precautionary

Measures against Diarrhea
According to Graph 3.6.1, 55% children of Muzaffargarh and 71% of Sanghar did not have
knowledge about precautionary measures to minimize chances of diarrhoeal diseases.
Around 37% children of Muzaffargarh and 4% children of Sanghar suggested covering
food. Around 1% children proposed to keep animals away from home while remaining
5% children of Muzaffargarh and 19% of Sanghar district expressed other solutions i.e.
use of latrines, washing hands, eating fruits before meals etc.
38

Graph 3.6.1. Percentage of Children by Level of Awareness

about Precautionary Measures against Diarrhea
80%
60%

71%
55%
37%

40%

19%

20%
4%

0%

Dont know

2%

3%

1%

1%

Dont leave Use a Latrine Keep animal

away
food uncover

Muzaffargarh

5%

Any other

Sanghar

3.6.4 Percentage of Children with Knowledge about Preventive Measure for

Diarrhea
According to Table 3.6.3, 52% children of Muzaffargarh and 75% of Sanghar had no
knowledge about preventive measures of Diarrhoea. Remaining children of the surveyed
district highlighted a range of solutions mentioned in Table 3.6.3.
Table 3.6.3 Percentage of Children with Knowledge about Preventive Measures for
Diarrhea

Responses from children

Muzaffargarh

Sanghar

Don't Know
Wash hand after using latrine
Wash hand before eating
Use of latrine
Drink safe water

51.8%
2.7%
0.6%
0.3%
1.8%

74.6%
1.5%
0.9%
0.3%
4.2%

Wash fruit and vegetable

before eating

2.1%

2.1%

Wash hands before eating and

after use of latrines
Use of latrine and wash hand

6.4%

0.9%

after using that

Drink safe water and use latrine

1.8%
0.3%

0.9%
0.6%

Wash fruit and vegetable before

eating and wash hands after
using latrines

1.2%

4.5%

0.9%
1.2%

3.9%
3.9%

Wash hands before eating and

after use of latrines
Any other

39

3.6.5 Children by Awareness on Iodized Salt

Graph 3.6.2 illustrates that 30% children of Muzaffargarh and 46% of Sanghar do not have
knowledge regarding Iodized salts. Around 38% children from Muzaffargarh and only 10%
from Sanghar rated iodized salt as the best salt for humans while remaining children (32%
from Muzaffargarh and 44% from Sanghar) named un-iodized salt is best salt as human use.
Graph 3.6.2 Percentages of Children by Awareness on
Iodized Salt
60%
46%

40%

30%

44%

38%

32%
10%

20%
0%
Don't know

Iodized Salt

Local Salt

Sanghar

Muzaffargarh

Conclusion
The percentage of children who are acquainted with even the most basic knowledge about
health and hygiene is not encouraging. Moreover, they also have minimal information
regarding preventive measures that would protect them for acquiring common but often
life-taking illnesses such as diarrhea, malaria and pneumonia.

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Recommendations
The findings of the research amply manifest that awareness of basic human rights, specifically
in terms of child rights is significantly low among the communities.The dismal state of affairs
in cotton growing areas demands immediate attention and support of local government and
other state and non-state actors which up till now is visibly lacking in this regard.
Furthermore, protection mechanisms do not exist in both the districts to safeguard children
against exploitation, neglect and abuse (physical, psychological and sexual abuse).
Similarly, there is no child-focused organization working in the districts for the rights of
children. As a result, voices of children are being unheard.
Accordingly, there is a dire need to bring a number of reforms in place so as to bring about a
visible change in the plight of these children whose childhood withers away in the cotton
fields. First and foremost there is a need to respond to these problems by empowering local
communities and the civil society to make the Government and other duty bearers fulfill
their responsibilities towards providing an enabling environment to children where they
can exercise their rights freely and without discrimination.
There is also a need for the formation of a civil society network at district level to advocate
for the rights of the children serving as a pressure group to make the local government
accountable for child rights. Together with communities, civil society and the local
government, a child protection mechanism can be established at the district level to prevent
and respond to violence, abuse, exploitation and neglect of children.
In the same realm, programmes need to be initiated that will diversify the source of income
of local communities minimizing the need for children to work.
Marketable vocational education for the youth in these areas requires to be introduced.
Similarly, there is a high need for alternative education through speedy courses for older age
children with an aim to mainstream them into age-appropriate classes in the formal
education system.There is urgent need to ensure basic quality education for the children in
both the districts.The capacity of District Education Department needs to be strengthened
through establishment of an efficient school monitoring system and development of District
Education Development Plans with participation of communities, teachers, education
officials and other stakeholders. Capacity building of teachers for school improvement
programme is critical in order to ensure an enabling learning environment for children.The
attitude of teachers needs to be changed from violence- based discipline to child-friendly,
interactive and participatory teaching methodologies by providing them training and on job
hand-holding.

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Alternative education opportunities need to be provided for working and out of school
children through speedy education classes in the evening within the existing government
schools.The government should be lobbied with to appoint additional teachers for evening
schools who should be extensively trained in child-centered teaching and learning
methodologies.
Finally, there is a pressing need to improve maternal and children health services in existing
public sector health facilities such as BHUs and Rural Health Clinics(RHCs). In addition,
effective campaigning is required to increase awareness among mothers to increase their
knowledge about child bearing age and improved care-seeking behaviour and health
education about using pesticides.

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