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Horizontal Alignment
Curves (circular)
Tangents
Transitions
Vertical Alignment
Curves (parabolic)
Tangents
Simple Curve
Compound Curves
Reverse Curves
Transition (Spiral) Curves
2.
3.
Most frequently
used in highway
design
It is the central
angle formed by
two radii that
extend from the
center of a circle
to the ends of an
arc measuring
100 feet long
100__
C
R = 5729.578 / D
100__
2R
D = 32 degrees, R = 179.05
D = 8 degrees, R = 716.20
Degree of Curvature
Chord Definition
Degree of Curvature
Chord Definition
Horizontal Alignment
Principle consideration
Length of radius or
degree of curvature,
based on
Design speed
Sight distance
As limited by headlights or
obstructions
Horizontal Alignment
Typical radii
Geometry:
Intersection or Delta Angle
Simple Curves
PI
Sta.4+10.23
PI Sta = PC Sta + T
PT
St
a
3
.2
60
1+
a.
St
St
a.
=
5
PC +5
St 2.93
a
+
L
PT
PC
Begin Project Sta 0+00
Two Methods
Deflection angle
between the
tangent and
chord is half the
PC
subtended arc (A)
/2
PT
(B)
Angle
between 2
chords is half
the
subtended arc
PC
(A)
PT
(B)
D/2
Need:
C1 = 2R sin (1/2)
C2 = 2R sin (2/2)
PI
(V)
) I or Delta
1/2
TC/PC
(A)
s
t
CT/PT
(B)
l1
1
L
or I
l2
2
1/2
D/2
D/2
VAp = 1/2
p
PC
VAq = 1/2 + D/2
(A)
VAr = 1/2 + D/2 + D/2
VAs = 1/2 + D/2 + D/2 + D/2
VAt = 1/2 + D/2 + D/2 + D/2 + D/2
1
VAB = 1/2 + D/2 + D/2 + D/2 + D/2 + 2/2
r
D/2
s
D/2
t
2/2
D D D D
PT
(B)
??
Chord (ft)
2o
100
99.995
3o
100
99.989
6o
100
99.954
10o
100
99.873
< 3o
Full Stations
3o 7o
Half Stations
7o 14o
Quarter Stations
HC Layout example
Field Notes
Layout Table