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Francisco Franco
Less than two years later, civil war broke out in Spain. Spanish Fascists led by General
Francisco Franco tried to overthrow the democratic government in Madrid.
Some Americans went to join the democratic army in Spain to fight Franco. But
Roosevelt and the Congress agreed that America should remain officially neutral in the
conflict.
In this way, Roosevelt was meeting the wishes of the American people by avoiding war.
But personally, he was deeply troubled by the events in Europe. In a letter to his
ambassador in France, Roosevelt wrote, "One cannot help feeling that the whole
European situation is blacker than at any time in your lifetime or mine."
(MUSIC)
Another challenge to American neutrality came in Asia. Japan launched a new invasion of
China in July, nineteen thirty-seven. Within one month, Japanese forces gained control of
what was then called Peking, now Beijing, and Tientsin.
The United States had long supported the Nationalist forces of China. And many
Americans were angry about the Japanese invasion. But Roosevelt and his administration
once again refused to take strong actions against the aggression.
For one thing, the American Navy was weak. There was little it could do to stop Japanese
aggression thousands of miles away in Asia. And neither Roosevelt nor the Congress
wanted to be first to break America's official policy of neutrality.
(MUSIC)
Franklin Roosevelt made clear in private talks with friends that he understood the serious
threat to world peace created by Adolf Hitler and other Fascists. He believed that the
United States could not remain neutral forever if democracy was threatened in so many
countries.
However, Roosevelt did little to educate the nation about this threat. Instead, he generally
followed the wishes of the majority of people who wanted America to remain neutral.
Public opinion in the United States was strongly against any kind of involvement in
foreign conflicts.
In nineteen thirty-seven, Roosevelt made an important speech calling for the world's
neutral nations to protect themselves from lawless Fascist nations. But many Americans
feared that Roosevelt was trying to create a new alliance. And they opposed his efforts. A
public opinion survey at the time showed that less than one in three Americans was
willing to change the nation's strong neutrality laws to give Roosevelt more freedom of
action.
(MUSIC)
In the same year, Japanese planes sank an American gunboat in the Yangtze River in
China. But few Americans showed any interest in going to war over the incident. Instead,
they accepted Japanese apologies. Americans simply had no desire to fight.
Most Americans honestly believed that the best hope for their country was neutrality. One
of the most influential supporters of neutrality was Senator Gerald Nye of North Dakota.
He told the New York Times in nineteen thirty-seven that there can be no objection to any
action the government may take which tries to bring peace to the world.
But that action, he added, must not tie the American people "into another world death
march." He said: "I very much fear that we are once again being caused to feel that the
call is upon America to police a world that chooses to follow insane leaders."
(MUSIC)
Adolf Hitler's Nazi forces moved into the Rhineland in nineteen thirty-six. Two years
later, they invaded Austria. And then, in the following months, Hitler began making
demands on the government of Czechoslovakia.
Britain's Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain was afraid that Hitler might start a general
European war if he was blocked from gaining control of Czechoslovakia. In September of
nineteen thirty-eight, Chamberlain traveled to Munich to discuss the situation with the
German leader. The result was that Britain agreed to a German takeover of
Czechoslovakia.
Chamberlain returned to London promising "peace in our time."
(MUSIC)
AP
Adolf Hitler with German and Italian officials in 1939
But events in early nineteen thirty-nine showed that war was on the way. Germany
occupied Czechoslovakia and then Lithuania. Franco's forces took control in Spain. Italy
invaded Albania. And then Hitler began making demands on Poland.
In August, Germany and the Soviet Union announced to the world that they had signed a
non-aggression agreement.
A week later, Germany attacked Poland.
(SOUND)
Two days later, Britain and France declared war on Germany.
(MUSIC)
Germany's invasion of Poland, and the beginning of the war, presented a giant challenge
to the United States. On the one hand, almost all Americans supported the European
democracies opposing the aggression by Hitler, Mussolini, and other Fascists. But on the
other hand, Americans had no desire to fight in what might be a long and bloody war.
The following months would force Americans of all political beliefs to consider this
problem. It would be a final period of peace for the United States before events once
again drew it into a terrible world conflict.
(MUSIC)
STEVE EMBER:Our program was written by David Jarmul. You can find our series
online with transcripts, MP3s, podcasts and pictures at voaspecialenglish.com. You can
also follow us on Facebook and Twitter at VOA Learning English. Im Steve Ember
inviting you to join us again next week for The Making of a Nation American history in
VOA Special English.
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This is program #187